Module 1: Plant and

Animal Organ Systems

and Their Functions
At the end of this module, I can compare and contrast
the following processes in plants and animals:
• Reproduction
• Regulation of body fluids
• Development
• Chemical and nervous control Nutrition
• Immune systems Gas exchange
• Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Transport/circulation
Why reproduction
is important?
Reproduction Plants, animals, and
other organisms have the ability to
reproduce. Reproduction is a
biological process in which different
organisms have the ability to produce
another of their kind.
With this ability, organisms are able to
improve their species and enhance
their physical characteristics,.
With this ability, organisms are able to
improve their species and enhance
their physical characteristics,.
because only those that have the
genes necessary for survival can
proliferate and pass them on to the
next generation
Idea Reproduction is an evolutionary
adaption that allows organisms to
propagate and improve their species.
This means that you are already a
product of an improved species.
In plants and animals, reproduction
may either be asexual or sexual.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction does not
involve gametes or sex cells. This
type of reproduction can be
observed in some plants and in
lower forms of animals.
Kinds of asexual reproduction
Kind of Asexual Reproduction

Budding - An organism is
reproduced by forming an
outgrowth, or a "bud," from a
part of the parent organism's
body.
Example Organism

Hydra
Kind of Asexual Reproduction

Fragmentation - An
organism is produced
from the detached
body part of its parent.
Example Organism

Some species of sea stars

Kind of Asexual Reproduction

Binary fission - A parent

organism (e.g., a unicellular
organism) splits into two
“daughter" organisms. This
type of asexual reproduction is
usually done by prokaryotic
organisms (e.g., bacteria) and
some invertebrates.
Example Organism

Cyanobacteria
Kind of Asexual Reproduction

Vegetative reproduction

A plant part is used to

reproduce another
plant.
Example Organism

Some Plants
Kind of Asexual Reproduction

Spore formation -
This involves the
production of
spores, which are
specialized asexual
reproductive cells
Example Organism

Sporangium
Sexual Reproduction
On the other hand, sexual reproduction
involves the union of gametes (i.e., the
sperm and the egg cell) inside or outside
the body of an organism. This type of
reproduction is exhibited only by higher
forms of organisms, including humans.
Reproductive Traits in Organisms
Reproductive Traits in Organisms

The reproduction of different organisms plays a vital role

in the continuation of their species, as well as their
survival. There are a lot of physical differences in the
reproductive systems of plants and animals, but they
also share certain similarities. Plants and animals both
use color display for reproduction
Plants use their physical
characteristics to attract pollinators.
Some plants have bright-colored
flowers to attract insects, and thus
enabling the transfer of pollen from
one flower to another.
Figure 1.2 shows a bee feeding on nectar from a dandelion.
As the bee feeds itself, the pollen grains get attached to its
hairy body. When the bee sips nectar from another flower,
the pollen grains that previously got attached to it are then
transferred; thus Reproduction happens.
Some animals also use color display to attract a mate. The peacock in
figure 1.3 shows. Magnificent color display of its feathers during
courtship. The peacock does this to attract the female peafowl, the
peahen.
One distinguishing characteristic of animals is sexual
selection, wherein some male. Species compete with other
males to copulate with females. This form of natural
selection allows successful transfer of genes from one
generation to the next.
Another difference between plants
and animals is their method of
fertilization. Sexual reproduction in
most animals requires physical
interaction with each other in close
proximity.
main goal is the
same: to extend
their species.
Development

Plants and animals have progressed

differently. Based on phylogenetic
evidence or the evolutionary history of
organisms, the primitive ancestor of
plants and animals was likely a
unicellular eukaryote.
Development

However, based on molecular

evidence from gene comparisons,
there is not much similarity
between the genes that make up
the body of plants and of animals.
Development

At the unicellular stages of their

development, plant cells are
positionally fixed, which means that
they are not capable of movement,
whereas animal cells are motile or
capable of movement
Development
Comparison between life cycles
of Animals and Plants
Plants develop by
going through a longer
period of
morphogenesis than
animals.
Plants just grow and develop
continuously until they die,
Whereas animals grow by
increasing the number of
their cells
The processes in the formation
of gametes are also different
between plants and animals.
During meiosis, plants produce
spores first before forming the
gametes,
Whereas in animals, the gametes
are directly formed.
Another developmental difference
between plants and animals is shown in
their morphogenesis, or change in shape.