INTRODUCTION

 The Pelton Turbine is a hydraulic ‘impulse’ turbine, in which one

or more water jets hit ‘buckets’ on a wheel. The force produced
by the jet impact at right angles to the buckets generates a torque
that causes the wheel to rotate, thus producing power. The name
‘Pelton’ comes from, an American engineer who researched the
best shape of the buckets needed for the turbine.
 HM 150.19 is a model of a Pelton turbine demonstrating the
function of an impulse turbine. The water supply should be
provided by the HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in Fluid
Mechanics, since the Pelton turbine is designed for those pump
data. With HM 150 a closed water circuit can be established.
 Although the concept is very simple, some very large machines of
high efficiency have been developed, with power outputs of more
than 100 MW and efficiencies of around 95%. On a small
laboratory model however, the output may be just a few Watts.
The efficiency will therefore be very much smaller, because loses
in bearings and by air friction are proportionally much higher than
in a large, powerful turbine.
 Energy may exist in various forms. Hydraulic energy is that which
may be possessed by a fluid. It may be in the form of kinetic,
pressure, potential, strain or thermal energy. Fluid machinery is
used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This distinction is based
on the direction of energy transfer and forms the basis of
grouping fluid machinery into two different categories. One is
power producing machines which convert hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy like turbines and motors, the other is power
consuming machines doing the reverse like pumps, fans and
compressors. Another classification for fluid machinery can also
 be done based on the motion of moving parts. These are rot
dynamics machines and positive displacement machines. A
detailed chart is given below explaining the classifications.
 The turbines, a sub group of rot dynamic machines, are used to
produce power by means of converting hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy. They are of different types according to their
specification. Turbines can be subdivided into two groups,
impulse and reaction turbines. Moreover, due to working fluid
used, turbines can be named as steam turbines, gas turbines,
wind turbines and water turbines.
 The water turbines convert the energy possessed by the water to
mechanical energy. Pelton turbine (or Pelton wheel), an impulse
turbine, is one of the well-known type of water turbines.
 The Pelton turbine has a fairly simplistic design. A large circular
disk is mounted on some sort of rotating shaft known as a rotor.
Mounted on this circular disk are cup shaped blades known as
buckets evenly spaced around the entire wheel. Generally, the
buckets are arranged in pairs around the rim. Then nozzles are
arranged the wheel and serve the purpose of introducing water to
the turbine. Jets of water emerge from these nozzles, tangential
to the wheel of the turbine. This causes the turbine to spin as a
result of the impact of the water jets on the buckets.
OBJECTIVES
 design and function of a Pelton turbine
 determination of torque, power and efficiency
 graphical representation of characteristic curves for
torque, power and efficiency
 To obtain the performance characteristics of Pelton
turbine operating at a constant head
APPARATUS
 Base plate
 Nozzle inlet
 Nozzle adjustment
 Nozzle valve
 Pelton wheel
 Turbine housing
 Manometer
 Adjustable breaking device
 Spring balance
 Outlet through open housing
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
Water turbines are turbomachines utilizing water power. The
Pelton turbine is a type of impulse turbine; such turbines convert
the pressure energy of water into kinetic energy entirely in the
distributor. During the conversion, the water jet is accelerated in
a nozzle and directed onto the blades of the Pelton wheel
tangentially. The water jet is redirected by approximately 180°
in the blades. The impulse of the water jet is transmitted to the
Pelton wheel.
HM 150.19 is a model of a Pelton turbine demonstrating the
function of an impulse turbine.
The experimental unit consists of the Pelton wheel, a needle
nozzle used as distributor, a band brake for loading the turbine
and a housing with a transparent front panel. The transparent
cover enables to observe the water flow, the Pelton wheel and
the nozzle during operation. The nozzle cross-section and thus
the flow rate are modified by adjusting the nozzle needle.
The turbine torque is determined by force measurement on a
band brake and is read on spring balances. For measuring the
rotational speed, a non-contact speed sensor, e.g. HM 082, is
required. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine
inlet.
The experimental unit is positioned easily and securely on the
work surface of the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied
and the flow rate measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the
experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory supply.
THEORY
Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the
pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to
form high speed water jet and this jet strikes the wheel
tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called as Pelton Wheel.
In the impulse turbines, the total head available is first
converted into the kinetic energy. This is usually accomplished
in one or more nozzles. The jets issuing from the nozzles strike
vanes attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel. Because of
the rate of change of angular momentum and the motion of the
vanes, work is done on the runner (impeller) by the fluid and,
thus, energy is transferred. Since the fluid energy which is
reduced on passing through the runner is entirely kinetic, it
follows that the absolute velocity at outlet is smaller than the
absolute velocity at inlet (jet velocity). Furthermore, the fluid
pressure is atmospheric throughout and the relative velocity is
constant except for a slight reduction due to friction.

Component of Pelton turbine

1.Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
The water from source is transferred through penstock to which end a
nozzle is provided. Using this nozzle, the high speed water jet can be
formed. To control the water jet from nozzle, a movable needle spear is
arranged inside the nozzle.
The spear will move backward and forward in axial direction. When it is
moved forward the flow will reduce or stopped and when it is moved
backward the flow will increase.
2.Runner and Buckets
A Pelton turbine consists of a runner, which is a circular disc on the
periphery of which a number of buckets are mounted with equal
spacing between them. The buckets mounted are either double
hemispherical or double ellipsoidal shaped.
A dividing wall called splitter is provided for each bucket which
separates the bucket into two equal parts. The buckets are generally
made of cast iron or stainless steel or bronze depending upon the head
of inlet of Pelton turbine.
3.Casing
The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets
are covered by the Casing. Casing of Pelton turbine does not perform
any hydraulic actions but prevents the splashing of water while working
and also helps the water to discharge to the tail race.
4.Braking Jet
Braking jet is used to stop the running wheel when it is not working.
This situation arises when the nozzle inlet is closed with the help of
spear then the water jet is stopped on the buckets. But Due to inertia,
the runner will not stop revolving even after complete closure of inlet
nozzle. The brake nozzle directs the jet of water on the back of buckets
to stop the wheel. The jet directed by brake nozzle is called braking jet .
The operation of a Pelton turbine is fairly simple. In this type of
turbine, high speed jets of water emerge from the nozzles that
surround the turbine. These nozzles are arranged so the water jet
will hit the buckets at splitters, the center of the bucket where the
water jet is divided into two streams. The two separate streams
then flow along the inner curve of the bucket and leave in the
opposite direction that it came in. This change in momentum of
the water creates an impulse on the blades of the turbine,
generating torque and rotation in the turbine.[3]
The high speed water jets are created by pushing high pressure
water (such as water falling from high heads) through nozzles at
atmospheric pressure. The maximum output is obtained from a
Pelton turbine when the impulse obtained by the blades is
maximum, meaning that the water stream is deflected exactly
opposite to the direction at which it strikes the buckets at. As
well, the efficiency of these wheels is highest when the speed of
the movement of the cups is half of the speed of the water jet,
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION

n F M Pout Phyd Efficien

Speed Braking Torque on Power on Hydraulic In %
1/min Force the shaft the shaft Power
In N In NM In W In W
1115 0
1070 1
1050 1.3
1030 1.6
1000 2
975 2.4
920 3
910 3.39
850 4.4
812 5
 V1 V2 T1
Volume Volume 2 time
In L in L

10 20 13

Data that we are observed in laboratory

Position 8 Position 5 Position 2
Guide F n Pout F n P F n P
vane Braking (rev/min) Power (N (rev/min) (W) (N (rev/min) (W)
position Force at ) )
in (N) shaft
in (W)

1 0 1115 0 1150 0 1265

2 1 1070 1 1108 1 1210
3 1.3 1050 1.3 1090 1.3 1115
4 1.6 1030 1.6 1070 2.4 1055
5 2 1000 2.3 1030 3 1021
6 2.4 975 3 960 3.6 960
7 3 920 3.6 920 4.4 900
8 3.39 910 4.4 880 5 839
9 4.4 850 5 830 5.6 777
10 5 812 5.6 788 6.4 726
Position 8 Position 5 Position 2
Volume V2 Time V1 V2 T1 V1 V2 T1
V1(m3/s) (m3/s) (sec)t
1
10 20 13 10 20 14.3 20 30 22.4
CALCULATIONS
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

n F M Pout Phyd Efficien

Speed Braking Torque on Power on Hydraulic In %
1/min Force the shaft the shaft Power
In N In NM In W In W
1115 0 0 0 27.68 0
1070 1 0.025 2.8 27.68 10.1
1050 1.3 0.0325 3.57 27.68 12.9
1030 1.6 0.04 4.3 27.68 15.5
1000 2 0.05 5..24 27.68 18.9
975 2.4 0.06 6.12 27.68 22
920 3 0.075 7.23 27.68 26
910 3.39 0.085 8.1 27.68 29.3
850 4.4 0.11 9.79 27.68 35.3
812 5 0.125 10.6 27.68 38
CONCLUSION
This report was carried out with an acceptable level of
accuracy.it was generally a success as the results obtained was
useful for the analysis of the properties of machine. The report is
not fully accurate due to several errors that results from several
misdoings.
Other errors may have results from unseen leakages in the
system and observational and computational errors. The report
was, however carried out with a great level of keenness to
reduce the occurrence of such error
s