ω = α u + β v combinación linueal

u, v,ω → Vectores
αβ → Escalares
α u → Multiplicación por un escalar
α u + β v → suma de vectores

Sea ℜ2 = {( x, y ) x, y ∈ ℜ}
u = (x 1, y 1 )∈ ℜ 2

v = (x 2 , y 2 )∈ ℜ 2

α y β ∈ℜ
ω =αu + βv
= α ( x 1 , y 1 ) + β (x 2 , y 2 )
= (α x 1 , α y 1 ) + (β x 2 β y 2 )
= (α x 1 + β x 2 , α y 1 + β y 2 )∈ ℜ 2

a b
M= a1 b1 c1 d 1 ∈ ℜ
c d

a1 b1 a2 b2
u= ∈M v = ∈M
c1 d1 c2 d2

α, β ∈ℜ

ϖ = αu + β v
a1 b1 a2 b2
=α +β
c1 d 1 c2 d 2

αa1 αb1 βa 2 βb 2
= +
αc1 αd 1 βc 2 βd 2

αa1 + βa 2 αb1 + βb 2
= ∈M
αc1 + βc 2 αd 1 + βd 2

! "# $
 ! % & ' ( )
*
+, *,

( -

! & *!, . -

/ !

∀u,v ∈ V : u + v ∈ V y u + v es única

0 &

∀ u ,v ∈ V :u + v = v + u
1 &

∀ u , v , ω ∈ V ; (u + v ) + ω = u + (v + ω )
2 . !

∃e ∈ V ∀ v ∈ V e + u = u = u + e
3" ! & z

∀v ∈ V∃z ∈ V v + z = e = z + v
4 & !

∀ v ∈ Vy ∀ α ∈ K : α v ∈ V
5 & ! &

∀ v ∈ V yα , β ∈ K : α (β v ) = (αβ )v

67 &

∀ u ∈ Vy ∀ α , β ∈ K : (α + β )u = α u + β u
87 & &

∀ u , v ∈ Vy ∀ α ∈ K : α (u + v )α u + β u
/9 . (

∀ v ∈ V : 1v = v

%
A = {(1, a ) a ∈ ℜ} ) ℜ
)

(1, a ) + (1, b ) = (1, a + b )

∀ u = (1, a ) ∈ A
∀ v = (1, b ) ∈ A
α (1, a ) = (1, αa )
∀u = (1, a ) ∈ A
∀α ∈ ℜ
! ): !

u = (1, a) ∈ A
v = (1, b) ∈ A
ω = (1, c) ∈ A

α , β , γ ,∈ ℜ

! ) u + v∈ A

u + v = (1, a ) + (1, b )
= (1, a + b )∈ A
∴ .

! ) u+v=v+u

u+v= v+u =

(1, a ) + (1, b) = (1, b ) + (1, a ) =

(1, a + b) (1, b + a )

∴ .

! ) (u + v ) + ω = u + (v + ω )
(u + v )ω = u + (v + ω ) =
[(1, a ) + (1, b)] + (1, c ) (1, a )[(1, b) + (1, c )] =
(1, a + b) + (1, c ) = (1, a ) + (1, b + c ) =
(1, a + b + c ) (1, a + b + c )

(u + v ) + ω = u + (v + ω )
∴ .

! )
∃e∈ Ae + v = v = v + e

e = (1, e )
(1, e) + (1, b ) = (1, b )
(1, e + b ) = (1, b )
e+b=b
∴e = o
e = (1, o )
∴ ∃e = (1, o ) ∈ A

! ) ∃ z ∈V z + v = e = V + z

z ; (1, z )
(1, z ) + (1, b ) = (1, o )
(1, z + b ) = (1, o )
z+b = o
z = −b
" : z ; (1,−b )
∴∃ z ∈ z ; (1,−b )

! ) αu ∈ V

α u = α (1, a ) =
= (1, αa ) ∈ A
∴α u ∈ A

! ) α (β u ) = (αβ )u

α (β u ) = (αβ )u ;
α [β (1, a )] = (αβ )(1, a ) =
α (1, βa ) = (1, αβa )
(1, αβ a )
∴ α (β u ) = (αβ )u

! ) (α + β )u = α u + β u
(α + β )u = αu + βu =
(α + β )(1, a ) α (1, a ) + β (1, a ) =
(1, (α + β )a ) (1αa ) + (1, βa ) =
(1, αa + βa ) (1, αa + βa )
∴ (α + β )u = (α u + β u )

! ) α (u + v ) = α u + α v

α (u + v ) αu + αv

α [(1, a ) + (1, b )] = α (1, a ) + α (1, b )

α (1, a + b ) = (1, αa ) + (1, αb )

[1, α (a + b )] = (1, αa + αb )
(1, αa + αb )
∴α (u + v ) = α u + α v

! ) 1u = u
1u = u
1(1, a ) =
(1,1a ) =
(1, a ) = (1, a )
A = {(1, a ) a ∈ ℜ}
% ) %
!

! & ( % !
&* ! !" ! (

#
! & ( % !
& !

/,∀u , v ∈ S : u + v∈S
%

0,∀α ∈ K ; v ∈ S : α v ∈ S
%
 a b
a a, b ∈ ℜ
Τ= −b
2
! ) : !
ℜ

a b
M2 = a , b, c ∈ ℜ
c d
a b
a, b, c, d ∈ ℜ
M2= c d EV M2

a b
a a1 , b ∈ ℜ
Τ= −b Subconjutno de M2
2

a1 b1 a2 b2
u= a1 ;v = a2 y
2
−b1 2
− b2

! ) : u + v∈Τ
 a1 b1 a2 b2
u+v= a1 + a2 =
2
−b1 2
− b2

a1 + a 2 b1 + b2 a3 b3
= a1 + a 2 − (b1 + b2 )
= a3
2 2
b3
∈Π

∴u + v ∈ Τ cumple

! ) : αu∈Τ

a1 b1 αa1 αb1 a4 b4
α u = α a1 − b1 = αa1 αb1 = a 4 − b4
∈Τ
2 2 2
∴α u ∈ Τ

" : % Τ & <0

! $ $% $
& '

v v1 , v 2 ,..., vn .

v = α 1 v1 + α 2 v 2 + ... + α n v n
7 α 1 , α 2 ,...,α n
ℜ
2
&

ℜ 2 = {( x, y ) x, y ∈ ℜ}
v = α 1 v1 + α 2 v 2
(5,4) = α 1 (2,1) + α 2 (2,4 )
1
Si α1 = 2 y α1 = 2
(5,4) = 2(2,1) + 1 (2,4)
2
(5,4) = (4,2 ) + (1,2 )
(5,4) = (5,4 )
∴v es una combinación lineal (CL ) de v1 y v2

1
v = 2v 1 + v 2 → combinación lineal
2
1
− 1v + 2v1 + v 2 = 0 → Ecuación de dependencia lieal
2
7 o &
v, v 1 y v 2

S = {v1 , v 2 ,..., v n}
% &

/, * 7, .
α 1 , α 2 ,...,α n = :

α 1 v1 +α 2 v2 + ... + α n v n = o → ecuación de dependencia lineal

0, * ,

α 1 v1 + α 2 v2 + ... + α n vn = o → sólo si satisface con α 1 , α 2 ,..., α n = 0

!
ℜ3 = {(a, b, c ) a, b, c ∈ ℜ}
> v = (5,4,1); v 1 = (2,1,0); v 2 = (2,4,0) ∈ ℜ

7 ' 7

α v + α1 v1 + α 2 v 2 = o
α (5,4,1) + α 1 (2,1,0) + α 2 (2,4,1) = (0,0,0)
(5α ,4α , α ) + (2α 1 ,1α 1 ,0α 1 ) + (2α 2 ,4α 2 ,1α 2 ) = (0,0,0)
(5α + 2α 1 + 2α 2 ,4α + α 1 + 4α 2 , α ) = (0,0,0)
5α + 2α 1 + 2α 2 = 0
4α + α 1 + 4α 2 = 0
α =0 α =0
2α 1 + 2α 2 = 0
α 1 + 4α 2 = 0
2 2 1 1
~
1 4 0 3
R1 (2 )
R1 (− 1) + R 2
α1 + α 2 = 0
3α 2 = 0 α 2 = 0

α1 + α 2 = 0
α1 + 0 = 0
α1 = 0 α1 = 0
α1 = α 2 = α 3 = 0∴ % {v, v1 , v 2 }
* ,

? @ @ )

5 4 1 2 4 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0
2 1 0 2 1 0 0 −3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
2 4 0 A 5 4 1 A 0 −6 1 A 0 0 1 A 0 0 1

R1 1( 2) (
R1 − 1
3
) R 2 (− 2 ) + R1
R1 (− 2 ) + R2 R 2 (6 ) + R3
R1 (− 5) + R3

∴ % * ,

? @ @ ) =
= % :
*, *, = % 7

#
 % = : %
B

" % : & 7

& !
% ) & =
: %

!!
v1 = α 1 u1 + α 2 u 2 + + α m um
v 2 = β 1 u1 + β 2 u 2 + + β m um

v n = γ 1 u1 + γ 2 u 2 + + γ m um

! ! ( B = {u1, u 2,..., um} % )

& ! : C ! &
v∈ ! . α 1,α 2,....αm :
v = α 1u1 + α 2u 2 + ... + αmum

% *D, 7=
& %
!= = C

! D !:

! ! ( B = {u1, u 2,..., um} !=

: ) &

7)

! ! ( B = {u1, u 2,..., um} !=

: !
!;
#

! ! = : % )
& !
#

! ! E ! != W ≤m
E; E;!

a b a+b
V= a, b ∈ ℜ
−b −a 2b

? ! ℜ

−3 −4 −7 5 0 5
A = {ω1ω 2 } = ,
4 3 −8 0 −5 0
!
! ) !

-
a b a +b
v= ∈V
− b − a 2b
v = α1ω1 + α 2ω 2
a b a +b −3 − 4 −7 5 0 5
= α1 +α 2 =
− b − a 2b 4 3 −8 0 −5 0
− 3α1 + 5α 2 − 4α1 − 7α1 + 5α 2
4α1 3α1 − 5α 2 − 8α1

− 3α1 + 5α 2 = a
− 4α1 = b
− 7α1 + 5α 2 = a + b
α1 = b
4
a − − 3b
= 4a − 3b
4
α2=
5 20
∴ !

& ) !

β 1 ω1 + β 2 ω 2 = o
−3 −4 −7 5 0 5 0 0 0
β1 4 3 −8
+ β2
0 −5 0
=
0 0 0
− 3 β 1 + 5β 2 = 0
− 4β 1 = 0 → β1 = 0
− 7β1 − 7β1 = 0
β1 = 0
− 5β 2 = 0 ∴ β 2 = 0
β 1 = β 2 = 0 ∴ A = {ω 1 , ω 2 }

!
!

& !

a b
Μ= a, b ∈ ℜ
0 −a
%

1 0 0 1
B= ,
0 −1 0 0

B = {ω 1 , ω 2 }

7 −3
u= ∈M
0 −7
 7 −3 1 0 0 1
= α1 +α2
u . -0 −7 0 −1 0 0
α1 = 7
α 2 = −3

5 F1 u C=

7
[u ]B =
3 & u C

B = {v 1 , v 2 ,...v n } & ! (=
x ∈V

x = α 1v1 + α 2v 2 + ... + αn vn α 1,α 2,...,αn

x C &
(x )B = (α 1 , α 2 , , α n )T
& x C

'

C !
v ∈V
v ∈V
v = au1 + bu 2 + cu 3 v = d w1 + e w2 + f w3
(v )A = (a, b, c )T (v )B = (d , e, f )T
∈ != & %
. & C

u1 = α 1 w1 + α 2 w2 + α 3 w3 → (u )B = (α 1,α 2 ,α 3)
T

u 2 = β w1 + β 2 w2 + β 3 w3 → (u 2 )B = (β 1, β 2 , β 3)
T
1

u3 = γ 1 w1 + γ 2 w2 + γ 3 w3 → (u3)B= (γ 1,γ 2 ,γ 3)
T

) @

α1 β 1 γ 1
M = α2 β2 γ 2
A

B
α3 β3 γ 3

" :
(v )B = M A (v )A
B

α1 β1 γ1 a d
= α2 β2 γ2 b = e
α3 β3 γ3 c f
−1

M = MA
B
A
B

v A = M A (v )B
B

V = {( x, y, z ) z − 2 x = 0; x, y, z ∈ ℜ}
A = {(1,0,2 ), (0,1,0)}
? ! ℜ % B = {(3,0,6 ), (2,1,4)} !
 A
, MB
A = {(1,0,2), (0,1,0)} = {u1 , u 2}
B = {(3,2,6), (2,1,4)} = {ω1 , ω 2}
u1 = α 1ω1 + α 2 ω 2
u 2 = β 1 ω1 + β 2 ω 2
M
A
=
α1 β 1
B α2 β2
(1,0,2) = α 1 (3,0,6) + α 2 (2,1,4) de1
(0,1,0) = β 1 (3,0,6) + β 2 (2,1,4) de 2

7 /
3α 1 + 2α 2 = 1 → α 1 = 1
3
α 2 = 0 → α 2=0
6α 1 + 4α 2 = 2

7 0
3β 1 + 2 β 2 = 0 → β 1 = − 2
3
β2 =1→ β2 = 0
6β 1 + 4β 2 = 0
A 1 −2
∴M 3 3
B 0 1

,. z = (4,1,8) &
C= @ @
z = (4,1,8 )
A
(z )B =M (z )A
B
z = au 1 + bu 2 (u )A (a , b )T
(4,1,8 ) = a (1,0,2 ) + b (0,1,0 )
a=4
(z )A (4,1)T
b =1

1 −2 4 2
(z ) B = 3 3 = 3
0 1 1 1
tal que
2
z= (3,0,6) + 1(2,1,4)
3
z = (2,0,4) + (2,1,4)
z = (4,1,8)

( )
 • %
• % &
•
@

• <
• 7 B
• G

@ ! :
n
ℜ * B $
,

! ! ? * , !
) !.
! : % (u, v )
& !
(u v )∈ = u v=
: ) -
 ( ) ( ) Simetría
1) u v = v u
2) (u v + ω ) = (u v ) + (u ω ) Aditividad
3) (α u v ) = α (u v ) Homogeneidad
4) (u u ) 0 si u ≠ 0 Positividad

7
(v u ) % %
(v u )
α ∈C α ∈ℜ
α = a + bi α =a
α = d − bi α =a
2
α = a
2
+ b2 α = a =a

! ρ≤2
) ) )

(p q) =
1
p(i )q(i )∀ p, q ∈ P ≤ 2
i =0

& )

{
Ρ ≤ 2 = a x2 + bx + c a, b, c ∈ ℜ }
p = a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 ∈ P ≤ 2
q = a 2 x 2 + b2 x + c 2 ∈ Ρ ≤ 2
2
r = a3 x + b3 x + c3 ∈ Ρ ≤ 2

/,! )
( p q ) = (q p )
( p q ) = (c1 c2 ) + [(a1 + b1 + c1 )(a2 + b2 + c2 )]
(q p ) = (c2 c1 ) + [(a2 + b2 + c2 )(a1 + b1 + c1 )]

∴( p q ) = (q p )

0,! )
( p q + r )v( p q ) + ( p r )
q + r = (a 2 + a 3 )x 2 + (b2 + b3 )x + (c 2 + c 3 )
( p q + r ) = c (c
1 2 + c 3 ) + (a1 b1 c1)[(a 2 + a 3 ) + (b2 b3) + (c 2 + c3 )]
= c1c 2 + c1 c 3 + (a1 + b1 + c1 )[(a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) + (a 3 + b3 + c 3 )]
= c1c 2 + (c1 + b1 + c1 )(a 2 + b2 + c ) + c1 c 3 + (a1 + b1 + c1 )(a 3 + b3 + c 3 )
(p q) (p r )

1,! )
(α p q ) = α ( p q )
α p = α a1 x2 + α b1 x + α c1
(α p q ) = α c1c2 + (α a1 + α b1 + α c1)(a2 + b2 + c2 )
= α [c1 c2 + (a1 + b1 + c1)(a2 + b2 + c2 )]
= α (p q)

2,! )
( p p) o p≠o

( p p ) = c1 c1 + (a1 + b1 + c1)(a1 + b1 + c1)

= c12 → (a1 + b1 + c1)
2

∴ si p=0→ p p 0 ( )
1
(p q) = p(i ) q(i )
i =0

! ! *
F/, V
∀u , v ∈ V

(u v ) 2
≤ (u u )(u v ) (u v ) (u v )
u y v 7

(u v )2 = (u u )(v v ) → u y v son L.D.

(u v )2 (u u )(v v ) → u y v son L.I .

! ! (⋅ 1 ⋅) ! v
!
v & )
 v = (v v )
1
2
F H @*F ,
.

(u v )2 ≤ u 2 v 2
(u v ) ≤ u v
Producto de Producto de
vectores escalares

: )

! ! = ∀u , v ∈V α y ∈ C
1) u
2) u = 0 ⇔ u = 0
3) α u = α u
4) u + v ≤ u + v

Desigualdad
del triángulo

: &
u =1 :
1
u, u
u
&

u v d (u , v )=
) -
1) d (u , v ) o
2) d (u , v ) = o ⇔ u = o
3) d (u , v ) = d (v, u )
4) d (u , ω ) ≤ d (u , v ) + d (v, ω )

! ! u v &
! u v θ=
cos θ =
(u v )
u v
si (u v ) = a + bi
ℜ (u v )
cos θ ≅
u v
& o ≤θ ≤ Π
7
ℜuv ( ) parte real ( )
de u v

F .
(u v ) ≤ u v
(u v ) ≤ 1
u v

−1 ≤
(u v ) ≤ 1
u v

. θ & 0 ≤θ ≤ Π
 0
(x y ) = x1 y2 + 2 x2 y2
)
y1 y y2
∀ x = ( x1, x2 ) y = ( y1, y2 )
y1 y y2
% = & &
x = (i,2 − i ) y = (− 1,1 + 2)i

, θ : ) & x y y

(x y ) = [(i,2 − i )(− 1,1 + 2 i )]

= i (− 1) + 2(2 − i )(1 − 2i )
= −i + (4 − 2i )(1 − 2i )
= −i + 4 − 8i − 2i + 4 i2
= −i + 4 − 10i − 4
= −11i
( )
∴ℜ x y = 0
 = (x x = [(1, 2 − i )(1, 2 − i )])
2
x
= 1 + 2 (2 − i )(2 + i )
(
= 1 + 2 4 + 2i − 2i − i 2 )
= 1 + 10
= 11
x = 11

= (y y ) = [(− 1,1 + 2 i )(− 1,1 + 2 i )]

2
y
= 1 + 2 (1 + 2 i )(1 − 2 i )
(
= 1 + 2 1 − 2 i + 2 i − 4 i2 )
= 1 + 2 (1 + 4 )
= 11
y = 11
ℜ (x y ) 0
∴ Cos θ ≅ =
x y 11 11

≅ 0

∴ θ ≅ 90 º
*

! & u =v ∈ V
(u v ) = 0
u ≠ 0, v ≠ 0

cosθ =
(u v ) = 0
uv u v
Π
θ= = 90º
2
 ! ! S = {v1 , v2 ,..., vn} % &
! :
(v v ) = 0
i j ∀ i≠ j vi =1 %
#" D I

! !
B= {e 1, e2 ,..., en}

∀u ∈ V
(v e )
αi =
i

(v ) B
= αi (e e )
1 1

α i = (v e )
C

( + , -

G= (v v1, 2,
..., v3 ) % : !
Go = (w w1, 2,
..., )
w3 : B !
) & Go

D#GJ
w1 = v1
v 2 = α 1 v1 + w 2
w 2 = v 2 − α 1 v1 = v 2 − α 1 w1
(v w )
α 1 = − ( 2 1)
w1 w1
= −
(v 2 w 1 )
w2 v2 ( w1
w1 w1)
i −1 (
v1 w K )
wi = vi − (
K =1 w K w K )

para i = 1, 2 ..., n

!! &

A= {v , v v }
1 2, 3

= {(1,0,−1), (− 2,1,1), (− 1,1,0)}

/,
G= (w w
1, 2,
..., w3 )
w1 = v1
w1 = (1 , 0 , − 1 )
= −
(v 2 w 1 )
w2 v2 (w 1 w 1 ) w 1
(v 2 w 1 ) = [(− 2 )(1 )(1 , 0 , − 1 )]
= −2 − 1 = 3
(w 1 w 1 ) = [(1 , 0 , − 1 )(1 , 0 , − 1 )]
= 1+ 1 = 2
− 3
w2 = (− 2 ,1 ,1 ) −
(1 , 0 , − 1 )
2
(
= (− 2 ,1 ,1 ) + 3 , 0 , 3
2 2
)
= −1 1, − 1
2, 2
 (v 3 w1) − (v 3 w 2 )
w3 = v 3 − (w1 w1) w1 (w 2 w 2 ) w 2
(v 3 w1)1 = [(− 1,1,0 )(1,0,− 1)]
= −1 + 0 + 0 = −1

(v 3 w3 ) = (− 1,1,0 )
−1 −1
2
,1,
2
1 3
= +1+ 0 =
2 2

(w 2 w 2 ) = −21 ,1, −21 −1

2
,1,
−1
2
1 1 3
= +1+ =
4 4 2
(− 1) (1,0, − 1) − (3 2 )
w3 = (− 1,1,0 ) − (2 ) (3 2 )
−1
2 ,1, − 1
2
1 −1 1 1
= (− 1,1, 0 ) + ,1, + , − 1,
2 2 2 2
= (− 1,1, 0 ) + (1, − 1,0 )
= (0 ,0 ,0 )
−1 −1
G o = (1,0, − 1), 2
,1,
2
, (0 ,0 ,0 )

−1 −1
B= (1,0 , − 1), ,1,
2 2
Base ortogonal
 1 1
e1 = w1 e2 = w2
w1 w2
(w1 w1) = 2
w2 = 2
1
e1 = (1,0,−1)
2
(w2 w2 ) = 32
3
w2 = 2
2 −1 −1
e2 = 3 2 ,1, 2
1 2 −1
e2 = − , ,
6 3 6

B = {e e }=
1, 2
1
2
,0,
−1
2
,
−1 2 −1
, ,
6 3 6

BASE ORTONORMAL

# * . ( */ )
0
S → SEV de V

W 0∈S
⊥
W 1∈ S

! ! % ! :

z ∈V (z | w) = 0 ∀w ∈ S
%
/
% & ! =

{ ( )
S ⊥ = z ∈ V z ω = 0; ∀ω ∈ S }

! E ! ! )
= : & ν ∈V = . )

v = w + w'
w ∈ w
→ proyección de v sobre w

⊥
w ∈ w
 ! ! H ! ! )
{e1, e 2..., en} E=
v ∈ v, &

n
ω= (v |ei )ei
i =1

v w

P≤2 !
) =
{
W = ax 2 + bx − (2a + b ) a, b ∈ R } ! ≤0
)

(p q) =
2
p(i )q(i )¥ p, q ∈ P ≤ 2
i =0
*
.,∈ E : % .
h( x ) = x − x + 1 ∈ P ≤ 2
2

C;
{(x 2
) } {v
− 2 , (x − 1 ) = 1
,v0 } C
/, E @ DF
w1 = v1 = x 2 − 2 ( )
= (x − 1 ) −
[( x − 1 ) (x 2
− 2 )]
(x 2
− 2 )
w2
[(x − 2 ) x 2 2
− 2 ]
= (x − 1 ) −
(− 1 )(− 2 ) + (0 )(− 1 ) + (1 )(2 ) (x 2 − 2 )
(− 2 )(− 2 ) + (− 1 )(− 1 ) + (2 )(2 )
2 + 0 + 2
= (x − 1 ) −
4 +1+ 4
x2 − 2 ( )
= (x − 1 ) −
4
3
x2 − 2 ( )
4 1
w2 = − + x −
5 9

(
B ′`= x 2 − 2 , −
4 2
9
)
x + x −
1
9
← Base Ortogonal

1 1
e1 = e1 e2 = e2
e1 e2
(w 1 w1 = 9 )
w1 = 9 =3

e1 =
1 2
3
(
x − 2 )
0,7 *
.,

2
p( x ) = {(h( x) | ei ) ei}
i =1
= [(x − x +1)]13(x ) −2 ] 12(x −2) −1 +
2 2 2

(x − x +1) 312 (− 4x +9x −1) 312 (− 4x +9x −1)

2 2 2

= (1)
− 2 −1
3
+
3
+3
2 1 2
3 3
x −2 +
−1 4
+ (+
3 1
32 32 32 32
)
−4x
2
(
+ 9x −1)
=
1 2
3
x( 1
) (
− 2 + − 4x2 + 9x −1
3
)
1 2 4 9 1
= x2 − − x2 + x −
3 3 3 3 3
= −x2 + 3x −1
P(x) = −x2 + 3x −1
Proyección de h(x)
en Ρ ≤ 2