RESEARCH 01

"TALL BUILDING: GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT"

DUE: 04 FEB. 2023
REFERENCE/S:
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https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/2/4/384
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monarch.com/history-of-tall-building/
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nition_of_research
Fleetwood, D. (2023, January 10). What is Research: Definition, Methods, Types & Examples. QuestionPro.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/
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https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=37
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BDz2hlqoCsM
Oragui, D. (2022, December 18). Creating a Standard Operating Procedure: A Step-by-Step Guide.
https://helpjuice.com/blog/standard-operating-procedure
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AR 4211/D - ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 8

AR. ERWIN P. GERARDO ABILLE, CLARENSE GIL C.

BACDAYAN, CHRIS JAN A.
BANGLOT, ASHTIN JAN C.
LAFORTEZA, CHRISTINE MAE M.
SANGRIA, ELPIDIO F.
 TALL BUILDING

Tall Building Criteria

There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a “tall building;” the definition is subjective,
considered against one or more of the following categories:

1. Height Relative to Context

A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city such as Chicago
or Hong Kong, but in a provincial European city or a suburb this may be distinctly taller than the
urban norm.

2. Proportion
There are numerous buildings that are not particularly high, but are slender enough to give
the appearance of a tall building. Conversely, there are numerous big/large-footprint buildings
that are quite high, but their size/floor area rules them out of being classed as a tall building.

3. Embracing Technologies Relevant to Tall Buildings

A building containing technologies which may be attributed as being a product of “tall”.
(e.g., specific vertical transport technologies, structural wind bracing as a product of height,
etc.).

If a building can be considered as subjectively relevant to one or more of the above

categories, then it can be considered a tall building. Although number of floors is a poor
indicator of defining a tall building due to the changing floor-to-floor height between differing
buildings and functions (e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or more stories – or
more than 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could typically be used as a threshold for a “tall
building.
4. Supertall and Megatall Buildings
Tall buildings that achieve significant heights are classed in two additional sub-groups: A
“supertall” is a tall building 300 meters (984 feet) or taller, and a “megatall” is a tall building 600
meters (1,968 feet) or taller. As of today, there are 173 supertalls and only 3 megatalls completed
globally.

MEASURING TALL BUILDING HEIGHT

Three height categories are recognized.

1. Height to Architectural Top

 The architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage,
flagpoles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely
utilized and is employed to define the CTBUH rankings of the “World’s Tallest Buildings.”

2. Height to Highest Occupied Floor

 The finished floor level of the highest occupiable6 floor within the building.
3. Height to Tip
 To the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.

Example: Official Heights of Willis vs. Petronas Towers

All categories measure the building from:

1. Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
2. Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing grade and
permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via elevators, as opposed to
ground-floor retail or other uses that solely relate/connect to the immediately adjacent
external environment. Thus, entrances via below-grade sunken plazas or similar are not
generally recognized. Also note that access to car park and/or ancillary/support areas are
not considered significant entrances. HOWEVER, it should be noted that, in cases where the
tall building sits on a significant podium, and its direct tower entrance is contained deep
within that podium, often at a higher floor level, it may be allowable to take the building
height from the pedestrian area immediately surrounding the site, if that pedestrian area is
significant, open air and above grade.
3. Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off an external space at that level that is
open to air.
4. Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to exclude service,
ancillary, or similar areas.
5. Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-technical
equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent technologies, as is often
seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines, etc. are periodically added,
shortened, lengthened, removed and/or replaced).
6. Occupiable: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is designed to be safely
and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users on a consistent basis. It
does not include service or mechanical areas which experience occasional maintenance
access, etc.
7. This “significant proportion” can be judged as 15 percent or greater of either: (1) the total
floor area, or (2) the total building height, in terms of number of floors occupied for the
function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall towers. For example a 20-
story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15 percent rule,
 though this would clearly constitute mixed-use.
8. The omission of cladding panels to allow fixing of a construction hoist or crane while interior
fit-out of some building areas is continuing does not affect the status of “fully clad.”
9. The topping out architecturally of a building implies that all structural and finished
architectural elements are in place.
10. Renovation works are distinguished separately from: (1) Retrofits, which may involve
extensive work to the building, but do not significantly alter the building’s function, height, or
appearance; (2) Recladding, which involve extensive work to the façade of a building, but
do not otherwise significantly alter the building’s height or appearance; and (3) Redesigns,
which only occur when an under-construction building stops construction, only to resume at
a later time following a new design that uses the existing above-ground structure of the
never-completed project.

TALL BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

Single-function vs. Mixed-use Buildings

A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85 percent or more of its total height is
dedicated to a single function.

A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions, where each of the functions
occupies a significant proportion7 of the tower’s total space. Support areas, such as car parks
and mechanical plant space, do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on
CTBUH “Tallest” lists in descending order (e.g., “hotel/office” indicates hotel function above
office function).

Building vs. telecommunications/observation Tower

To be considered a building, at least 50 percent of its height must be occupiable6.
Telecommunications or observation towers that do not meet the 50 percent threshold are not
eligible for inclusion on CTBUH’s “Tallest” lists.

Co-Joined Building
A building is a single, co-joined building (as opposed to separate buildings in a complex)
when 50 percent or more of the total building height is connected. Exceptions to this 50 percent
rule can be made in cases where the form of the building creates a coherent arch, creating a
singular architectural expression and thus a co-joined building.

BUILDING STATUS

Design Phase

 Proposed
A Proposal must fulfill all the following criteria:

1. Have a specific site with ownership interests within the building development team
2. Have a full professional design team progressing the design beyond the conceptual
stage
3. Have obtained, or is in the process of obtaining, formal planning consent/legal permission
for construction
4. Have a full intention to progress to construction and completion

Only projects that have been verified by a credible source (e.g., formal press release, city
planning application, etc.) are included as Proposed buildings in CTBUH lists. Due to the
changing nature of early-stage designs and client information restrictions, height data for
proposals is always considered unconfirmed until the project proceeds into detailed design and
construction.

 Vision
A Vision is a theoretical design concept for a building which either had no intention of being
realized, or is at an early stage of development and does not yet satisfy the criteria of a Proposal.

 Competition Entry
A Competition Entry is a design concept for a building that was submitted to an architectural
competition for a real project on a real site. Buildings selected as the competition winner will
have the status changed, as appropriate, when the project moves into formal proposal,
construction, and completion stages. Concepts not selected as the winning design for the
competition shall remain classified as competition entries.

 Canceled
A building is considered Canceled when it was formally proposed, with an intent to proceed,
but did not advance to any stage of construction.

Construction Phase

 Under Construction
A building is Under Construction when site clearing has been completed and
foundation/piling work has begun.

 Structurally Topped Out

A building is Structurally Topped Out when it is under construction and the highest element
of the primary structural frame is in place. Architectural features such as parapets, rooftop
mechanical screens, or spires may not yet be present.
 Architecturally Topped Out
A building is Architecturally Topped Out when it is under construction, structurally topped
out, fully clad8, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place (e.g., including its
spires, parapets, etc.).

 Completed
A Completed building must fulfill all the following criteria:

1. Topped out structurally and architecturally9

2. Fully clad8
3. Open for business, or at least partially occupiable

 On Hold
A project is considered On Hold when construction work has been halted, but there is an
intent to complete construction to the original design at a future date.

 Never Completed
A project is considered Never Completed when construction work was halted and never
resumed. The site may go on to accommodate a new building, different to the original design,
that may or may not retain the construction of the partially built structure.

Operation Phase

 Proposed Renovation
A Proposed Renovation is a plan for a significant change to the function, height, or
appearance of an existing building, as opposed to a Building Retrofit which is focused on the
upgrade of building systems without significant changes in function, height, or appearance. The
status of Proposed Renovation requires a formal design concept created by a full professional
design team to be in place, as well as the obtaining of formal planning consent / legal
permissions for renovation.

 Under Renovation
An existing building is Under Renovation when construction work is currently underway which
significantly changes the function, height, or appearance of the building.10

 Renovated
A Renovated Building is a building that has completed the construction phase of a
renovation to significantly change its function, height or appearance.10

 Under Demolition
A project is considered as Under Demolition when controlled end-of-life demolition is
underway and the structure has begun reducing in height.

 Demolished
A project is considered as Demolished when it is destroyed through any intended or
unintended means – such that the building no longer exists.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

All-Steel
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are
constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete
planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered an “all-steel” structure as the
concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.

All-Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are
constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars
and/or steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and
assembled together on-site.

All-Timber
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are
constructed from timber. An all-timber structure may include the use of localized non-timber
connections between timber elements. Note that a building of timber construction with a floor
system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of timber beams is still considered an “all-
timber” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.

Mixed-Structure
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g., all-steel, all-concrete, all-timber), one on top of the other. For
example, a Steel Over Concrete indicates an all-steel structural system located on top of an all-
concrete structural system, with the opposite true of Concrete Over Steel.

Composite
A combination of two or more materials (e.g., steel, concrete, timber) are used together in
the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor
system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-
encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database
breaks out the materials used within a composite building’s primary structural elements.

HISTORY OF TALL BUILDINGS

Many 19th century American architects went to Paris for training and education and brought
back with them ideas that influenced their architecture. In Paris, the Eiffel Tower, at 300m (984
ft) in 1889, was surely a catalyst for new heights with its remarkable architectural qualities and
became known as an engineering masterpiece. The U.S. also exported cultural and
architectural ideas and developments to Europe that included the skyscraper, a clearly
American innovation with its beginning in Chicago.

The steel-framed structure of the 10-story Home Insurance Building is generally recognized as
the first skyscraper, built in Chicago in 1885. A series of tall buildings, relatively large at the time
of their construction, were built at the turn of the century. These include the Wainwright Building
of 1890 in St. Louis, the Guaranty Building of 1895 in Buffalo, New York, and the Reliance Building
of 1895 in Chicago. This trend continued in New York with the Flat Iron Building of 1903, continuing
to the Chrysler Building of 1930, and the Empire State Building of 1931.

Enormous progress was made in the development of tall buildings after World War II, first in
the U.S., followed much later by some Pacific Rim countries, parts of Europe, and the Middle
East. Although technology has advanced and the architectural style of tall buildings has
evolved, the architectural planning concept of vertically stacking a series of floors and
achieving spatial efficiencies by increasing the net-to-gross floor area has remained almost the
same. Despite architecturally ambitious thinking, as well as technical and structural
advancement, the primary focus remained on economic viability and technological and
constructional limitations. Beginning with the last decade of the 20th century, this has changed,
however, in favor of sustainability, innovative façade treatment, free-form massing, and iconic
architectural vocabulary.

Demand for Skyscrapers

- Scarcity of land in urban areas
- Increasing demand for business & residential space
- Economic growth
- Technological advancements
- Innovations in structural systems
- Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
- Concept of city skyline
- Cultural significance & prestige
- Human aspiration to build higher

City Skyline
- Articifial horizon that a city’s overall structure creates
- serves as a kind of fingerprint of a city

Early Skyscrapers
 Ditherington Flax Mill (1796)
- Located in England
- Oldest iron framed building in the world
- Seen as the “grandfather of skyscrapers”
- 5 story tall building

 Home Insurance Building (1884)

- Location: Chicago, USA
- First tall building to be supported, both inside and
outside, by a fireproof metal frame
- Height: 42 meters

 Flatiron Building (1902)

- Located in New York
- Considered to be a ground breaking skyscraper
- Steel-skeleton construction; 22 stories tall (285 ft.)

DEVELOPMENTS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Structural systems play a key role in determining the form of a cost-effective tall building.
Because of the current trend of pluralistic architectural style, structural systems have become
more varied and somewhat lost their inherent logic by conforming to the predetermined form-
giving by the architect. The style and aesthetics of buildings are integrally related to the
horizontal and vertical configurations.

Earlier, the advent of computers, in conjunction with a boom in the construction industry
following theGreat Depression and World War II, facilitated the development of new structural
systems and forms.

As tall buildings are becoming increasingly taller, as with other man-made structures, the
greatest danger is, and has been, the danger of collapse due to lack of structural integrity for
standing up to the fierce natural forces of gravity, wind, and earthquakes. For tall buildings
wind forces primarily control the design of the structural system. A building’s slenderness ratio
(ratio of height to least width) has a major influence on its structural efficiency. Although for
wind loads dynamic influence becomes important at a slenderness ratio of about 4 and
above, it starts being highly critical at higher values. Efficient structural systems can be
employed to control the effects of wind for tallbuilding. Aerodynamic modifications of the
building form in conjunction with structural optimization are effective design approaches for
reducing wind-induced vibrations in tall slender buildings, which are subjected to across-the-
wind motion caused by vortex shedding. In this phenomenon, wind hits a building’s façade
swirling around adjacent faces revolving in the form of vortices. They break away from the
building on one side and then on the other, and continue this effect. As each vortex breaks
away, wind speed on its building side rises, lowering the pressure and pulling in its direction.
Thus, thebuilding experiences a side-to-side repetitive push because of the alternating effect
of the vortices. Large vortices tear away and re-form themselves whipping the tall building
resulting in aerodynamic instability. The principal approach to aerodynamic modification is to
“confuse” the wind by disrupting its streamlined flow as a boundary layer and not allowing it
to re-organize by creating mild turbulence around the building. Such modifications are
implemented by providing a building’s cross-sectional shape, varying the cross-section along
the height, slotted or chamfered building corners, fins, step backs, through-building openings,
sculptured tops, etc., which are compatible with currently prevailing pluralistic building forms.
Different types of damping systems introduced in such buildings can also significantly improve
structural efficiency.

Buildings in seismic zones warrant additional considerations; the principal among them is
the requirement of ductility which provides for adequate energy-absorption capability of the
structure. Tall and slender buildings are less vulnerable to seismic forces because of their smaller
fundamental natural frequencies with regard to low-rise or mid-rise buildings. Tall buildings with
low natural frequencies founded on rocks or hard soils with higher ground frequencies
perform even better because theseismic forces are not significantly amplified. However,
these buildings must still be provided with sufficient ductility.

Fazlur Khan pioneered a groundbreaking concept based on his realization that as buildings
become taller, there is a “premium for height” due to lateral wind forces and, consequently,
demands on the structural system exponentially escalate, increasing total material
consumption. He developed andrefined the revolutionary tubular building concept. Modified
versions of the basic framed-tube form, such as bundled tube, braced tube, composite tube,
and tube-in-tube, to name a few, appeared on the building scene. These concepts have
been employed for both steel and concrete buildings.

The conceptof “premium for height” led Khan to develop the revolutionary height-based
systems charts classifying steel and concrete high-rise structures in 1969 that acted as a
template for designers for structural system selection. Expanded height-based systems charts
based on a broader classification of interior and exterior structures were later proposed by Ali
and Moon. A new buttressed tube system was employed by Bill Baker and his associates at
SOM in the Burj Khalifa building as thelatest innovation. The large concrete structural core
acting as a solid tube is now gaining moresignificance in resisting lateral loads. This was
employed in the 610 m (2000 ft) tall Chicago Spire Tower project (unbuilt) designed by
Santiago Calatrava and engineered by SOM. Thus the move in structural circles now seems to
be toward the interior structural system that allows the architect to articulate the façade
system for unobstructed views of the outside looking from the inside and achieve desirable
unhindered architectural expression.

Tall buildings transfer large magnitudes of loads to the ground and hence strong
foundations are necessary for such buildings. Where bedrock is encountered at a reasonable
depth from the ground surface, loads are transferred through piles or caissons. In softer soil
and where bedrock is notavailable at a reasonable depth, a mat foundation is the usual
choice. In many cases, piles or caissons are combined with mats to increase the foundation
capacity or to distribute the loads more uniformly to the piles or caissons. In general, foundation
design is based on thorough subsurface investigation, and although it is a technical
challenge, it is not a major impediment to contemporary tall buildingconstruction. An
early example of a building with such a challenge in foundation design is the One Shell Plaza
building of 1971 in Houston, Texas. The project was originally envisioned as a 35-story building
due to foundation limitation of the soil at the site. But the building was later designed and
built by changing the height to 52 stories. The entire structure was made lighter by building in
lightweight concrete on a mat foundation and high strength concrete was used to reduce
the size of structural members, thereby making the additional 17 stories a possibility. Tall
buildings should never be built in seismic zones where liquefaction of soil may take place.

 GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

Definition of Green Building

Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting
to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. . This practice
expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability,
and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building.

Impacts of the built environment:

Aspects of Built Consumption: Environmental Ultimate Effects :

Environment: Effects:
 Siting  Energy  Waste  Harm to Human
 Design  Water  Air pollution Health
 Construction  Materials  Water pollution  Environment
 Operation  Natural  Indoor Degradation
 Maintenance Resources pollution  Loss of Resources
 Renovation  Heat islands
 Deconstruction  Stormwater
runoff
 Noise

Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment by:

 Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

 Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
 Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

For example, green buildings may incorporate sustainable materials in their construction
(e.g., reused, recycled-content, or made from renewable resources); create healthy indoor
environments with minimal pollutants (e.g., reduced product emissions); and/or feature
landscaping that reduces water usage (e.g., by using native plants that survive without extra
watering).

Green Building Concept

The `Green Building’ concept is gaining importance in various countries, including India.
These are buildings that ensure that waste is minimized at every stage during the construction
and operation of the building, resulting in low costs, according to experts in the techniques
associated with the `Green Building’ include measures to prevent erosion of soil, rainwater
harvesting, use of solar energy, preparation of landscapes to reduce heat, reduction in usage
of water, recycling of waste-water and use of world-class energy-efficient practices.
Green building is a whole-system approach to the design and construction of buildings that
conserve and build energy, water, and material resources and are more healthy, safe and
comfortable. Many think of solar panels when they think of “green” buildings.

Green building responds to the realization that the way we are building everything from
houses to skyscrapers is not sustainable. Many health problems today arise from poor indoor air
quality and exposure to toxins contained in commonly used construction products. Green
building practices can eliminate these health-damaging conditions.

Green Building Materials

 Renewable sources: Forests
 Reuse from waste: old plumbing, doors, etc.
 Solar Tiles: Exist to simply protect a building. They spend a large portion of the day absorbing
energy from the sun.
 Paper Insulation: Made from recycled newspapers and cardboard then filled with chemical
foam. Insect-resistant &fire retardant
 Wool brick: Obtained by adding wool and a natural polymer found in seaweed to the clay
of the brick, 37% more strength than burnt bricks. Resistant for cold and wet climate
 Sustainable Concrete: Crushed glass, Wood chips or slag – a byproduct of steel
manufacturing. Reduces the emission of CO2

Examples of Green Buildings

ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon

Patni (i-GATE) Knowledge Center, Noida

Olympia Tech Park, Chennai

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

 The 26-story EDITT Tower in Singapore (completion pending),
designed by architects T R Hamzah and Yeang (not yet built at
the time of this writing), will help increase its location’s bio-
diversity and rehabilitate the local ecosystem in Singapore,
where the natural ecosystem has been badly destroyed. A
crucial aspect of urban design is placemaking that connects
the outdoor space to the building’s space. Tall buildings with
vertically stacked floors have a conflict with effective
placemaking. EDITT Tower mitigates this problem by creating
“vertical places” bringing street life to the upper parts through
landscaped ramps upwards from the street level. The verdant
high-rise integrates green space and human use areas at a ratio
of 1:2 through the well planted façades and vegetated terraces
that surround the building. These vegetation areas are designed
to wrap around the building by continuously ramping upwards
from the ground to the uppermost floor. Thus, the organic
vegetation spaces effectively integrate the skyscraper’s 26
stories vertically into the surface landscape. This extension of the
horizontal plane into the vertical space is further promoted by
stretching the street-level shops and pedestrian activities up to
the sixth floor along the landscaped ramping system. More importantly, the planting of the tower
uses indigenous plants. The organic components were defined based on the survey of plant life
in the neighborhood of the building. The EDITT Towers won the 1998 competition for Ecological
Design in the Tropics.

Shanghai Tower (also called Shanghai Center) was designed by Gensler and is under
construction in the Pudong District at this writing. The target year of completion is 2014. When
completed, it will be the tallest building in China, rising to 632 m (2074 ft) and having 121 stories;
and the second tallest in the world, next to Burj Khalifa in Dubai; and taller than the 588 m (1,929
ft) tall Ping An International Finance Center with 115 stories in Shenzhen, China, also to be
completed in 2014. Planning for the Lujiazui Finance and
Trade Zone dates back to 1993, in which three supertall
buildings were envisioned with this tower next to the Jin Mao
and Shanghai World Financial Center. Consistent with the
present trend for skyscrapers, the tower’s skeleton is made up
of a composite steel-concrete structure. Its curved façade
and spiraling form heralds the dynamic emergence of China
as a modern economic powerhouse.

The rapid urbanization of the Lujiazui district demanded a

solution of high density development by adopting
appropriate planning and design strategies on the one hand
and “breathing room” on the other. Gensler applied the
notion of traditional lane houses found in Beijing hutongs and
Shanghai’s shikumen, where families live in close-knit
dwellings around a communal open space. For the Shanghai
Tower, the neighborhoods are transposed vertically, each
with its own sky gardens, to foster interaction and a sense of
community.

It is a multi-use building comprised of office, hotel, retail,

sky gardens, public space, etc. The tower is organized in nine
cylindrical buildings stacked on top of each other and enclosed by a double-skinned glass
façade. The outer layer spins as it rises upward and envelopes nine indoor zones providing public
space for visitors. Each of the nine areas will have an atrium featuring gardens, cafes,
restaurants, and retail space, and provide panoramic views of the city.
The sky gardens are intended to provide visitors a venue to meet, eat, and shop, thereby
cutting down the time needed for people to travel on the elevators. Retail and event spaces
are also provided at the tower’s base. The tower will feature the world’s highest non-enclosed
observation deck.

The building is one of the most sustainable buildings in the world. The tower’s swiveling,
asymmetrical glass façade confuses the organization of wind forces and reduces wind loads
on the building. The building’s spiraling parapet collects rainwater to be used for the tower’s
heating and air conditioning systems, and wind turbines situated below the parapet
generate on-site power. Further,the gardens nestled within the building’s façade create a
thermal buffer zone while improving indoor air quality. Power for the building will potentially be
generated by wind turbines. This new tower will undoubtedly be a new icon on Shanghai’s
skyline enriching it further. It will anchor the Lujiazui district and become one of the foremost
commercial destinations of the world. It shows a new way of envisioning cities, corroborating
the implementation of the vertical theory of urban design. Because of its height and iconic
character and undulating, transparent façade, the tower will be visible from all directions and
be another new landmark for the city.

 RESEARCH
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge
in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and
understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that
it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem

using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is
a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It
involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the
observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive
methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

 Identify potential and new customers
 Understand existing customers
 Set pragmatic goals
 Develop productive market strategies
 Address business challenges
 Put together a business expansion plan
 Identify new business opportunities

Characteristics of Research
1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need
to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive
methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated
with it.
5. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research
opportunities.
6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate
and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data.
 Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and
the experiment’s final result.

Purpose of Research
1. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a
group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived
problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before.
This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data
collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one
variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies
are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to
know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive
a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of
specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular
form.

 PFA(Process Flow Analysis) STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

A standard operating procedure (SOP) provides clear-cut directions and instructions as to
the steps necessary to complete a specific task or process. SOPs are used in a variety of industries
to ensure that tasks are completed consistently and efficiently, and to reduce the risk of errors
or omissions.

A process flow is a way to visualize each subsequent step that your team goes through when
working toward a goal. By visualizing these steps in a diagram or flowchart, everyone can easily
understand what order they have to complete tasks.

Improving processes is critical for getting higher-impact work done, faster. Today, knowledge
workers miss over 25% of their deadlines each week—and unclear processes are a top
contributing factor. By clarifying who’s doing what by when, you can empower your team to
understand the context of their work and execute their tasks more effectively.
 Process flows are more than handy charts. They’re an incredibly helpful tool in project
management that you can use to analyze, optimize, and standardize new and everyday
processes.

 MATRIX DIAGRAM

Matrix Diagram makes it possible to depict complex mathematical equations and

connections in a matrix diagram. As we see from the architecture matrix diagram, a matrix is a
grid used to store or display data in a structured format. It is often used synonymously with a
table containing horizontal rows and vertical columns. In mathematics, matrixes are used to
display related numbers.

Synonyms for "adjacent" include "next to" and "next door." Another way of putting an
architecture matrix diagram is that being adjacent to something is near it. In interior design, an
adjacency matrix is a table that shows which parts of a floor plan should be close to one another
and which parts should not be close to one another at all.

After creating this matrix, you will not have to consult your calendar when you are unsure if
the client wants the Board Room adjacent to the Break Room. Everything will be available to
you if it is done correctly. While the adjacency matrix is not an ideal planning tool, it may serve
as an excellent reference. Space planning using bubble and block diagrams makes it easy to
ensure that your customers are provided with exactly what they need.

 BUBBLE DIAGRAM
Architectural bubble diagrams are sketches that help architects identify the areas of the
home that will be included in the drawings. These diagrams are used at the preliminary phase
of the design process and are used for space planning and organization.

Bubble diagrams are circles or ovals drawn on a sheet of paper. These diagrams help the
architect identify the location of the rooms to be included in the floorplan for a home or
commercial building. They start with the first floor and work their way up from there. Each bubble
in the diagram has the name of a room on it. The purpose for these diagrams are to understand
how rooms connect and how spaces flow from one to the next. By using the bubble diagram,
the architect will be able to figure out the best layout option for the property, the home addition,
remodel, etc., and its surrounding area. They help the architect find the best layout for any
architectural project. The careful attention to detail will ensure that your project is being built
safely, and according to your city’s building codes.

 QUEING MODEL
Queuing Theory
Studies random arrivals at a servicing or processing facility of limited capacity. Models allow
management to calculate the lengths of future waiting lines, the average time spent in line by
a person awaiting service, needed facility additions, and the service levels or capacity that
minimizes the sum of waiting costs and operating costs.
Waiting Lines Queuing Models
An important class of Management Science Problems involves situations in which waiting
lines occur, examples abound in our daily lives, we commonly encounter waiting lines at gas
stations, stop signs, supermarkets, restaurants, newsstands, and other places. We often
experience waiting lines in transportation systems, such as planes circling an airport awaiting
clearance from the control tower, trucks waiting to load or unload cargo, buses backed up
waiting to enter a terminal, cabs queuing up at airports and train stations waiting for passengers
(or passengers queuing up waiting for cabs), and ferry’s queuing up waiting to off load
passengers and autos.

Frequently, there are waiting lines at banks and post offices. In factories, jobs queue up
awaiting processing. Most of these systems are characterized by highly variable arrival and
service rates. The concept of queuing models and queuing analysis can be particularly useful
to decision makers who must make capacity decisions.

Queuing Models
Suppose that the mean arrival rate of cars at a car wash is 4 cars per hour and this arrival
rate can be described by a Poissons distribution. Therefore, the mean time between arrivals is
15 minutes (i.e., the reciprocal of the arrival rate of 4 per hour, which is 1⁄4 hour).

Solution: One hour is 60 minutes

60 minutes = 15 minutes
4 cars
The ratio is: Another solution
1 = 0.25
4
(0.25 Hours) x (60 minutes) = 15 minutes

Basic Single Channel Model.

This model pertains to situations in which there is one channel or server that processes all
customers. Note that if a group of servers’ works as a single team that processes all customers.
Note that if a group of server works as a single team, that situation would be considered a single
channel system.

A single channel model is appropriate when these conditions exist:

1. One server or channel
2. A Poisson arrival rate
3. A negative exponential service time
4. Processing order is first come, first served.
5. The calling population is infinite.
6. There is no limit on queue length.
 LAWS
 LEED v4.1
 It is the next generation standard for green building design, construction,
operations and performance.

LEED helps buildings to focus on efficiency and leadership to deliver the triple
bottom line returns of people, planet and profit. LEED v4.1, raises the bar on
building standards to address energy efficiency, water conservation, site
selection, material selection, day lighting and waste reduction.

LEED is the world’s reading green building project and performance

management system, delivering a comprehensive framework for green
building design, construction, operations and performance:

o The rigorous focus on material selection, human comfort, air quality

and human health features of a building rightly prioritizes the most
important asset of the building: human beings.
o The specific focus on social equity ensures that buildings are not
considered in isolation of their communities but prioritize access and
inclusiveness for all.
o To ensure a building is resilient from natural and unnatural
disturbances a comprehensive set of design and construction
strategies has been established in LEED v4.1.
LEED v4.1:
o Ensures that all building stakeholders-developer, property manager,
occupant and the community benefit from sustainable design,
construction, operations and performance.
o Supports projects to implement sustainable and healthy building
practices to realize environmental, economic, and social and
community benefits for decades to come.
o Emphasizes integrative design to ensure better design, translation of
design into high quality construction, optimize operations and high
performance of a building.
o Helps buildings deliver higher quality beyond market practices by
incorporating innovative design, technologies, construction and
material selection strategies.
o Focuses on both performance oriented sustainable strategies and
outcomes.
o Helps buildings consume fewer resources, reduce operating costs,
increase value and create safer and healthier environments for its
occupants.
o Helps buildings reduce their GHG/carbon emissions.
o Helps buildings use toxin free materials to deliver cleaner indoor air to
improve productivity, focus and reduce respiratory illnesses of its
occupants.
o Prioritizes sustainable materials helping manufacturers to design,
produce and deliver building materials that reduce a building’s
environmental impact. LEED v4.1 also helps manufacturers reduce
energy, water waste during manufacturing, carbon footprint during
distribution and transportation and overall carbon emissions through
the entire production lifecycle.

 The National Building Code of the Philippines( P.D. 1096)

 The national building code is the set of laws and regulations that apply to the
construction of buildings. Only buildings that conform to these laws are
approved by the government.
 It provides for all buildings and structures a framework of minimum standards
 and requirements by guiding and controlling location, siting, and design.

 SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings (The National Building Code P.D. 1096)
 1. The maximum height and number of stories of proposed building shall be
dependent upon the character of use or occupancy and the type of
construction, considering end-user population density, light and ventilation,
width of RROW/streets particularly of its roadway/carriageway component,
building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking requirements, etc. and in relation
to local land use plan and zoning regulations as well as other environmental
considerations, e.g., geological, hydrological meteorological, topographical,
prevailing traffic conditions, the availability and capacity of public
utility/service systems, etc. (Refer to Guidelines on Building Bulk at the end of
this Rule)
 2. Determination of Building Height:
a. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) - the maximum height to be allowed for
buildings/structures based on their proposed use or occupancy; the BHL is
generally determined after the application of other development controls
(DC) and certain other parameters, i.e., considerations of site conditions, view,
etc. (Table VII.2. of this Rule). The BHL shall be generally measured from the
established grade line to the topmost portion of the proposed
building/structure. If applicable, the BHL may be subject to clearance
requirements of the Air Transportation Office (ATO) or of the concerned
military/security authorities. (Refer to Guidelines on Development Controls at
the end this Rule) BHL excludes the height of permitted/allowed projections
above the roof of the building/structure, e.g., signage, mast, antenna, telecom
tower, beacons and the like.
b. The Building Height Limit (BHL) of any proposed building/structure shall only
be as allowed under this Rule (as shown in table below) or under the duly
approved city/municipal (local) zoning ordinance, whichever is more
restrictive.
 Philippine Green Building Code (The National Building Code P.D. 1096)
 The Philippine Green Building Code seeks to improve the efficiency of building
performance by adopting measures that promote resource management
efficiency and site sustainability while minimizing the negative impact of
buildings on human health and the environment. The Code proposes a set of
standards which apply to efficient use of resources, site selection, planning,
design, construction, use, occupancy, operation and maintenance.

The Green Building Code shares the following principles: 1) the technical
professionals, developers, contractors, property managers and building owners
involved in the planning, design, construction and management of buildings
have the opportunity to help government address the adverse effects of
climate change by ensuring that buildings are planned, designed,
constructed, operated and maintained to the required efficiency level; 2)
resources must be used efficiently to equitably meet the developmental and
environmental needs of the present and future generations; 3) occupants of
green buildings will benefit from improved indoor environmental quality which
promotes higher productivity and better comfort.
 Baguio Zoning Ordinance
 The Baguio zoning ordinance limits the height of commercial buildings at 19.5
meters or 6 stories, while the National Building Code of the Philippines
(Presidential Decree No. 1096) sets a 5-story ceiling.

 FEASIBILITY STUDY
Feasibility study examines the viability or sustainability of an idea, project, or business. The
study examines whether there are enough resources to implement it, and the concept has the
potential to generate reasonable profits. In addition, it will demonstrate the benefits received in
return for taking the risk of investing in the idea.
These studies analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to determine
whether the proposals are cost-effective and beneficial to a company’s long-term success.
Furthermore, investors can benefit from evaluating the problems and solutions listed in the study
and determine whether a proposed project is the right choice for a company.

A feasibility study of a business is an assessment tool that analyses the cost-benefit factor of
an idea. The feasibility study meaning covers tasks like preparing an executive summary, a
detailed description of products and services, technological requirements, marketplace
compatibility for desired products or services, etc. The study also involves an analysis of
marketing strategies, the organizational structure of the business, financial projections, etc. A
well-executed study will include factors focusing on the central idea of the business organization
and the components in support of it.

In detail, they:

1. Provide a preliminary analysis to eliminate business scenarios that are not in tune with the
organization’s motives. Specifically, it looks for ways to position the product in a marketplace.
A negative preliminary analysis does not mean the plan is a failure; companies can correct
the shortcomings to perfect it.
2. Help assess the demands in a market and the price at which a company can reap profit. In
addition, such market assessments can provide information on marketing feasibility.
3. Provide insights to address gaps in the organizational structure of the company. Labor and
management alignment, human resource requirements, and talent acquisition processes
are assessed.
4. Project an idea of revenue and expenses that the plan might require in the future.
5. Point out factors that make the business idea vulnerable and the short-term and long-term
steps to correct it.
6. By analyzing the above factors, one can categorize business ideas into feasible and non-
feasible.

Types of Feasibility Study

1. Technical Feasibility
Technical feasibility study checks for accessibility of technical resources in the organization.
In case technological resources exist, the study team will conduct assessments to check whether
the technical team can customize or update the existing technology to suit the new method of
workings for the project by properly checking the health of the hardware and software.

Many factors need to be taken into consideration here, like staffing requirements,
transportation, and technological competency.

2. Financial Feasibility
Financial feasibility allows an organization to determine cost-benefit analysis. It gives details
about the investment that has to go in to get the desired level of benefit (profit). Factors such as
total cost and expenses are considered to arrive simultaneously. With this data, the companies
know their present state of financial affairs and anticipate future monetary requirements and the
sources from which the company can acquire them. Investors can largely benefit from the
economic analysis done. Assessing the return on investment of a particular asset or acquisition
can be a financial feasibility study example.

3. Market Feasibility
It assesses the industry type, the existing marketing characteristics and improvements to
make it better, the growth evident and needed, competitive environment of the company’s
products and services. Preparations of sales projections can thus be a good market feasibility
study example.

4. Organization Feasibility
 Organization feasibility focuses on the organization’s structure, including the legal system,
management team’s competency, etc. It checks whether the existing conditions will suffice to
implement the business idea.

Purpose of Feasibility Study

A feasibility study of a business can help choose the best available alternative by assessing
the opportunity cost. The reasons for rejecting one option can reveal weaknesses of the
company; investigating options can lead to undiscovered opportunities. From these, a
company can assess why certain factors pull them down and find measures to mitigate them.
When these steps are executed, and necessary corrective actions are taken, it reflects on its
performance. Thus profits can follow easily and attract investors. This analysis can also help in
securing funds from financial institutions. These studies analyze the company’s existing business
models and the gaps it carries. Solutions suggested by them reduce the risk of failures. They tell
us whether a proposed business idea shall be taken forward by its practicality. Finally, it checks
whether it is doable by estimating the opportunity and threats of the plan.
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