Session-20.

1
Conjunctions (Practical usage-1)

Cause → Result
Pair-1: (Because, Since, As, For)
• Meaning: Kyunki
• Adjoint clause: Explains the aligned reason(s) of a given result
• Difference:
▪ Because >> Since >> As
▪ For → FANBOYS
• For is also a preposition, when it means “ke liye” and is attached with
a noun/gerund, as in the following sentences–
▪ This is for (preposition) you.
▪ This is for (preposition) your own good.
L ’ practice-

✔ Hindi: Kal hamari team ✔ English: Our team won

jeeti, kyuki sabne accha khela.
📌 Number of sentences – 1
📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Independent + Dependent)
(Clause-1) yesterday because/
since/as we played (Clause-2) well.
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• Because/since/as + Clause 2:
Dependent clause
Adverbial clause of reason

✔ Alternative: Because/
Since/As we played (Clause-2) well,
our team won (Clause-1) yesterday.

📌 Number of sentences – 1 ✔ English: Our team won

📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Compound
(Independent + Independent)
(Clause-1) yesterday, for we played
(Clause-2) well.
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• Clause-1: Independent

✔ Alternative: For we played

(Clause-2) well, our team won
(Clause-1) yesterday.
Pair-2: (Therefore, Hence, Thus, So)
• Meaning: Isliye
• Adjoint clause: Explains the aligned result of a given cause
• Difference:
▪ There are no hard and fast rules for their usage. All of these
can be used interchangeably. There are some weak rules–
• Therefore → For mathematical conclusions
• Hence → For conclusions of the past
• Thus → For conclusions of the future
▪ So → FANBOYS (Most commonly used)
L ’ c c -

✔ Hindi: Kal sab accha khele, ✔ English: Everyone played well

isliye hamari team jeeti.
📌 Number of sentences – 1
📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Independent + Dependent)
yesterday (Clause-1) (no comma)
therefore/hence/thus our team won
(Clause-2).
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• Therefore/Hence/Thus +
Clause-2: Dependent
Adverbial clause of result
✔ Alternative: Therefore/
Hence/Thus our team won
(Clause 2), Everyone played well
yesterday (Clause-1).
(Conjunctional clause with a result
at the beginning of a clause is
not possible)

📌 Number of sentences – 1 ✔ English: Everyone played

📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Compound
(Independent + Independent)
well yesterday (Clause-1), (comma
necessary) So our team won
(Clause-2).
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• So + Clause-2: Independent
Pair-3: (Though, Although, Even though, While)
• Meaning: Halanki aisa hai/tha (Despite the fact that)
• Adjoint clause: Explains the opposing reason(s) of a given result
• Difference:
• While = Casual
• Though = Less formal
• Although = Highly formal
• Even though = More emphasis (formal/informal)
*Yet is optional after though/although/even though; it is not preferred in
modern English.
L ’ c c -

✔ Hindi: Halanki sabne achha ✔ English: Though/Although/

khela, team har gyi.
📌 Number of sentences – 1
📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Dependent + Independent)
Even though everyone played
(Clause-1) well, (yet) the team lost
(Clause-2).
Clause analysis:
• Though/Although/ Even
though + Clause-1:
Dependent
• Clause 2: Independent

✔ Alternative: The team lost

(no comma) though/although/
even though everyone played well.
Clause analysis:
• Clause 1: Independent
• Though/Although/ Even
though + Clause-2:
Dependent

📌 Number of sentences – 1 ✔ English: While everyone

📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Dependent + Independent)
played (Clause-1) well, the team
lost (Clause-2).
Clause analysis:
• While+ Clause 1: Dependent
• Clause-2: Independent
Pair-4: (However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Yet)
• Meaning: Fir bhi (Despite that)
• Adjoint clause: Explains the opposing results(s) of a given cause
• Difference:
• However = Less formal
• Nevertheless = Highly formal (expresses an event)
• Nonetheless = Highly formal (expresses quantity)
• Yet → Informal (FANBOYS)
• The positions of these four conjunctions are highly flexible as these
conjunctions are adverbs also. Positions –
• Middle of the sentence (separated by commas)
• At the end of the clause (without comma)
• At the start of a separate clause (with comma)
L ’ c c -

✔ Hindi: Sabne achha khela, fir ✔ English: Everyone played

bhi team har gyi.
📌 Number of sentences – 1
📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Independent + Dependent)
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• However/Nevertheless/
Nonetheless + Clause 2:
Dependent
📌 Number of sentences – 1
📌 Number of conjunctions – 1
📌 Number of clauses – 1+1 =2
📌 Type of sentence – Complex
(Independent + Independent)
(Clause-1) well, however/
nevertheless/ nonetheless, the team
lost (Clause-2).
✔ Alternative: Everyone played
(Clause-1) well, the team lost
(Clause-2) (no comma)
however/nevertheless/nonetheless.
✔ Alternative: Everyone played
(Clause-1) well; however/
nevertheless/nonetheless, the team
lost (Clause-2).
✔ Alternative: Everyone played
(Clause-1) well; the team lost
(Clause-2) however/ nevertheless
/nonetheless.
✔ English: Everyone played
well, yet the team lost.
Clause analysis:
• Clause-1: Independent
• Yet + Clause-2: Independent
 Homework task

✔ Hindi: Hamne train miss kar di,

kyuki ham railway station ke liye deri se
nikle the.
📌 Number of sentences –
✔ English: 📌 Number of conjunctions –
📌 Number of clauses –
✔ Alternative: 📌 Type of sentence –

• Clause-1:
• / / + Clause 2:

✔ Hindi: Ham railway station ke

liye deri se nikle the, isliye Hamne train
miss kar di.
📌 Number of sentences –
✔ English: 📌 Number of conjunctions –
📌 Number of clauses –
✔ Alternative: 📌 Type of sentence –

• Clause-1:
• / / + Clause 2:

✔ Hindi: Ham apni train pakad

paye, halanki Ham railway station ke
liye deri se nikle the.
✔ English: 📌 Number of sentences –
📌 Number of conjunctions –
✔ Alternative: 📌 Number of clauses –
📌 Type of sentence –
• Clause-1:
• / / + Clause 2:
✔ Hindi: Ham railway station ke
liye deri se nikle the, fir bhi ham apni
train pakad paye.
📌 Number of sentences –
✔ English: 📌 Number of conjunctions –
📌 Number of clauses –
✔ Alternative: 📌 Type of sentence –

• Clause-1:
• / / + Clause 2: