| Principles of the physiological processes in | microorganisms. \v Biological agent: The study of those microorganisms which are being used in weapon industries, | Predictive microbiology: The quantification of relations Branches Microbiology The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Microbiology can be also classified based on of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, taxonomy, in the case logy, and phycology. There is considerable overlap between the specific |- , branches of microbioicay with each other and with other disciplines, between controlling factors in foods and responses of land certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the Pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms using traditional scope of microbiology mathematical modelling Bacteriology: The study of bacteria, Hed Mycology: The study of fungi some of the Major flsdin Microbiology Protozoology: The study of protozoa Medical microbiology Phycology/algology: The study of algae, Environmental microbiology Parasitology: The study of parasites Immunology Immunology: The study of the immune system. Industrial Microbiology Virology: The study of viruses Agricultural Microbiology Nematology: The study of nematodes, Microbial cytology: The study of microscopic and BACTERIA submicroscopic details of microorganisms. Bcieria are omnipresent, occurring in all environments. They Sahar eee in air, in soil, and in or on the bodies of living Microbial physiology: The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically, Includes the study of microbial fms, There are bacteria which occur in hot springs as well ne rs sj growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure. WeswWeme cold temperature. Bacter de in Microbial ecology: The relationship between Mdina well-developed cell siicure Minna feakee mee Fi roe ieee Sane tihite of their unique biological structures. Many simmered bmcroblel genetics: The sy of bey ea ara sresare unique lobacinsanderaro toi ed organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their "\.. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to lose cellular functions, Closely related tothe eld of PIRNISi9S and the ease with which they.can be manipulcied. molecular biology. 4 ‘noite sting *herimentally, the cell Cellular microbiology: A discipline bridging microbiology aling . many Blocheminatipe ns poen well sti, ; ‘vently applied o other organisms. ce and cell biology. DIFFERENT FORMS OF BACTERIA Evolutionary microbiology: The study of the evolution of microbes. This field can be subdivided into: Microbial taxonomy: The naming and classification of =, DF Be nota OF BAC tei (singular coceus) microorganisms. a Microbial systematic: The study of the diversity and Ty are spherical in shape. They can be further distinguished (a dati bt more at Learnclax.com genetic relationship of microorganisms. H mccrwnae a eso cc aier iu cag) .: Sorccmens: Pr aaa | ibecceamermet crue ra Se Molecular microbiology: The study of the molecular hylococcus (occur in the form of Sheets). 3i» Arrangement of Cocci Cocci bacteria can exist singly, in pairs (as diplococcic) in groups .,,. of four (as tetrads), in chains Streptococci), in clusters (as Staphylococci ), or in'cubes consisting of eight cells (as Sarcinae) ‘ Cocei may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side! Cocci may remain attached after cell division. These group characteristics are often used to help identify certain cocci. 1. Diplococci The cocci are arranged in pairs. Examples: Streptococus pneumonia Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, etc. 2. Strepococcus The cocci are arranged hchains, as the cells divide in one plane examples: Streppcoccus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae 3. Tetrads The cocci are arranged in packets of four cells, as the cells divide in two plains. Examples Aerococcus, Pediococcus ‘and Tetragenococcts ae 4. Sarcini The cocci are arranged in a cuboidal manner, as he cells are formed by regular cell divisions in three planes. Docci that divide in three planes and remain in groups cube like jroups of eight. a ea => Dae x Palisades Vibrio these are elon Flagellation Most of the b: structures called flagella. Cocci number and mode of att gated, C shaped or comma shaped bacteria. acteria contain one to many locomotor do not have flagella. Based on the tachment of the flagella, bacteria can be distinguished into the following types: (These three flagellations are called polar arrangements) Atrichous : Bacteria without flagella. Trichous: They bear one or more flagella. Cephalotrichous : Bacteria with many flagella attached at oneend Amphitrichous : Bacteria wit end Monotrichous : Bacteria with a single flagellum, atone end Example: Vibrio cholera and Pseudornonas sp. Lophotrichous : Bacteria with a group of flagella attached —_ateachend Example: Spirilium Peritrichous : Bacteria with flagella all over the body Example: Salmonella Typhiand E coli, ith a single flagellum at each- These are short thin, straight, hair Pili and(singular fimbs like projections found on the surface of some bacteria. Both are proteins, they are smaller than the flagella Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili”) are fine filaments of protein, usually 2-10 nanometers in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens. Pill (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or "sex pili’ (see bacterial genetics, below) They can also generate movement where they are called type IV. 7 pili (See movement, below). } Their differences Pilli are found only in gram negative bacteria but fimbriae are found in both, gram negative and positive bacteria. Fimbriae are shorter in length and smaller in diameter as compared to pill. Pili are more numerous than fimbriae. Fimbriae are less rigid than pill. Pilli are responsible fort bacterial conjugation but fimbriae are responsible for cell to surface attachment, Formation of pill is governed by plasmid genes but fimbriae is not. Mode of Nutrition and Nutritional Categories of Microorganisms ; They exhibits different modes of nutrition level such as- me £ Autotrophic bacteria: These bacteria are able to synthesize their own food, For e.g.: Phototropic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria Heterotrophic bacteria: These bacteria are unableto. synthesize their own food, hence they depends on other organic | materials. For e.g.: saprophytic bacteria-these bacteria feeds 1 dead and decaying matter. Symbiotic bacteria: These bacteria have a mutual benefit from other organisms, For e.g,: nitrogen fixing bacteria (01) rhizobium: Parasitic bacteria: These bacteria are present in plants, animals and human beings. These bacteria feeds on host cells, and causes harm to the host. ‘Nutritional types in bacterial metabolism Nutritional | Source of | Source of carbon | Source of carbon type energy Phototrophs | Sunlight | Organic compounds Cyanobacteria, 6 * [llolcerepny | 2a Seen or caiton fixation | bacteria, Clorfed or | ~ (Photoautotrophs) | Purple bacteria Lithotrophs | Inorganic | Organic compounds | Thermodesulfobacteia, compounds | (lithoheterotrophs) ~ | Hydogenophilaceae, or orcarbon fixation | Nitrospirae (ithoautotropts) Organotrophs | Organic | Organic compou nds | Bacillus, Clostridium or compounds | (chemobeterotrophs) | Enterobacteriaceae ‘or carbon fixation (chemoautotrophs) PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC BACTRIA Bacteria form the largest number of living organisms on the planet and are habitable in al types of environments. Being as diverse as they are, theory mode of nutrition is Alco varied The photoautotrophic bacteria, belong to that type of bacteria that are capable of synthesizing their own food with the help of sunlight, that is by the process of photosynthesis and are hence autotrophs or photoautotrophic bacteria, Types of bacteria based on nutritional mod Basing on the modes of nutrition . bacteria can be classified 9g ownload more at Learnclax.comcertain groups ike the photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, Lithhotrops etc, the following classification can be made Photoautotrophic bacteria synthesize their own organic compounds using sunlight as the energy, source and carbon dioxide as the carbon source Chemoautotrophic bacteria utilize Carbon dioxide and produce organic compounds using theeneray in simple inorganic stances. Photoheterotrophic bacteria use sunlight as an energy source but their carbon must come from organic compounds, not Co2. Chemoheterotrophic bacteria include i Parasitic types that di nutrition from living hosts, and saprophytic ios that oblain nutrition from products, wastes, or remains of other organisms Types ot Bactestockloropkyi '¢ photoautotrophic bacteria has bacteriochlorophyll whic ich tscs for photosynthesis and can fix carbon Bacteriochlorophyl cas fa lated to chlorophyll and are the fundamental components needed ee See : algae, cyanobacteria and plants. Those that_ lorophyll .do not produce oxygen,-and ire used by the pigment. aa light energy rOvas —_, aerhows tui 10 em iethy Examples of photoautotrophic bacteria Pleurocapsales spp Nostocalles spp Rhodobacter Sp. etc. Predacious fungi: There are many animal trapping fungi which have developed ingenious mechanisms for capturing small animals such as cchworms, rotifers or protozoa which they use for food. Several Species of fungi in the genera Arthrobotrys. Dactylella and Dactylaria utilizes a rapidly constricting ring around a nematode which holds it captive while the hyphae sink haustoria into the body ofthe victim. Some predacious fungi secrete a sticky substance on the surface of their hyphae to which a passing small animal adheres. Haustorium like hyphae then grows into the body of the animal and absorbs food. The animals ultimately die. Cell Structure of Domain Bacteria: Intracellular Structure ‘A bacterium contains a well-developed call structure which is responsible for many other unique biological properties. It can be Classified into intracellular structure and extra-cellular structure, Intracellularstructure The bacterial cellis surrounded by cell membrane, which holds th nutrients, proteins, and other essential compounds of th cytoplasm. As bacteria are prokaryotes they do not tend to hav membrane- bond organelles, so they contain few large intracellul structures. Download more at Learnclax.com5. and endoplasmic ‘olgiapparatu: Stich aa The organelles such as Gi 6 reticulum are present in bacteria whereas the o'gan nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplastare al Extra Cellular Structure Cell Structure of Domain Bacteria : Extra-cellular structure Bacterial cell is made up of peptidoglycan, Bacterial cel! is completely diferent from the cell walls of pans and fungl, made UP of chitin and cellulose. This cell walll is very essential to survival o! many bacteria. There are two types of cell wall in bacteria they are; Gram-positive and Gram-negative : Gram-positive bacteria — have a thick wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. Gram-negative bacteria - contains a thin wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan which is surrounded by a second lipid membrane. a Extra-cellular is denendent on bacterial secretion system. The above diagram shows the growth of bacillus anthrasis in cerebrospinal fluid. Example: Bacteria, blue green algae, E.coli, etc. : Parts of Prokaryotic Cell and their Functions that is not found in bacteria Capsule: It is composed of a thick polysaccharide. It is a kind of slime layer, which covers the outside of the cell wall. It is used to stick cells together and works as a food reserve and it also Protects the cell from dryness and from chemicals. 12 They are the folding, present inside the plasma lesosome plays a vital role in cellular respirations, DNA, cell division, separation of chromosomes Performs the role of Golgi bodies Mesosomes: membrane. Mi replication of during cell division and also and mitochondria. STRUCTURE, SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS OF BACTERIA Bacteria are prokaryotic and uniceliular microorganisms. Their cell structure is simpler than those of other organisms called ‘eukaryotes. Basically, they lack true nucleus and membrane ‘bound organelles. Structures often Observed in bacterial cell are ‘summarized and illustrated in Fig 1. Note that no single pacterium possesses all of these structures at all times. Some re found only in certain celis in certain conditions or in certain hases of the life cycle. ike all cells, a typical bacterial cell has three sections [The Cell envelope; -The Cytoplaem; The external structures STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELL + THE CELL ENVELOPE —Alll the layers surrounding the acterial cell, llasma membrane-the inner most layer of the cell envelope which Irrounds the cytoplasm. ~The cell wall - chemically complex, covers the plasma mbrane in most bacteria. ~Glycocalyx capsule or slime layer— outside the cell wall in ny bacteria, me bacteria (Gram negative) also contain in addition to these, periplasmic space and the outer membrane. THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURES — Extend from the cell Download more'at Learnclax.comsurface into the environment “Help the bacterium to respond to an environments. Consists o! 1d monitor their external ¥ the flagella and the pili or fimbriae, i) Plasma membrane- Also called the cell membrane. it has the tht membrane structure composed of 2 layer (bilayer) of phospholipid within which protein float. A pure phospholipid Prombrane only allows water, gases and a few small molecules to mre feely through it while holding back the other molecules. itis havefore 'a semipermeable membrane. Most membrare associated phospholipids are amphipathic- have polar heads {hydrophylic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails. The hydrophobic tails are unbranched fatty acid chains. eads' like to stay in an aqueous environment “Polar or hydrophilic h idand the inside of the cell facing the outside worl tails” want to be away from water, in an olly environment. The tails are in the center of the membrane. In other words, their hydrophobic region are buried in the lipid while the hydrephilic portion project from the membrane surface “Non-polar or hydrophobic - The lipid composition of bacteria PM varies with environmental temperature in such a way that the membrane remains fluid during growth. For example bacteria growing at lower Wah temperature growin wore unsaturated fatty acids in their membrane Phospholipids. At higher temperature, their phospholipids (Por= crusted fatty acids. Bacterial membrane usually differ from eukaryotic membranes in lacking sterol (steroid containing lipids) However many bacterial membrane contain sterol like molecules 14 D called hopaniods Three types of bacter ia anditheyhavediferenturctions ss nave Wentiieg Intes " Integeal bentaloazerey embedded in the membrane tanspon joplasmic mem mechanisms knowns uniport symportandantipor. "=" Outer-surface proteins Usually in Gram-negat with periplasmic y -gative bacteria interac on Proteins inthe transport of large molecules intothe Inner—surface proteins: cooperate with other proteins in energy. ‘4 it oy pera’ tel yielding reactions and also other important celidar functions. Nearly all bacterial c a ell in pepti wc peered or core peptidoglycan (murein nature molecule fe ts peat ee ce Ss bacteria. No other organisms have bee: (erred aay erica abun sch sub-ank onal sorrel aero ee Th srolines cristae found peat ids. Three o' these amino acids are n ae ae -glutamic acid, D-alanine, and mes Difference between cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteri The cell walls of man) : as ol ls anes Y, ther ‘ypc Grain-positive bacteria con jomogeneous layer of peptido A . ptidoglycan lying outside membrane (Fig) thas toxic and iaberomeds heated ag ata ‘plea Gram-negative bacteria have outer membrane (7- to banana Sete Sota nload more at Learnclax.com” is separated from the cell membrane by @ The outer membrane is Sure. The Substance that occupies space called periplasmic SF jasm’ The peptidoglycan layerin Beriplasmic space I yore located in the periplasm and attached Greve bacteria is mbrane. The outer membrane contain to lipoproteins ine Cepnsictng of POVSaccharde and lipid and protein called porins.) ts Seheroplasts and protmred when Grain-negative bacteria are “ or penicillin, which destroys the Oe ie yee tt leaves the Outer membrane. speroplasts pepiogycen nab mgt eu uments membrane ‘positive bacteria are exposed are obtain when Gram-posi eye or penicilin resulting in @ complete loss of the cell wall. Itis therefore surrounded by only the \plasma membrane. Gram-Positive envelope The table below shows the differences of cell wall structure in gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria i | STS Tose rt | 4,2 comparison of Oromeunune end Grainheyev Cal Wate | ‘ossihgain greta a Yet nye te t Gram stain - The different staining characteristic is based on differences in the structure of their cell walls. Gram positive cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan (cross-linked by teishoic acid and lipoteichoic acid). Gram negative cell walls have one or very few layers of Peptidoglycan, surrounded by lipid-based outer membrane. Glycocalyx, Capsule and Slime layer. Glycocalyx refers to a layer consisting of a network of Polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cell. The term can encompass both capsules add slime layers because they usually are composed of polysaccharides. It can be thick and stable like capsule or loosely attached to cell wall like slime layer. Functions:~ 1. Aids in attachment to solid surfaces, including tissue surfaces. 2. Protects pathogenic bacteria from the attack of the host's immune system. Slime layer is a zone of diffuse, unorganized material that is removed easily. Functions -invoived in attachment of bacteria to other cells o inanimate surfaces to form biofllms. -Canalso be usedasa food reserve for the cell B THE CYTOPLASM Bacterial cytoskeletons- similar in structure and function with those of eukaryotes: Functions: -Participate in cell division liownload more at Learficlax.comtain site’ Localize proteins to ce" PS ine cel - Determi inclusions res living components of the cel dered to be nontiving comp Inclusions are consde ogc aly and are nol pounest ‘alngnloed The most common noe are glycogen, lipid /olutin granules are Groplets, crystals, and pigment Gytoplasmic inclusions ‘of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called ‘metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue Functions:~ 4. Many inclusions compounds, inorganic sut re used to reduce osmotic pressure by tying uP te form. are used for storage (e.g., of carbon ipstances, and energy. 2. Some a molecules in particulat 3, Many serve es micro compartments suitable than sbrage. E.g. the earboxysome|sarmicro-comparim carbon dioxide fixation. provides buoyancy to many of which are for functions other ent for Gas vacuol photosynthetic. ndospore, a heat-resistant and Bacterial endospores — An ©" formed within some bacterial non-growing structure (dorman’), aera endospore can retain ts viability over long periods of fime under adverse environmental conditions. When the tvs onment become more favourable, the endospore then germinates to a vegetative cell. They are produced by certain sembers of bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Ciostridium and Sporosarcina. Features — endospores are extraordinarily resistant to environmental stresses such 3s heat, Ultraviolent radiation gamma radiation, chemical disinfectants and desiccation. Several species of ‘endospore-forming bacteria are dangerous pathogens. Eg Clostridium botulinum causes 18 botulism, a food-borne i ; disease, Clostridium tetani cau: tetanus and Bacillus anthracis is causes anthrax. x Cell Wall: Cell walls of bacteria are made up of glycoprotein murein. The main function of cell wall is ithelps it Ips in providin Tracbenioalairarelake 1 olditytocanae igahaae aaa \tprotects cell from bursting in a hypotonicmedium. Plasma Membrane: It is also known. as mi 3 cytoplasmic re rock cytopl embrane (of) cell It is composed of phospholipids , proteins carbohydrates, forming a fluid-mosaic. oS Ithelps in transportation of substances including removal x wastes from the body. ‘ E Ithelps in providing amechanical barrier tothe cell. Plasma membrane acts as a semi permeable membrane which allows only selected material to move inside an outside of the cell Cytoplasm: n Helpsin cellular: growth, metabolism and replication. Cytoplasm is the store houses of all the chemicals a components that are used to sustain the life ofa bacterium Ribosome: ‘A tiny granule made up of RNA and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. They are freely floating structures that helps in transferr the genetic code. Plasmid: i Plasmids are small circle of DNA. Bacterial cells have many plasmids. 19 ownload more at Learnclax.com| Plasmids are used to exchange DNA between the acterial cells. Flagella: Pilli: ‘Capsul il. etl poh pogeeapepree, oR It helps the the cell to spin ee ee overt of Ameer ary Aci Chemotaxis: chemical stimuli along the Earth's magnetic ment ; Mol Manner in magnetotatc Declare, whieh errae field. Hap, 5 luding irr E ee to differences in light density Bectoia swim te areas of particilar ight phecenes acter Short protein appendages. ‘Smaller than yee ‘Capsule is a kind of slime layer, Which covers the outside a of the cell wall ‘ .d of a thick polysaccharide. Tis Used fo stok cols together and werke 9a food piace the cell from dryness and from chemicals. Reproduction in Bacteria: ia is mainly by cell division and binary Toso scinelcesee fon bacrter Stiis Pcuiceg ission. Respiration in bacteria: ia: oxygen for respiration. ic bacteria: does not require oxygen Asroble beceata: mxqube oyaee Hesniata ee ’ a ened oa into two large groups, w! and physical properties oftheir call wall i ined Gram positive bacteria: Those bacteria when they are stain ral in gram stain results in purple colour. Bewncea more atzLearnclax.com 20 Gram negative bacten,. in gram stain resune el: Those bacteria when h 7 hey are staine, Locomotion of bacter i colour They move in on a awd BY Using their locomotion organs such aS cilia Phylogeny: Alt bacte, eget from a common ancestor me eH POSSESS different: love '°88 (see Bacterial phyla and 7, diversified since, cg evolutionary relatedn of evolution) ‘Metabolism: Different abies (see Microbial metacan ag) have different metabolic Environment: Different bacteria thrive in diflerent environments, Suchas high/low temperature and suit (see Extremophiles) ‘ Pathogenicity: Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animals (see Pathogenic bacteri Subdivisions based on Gram staining Pe there being litte agreement on the major ‘Subgroups of the Bacteria, Gram staining results were most commonly used as a siancification tool. Consequently, until the advent of ‘molecular Grvlogeny, the Kingdom’ Prokaryotae was uricy into four aisions A classification scheme stil formally folowes by Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology for tome order Gracilicutes (gram-negative) Photobacteria (photosynthetic): class Oxyphotobacteriae (water « srectron donor, includes the order Cyanobacterigh een algae, now phylum Cyanobacteria) and class Anoxyphotobacteriae {anaerobicphototrophs, orders: Rhodospiilaise sos Chiorobiales ‘Scotobacteria (non-photosynthetic, now the Proteobacteria and other gram-negative nonphotosynthetic phyla)sitive, subsequently corrected to m-pors such a8 Bacillales and Actinomycetales o ‘Actinobacteria) Firmacutes (9'3 Firmicutes sever (now in the phylum coplasm: ram variable, €-9 wa a) : Mondocnestneven orm a lanogenic bacteria", now Mendocutes (' known as the Archaea) PLE IN THE FILED OF MICROBIOLOGY SOME SPECIAL PEO! macias m Negative Bacteria Gram Positive and Gri, christian Gram devised a technique In 1884 a bene is for bacterial Cells, using two simple stains. of differential staining © Staining Bacteria initially with a weak The procedure invertian (crystalline) violet. All bacterial cells alkaline solution of Ser suosequently these cells are treated with stain blue with Mn (lodine i Potassium iodide solution) and Lugol's io re Jeohol. At this stage if the bacteria retain the purple washed wit! os described as Gam positive bacteria and if they colour, they te le colour, they are described as Gram negative lose theit Purp m negative bacteria can be subsequently stained bacteria, The rer further investigations, The Gram positive and wih safaniiye. bacteria show certain morphological, and physiological differences between them. tiring and Shibasaburo Kitasato ‘ een we Shibasaburo Kitasato working together in Berk in 1890 announce the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin sani the first rational approach to the infectious diseases. Behring was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1901. ; 4912 Paul Ehrlich aay fe ich announces the discovery of an e' Caan for syphilis, the fst specific chemotherapeutic agen! ‘terial disease. He brought news ot ried “vhere Alexander Fleming became one of the few physicians to administer it 22 1929 Alexander Flemin, Alexander Fleming publis and its exact on gram-po hes the first paper describing penicitin finally produced in major que rn roorganism: When peniciin is : Quantities in the 1940: availabilty effectively launch tne “Antibiotics Era: 2 maker revolution in public health and medicine Buy Levitra 1953 Francis Crick, Ma Francis Crick and Maurice ay kins and James Watson ‘aurice Wikins together with James Watson describe the double-helix structure of DNA The chemical is based on x-ray crystallography of DNA 1977 Waiter Gilbert and Fred Sanger Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger independently develop methods to determine the exact sequence of DNA. 1979 Victory over Small Pox ‘Smalipox (variola) is declared Officially eliminated, the last ‘Naturally occurring case having been seen in 1977 in Somalia. Small ‘quantities remain held under tightly controlled conditions in the U.S. and former U.S.S.R. Smallpoxis the only microbial diseases to ever have been deliberately eradicated. 1859 Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur expanded upon Spallanzani finding by exposing boiled broths to the air in vessels that contained a filter to prevent all particles from passing through to the growth medium. this meant that living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside as spores on dust rather spontaneously generate within the broth. Thus Pasteur dealt the death blow to the theory of spontaneous generation and supported Germ theory (many disease are caused by microorganisms) 1876 Robert Koch Robert Koch publishes a paper on his work with anthrax, pointing explicitly toa bacterium as the cause of this disease. This validates the germ theory of disease. He established that microobes can cause disease. He also found that he could grow the bacteria in anuria broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness, based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microbe and a disease and these are now 23 ownload more at Learnclax.comis postulates: — 'S best known Sma ony OF disease, proving that spech® contributions f ‘caused by spect cpa gen eas ats : diseases Were Cree of criteria thal have become known ssf fon Kosh the first scientists to focus a the pee paseria including Mycobacterium Researphong severe agent of tuberculosis 4881 Robert Koch Robert Koch sl media for certain @XPS uses an aseptically ¢ ins to gelatin, The, plate technique |S ee to isolate from colonies growing on ind allowed to gel ure cult he surface of the plato eS Of bacteria h Liter = ee publishes his study of lactic fermentation of milk, Jose trating he specific cause Of Milk souring. Pasteur Been develop a method of attenuating a virulent pathogen cholera, so it would immunize and not cause the agent chicken conceptual breakthrough for establishing disco n against disease by the inoculation of a weakened strain pein ager avmey elnino e wean sta a ened As Pasteur acknowledged, the concept came from Ede = Jenner's earlier success at Smallpox vaccination. Pasteur A most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous gener: thereby solidifying microbiology's identity as a biological science: Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pestaurization) on vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, and rabies. Leeuwenhoek : ap 3 Doers acta Leeuwenhoek, who lived most of his life in Delft, bacte i anisms using @ Holland, observed bacteria and other microorg ee single-lens microscope of his own design. While Van Leeuwen! 24 ‘soften cited as the firstta observe microbes Robert Hooke made the fj the fruting bodies ofmoxs 22262 Microscopic observation, o Ferdinand Cohn, The field of bacteriology (later ‘a sub discipline of microbiology) was founded in the 19th century by Ferdinand Cohn, a Totanist whee Studies on algae and bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the t ti i conomic Classification of bz discover spores = retell Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy and to thereby reveal the essential role played by micro-organisms in geochemical processes. In 1796 Edward Jenner developed a much safer method, using cowpox to successfully immunize a young boy against smallpox, and this practice was widely adopted 1884 by Hans Christian Gram The Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christiar characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the "Gram- positive" cell wall stain purple, while the thin "Gram-negative" cell wall appears pink. 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani- Lazzaro Spallanzani found that boiling broth would sterilize it and Kill any microorganisms in it. He also found that new microorganisms could settle only in a broth if the broth was exposed to the air. This was an experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation which states that the origination of Living organism is from lifeless matter. This is also known as abiogenesis. MICROORGANISMS Microbe is a term for tiny creatures that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye They can be seen with the aid of microscope microbe include bacteria, virus, fungi, protista and Download more at Learnclax.com