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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO THE EXAMINEES:

1. Candidate must write first his/her Roll No. on the question paper compulsorily.
2. All the question are compulsory.
3. Write the answer to each question in the given answer book only.
4. For questions having more than one part, the answers to those parts are to be written together in
continuity.
5. Write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.

SECTION - A (viii) When was the Bhakti movement first

1. Multiple Choice Questions: Answer the started? [1]
following questions by Selecting the correct (a) About the fifth century
option and write them in the answer- Sheet. (b) About the sixth century
(i) From which of the following places was the (c) About the eighth century
evidence of ploughed field found? [1] (d) About the ninth century
(a) Banawali (b) Kalibanga (ix) Who made the first survey map of the
(c) Rakhigarhi (d) Dholavira Vijayanagara Empire? [1]
(ii) Mohenjodaro was situated on the banks of (a) Fernando Nunez
which river? [1] (b) Colonel Colin MacKenzie
(a) Ravi River (b) Indus River (c) Domingo Paes
(c) Sutlej River (d) Chenab River (d) Abdur Razzaq
(iii) Who among the following was the one to (x) What is meant by "White Town"? [1]
read the Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts? [1] (a) The areas where the Indians lived
(a) John Marshall (b) Cunningham (b) The areas where the British lived
(c) Wheeler (d) James Prinsep (c) A forest reserve area
(iv) Who was the author of 'Arthshastra'? [1] (d) None of these
(a) Banabhatta (b) Chanakya (xi) Who among the following presided over the
(c) Kalhan (d) Megasthenes Lahore session of Congress in December
(v) Under whose leadership the project to 1929? [1]
prepare a critical version of Mahabharata (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
was started? [1] (b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(a) Dr. Kapadia (b) V.S. Sukthankar (c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Ojha (d) None of these (d) Lala Lajpat Rai
(vi) How many types of marriage mentioned by the (xii) To which of the following Viceroy did
'Dharmasutras' and 'Dharmashastras'? [1] Gandhiji give prior information about his Salt
(a) Four (b) Two March? [1]
(c) Eight (d) Seven (a) Lord Wellesley
(vii) Which of the following foreign traveler was (b) Dalhousie
called a "Lonely traveller"? [1] (c) Lord Irwin
(a) Al-Biruni (b) Ibn Battuta (d) Canning
(c) Bernier (d) Abdur Razzaq

::1::
2. Fill in the blanks: 6. What was the means of livelihood described
(i) The bani of Guru Arjun, Nanak and his four in the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras
successors, Baba Farid Ravidas and Kabir, given for the four varnas? Does that
were compiled in ……………………. [1] livelihood still exist today? [2]
(ii) The British first established their colonial 7. "Bernier compared what he saw in India with
rule in India in ………………………. [1] Europe." Explain. [2]
(iii) The British use the word Ryot for 8. Write a short note on Khanqah. [2]
……………………….. [1] 9. Why were agricultural areas included in
(iv) The "Fifth Report" was presented to the fortified territory in the Vijayanagara
British Parliament in …………………. [1] Empire? [2]
(v) The first attempt at All India Census was 10. Throw light on the contribution of
done in ……………………. [1] archaeologist Colonel Colin McKenzie [2]
3. Very Short answer type questions: Answer 11. "The battle between the Santhals and the
the following questions in one word or one paharias was a battle of plough and hoe."
line. Prove it [2]
(i) Mention two antiquities on the basis of 12. Evaluate the work of Shahmal in the revolt of
which archaeologists believe that oxen were 1857. [2]
used in the Harappan culture for ploughing 13. “The life was gone out of the body” For
the fields. [1] whom was this sentence spoken? [2]
(ii) Mention two rules of gotra system. [1] 14. Why did the colonial government pay
(iii) Define 'Stree Dhan'. [1] attention to the preparation of maps for
(iv) What is exogamy? How is it different from cities in the early 18th century? [2]
endogamy? [1] 15. Throw light on what Ibn Battuta wrote about
(v) Who wrote the book Kitab-ul-Hind? In which Indian cities. [2]
language is it written? [1] 16. "Gandhiji was closely associated with the
(vi) Who was François Bernier? [1] common man." Explain. [2]
(vii) Write the name of the first Alvar female SECTION - C
devotee who expressed her love feeling in Long answer type questions (Answer word
verses considering herself as the lover of limit about 100 words)
Vishnu. [1] 17. The Harappans had links with remote areas.
(viii) Throw light on two reasons for the revolt by Explain. [3]
the Santhals against the British rule. [1] 18. Describe the coins used in ancient times in
(ix) What was the Deccan Riots Report? India. [3]
According to this, what was the reason for 19. Discuss the role of Nayaks and Amar-Nayaks
the ryot rebellion? [1] in the administration of the Vijayanagara
(x) What was the immediate cause of the Revolt Empire. [3]
of 1857? [1] 20. Discuss the features of town planning in the
(xi) Mention two hill stations established in city of Bombay. [3]
colonial India. [1] SECTION - D
(xii) Why was Ibn Battuta surprised to see the Essay Type questions- (Answer limit approx
efficiency of the Indian postal system? [1] 250 words)
SECTION - B 21. Examine the importance of Kabir’s teaching.[4]
Short answer type questions (Answer word OR
limit about 50 Words) Describe the way of life and worship in the
4. Write a short note on Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Chishti Khanqah.
culture. [2] 22. Evaluate the programs and progress of non-
5. Why is the 6th century BC considered as an cooperation movement run by Mahatma
important transitional period in early Indian Gandhi. [4]
history? [2]

::2::
 OR
Write a short note on Rowlatt Act and ANSWER KEY 01
Khilafat Movement.
23. Mark the following historical places in the SECTION - A
outline map of India - [5] 1.
(a) Rajgrah (i) [b] Kalibanga
(b) Bareli (ii) [b] Indus River
(c) Lucknow (iii) [d] James Prinsep
(d) Gwalior (iv) [b] Chanakya
(e) Chidambaram (v) [b] V.S. Sukthankar
OR (vi) [c] Eight
Mark the following historical places in the (vii) [b] Ibn Battuta
outline map of India - (viii) [c] About the eighth century
(a) Dholavira (ix) [b] Colonel Colin MacKenzie
(b) Mathura (x) [b] The areas where the British lived
(c) Bombay (xi) [c] Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Champaran (xii) [c] Lord Irwin
(e) Sarnath 2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) Guru Granth Saheb
(ii) Bengal.
(iii) Peasant
(iv) 1813
(v) 1872.
3. Very Short answer type questions: Answer
the following questions in one word or one
line.
(i) 1. Sketches and sculptures on seals.
2. Clay plough.
(ii) 1.After marriage, women were considered to
be of the husband's gotra.
2. Marriage between members of the same
gotra was forbidden.
(iii) Gifts received at the time of marriage were
considered to be owned by women and were
called 'Stree Dhan'.
(iv) Marrying outside the gotra is called
exogamy, but endogamy takes place
between groups (gotra, clan, and caste).
(v) The work titled "Kitab-ul-Hind" is the
creation of 'Al-Biruni', a foreign traveler from
'Uzbekistan'. It is written in Arabic language.
(vi) François Bernier was a physician, politician,
philosopher and historian. Who wrote
"Travels in the Mughal Empire".
(vii) Andal expressed her love feeling in verses
considering herself to be the lover of Vishnu.
(viii) (1) The British imposed heavy taxes on the
land of the Santhals.

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 (2) The moneylenders were charging interest at
a high rate.
(ix) The Deccan Riots Report was a report on the
Deccan riots, presented to the British Parliament
in 1878. The reason for the ryot revolt was the
exploitation policy of the creditors and
moneylenders.
(x) The British were forcing Indian soldiers to pull
cartridges wrapped in cow and pig fat with their
teeth. Due to which the religion of all Hindus and
Muslims was getting corrupted.
(xi) (1) Shimla (2) Mount Abu.
(xii) The efficiency of the postal system made it
possible for merchants not only to send
information and credit over long distances, but
also to send goods at short notice.
SECTION - B
4. The evidence found in the Khetri region of
Rajasthan has been called by the archaeologists
as 'Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture'. The typical
pottery of this culture was different from that of
Harappan pottery and a rich wealth of copper
items were found here. Scholars estimate that
the inhabitants of this region used to send
copper to the people of Harappan civilization.
Expeditions were sent from Harappa to get
copper from the Khetri region of Rajasthan.
5. The 6th century BC is considered an important
transitional period in early Indian history for the
following reasons:
(i) This period is often associated with the
development of early states, cities, increased
use of iron and coins.
(ii) Various philosophical ideologies developed
during this period including Buddhism, Jainism.
(iii) Sixteen Mahajanapadas emerged during this
period.
- Any two points
6.
(i) The work of brahmins was to study, teach the
Vedas, perform yagyas and get them done, give
and receive donations.
(ii) The work of the Kshatriyas was to wage war,
provide protection to the people, do justice,
study the Vedas, perform yagyas and give
donations.
(iii) The work of the Vaishyas was to do the work of
agriculture, livestock and trade, reading the
::4::
Vedas, performing sacrifices and giving
donations.
(iv) The duty of the Shudras was to serve the three
Varnas. This livelihood does not exist today.
- Any three points
7. Bernier often compared what he saw in India
with the European situation. He wanted to
represent the best of Europe. He wanted to
show the condition of India as pitiable in
comparison to European conditions. This is the
reason why in almost every instance Bernier
described the condition of India as pathetic in
comparison to the development in Europe.
Although his assessment was not always
accurate, Bernier's accounts became very
popular when his works were published.
8. Institutionally, the Sufis established themselves
around an organized community - the Khanqah.
The control of Khanqah was in the hands of
Sheikh, Pir or Murshid. They recruited followers
(Murids) and appointed their heirs (Caliphs).
They laid down the rules of spiritual behavior.
Along with this, they also set the boundaries of
the relationship between the people living in
the Khanqah and the relationship between the
sheikh and the common man.
9.
(i) The main purpose of sieges in medieval times
was to force the enemy to surrender by
depriving him of food and material.
(ii) These sieges could last for many months and
even years. Therefore, to deal with such
situations, the rulers often got huge granaries
built within the fortified areas.
(iii) The rulers of Vijayanagara wanted to save the
entire agricultural land.
10. Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie rose to
prominence as an engineer, surveyor and
cartographer. In 1815 he was made the first
Surveyor General of India. In 1800 AD, an
engineer and antiquarian named Colonel Kalin
McKenzie discovered Hampi. He prepared the
first survey map of this site. Later, from 1856
AD, photographers started collecting pictures of
the buildings here.
11. The Paharias people used to do shifting
cultivation and they used to scrape the land
with their hoe and grow pulses and millet. On
the other hand the Santhals cleared the forests
 and ploughed the land with plough and used to
cultivate rice, cotton etc. This forced the
Paharias to retreat into the hills of the palace.
On the one hand the hoe was a symbol of the
life of the Paharias people, on the other hand
the plough was the symbol of the life of the
Santhals and the fight between the two was the
fight between the plough and the hoe.
12. Shah Mal was a resident of a large village in the
Baraut pargana of Uttar Pradesh. He belonged
to a Jat family. Shah Mal organized the
chieftains and tenants of eighty four villages.
For this, he talked from village to village in the
shadow of the night and prepared the people to
revolt against the British. As in many other
places, here too the movement against the
British turned into a massive rebellion. Shah
Mal's men attacked government buildings,
demolished river bridges and dug up paved
roads. Shah Mal was killed in battle in July 1857.
13. The "Nawab Wajid Ali Shah" of Awadh was
dethroned and expelled to Calcutta, saying that
he was not governing well. When he was
bidding farewell to his beloved Lucknow, many
mourning people followed him till Kanpur. This
widespread feeling of sadness and humiliation
created by the expulsion of the Nawab has
been recorded by many observers of the time.
“The life was gone out of the body”. The body
of the city was lifeless. There was no road, no
market and no house from which the sound of
lamentation at the loss of life was not
reverberating.
14. The colonial government believed that maps
were necessary to understand the structure
and landscape of a city. On the basis of this
information, they could establish more control
over the area. From the maps of cities, we get
to know the hills, rivers and greenery at that
place. All these things prove to be very useful in
preparing plans for defense related purposes.
The density of houses, condition of roads etc.
gives information about the commercial
potential of the area.
15. According to Ibn Battuta, Indian cities were
densely populated and prosperous, but they
were sometimes destroyed in wars and
campaigns. Most of the cities had congested
streets and bright and colorful markets filled
::5::
with a wide variety of goods. Delhi was a large
city with a large population and was the largest
city in India. Daulatabad (in Maharashtra) was
also no less and challenged Delhi in size.
16. Gandhiji lived like a common man, dressed like
him and spoke in his language. Gandhiji used to
go among the people in a simple dhoti. He was
deeply sympathetic to the farmers, labourers,
artisans, poor, downtrodden. He used to spin
the spinning wheel for some time every day. He
did not recognize any distinction between
mental and physical exertion. Gandhiji also
started satyagraha movements for commoners
like champaran, kheda and ahmedabaad.
SECTION – C
17. It is known from archaeological discoveries that
the Harappans had contacts with remote areas.
The following facts confirm that the Harappan
civilization had links with distant regions:
(i) Relations with Oman: Copper was imported
from Oman, located on the south-west end of
the Arabian Peninsula. From chemical analysis,
traces of nickel have been found in both Omani
copper and Harappan antiquities, indicating a
common origin of both. Apart from this, a large
Harappan jar, on which a thick layer of black
clay was covered, has also been found from
Omani sites.
(ii) Getting information from the writings of
Mesopotamia: About two dozen seals of
Harappan civilization have been found from
different cities of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian
writings of the 3rd millennium BC mention
copper coming from an area called Magan
(possibly the name used for Oman).
(iii) Other archaeological finds indicating long-
distance links: Other archaeological finds
indicating long-distance links include Harappan
seals, weights, dice and beads.
(iv) Contact information for Dilmun, Magan and
Meluha from Mesopotamian texts:
Mesopotamian writings provide contact
information with areas called Dilmun (possibly
the island of Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and
Meluha (probably a term used for the Harappan
region). Contact with Oman, Bahrain or
Mesopotamia was by sea, because
Mesopotamian writings call Meluha the land of
 seafarers. Apart from this, pictures of ships and
boats are found on these seals.
(v) Harappan paintings found on seals found in
Bahrain: Harappan images are sometimes
found on the circular Persian Gulf type seal
found from Bahrain. It is also noteworthy that
the local weights of Dilmun followed the
Harappan standard.
- Any three points
18. Coins minted by Indian rulers in ancient times:
Coins of gold, silver, copper etc. were issued by
Indian rulers in ancient times.
(i) Punch marks coins: The first use of struck coins
of silver and copper was in the 6th century BC.
These coins were issued by the kings. It is also
speculated that some such coins were issued by
the merchants and the wealthy.
(ii) Coins issued by Indo-Greek rulers: The earliest
coins with the names and images of kings were
issued by the Indo-Greek rulers who dominated
the northeastern region of India in the 2nd
century BC.
(iii) Coins minted by the Kushan kings: Gold coins
were first issued by the Kushan kings in the 1st
century AD. Their size and weight were exactly
the same as the coins issued by the then
Roman emperors and the Parthian kings of
Iran. Coins minted by the Kushanas have been
found at many sites in northern and central
India. The widespread use of gold coins shows
that valuables and large quantities of other
goods were exchanged. Apart from this, a large
number of Roman coins have been found from
many sites in South India. It is known from
these that trade relations were established with
the Roman Empire of South India.
(iv) Coins issued by the Yaudheya rulers: The
Yaudheya (1st century AD) tribal republics of
Punjab and Haryana also issued coins. In the
excavation, thousands of copper coins issued
by the Yaudheya rulers have been found which
shows that the Yaudheya rulers had great
interest and participation in the trading
activities.
(v) Coins issued by Gupta rulers: Some of the most
outstanding gold coins were issued by the
Gupta rulers. The gold used in the early coins of
the Gupta rulers was of a very fine quality.
Through these coins, it was easy to exchange
::6::
trade with distant countries, which also
benefited the rulers.
- Any three points
19. Role of Nayaks and Amar-Nayakas in the
administration of Vijayanagara Empire:
Nayakas: Among those who exercised power in
the empire were the army chiefs, who were
called 'nayakas'. The Nayaks usually controlled
the forts and had armed supporters. Many
Nayaks submitted to the sovereignty of the
Vijayanagara rulers, but they often rebelled and
were controlled only by military action.
Amar-Nayakas: Amar-Nayak was a military
commander. They were given territories for
administration by the rayas (rulers) of the
Vijayanagara Empire. They collected land
revenue and other taxes from the farmers,
craftsmen and traders. They used to keep some
part of the revenue for personal use and for the
maintenance of a fixed group of horses and
elephants. An effective military support was
provided to the rulers of Vijayanagara from the
contingents of Amar-Nayakas.
Presents given to the King by Amar-Nayakas:
The Amar-Nayakas used to send gifts to the
king once a year and used to present
themselves with gifts in the royal court to
express their loyalty.
Control over Amar-Nayakas: The kings
sometimes used to transfer Amar-Nayakas
from one place to another and established their
control over them. But in the seventeenth
century, many of these Amar-Nayakas
established their independent kingdoms. As a
result, the disintegration of the central political
structure began to take place at a rapid pace.
20. In the beginning Bombay was an area of seven
islands. As the population grew, these islands
were interconnected and a huge city came into
existence on the joining of these islands.
(i) Commercial Capital of Colonial India: Bombay
was colonial India's commercial capital. Being a
major port on the west coast, it was the center
of international trade. By the end of the 19th
century, half of India's imports and exports
were from Bombay. Opium was an important
commodity of this trade. Along with the East
India Company, Indian traders and middlemen
 also played a major role in the opium trade.
This led to the development of the Indian
capitalist class. Later, due to the increasing
demand and rising prices of Indian cotton due
to the American Civil War and the opening of
the Suez Canal, Bombay developed
commercially and Bombay was declared the
'Sartaj City' of India.
(ii) Large buildings and their architecture: The
British built many grand and huge buildings.
Their architectural style was based on the
European style. Gradually Indians also adopted
the European architectural style. The British
built many bungalows.
(a) The British built buildings in the Neo-Gothic
style. Victoria Terminus railway station is a fine
example of this style. Apart from this, grand
buildings like Bombay University, Secretariat
and High Court were constructed.
(b) The 'Elphinstone Circle' was built in the
neoclassical style.
(c) In the beginning of the twentieth century, a
new style developed by combining Indian and
European style, which was called 'Indosarsenic'.
This style was influenced by domes, chhatris,
jaalis and arches. The Gateway of India and
Hotel Taj, built in the Gujarati style, are the
main buildings.
(iii) Chawl: Due to the lack of space and congestion
in the city of Bombay, special types of buildings
were also built, which were called 'chawls'.
These were multi-storeyed buildings consisting
of one-room dwelling units.
SECTION – D
21. Kabir (about fourteenth-fifteenth century) was
an unequaled among saint poets. Historians
have studied his life and times on the basis of
his works and later biographies which is a
challenging task.
(i) Typical Traditions of Kabir's Bani: Kabir's bani is
compiled in three specific conventions:
(a) Kabir Bijak - Kabir Bijak is preserved by Kabir
Panthis at Varanasi and other places in Uttar
Pradesh.
(b) Kabir Granthavali - Kabir Granthawali is
related to the Dadupanthis of Rajasthan.
(c) Compilation of verses of Kabir in 'Adi Granth
Sahib': Many verses of Kabir are compiled in
'Adi Granth Sahib'.
::7::
Almost all the manuscript compilations of Kabir
were done long after Kabir's death. In the
nineteenth century, his collections of poems
were published in states like Bengal, Gujarat
and Maharashtra.
(ii) Finding Kabir's works in many languages and
dialects: Kabir's compositions are found in
many languages and dialects. The special
dialect of some of these Nirguna poets is in
Sant Bhasha. Some of the compositions are
famous by the name of Ultabansi (inverted
utterances). These were written in such a way
that their everyday meaning was reversed. The
meaning of these inverted compositions shows
the difficulty of understanding the nature of the
ultimate, truth.
(iii) Describing the Absolute Truth: One of the main
features of Kabir Bani is that Kabir used many
conventions to describe the Absolute Truth. Like
Islamic philosophy, they call this truth as Allah,
Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. Influenced by the
Vedanta philosophy, he calls the Truth Alakh
(invisible), formless, Brahman and Atman.
Influenced by the Yogi tradition, Kabir also uses
words such as the word and zero.
(iv) Expression of various views: Some of Kabir's
poems refute the polytheism and idolatry of
Hinduism while supporting the monotheism
and idolatry of Islamic philosophy. Some other
poems use the Sufi principles of 'Zikr' and
'Ishq' to express the Hindu tradition of 'Naam
Simran'.
(v) Teachings of Kabir: Following are the main
teachings of Kabir-
(a) God is one who is Nirguna, formless and
omnipresent.
(b) Kabir rejected idol worship and polytheism.
(c) He refuted the caste system and
discrimination of high and low.
(d) He opposed religious pomp and rituals.
(e) Kabir emphasized the importance of Guru.
- Any four points
OR
The main elements of Chishti worship:
Jiyarat by people at the dargahs of Sufi saints is
prevalent throughout the Islamic world. On this
occasion, the spiritual blessings of the saint i.e.
Barkat is wished. For the last seven hundred
years people of different sects, classes and
 communities have expressed their faith in the
dargahs of five great Chishti saints namely
Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti, Khwaja Qutbuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki, Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-Eshkar,
Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya and Sheikh
Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Dehli. have been doing.
The most revered of these is the dargah of
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, who is called 'Garib
Nawaz'. This dargah is located in Ajmer.
(i) Ziarat of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti's Dargah:
The dargah of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti was
popular for the virtuosity, piety and greatness
of his spiritual successors and patronage given
by royal guests of the sheikh. Muhammad bin
Tughlaq (1324-1351) was the first Sultan to visit
this dargah, but the first building on the tomb
of Sheikh was built by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Khalji
of Malwa in the latter half of the fifteenth
century. Since this dargah was on the trade
route connecting Delhi and Gujarat, it was
visited by a large number of travelers.
(ii) Popularity of Ajmer Dargah: By the sixteenth
century this dargah of Ajmer had become very
popular. It was the hymns of the pilgrims who
visited this dargah that inspired the Mughal-
emperor Akbar to come here. Akbar came here
fourteen times, sometimes two-three times in a
year, sometimes on seeking blessings for a new
victory or fulfillment of a resolution or on the
birth of sons. Akbar maintained this tradition till
1580. The emperor used to make donations on
every trip, whose details are recorded in the
royal documents. For example, in 1568, Akbar
presented a huge cauldron to the dargah to
cook food for the pilgrims. Apart from this, he
also got a mosque built in the premises of the
dargah.
(iii) Dance and Music: Dance and music were also
part of the Ziyarat, especially the mystic hymns
performed by qawwals, to evoke a sense of
ecstasy. Sufi saints believed in the worship of
God through 'Jikr' (recitation of God's name) or
'Sama' (hearing) i.e. the gathering of spiritual
music. The importance of 'Sama' in the Chishti
worship system attests to the fact that the
Chishtis were associated with the local Bhakti
tradition.
::8::
22. The following were the reasons for the non-
cooperation movement launched by Gandhiji in
1920:
(i) Rowlatt Act: In 1919, the British government
passed the Rowlatt Act, according to which any
Indian could be imprisoned without trial.
Gandhiji launched a campaign against the
Rowlatt Act across the country. Gandhiji was
arrested on his way to Punjab. Local
Congressmen were also taken prisoner.
(ii) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: On April 13, 1919, a
public meeting was organized at Jallianwala
Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer started firing on
unarmed people. Thousands of people were
killed and hundreds were injured in this
barbaric action.
(iii) Khilafat Movement: Gandhiji supported the
Khilafat movement to create unity among
Hindus and Muslims.
Programs of Non-Cooperation Movement:
(a) Boycott government schools and colleges.
(b) Boycott of government titles and unpaid
posts.
(c) Boycott Government Courts.
(d) Boycott of foreign goods and use of
indigenous goods.
Progress of Movement (Non-cooperation
Movement as Resistance):
In the Calcutta session, the resolution of the
non-cooperation movement was accepted by a
majority. Thousands of students boycotted
government schools and colleges and lawyers
refused to go to court. There were strikes in
many cities. In 1921 there were 396 strikes in
which 6 lakh workers were involved. The hill
people of northern Andhra violated the forest
laws. The farmers of Awadh did not pay taxes.
Swadeshi was promoted and foreign clothes
were boycotted. The government imprisoned
many Congress leaders. By 1921, about 60
thousand people were imprisoned in prisons.
Chauri-Chaura Case: On February 5, 1922, in a
village named Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur
district of Uttar Pradesh, when the police
opened fire on the satyagrahis of the Congress,
the crowd became enraged and set a police
station on fire. As a result of this, a Thanedar
and 21 soldiers died. Gandhiji suffered a severe
blow from the Chauri-Chaura incident and he
suspended the non-cooperation movement. non-cooperation movement against the British
Gandhi was arrested by the government on government.
March 10, 1922, and Judge Broomfield Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat Movement
sentenced him to six years' imprisonment. (1919–20) was a movement of Indian Muslims
Significance and impact of non-cooperation under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and
movement: Shaukat Ali. The main demands of this
(a) Positive Movement: According to Louis movement were as follows:
Fischer, non-cooperation became the name of (i) All the Islamic holy places of the earlier Ottoman
an era in India and Gandhiji's life. Non- Empire remained under the control of Turkey,
cooperation was negative in terms of peace but Sultan or Caliph.
very positive in terms of impact. It required (ii) Janjirat-ul-Arab remained under Islamic
counterintelligence, abandonment, and self- sovereignty.
discipline. It was training for self-government. (iii) The Caliph should have enough territory to be
(b) Shaking the Foundations of British Rule: The able to preserve the Islamic faith.
foundation of British rule was shaken as a result Gandhiji made the Khilafat movement a part of
of the non-cooperation movement for the first it to make the non-cooperation movement a
time after the revolt of 1857. success. He supported the Khilafat movement to
(c) Mass movement: The non-cooperation create unity among Hindus and Muslims.
movement made the national movement
widespread and popular.
(d) Spread of Nationality: The non-cooperation
movement spread nationalism among the
countrymen. By 1922, Gandhiji completely
transformed Indian nationalism.
OR
Rowlatt Act: Although during the First World War
(1914-18 AD), the Indians had helped the British
whole-heartedly, but after the end of the World
War, the British government made strict laws to
crush the Indian national movement. In 1919,
the British government passed the Rowlatt Act,
according to which any Indian could be
imprisoned without any investigation.
The passing of the Rowlatt Act caused a severe
blow to Gandhiji. He launched a nationwide
campaign against this black law. On the appeal
of Gandhiji, many cities went on strike. In Delhi,
people took out a procession against the British
government, which was fired upon by the police,
killing many. Gandhiji was arrested. This caused
intense resentment among the Indians. The
people of Punjab strongly opposed the Rowlatt
Act. The British government arrested the local
leaders of Amritsar. In protest against this, on
April 13, 1919, people organized a huge meeting
in Jallianwala, Amritsar. An English Brigadier
Dyer opened fire on the protesters, killing more
than thousands of people and injuring
thousands. On this Gandhiji decided to launch a

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23.

Bareli

Lucknow

Rajgrah

Gwalior

Chidambaram

OR

Mathura
Champaran

Dholavira

Sarnath

Bombay

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OR

::11::