Yellow Fever

Virus
What is Yellow Fever?
• An acute viral hemorrhagic
disease
• Family: Flaviviridae
• Genus: Flavivirus
• Originated in Central Africa
• 84 000–170 000 cases and
up to 60 000 deaths
What is Yellow Fever

• Angola • YFV is transmitted by infected

2015:1975 suspected mosquitoes and ticks
cases , 258 deaths
History of Yellow Fever

• Originated in Central Africa

• Spread to east and west Africa, and to Americas
• First outbreak in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, 1648.
• 1975 suspected cases and 258 deaths in Angola,
2015.
Transmission Cycles

• Sylvatic (or jungle)

Transmission
• Intermediate
Transmission
• Urban
Transmission
Signs and symptoms
• The incubation period is 3–6 days.
• Yellow eyes
• Headache
• Backache
• Vomiting
• Bleeding
• Death occurs on day 7–10 of
illness.
Signs and symptoms

About 15% of cases, the

disease progresses to a
more severe form, with
fever, jaundice, renal
failure, and hemorrhagic
manifestations.
Viral Structure

• Positive-sense, single-stranded,
RNA enveloped flavivirus
• 50-60 nm diameter.
Viral Structure
• Capsid protein C
• Membrane protein M
• E proteins
• Nonstructural protein 1
• NS2A protein
• NS2B and NS3
• NS5
Diagnosis
Blood tests (RT-PCR) can sometimes detect the virus
in the early stages of the disease. In later stages of
the disease, testing to identify antibodies is needed
(ELISA and PRNT).

• Virus Detection or Isolation

Diagnosis

• Serological test
The detection of IgM antibody by ELISA capture in
a single sample provides a presumptive diagnosis,
with confirmation by a fourfold or greater rise in
titer of neutralizing antibody between acute phase
and convalescent phase serum samples.
Treatment
• Patients should be hospitalized for supportive care and
close observation.
• Rest, fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication to
reduce fever may relieve symptoms of aching and fever.
• Care should be taken to avoid certain medications, such as
aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
which may increase the risk of bleeding.
• Yellow fever patients should be protected from further
mosquito exposure for up to 5 days after the onset of fever.
Prevention
Yellow Fever Vaccine

• YF-Vax
Licensed in the United States, but it has
announced that YF-Vax will be unavailable from
mid-2017 to mid-2018 because of delays in the
production process.
Prevention
• STAMARIL
It is registered and distributed in over 70
countries. However, it is considered
investigational in the US, as it is not a US-
licensed product.
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NY 11967, USA

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