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Case Study: Application of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer in the Retrofitting

of New Panaderos Bridge and Delpan Bridge

Research · April 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14313.44646

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 ABSTRACT

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is an indispensable material with known

properties of being very strong yet extremely lightweight. One vital application of CFRP is in the

field of civil engineering, particularly in the retrofitting of buildings and other infrastructures such

as bridges. In the Philippines, the strengthening of bridges has been a thrust of the government in

recent years for the reason that many bridges are already dated and were not previously designed

to carry the amount of loads they are presently experiencing. Moreover, retrofitting is necessary

for the old bridges to comply with new design guidelines, criteria, and specifications that take into

account seismic considerations. In this paper, a case study is presented on the application of CFRP

in the repair of two bridges namely: New Panaderos Bridge and Delpan Bridge to assess the

industry’s current capacity in implementing strengthening works. Field inspections and validation

were conducted to check the actual construction in relation to the approved plans and

specifications. Based on the study undertaken, it was observed that local contractors were

knowledgeable and proficient on the different repair procedures however their workmanship can

still be further improved. Some drawings and specifications did not conform to the provisions in

the DPWH/JICA bridge repair manual particularly on the prescribed spacing between carbon fiber

plates that is needed in order to effectively remove entrapped air. Lastly, some tests were lacking

in the Quality Control Program while some were unperformed.

 Acknowledgment

The researcher would like to thank Engr. Mark Reniel D. Reyes and Engr. Christine Ann

Petate of DPWH South Manila District Engineering Office for facilitating the data gathering and

field inspection at New Panaderos Bridge. Likewise, the researcher expresses his appreciation to

Engr. Mark Davis Monteroso of DPWH NCR Regional Office for supplying information on

Delpan Bridge repair project. Lastly, the researcher is grateful to Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

for providing valuable comments to synthesize the study.

i
Table of Contents Page

I. Problem Setting

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 4

1.3 Objectives 5

II. Review of Related Literature 6

III. Methodology 10

IV. Findings and Results

4.1 New Panaderos Bridge

4.1.1 Background Information 11

4.1.2 Plans and Specifications 13

4.1.3 Bridge Defects and Repair Works Undertaken 17

4.1.4 Quality Controls Tests 25

4.2 Delpan Bridge

4.2.1 Background Information 27

4.2.2 Plans and Specifications 30

4.2.3 Bridge Defects and Repair Works Undertaken 32

4.2.4 Quality Controls Tests 33

V. Conclusion and Recommendations 35

References 37

ii
List of Tables Page

Table 1.1 CFRP Standards in Different Countries 3

Table 4.1 Contractual Data on Maintenance of New Panaderos Bridge 11

Table 4.2 List of Equipment 12

Table 4.3 Epoxy Resin material specifications 24

Table 4.4 Contractual Data on Rehabilitation of Delpan Bridge 27

Table 4.5 List of Equipment 28

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Placement of FRP Stirrups 6

Figure 2.2 Stress and strain relationships of various materials 9

Figure 3.1 Crack gauge 10

Figure 4.1 New Panaderos Bridge Vicinity Map 12

Figure 4.2 General Plan of New Panaderos Bridge Repair Project 13

Figure 4.3 Detail of Asphaltic Plug Joint 14

Figure 4.4 Removal of defective concrete at deck slab 14

Figure 4.5 Typical Bridge Section 15

Figure 4.6 General Elevation 15

Figure 4.7 (a) Spot Detail A thru Section 1-1, (b) Spot Detail A thru Section 2-2 16

Figure 4.8 Spot Detail B 16

Figure 4.9 Lapping of Carbon Fiber Sheet 17

Figure 4.10 Detail of Asphalt Compound Membrane 17

Figure 4.11 Cracking at side of concrete sidewalk applied with epoxy coating 18

iii
Figure 4.12 Spalling/disintegration of concrete 18

Figure 4.13 Types of Patching 19

Figure 4.14 Disintegration of concrete at Abutment B 19

Figure 4.15 Crack at slab soffit 20

Figure 4.16 Carbon fiber sheet 20

Figure 4.17 Carbon fiber plate 21

Figure 4.18 5-50mm carbon fiber plates bonded to bottom of girder 21

Figure 4.19 Typical Arrangement of Carbon Fiber Plate bonding to Girder 22

Figure 4.20 Slab soffit surface prepared using epoxy primer 22

Figure 4.21 Typical Arrangement of Carbon Fiber Sheet bonding to Deck Slab 23

Figure 4.22 Deck slab preparation using epoxy putty 23

Figure 4.23 Kor-Encapsulation Epoxy resin 24

Figure 4.24 Quality Control Program of New Panaderos Bridge (Page 1 of 2) 25

Figure 4.25 Quality Control Program of New Panaderos Bridge (Page 2 of 2) 26

Figure 4.26 Delpan Bridge Vicinity Map 28

Figure 4.27 Delpan Bridge 29

Figure 4.28 General Plan of Delpan Bridge Repair Project 30

Figure 4.29 Flat Slab Cross Section and Detail 31

Figure 4.30 Overlap Detail 31

Figure 4.31 Carbon fiber sheet installed to underside of flat slab at 32

Abutment A to Pier 1

Figure 4.32 Damaged portion of carbon fiber sheet 33

Figure 4.33 Portion of Contract for Delpan Bridge Repair showing 34

Items of Work

iv
 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM SETTING

1.1 Introduction

Global demand for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) continues to rise based on the

latest market trends.1 Various industries share the demand for this product including aerospace

engineering, automotive engineering, and civil engineering due to the fact that CFRP has a

very high strength-to-weight ratio2 and in these particular sectors a lower weight makes all the

difference in enhancing performance.

CFRP in Retrofitting

In the civil engineering field, research on the use of CFRP for structural

retrofitting/strengthening also continues to grow. One update from Concrete SmartBrief

discussed the research done at King Faisal University’s Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering in Saudi Arabia. 3 In their research, they applied CFRP on beams

using adhesive in different configurations – i.e. bottom and underside, and in varying CFRP

ratios to test the performance in both flexure and shear. To summarize the result of their

findings, the effectiveness of transferring the strain to the CFRP relies on the existing

concrete’s surface tension and adhesive’s debonding strength.

In another related news, a team of experts in Turkey represented by both industry and academe,

demonstrated the ability of CFRP material in preventing the collapse of structures in the event

of an earthquake.4 DowAksa, a joint venture of The Dow Chemical Company and Aksa Akrilik

1
Kimya Sanayii, partnered with Istanbul Technical University in creating a real-life earthquake

simulation. In the experiment that used hydraulic actuators to mimic a seismic event, it clearly

showed how one building reinforced with CFRP can survive an earthquake as opposed to the

same building without the additional support.

CFRP use in the Philippines

The strengthening of bridges in the Philippines has been a trend in recent years owing to the

circumstance that these bridges are now dated and have not been initially designed to carry the

amount of loads/traffic it presently experiences. Moreover, retrofitting is necessary in order

for the bridges to pass the new design guidelines, criteria, and specifications now used that

take seismic events into consideration.

In a DPWH news article issued last July 19, 2018, it says about 1 Billion pesos will be allotted

to strengthen 36 bridges in Metro Manila. Of this amount, P 726.782 million will go to

retrofitting of 26 bridges, P 323.753 million will be used for the rehabilitation of 9 bridges, and

P 25 million for the replacement of 1 bridge. 5 Some of the works done in strengthening are

epoxy injection of cracks and retrofitting using carbon fiber as in the case of Malibay Bridge

in Pasay City.6

Pipe Retrofitting

Aside from the retrofitting of structural elements in bridges and buildings, another trend in the

use of CFRP is in retrofitting of pipes. The US company QuakeWrap, which regards itself as

a pioneer in the field of FRP development and installation for infrastructure repair, recently

2
announced that one of its patented products, PipeMedic® CFRP laminates, was successfully

used in fixing a huge gas pipe in New Jersey. 7

Effect of Adhesive Quality

As shown in the both industry related paper and journal papers, the adhesive quality has a high

impact on the success of the CFRP in strengthening the desired elements.3,8 In order for the

CFRP to work to strengthen the structure, it must be completely intact to the concrete so that

they would act together as one composite structure. Failure of the structure mostly happens

whenever debonding occurs as shown in the experiments made. As such it is recommended

that more research be undertaken concerning the epoxy matrix to be used consistent with the

studies of Badanoiu and Holmgren (2003)8.

Table 1.1 CFRP Standards in Different Countries

Country Standard

Philippines9,10 DPWH Item 416

Carbon Fiber Sheet

DPWH Item 719

Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete

USA11,12,13,14 ACI 440.2R-17

Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP

Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures

3
 ASTM D7205 / D7205M - 06(2016)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced

Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

ASTM D7958 / D7958M - 17

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Performance for FRP

Composite Bonded to Concrete Substrate using Beam Test

ASTM D7522 / D7522M - 15

Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength for FRP Laminate Systems

Bonded to Concrete Substrate

Japan15 JSCE CES 41

I. Recommendations for Upgrading of Concrete Structures with use

of Continuous Fiber Sheets

II. Test Methods for Continuous Fiber Sheets

III. Guidelines for Retrofit of Concrete Structures -Draft-

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This paper presents a case study on the application of CFRP in the retrofitting of two bridges

particularly New Panaderos Bridge in Sta. Ana, Manila and Delpan Bridge in Port Area,

Manila. It aimed to investigate the industry’s current capacity in implementing strengthening

and repair works.

4
1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the study are the following:

1. To check the implementation of retrofitting projects based on their conformity to plans and

specifications.

2. To assess the local contractors’ knowledge of the proper repair methodology.

3. To evaluate whether the plans and specifications are in accordance with the different

studies undertaken as well as the DPWH/JICA bridge repair manual.

5
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer or CFRP has been used in various structural elements of a

building/infrastructure in order to increase its current strength. The following researches

investigate the effects under different applications and loading conditions:

Beams

Ferrari et al.16 developed an innovative procedure for the retrofitting of beams by incorporating a

transition layer of high performance fiber reinforcement cement-based composite. The application

of this procedure helps prevent premature debonding of CFRP.

Leung17 was also concerned with the debonding of FRP and experimented on the placing of FRP

“stirrups” to improve performance as shown on Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. (a) The FRP “stirrup” section view, (b) Placement of FRP “stirrup” in front view

6
Breña et al.18 tested concrete beams that were improved through the application of carbon fiber-

reinforced polymer in various configurations with the aim of determining which particular setup

will prevent failure due to the debonding of the composite laminates.

Slab-Column Connection

Theodorakopolous and Swamy (2008)19 developed a model relating the punching shear resistance

in the connection between slab and columns of FRP-reinforced concrete. Different formulas and

theories in computing the punching shear were reviewed such as in ACI and British Standards in

order to come up with their own design equation which gives excellent predictions.

Columns

Oreta and Ongpeng (2011)20 applied artificial neural networks to model the confined compressive

strength of hybrid reinforced concrete columns. Their models used the following parameters:

lateral steel ratio and FRP volumetric ratio. They were able to present good estimates of the

compressive strength using the model that was developed.

Masonry Walls

In Fedele et al.21 the performance of three historical bricks from a 17 th Century building used as

masonry pillars that was reinforced with a single strip of CFRP was tested by a single-lap shear

test. The movements were tracked using point sensors (LVDTs and clip gauge) and was further

enhanced through 2D Digital Image Correlation. Ultimately, the results were used to create a 3D

finite element model to envisage the extent of damage during collapse.

7
Cement-based matrix vs Epoxy Matrix

Some studies note that the use of epoxy resin to bond the carbon fiber to structural elements during

repair, strengthening or retrofitting has negative consequences particularly to the health of workers

involved in its manual application. Badanoiu and Holmgren (2003)8 proposed the use of a cement-

based matrix as a better alternative. In their study they experimented on combining Portland

cement with polymer and silica to develop a new product that will replace epoxy matrix.

FRP-reinforced UHPC Panels

Concrete panels are reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) to increase tensile strength

(Meng et al., 2018)22.

PET and PEN Fibers

In Anggawidjaja et al.23, the researchers tested new types of materials: polyethylene terephthalate

(PET) fiber and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) fiber on RC piers in lieu of CFRP to avert the

negative effect of brittle mode of failure due to low fracturing strain. Figure 2.2 displays the stress

and strain relationships of various materials. Based on their study, the use of PET and PEN

enhances ductility and shear capacity.

8
Figure 2.2 Stress and strain relationships of various materials

9
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data Gathering

Project information and other background statistics pertinent to the project were gathered using

the available project documents such as contracts and items of work.

3.2 Inspection/Validation

Visual inspection was conducted to check the actual construction in relation to the plans and

specifications of the given projects. Cracks observed were measured using a crack gauge as

shown in Figure 3.1. Defects were also noted and appropriate measures to be taken were

recommended.

Figure 3.1 Crack gauge

3.3 Checking based on Bridge Repair Manual

The ongoing as well as undertaken repair works were assessed on their effectiveness based on

the DPWH/JICA Bridge Repair Manual.

10
 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND RESULTS

4.1 New Panaderos Bridge

4.1.1 Background Information

Based on the DPWH Atlas24, the New Panaderos Bridge (B02294LZ) with length of

14.20 l.m. is rated in “Poor” condition as of December 31, 2018. The contractual data

on the repair and retrofitting of New Panaderos Bridge is shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Contractual Data on Maintenance of New Panaderos Bridge

Project Name: Sustainability Program on Road Maintenance

and Bridge Maintenance of New Panaderos
Bridge (B02294LZ)

Original Contract:
Project Component: Bridge
Province: Metro Manila
Region: NCR
Location: Sta. Ana, Manila
Source of Fund: GAA 2018
Mode of Contract: Public Bidding
Implementing Office: JICA-TCP III, DPWH South Manila DEO
Date of Bidding: 9/12/2018
Contractor: St. Matthew Gen. Contractor & Development
Corporation

As Awarded:
Cost: P 9,406,652.06
Duration: 120 c.d.
Effectivity Date: 10/15/18
Expiry Date: 1/11/19
Project Started: 10/26/18

Contract Status:
As of: 2/15/19
Actual Accomplishment: 52.26%

11
Table 4.2 lists the equipment deployed on site.

Table 4.2 List of Equipment

H-Frame with Catwalk

Generator Set
Portable Grinding Disc
Compressor
Pressurized Epoxy Injector
Saturator Machine

The location of the project is indicated in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 New Panaderos Bridge Vicinity Map

12
4.1.2 Plans and Specifications

The general plans and spot details in the repair of New Panaderos Bridge are shown

in this section.

Figure 4.2 General Plan of New Panaderos Bridge Repair Project

13
 Figure 4.3 Detail of Asphaltic Plug Joint

Figure 4.4 Removal of defective concrete at deck slab

14
15
Figure 4.5 Typical Bridge Section

Figure 4.6 General Elevation

Figure 4.7 (a) Spot Detail A thru Section 1-1, (b) Spot Detail A thru Section 2-2

Figure 4.8 Spot Detail B

16
 Figure 4.9 Lapping of Carbon Fiber Sheet

Figure 4.10 Detail of Asphalt Compound Membrane

4.1.3 Bridge Defects and Repair Works Undertaken

The researcher observed cracking at the sides of the concrete bridge sidewalk with

widths measuring between 0.3 to 1.00 mm spaced at 200 to 500 mm on both directions.

The repair measure applied by the contractor was epoxy coating shown on Figure 4.11.

17
 Figure 4.11 Cracking at side of concrete sidewalk applied with epoxy coating

Spalling and disintegration of concrete was observed near the slab soffit with width of

150 to 300 mm. and depth of 25 to 50 mm as shown in Figure 4.12. Type A patching

is recommended.

Figure 4.12 Spalling/disintegration of concrete

18
Figure 4.13 shows the two types of patch repair described in the bridge repair manual.

Type A patching is used when there is no exposed rebar while Type B patching is

chosen for surfaces with exposed rebar.

Figure 4.13 Types of Patching

Spalling and disintegration was also noted affected a large portion of Abutment B with

depth of 25 to 50 mm as shown in Figure 4.14. Type A patching is recommended.

Figure 4.14 Disintegration of concrete at Abutment B

19
Unidirectional cracks were observed at the slab soffit as shown in Figure 4.15. For this

defect, epoxy coating is recommended.

Figure 4.15 Crack at slab soffit

Based on the plans, CFRP sheets will be installed at the slab soffit and at the sides of

the girders located at L/4 from the supports while CFRP plates will be used at the

bottom of the girders located in the middle as shown in Figures 4.16 and 4.17.

Figure 4.16 Carbon fiber sheet

20
 Figure 4.17 Carbon fiber plate

Five carbon fiber plates 50 mm wide were bonded to the underside of the girders using

epoxy resin as shown in Figure 4.18. This is in accordance with the detail in the

approved plans shown in Figure 4.7. However, it can be observed that some portions

of the carbon fiber strips overlap with one another and only half of the first strip is fully

bonded to the girder due to excess width.

Figure 4.18 5-50mm carbon fiber plates bonded to bottom of girder

21
According to the bridge repair manual, it is recommended to put a space of 20 mm. in

between the CFRP plates for easy handling and installation and to effectively remove

entrapped air during application (see Figure 4.19). Since the CFRP strips in Figure

4.18 are overlapping, there is a tendency that the strength of bonding to the girder

surface is reduced.

Figure 4.19 Typical Arrangement of Carbon Fiber Plate bonding to Girder

The activity of CFRP sheet bonding onto the slab soffit was not observed at the time

of visit. Although the surface was already prepared using epoxy primer in a grid

configuration as shown in Figure 4.20.

Figure 4.20 Slab soffit surface prepared using epoxy primer

22
The grid configuration used for the project is also in accordance with the prescribed

arrangement in the bridge repair manual to easily squeeze out air (see Figure 4.21).

Figure 4.21 Typical Arrangement of Carbon Fiber Sheet bonding to Deck Slab

Epoxy putty was also used to even out the surface of the slab (see Figure 4.22)

Figure 4.22 Deck slab preparation using epoxy putty

23
The matrix used for bonding both the CFRP sheet and CFRP plate onto the structural

elements is epoxy resin shown in Figure 4.23. This is the prescribed bonding material

in the DPWH and JICA Bridge Repair Manual with material specifications shown in

Table 4.3. However, based on other researches, a cement based matrix performs better

compared to resin. As such, this is recommended to be studied further and included as

an alternative material in the manual.

Figure 4.23 Kor-Encapsulation Epoxy resin

Table 4.3 Epoxy Resin material specifications

24
4.1.4 Quality Control Tests

The Quality Control Program (QCP) for the New Panaderos bridge repair project is

shown in Figures 4.24 and 4.25. Based on this document, it can be seen that there is

one quality test (Q-1) each for the Carbon Fiber Sheet, Carbon Fiber Plate, and Epoxy

Injection to check if the materials used meet the required specifications. However, the

QCP lacks tests that validate the performance of the conducted repair work such as

pull-out test for the carbon fiber sheet in at least two locations, as well as Ultrasonic

Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test to determine if the cracks were completely sealed.

Figure 4.24 Quality Control Program of New Panaderos Bridge (Page 1 of 2)

25
Figure 4.25 Quality Control Program of New Panaderos Bridge (Page 2 of 2)

26
4.2 Delpan Bridge

4.2.1 Background Information

Based on the DPWH Atlas25, the Delpan Bridge (B02291LZ) with length of

150.00 l.m. is rated in “Fair” condition as of December 31, 2018. Nevertheless, the

Delpan Bridge was included in the repair of bridges in preparation for the “Big One”

magnitude 7.2 earthquake that may hit Metro Manila in the future. The contractual

data on the rehabilitation of Delpan Bridge is given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Contractual Data on Rehabilitation of Delpan Bridge

Project Name: Rehabilitation/Major Repair of Permanent

Bridges Delpan Bridge (B02991LZ) along M.
Roxas Jr. Bridge, Manila City

Original Contract:
Project Component: Bridge
Province: Metro Manila
Region: NCR
Location: Port Area, Manila
Source of Fund: GAA 2018
Mode of Contract: Public Bidding
Implementing Office: DPWH NCR Regional Office
Contractor: ARN Builders, Inc. / Flordes Construction &
Trading Corporation (JV)

As Awarded:
Cost: P 101,580,775.73
Duration: 210 c.d.
Effectivity Date: 7/26/18
Expiry Date: 2/20/19

27
Table 4.5 lists the equipment requirements.

Table 4.5 List of Equipment

2 – Dump Truck (10 cu.m.)

2 – Chipping Hammer, Electric Driven
1 – Air Compressor (356-185 cfm)
1 – Motorized Fiber Epoxy (Saturated Machine)
1 – Power Cutter for FRP
1 – Power Grinder
2 – Epoxy Injection (Nozzle)
2 – Deck Barge, Non-Propelled (1000 Tons DWT)
1 – Tug Boat (850 Flywheel Horsepower)
1 – Generator Set (301-350 kW)
2 – Cargo Truck (10T, 270 HP)
1 – Boom Truck (2-5 T)

The location of the project is indicated in Figure 4.26.

Figure 4.26 Delpan Bridge Vicinity Map

28
The Delpan Bridge services heavy 10-wheeler trucks due to its proximity to the Port

Area where many goods are shipped into the country. It is apparent in Figure 4.27 that

some of these trucks park on top of the bridge sometimes due to congestion within the

port shipyard which induces additional load to the infrastructure.

Figure 4.27 Delpan Bridge

29
4.2.2 Plans and Specifications

The general plans and spot details in the rehabilitation of Delpan Bridge are shown in

this section.

4.28 General Plan of Delpan Bridge Repair Project

30
Figure 4.29 Flat Slab Cross Section and Detail

Figure 4.30 Overlap Detail

31
4.2.3 Defects and Repair Works Undertaken

One layer of carbon fiber sheet (CFS) was installed to the underside of the flat slab

from Abutment A to Pier 1 as shown in Figure 4.31. No debonding was observed, and

overlapping detail of 150 mm. was followed. However, it can be seen that the drain

pipes are almost flush to the surface of the CFS which may cause water intrusion. Thus,

it is recommended to replace the pipes and install with at least 100 mm. clearance.

Figure 4.31 Carbon fiber sheet installed to underside of flat slab at

Abutment A to Pier 1

A portion of the installed CFS was scraped/damaged by the passing trucks because of

the low vertical clearance as shown in Figure 4.32. This segment is recommended to

be removed and reinstalled.

32
 Figure 4.32 Damaged portion of carbon fiber sheet

4.2.4 Quality Control Tests

A portion of the contract showing the Items of Work of the project is shown in

Figure 4.33. One of the inclusions is Item 400(22) for Load Test, Hammer Test and

Seismic Analysis. These tests are done in order to gauge the improvement in strength

after the conducted retrofitting work. However, based on the interview with the Project

Inspector of DPWH, these tests will no longer be performed by the contractor due to

33
its high cost. The actual cost may reach an estimated P 12 million which is way below

the bidded amount of P 1,576,953.00. As such, they will have a variation order and

remove this particular item of work.

Figure 4.33 Portion of Contract for Delpan Bridge Repair showing Items of Work

34
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the case study undertaken, it was observed that local contractors have enough

knowledge and proficiency in conducting retrofitting works particularly on carbon fiber sheet

and carbon fiber plate installation by following the correct methodology. However, quality

and workmanship can be further improved through project supervision by the engineers in both

contractor and government side. In terms of plan review, some drawings and specifications

were not in accordance with the provisions in the DPWH/JICA bridge repair manual

particularly on the prescribed spacing between carbon fiber plates in order to effectively

remove entrapped air. Measurements should also be rechecked on site since some dimensions

are incorrect. Furthermore, some tests included in the Quality Control Program needed to

check the efficacy of the conducted repair were unperformed and will be removed from the

contract.

5.2 Recommendations

In light of the conclusions made, the researcher recommends the following:

1. Strict implementation and checking during the project timeline should be undertaken by

the Project Inspector / Project Engineer to ensure that there are no deviations in the plan.

2. The use of a cement-based matrix is recommended to be included in the DPWH Bridge

Repair Manual as an alternative bonding agent in lieu of epoxy resin based on the result of

studies that this can prevent the premature debonding of CFRP plate when applied to the

substrate.

35
3. Pull-out tests should be conducted to determine the bonding strength of the carbon fiber

sheet and ultrasonic pulse velocity should be used to test the effectiveness of epoxy

injection in sealing of cracks.

4. Load test, hammer test, and seismic analysis are recommended to be included in the

contract and subsequently performed in order to check the improvement after the

application of CFRP plate and other retrofitting works.

36
References
1. 2019, February. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer industry demand analysis by 2022.
KITV4abc island news. Retrieved from: http://www.kitv.com/story/39924691/carbon-
fiber-reinforced-polymer-industry-demand-analysis-by-2022-market-growth-share-size-
product-segment-growth-trends-framework-and-key-vendor-by
2. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Wikipedia. Retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer
3. 2018, December. Researchers study CFRP composite for strengthening concrete.
Concrete SmartBrief. Retrieved from: https://www.smartbrief.com/branded/EFF500A4-
8092-4A57-A1D7-E75FB59FDA6F/2D4FEFA6-D101-4666-89ED-3B9E39EC57BF
4. 2016, November. Carbon fiber-based material could prevent collapse of buildings during
earthquake. JEC Group. Retrieved from:
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based-material-could-prevent-collapse-buildings
5. 2018, July. P1 billion allotted to strengthen 36 bridges in Metro Manila. Retrieved from:
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/news/13590
6. 2019, February. Villar: Malibay bridge in Pasay City strengthened, retrofitted. Retrieved
from: http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/news/14847
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fibres for strengthening of concrete structures, Cem. Concr. Comp. 25 (2003) 387-394.
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Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures. Retrieved from:
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&Units=US_Units
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Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars, ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
PA, 2016, www.astm.org. Retrieved from: http://www.astm.org/cgi-
bin/resolver.cgi?D7205D7205M
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FRP Composite Bonded to Concrete Substrate using Beam Test, ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, www.astm.org. Retrieved from:
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D7958D7958M
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