Faculty of Information Technology, University of Moratuwa

BSc.(Hons) in Information Technology

BSc.(Hons) in Information Technology & Management
BSc.(Hons) in Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Electronics

LEVEL 1 - ORIENTATION SESSION 6

1. Construct the following circuit. Every component is similar to previous practicals, except adding
an inductor in-between bulb and the switch. Observe the changes by changing
inductance(500mH).

2. Inductor

Inductor is a component in electronic circuit which stores energy in its magnetic field.as you saw in
previous practical it can release this energy almost instantly.

Well, all wire creates a magnetic field when electricity flows through it. When the wire is coiled, it
shapes the field and concentrates it towards its core, which increases its magnetic properties. The
magnetic field that is created by the inductor holds energy, and when the current changes, the fields
induces more current back into the circuit to try to keep it stable. However, speakers, motors,
electromagnets, reed relays, and transformers are all basically specialized inductors.
 3. Whereas capacitors create electric fields and resist changes in voltage, inductors produce
magnetic fields and resist changes in current.

4. Different coils have different amounts of inductance. This is measured in Henries (H). Typically,
most inductors are measured in the uH (microhenry) range.

5. Not all inductors are created equal. There are four key factors which affect the inductance of a
coil.

• The first indication that determines the inductance of a coil is the number of turns (or
loops) a coil has. Generally, coils with more turns have more inductance than coils with
less turns.

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 • When dealing with inductors length also matters. Given two coils with the same number
of turns, the shorter one has more inductance. The reason for this is that its
compactness helps it maintain a stronger magnetic field within it. As it stretches out, its
ability to concentrate the field diminishes.

• The diameter of the coil also determines the amount of inductance offered. The bigger
the diameter, the greater the inductance.

• Many inductors have a solid core at their center. By using a special core such as a ferrite
rod (piece of iron), you can further increase the amount inductance. Inductors without a
solid core are considered to have an "air core." This offers considerably less inductance.

More information about inductor : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shJAV59NS6k

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 6. Inductance
𝐴
𝐿= 𝐾𝜀𝑁2
𝑙

In this algebraic expression inductance(L) is equal to (k)relative permeability (𝜀) permeability of

free space (N) number of turns in wire coil (A) area of coil in square meters (l) average length of
coil in meters

7. Inductor in series and parallel

𝐿𝑇 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯

1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
𝐿𝑇 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3

8. Inductor color code

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 9. Construct the following circuit. Every component is similar to previous practical, except adding a
diode in-between bulb and the switch. Observe the changes by replacing the diode up down.

10. Diode

A diode is an electronic component that allows electricity to flow through in one direction, Unlike
other electrical components we have looked at thus far, whose primary role is to influence the
voltage or current within the circuit, the diode's primary role is to route electricity. This is
extremely useful for preventing an electrical signal from taking unwanted or unexpected routes
within the circuit.

There isn't too much to know about reading diodes. Typically, the name of the diode is printed
right on it. The name is its part number and has nothing to do with the actual value of the
component. Sometimes the name is printed horizontally across the body which makes it very easy
to read.

When a positive voltage is applied to the P-region and the N-region is connected to ground, the
depletion region all but disappears and allows electricity to flow. In this state the diode is called
forward biased in order to overcome the depletion region, a little bit of voltage must be sacrificed.
This is called the voltage drop. In a standard silicon diode this is typically 0.7V. In other words, if
you have a 5V signal and it passes through a diode with a 0.7V drop, the voltage that comes out
the other end will be 4.3V.

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 11. Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit is an electronic circuit compressed onto a small piece of silicon. It's
packaged into a little box-like thing with metal legs sticking out of it. These pins allow you to
access the circuit inside.

Now imagine this whole box was squeezed into a tiny computer chip. That is basically all an
integrated circuit is, each pin on an integrated circuit represents an input or output to or from a
specialized circuit that is built into the chip itself. In a schematic, an integrated circuit looks like a
box with lines protruding from it. The box is typically labeled with the name of the chip. The pins
will usually be labeled with their number. If not, assume the one in the left is pin 1, and read it
like you would any other integrated circuit. Until you get familiar with electronics, you may need
to play detective on the datasheet to figure out what these abbreviations mean. Feel free to
examine an actual datasheet http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf

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 12. Logic gates

Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having one
or more than one input and only one output. The relationship between the input and the output
is based on a certain logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate,
XOR gate, NAND gates and NOR gate

Derive all the truth tables in tinkercad,

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