MIGRATION CHAPTER 2

-OTHER TYPES OF MIGRATION:

 Illegal migrants;
They usually enter and stay in a country without making themselves known to the
authorities.
 Students:
Many young people across the world migrate to other countries in order to study in well
know universities.
 Retirees;
On retirement retirees go to live in places that have a better environment or suits them the
best.

-URBAN PUSH/PULL FACTORS:

Push
 High cost of living/accommodation
 Pollution
 Overcrowded living conditions
 Greater stress/pressure due to greater competition
Pull
 Better employment/higher income
 Better education opportunities
 Better healthcare
 Diverse services e.g. restaurants, leisure activities
 Less social discrimination in cities

-ECONOMIC MIGRATION PULL/PUSH FACTORS:

Pull
 Better employment/higher income
 Diverse services e.g. restaurants, leisure activities
 The promise of a better life
Push
 Few jobs
 Low wages
 Poor economic conditions

-REFUGEES PUSH/PULL FACTORS:

Push
 Droughts
 Floods
  Persecution
 War
Pull
 Lower risk of natural hazards
 Political stability/peace
 Better living conditions
-ASSYLUM SEEKERS PUSH/PULL FACTORS:
Push
 Conflict
 Deteriorating governance
 Political tension
Pull
 Peace
 Good administration
 Political stability

-WHY SOME PEOPLE PREFER TO LIVE IN RURAL AREAS:

 Fresh air and atmosphere
 Family in villages
 Simple life
 Less competition/stress
 Less pollution
 Peace of mind

-HOW TO MINIMISE RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION:

 Improving the economy of rural areas
 Improving people’s quality of life there by providing adequate services
 Promoting/helping people with agriculture/farming
 Improving transportation/communication links
 Make land reforms to enable poor people get access on land

-BENEFITS OF REFUGEES:
 A richer and more diverse culture
 Helps to reduce any labor shortages
 Providing skills/resources
 Spurring production capacity/consumption demand

-PROBLEMS FACED BY REFUGEES:

 Language barrier, main challenge as it affects the ability to communicate
 Lack of employment opportunities
 Housing, face several challenges finding safe, decent/ affordable housing
 Access to medical services, as they don’t have id cards
 Transportation issues
 Cultural differences, major problem ranges from social customs to more imp issues such as
religious
 Difficulty in raising children

-ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, ORGANIZATIONS AND NGOs IN HUMANITARIAN CRISIS:

 When developing countries host refugees, they receive financial/technical support from the
international community. This support typically covers subsistence need of refugees
 The country hosting refugees typically receives significant financial support from the
international community
 UN peacekeepers provide basic necessities as food, water, sanitation and health care to the
refugees that are left without access to them.
 In refugee camps, NGOs distribute food, clothing, blankets/tents. They care for the sick,
bandage the wounded, setup hospitals and schools as well as dig latrines/drill wells.

-HOW INTERNATIONAL MIGRARION SHOULD BE MANAGED:

 Global policy efforts must focus on better cooperation/dialogue among the affected
countries.
 This includes:
1)Fair burden sharing
2)facilitating remittance flows
3)protecting labor rights
4)promoting a safe/secure working environment for migrants
5)opening safe routes to sanctuary
6)leaders need to put saving lives first

-PROBLEMS FOR HOST-COUNTRIES OF REFUGEES:

 An inflow of large number of refugees represents a large challenge to any host community
 When they are hosted in neighboring countries, economic, social, political/environmental
impacts are created on host countries
 Their presence puts pressure & increases demands for education, health services,
infrastructure, such as sanitation, electric supply/transportation, also for natural resources
such as pasture/firewood.
 There might be disagreements between religious/cultures which may cause political
instability in the country.
 There might be negative impacts such as deforestation, theft and social-ills like prostitution/
alcohol abuse.
 It outstrips increases in food production, which consequently leads to the overuse of arable
land and its destruction.
 Refugees may compete with residents for jobs, public services, scarce resources like housing
leading to economic hardships.

-POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC MIGRANTS TO THE DESTINATION COUNTRY:

 Large tax-base for the country
 Greater use of local services such as shops/bank, thus there is a growing market for
manufactured goods.
 May fill vacant positions in industries, thus a country’s strength to produce goods increases,
leading to growth of the local economy
 May provide new skills/ideas/technology
 Community becomes multi-cultural

-NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC MIGRANTS TO THE DESTINATION COUNTRY/URBAN

AREA.
 High level of pollution
 Development of slums
 Over-crowding
 Higher crime rates
 Littering/spread of diseases
 Traffic jams/higher stress levels
 Pressure on schools, healthcare services
 Higher competition for jobs, residents might not be able to find jobs due to high inward
migration and more competition
 (add refugee points)

-POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION TO THE ORIGIN COUNTRY/RURAL AREA

 Remittance payments often make up a significant proportion of countries’ incomes and
represent a flow of money from developed countries to the developing ones. This can help
relieve the pressure on the government to provide welfare payments as there are likely to
be less unemployed people.
 There is more room in dwelling/less mouths to feed
 Less pressure on water supplies/food
 More employment for those left behind
 Women become decision makers/take more responsibilities, leading to women
empowerment

-NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION TO THE ORIGIN COUNTRY/RURAL AREA

 Women, children/elderly are left to look after the land
 Farms lose their male workers/skills which affects the food production
 Families left behind may become stressed/ may break-up
 Fewer services in the village
 Leads to high dependency ratio (add points)