Course work

Section A

Write short notes giving examples on the following: (half a page each)

(i) Data inspection

(ii) Data cleaning
(iii) Data coding
(iv) Data categorization
(v) Data collection methods
(vi) Data collection tools
(vii) Data analysis
(viii) Data presentation
(ix) Data dissemination
(x) Data archiving

Section B (10 marks)

Form groups of three students (not all the three students doing the same course)

Collect the data from exactly 50 students from Kampala International University

(i) Name
(ii) Sex
(iii) Course
(iv) year of study
(v) 3 most serious problems
(vi) Ask them the causes of the problems
(vii) Ask them the suggested solutions for these problems
(viii) Present your work in form of text, graphs, charts

Type your work in Font 12, New Times Roman

Give a lecturer a signed hard copy

Present your work 3 weeks from today.

 Section A

Write short notes giving examples on the following:

i) Data inspection

Data inspection is the act of viewing data for verification and debugging purposes, before, during
or after a translation of study results. It means the act of collectively verifying the data regarding
the study report and the research information.Once the data for a study has been collected, it has
to be carefully inspected by following the systematic ways to approach the desired results.

ii) Data cleaning

Data cleaning refers to the practice of fixing or removing incorrect, corrupted, incorrectly
formatted, duplicate, or incomplete data within a study research paper.When combining multiple
data sources, there are many opportunities for data to be duplicated or mislabeled.If data is
incorrect, outcomes and algorithms are unreliable, even though they may look correct.But it is
crucial to establish a template for your data cleaning process so you know you are doing it the
right way every time.

iii) Data coding

Data coding is to the process of transforming collected information or observations to a set of

meaningful, cohesive categories. It is a process of summarizing and re-presenting data in order to
provide a systematic account of the recorded or observed phenomenon. It is a method for
creating analytic files and documenting and validating data across all members of the research
team. Successful data coding often requires multiple runs through your data. Data codes are
concepts that link data with theory priorly stated. They can either be predefined by the researcher
or emerge inductively from the coding process. By coding data, researchers classify and attach
conceptual labels to empirical objects under study in order to organize and interpret.

iv) Data categorization

Data categorization refers to an act of dividing the population into groups of elements whose
members are in some way similar to each other. So data may be categorized as high sensitivity
data, medium sensitivity data and low sensitivity data. Data categorization tries to group
elements based on the type of data they contains. Recognition ofresemblance across entities and
the subsequent aggregation of like entitiesinto categories lead the individual to discover order in
a complex environment. Without the ability to group entities based on perceived similarities,the
individual’s experience of any one entity would be totally unique andcould not be extended to
subsequent encounters with similar entities in theenvironment.

v) Data collection methods

Data collection methods refer to the ways in which information is gathered directly or indirectly
which advertently pull information from one on one and existing repositories to collect data
under study. Data collection methods are broken into two core categories; that is primary and
secondary. Primary data collection methods gather information directly, so it is source data.
Secondary data collection methods pull information from existing repositories.

Primary data collection methods collect the original, first-hand data collected by the data
researchers. This process is the initial information gathering step, performed before anyone
carries out any further or related research. Primary data results are highly accurate provided the
researcher collects the information.

Secondary data collection methods collect second-hand data collected by other parties and
already having undergone statistical analysis. This data is either information that the researcher
has tasked other people to collect or information the researcher has looked up. Simply put, it’s
second-hand information. Although it’s easier and cheaper to obtain than primary information,
secondary information raises concerns regarding accuracy and authenticity. Quantitative data
makes up a majority of secondary data.

vi) Data collection tools

Data collection tools refer to the tools/ instruments used to collect data, such as a paper
questionnaire or computer-assisted interviewing system. Case Studies, checklists, interviews,
observation sometimes, and surveys or questionnaires are all tools used to collect data. It is
important to decide the tools for data collection because research is carried out in different
ways and for different purposes. The objective behind data collection is to capture quality
evidence that allows analysis tolead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to
the posed questions.
 vii) Data analysis

Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to
describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. Various analytic procedures
provide a way of drawing inductive inferences from data and distinguishing the signal, the
phenomenon of interest from the statistical fluctuations present in the data.

viii) Data presentation

Data presentation is defined as the process of using various graphical formats to visually
represent the relationship between two or more data sets so that an informed decision can be
made based on them.

ix) Data dissemination

Data dissemination consists of distributing or transmitting statistical data to users. Various

release media are available for this purpose, for example: the electronic format including the
Internet, paper publications and files available to authorized users or for public use, public
speeches and press releases.

x) Data archiving

Data archiving is the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate storage
device for long-term retention. Archive data consists of older data that remains important to the
organization or must be retained for future reference or regulatory compliance reasons. Data
archiving is the practice of identifying data that is no longer active and moving it out of
production systems into long-term storage systems. Archival data is stored so that at any time it
can be brought back into service. A data archiving strategy optimizes how necessary resources
perform in the active system, allowing users to quickly access data archive storage devices or
data archiving plans for easy retrieval and more cost-effective information storage. It also
clarifies how users should move data for best performance within applicable regulations and the
law.
 Section B

Names Sex Course Year of Study

1. KABONESA PROSCOVIA FEMALE BESM 3:1

2. KANKIRIHO DANIEL MALE BESM 3:1

3. AKANKWASA GLARE FEMALE LLB 2.2

4. ALALO REBECCA FEMALE LLB 2.2

5. KASASIRA ASHIMU MALE LLB 2.2

6. KAKWEZI DIANAH FEMAL BESM 3:1

7. AYEBALE MARRION FEMALE BESM 3:1

8. NAKIBUULE MARIA JACKIE FEMALE BESM 3:1

9. OBUA DENNIS MALE BESM 3:1

10. LUNKUSE JACKLINE FEMALE DHR 2.2

11. APUNO CATHERINE FEMALE BPA 2:2

12. ARINEITWE CAROLINE FEMALE BPA 2:2

13. KABONESA PROSCOVIA FEMALE BPA 2:2

14. KANKIRIHO DANIEL MALE BPA 2:2

15. MUTINO JIMMY MALE BPA 2:2

16. FAIZA PETER K FEMALE LLB 2:2

17. AKELLO BARBRA FEMALE LLB 2:2

18. TEKO GETRUDE FEMALE LLB 2:2

19. BARIGYE CRISPUS MALE LLB 2:2

20. MUHANGUZI IVAN MUSIIME MALE LLB 2:2

21. NANKYA HASIFA FEMALE LLB 2:2

22. LUKWAGO AZIIZI MALE LLB 2:2

23. MUGAHE JAMES MALE BPA 2:2

24. MIREMBE SHAMILA FEMALE BPA 2:2

25. LIKWAGO DOUGLAS MALE BPA 2:2

26. MUGUME ANTHONY MALE BPA 2:2

27. MUHINDO JIMMY MALE BPA 2:1

28. KIBANZA ISAAC MALE BPA 2:1

29. MUGAHE JAMES MALE BPA 2:2

30. MUTEIGO MOSES MALE DHR 2:2

31. SARAH TEKE RAZIG FEMALE DHR 2:2

32. KOSHABA DAPHINE FEMALE DHR 2:2

33. NABOOZE RECHEAL FEMALE BPA 2:1

34. NAKANWAGI CAROL FEMALE BPA 2:1

35. WODAMBA BENARD MALE BPA 2:1

36. MURUNGI SARAH FEMALE DHR 2:1

37. NANSAMBA BECKY FEMALE DHR 2:1

38. NABWEYO MESEARCH MALE BPA 2:1

39. WAMOSHELA VIAN MALE DHR 2:1

40. AKURUT JEMIMAH FEMALE BPA 2:1

41. APUNO CATHERINE FEMALE BPA 2:2

42. ARINEITWE CAROLINE FEMALE BPA 2:2

43. KABONESA PROSCOVIA FEMALE BPA 2:2

44. KANKIRIHO DANIEL MALE BPA 2:2

45. MUTINO JIMMY MALE BPA 2:2

46. FAIZA PETER K. FEMALE LLB 2:2

47. AKELLO BARBRA FEMALE LLB 2:2

48. TEKO GETRUDE FEMALE LLB 2:2

49. CRISPUS BARIGYE MALE LLB 2:2

50. MUHANGUZI IVAN MUSIIME MALE LLB 2:2

(i) Sex of study participants

Total number of students = 50

Males = 15

Females = 35

Conversion to degrees

15
Males: x 3600
50

= 1080

35
Females: x 3600
50

= 2520
 A pie chart showing sex of 50 Students at KIU

Males 1080

Females 2520

(ii) Year of study

(a) BPA
Year of study No. of students
1 5
2 6
3 4
Total 15

(b) BESM

Year of study No. of students

1 2
2 1
3 2
Total 5
(c) BTM

Year of study No. of students

1 3
2 1
3 2
Total 6

(d) BHR

Year of study No. of students

1 4
2 3
3 7
Total 14

(e) LLB

Year of study No. of students

1 2
2 4
3 2
4 2
Total 10
A table showing course of study and year of study of different 50 students at KIU

Course Year BSW BESM BTM BHR LLB Total number of

of study of students
study
1 5 2 3 4 2 16

2 6 1 1 3 4 15

3 4 2 2 3 2 13

4 2 2

Total 15 5 6 14 10 50

A bar graph showing different years of study

16
14
Number of students

12
10
16 15
8 13
6
4
2 2
0
1 2 3 4
Year of study
A table showing students and their courses who participated

S/No Course of study Tally Total

1 BPA 15

2 BESM 5

3 BTM 6

4 BHR 14

5 LLB 10

Total number of students 50

Course representation in the study

16

14

12
Percentage of participation

10

0
BPA
BESM
BTM
BHR
LLB

Course participated
Most serious Causes of the problems Suggested solutions to the problems
problems

Poor coordination a. Overloading of responsibilities to the heads of
between students department like an HOD attends to students and
and university senior offices, so students are left unattended
management
b. Undermining the capacity of students’ bodies
like Guild Union.
c. Poor communication between the heads of
department and the lecturers.
1) There should be transparent coordination between
parties in the university
2) Appointment of assistants to heads of department to
make work easier.
3) Division of tasks among different lecturers to
simplify the work.

Late release of a. Multitasking of lecturers at the university
students’ marks
b. Inadequate accountability from quality assurance
c. Overloading of responsibilities to the lecturers
for example one lecturer making a list of students
can lead to delay.
Missing marks a. Unskilled personnel in upgrading the database
system.
b. Negligence of the students in writing their
registration numbers.
c. Poor handling of the students’ scripts by the
lecturers
1. Division of labour and responsibilities among
different lecturers to simplify the work.
2. The department should upgrade its database
systematically well and in time.
3. The examinations department should increase on the
number of the workers who are responsible for the
release of results to make the process easy.
1) The department should hire or maintain skilled
personnels in upgrading the database for better
service delivery.
2) Sensitizing the students to often write their
registration numbers correctly.
3) Lecturers should handle students’ scripts with care.
 Challenges responded to in terms of percentages

Poor co-
ordination
between
students
and uni-
versity
manage- Late release of
ment 14% students’ marks
28%

Missing
marks
58%
References

Smith T.M.F (1993) “Population and selection: Limitations of statistics (Presidential address)”

William Trochim (2006) Analysis: descriptive statistics. Reviewed on 20th October 2016

Robert Gwaivu (2015) Research Methods.KIU Lecture Notes.

Moser, C.A and Kalton, G. (2020) Survey methods in social investigation (2 nded.) London:
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.

Martin E. Amin (2005) Methodology and Analysis.