Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

Exerise 8.1
1. In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm.
Determine:
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Sol. AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm, using Pythagoras Theorem,
A
AC = 242 + 72 = 576 + 49

= 625 = 25 cm.
BC 7 25 cm 24 cm
(i) sin A = = ,
AC 25
AB 24
cos A = = .
AC 25 C 7 cm B
AB 24 BC 7
(ii) sin C = = , cos C = = .
AC 25 AC 25
2. In figure, find tan P – cot R.
P

12 cm 13 cm

Q R
Sol. PQ = 12 cm, PR = 13 cm.
Using Pythagoras Theorem,

RQ = PR2 − PQ2 = 132 − 122

= 169 − 144 = 25 = 5 cm

RQ 5 RQ 5
tan P = = , cot R = = .
PQ 12 PQ 12
∴ tan P = cot R ⇒ tan P – cot R = 0.

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

3
3. If sin A = , calculate cos A and tan A.
4

3 3k
Sol. sin A = = C
4 4k
4k 3k
AB = 16k2 − 9k2 = 7k

AB 7k 7 A B
∴ cos A = = = √7k
AC 4k 4

BC 3k 3
tan A = = = .
AB 7k 7
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A. C

8 17k 15k
Sol. 15 cot A = 8 ⇒ cot A =
15
Let AB = 8k, BC = 15k, then A B
8k

AC = AB2 + BC2 = 64k2 + 225k2

= 289k2 = 17k

BC 15k 15
∴ sin A = = = ,
AC 17 k 17

AC 17 k 17
sec A = = = .
AB 8k 8

13
5. Given sec θ = , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
12

13 13k AC C
Sol. sec θ = = , i.e., 13k
12 12k AB 5k
θ
∴ BC = 169k2 − 144k2 = 5k A B
12k

BC 5k 5 AB 12k 12
sin θ = = = , cos θ = = =
AC 13k 13 AC 13k 13

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

BC 5k 5 AB 12k 12
tan θ = = = , cot θ = = =
AB 12k 12 BC 5k 5

AC 13k 13
and cosec θ = = = .
BC 5k 5
6. If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B,
then show that ∠A = ∠B.
Sol. ∠A and ∠B are two acute angles either in same right-
angled triangle or in different.
Case I: Let ∠A and ∠B are acute angles in right ∆ABC.
AC BC B
cos A = and cos B =
AB AB

AC BC
As given cos A = cos B ⇒ =
AB AB
⇒ AC = BC A C
∴ ∠B = ∠A. [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
Case II: Let ∠A belong to rt ∆APQ and ∠B belong to
rt ∆BXY.
In ∆APQ, Y

Q
AP
cos A = ...(i)
AQ B X
In ∆BXY,

BX A P
cos B = ...(ii)
BY

AP BX
As given cos A = cos B ⇒ =
AQ BY
[From (i) and (ii)]

AP AQ
⇒ = = k (say)
BX BY
∴ AP = k BX and AQ = k BY

PQ AQ2 − AP2 k2BY 2 − k2 BX 2

Now, = =
XY BY 2 − BX 2 BY 2 − Bk2

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

PQ k BY 2 − BX 2
∴ = = k
XY BY 2 − Bk2

AP AQ PQ
Therefore, = =
BX BY XY
∴ ∆APQ ~ ∆BXY [By SSS similarity theorem]
∴ ∠A = ∠B.
7
7. If cot θ = , evaluate:
8
(1 + sin θ )(1 – sin θ )
(i) , (ii) cot2 θ
(1 + cos θ )(1 – cos θ )

(1 + sin θ)(1 − sin θ) 1 − sin 2 θ cos2 θ

Sol. (i) = =
(1 + cos θ)(1 − cos θ) 1 − cos2 θ sin2 θ
2
7 49
= cot θ =  
2
= .
8 64
2
7 49
(ii) cot2 θ =   = .
8 64
1 – tan 2 A
8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether = cos2 A – sin2 A
1 + tan2 A
or not.
4 3
Sol. 3 cot A = 4 ⇒ cot A = or tan A =
3 4 C
If AB = 4k and BC = 3k, then
5k
3k
AC = AB2 + BC2 = (4 k)2 + (3k)2

= A B
25k2 = 5k 4k

AB 4 BC 3
∴ cos A = = and sin A = =
AC 5 AC 5
9
1 – tan 2 A 1− 7
16 16 – 9
LHS = = = =
1 + tan 2 A 9 16 + 9 25
1+
16

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

2 2
4  3 16 − 9 7
RHS = cos2 A – sin2 A =   –   = =
5 5 25 25
1 − tan2 A
Hence, = cos2A – sin2A.
1 + tan 2 A
1
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = , find the
3
value of:
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C

1
Sol. tan A = ⇒ AB = 3k and BC= k, then
3 C

2k
AC = AB2 + BC2 = (3k)2 + k2 k

= 3k2 + k2 = 2k. A B
√3 k

BC AB
sin A = = cos C and sin C = = cos A
AC AC

1 1 3 3
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C = ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 2 2

1 3
= + = 1.
4 4

3 1 1 3
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C = . − .
2 2 2 2

3 3
= − = 0.
4 4
10. In ∆ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25
cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of R
sin P, cos P and tan P.
–x

Sol. PQ = 5 cm and PR + QR = 25 cm x
25

Let RQ = x, then PR = 25 – x
Using Pythagoras theorem, P Q
5 cm

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

PR2 = PQ2 + RQ2

(25 – x)2 = x2 + (5)2 ⇒ 625 – 50x + x2 = x2 + 25
⇒ 50x = 600 ⇒ x = 12
∴ RQ = 12 cm and PR = 13 cm.

12 5 12
∴ sin P = , cos P = and tan P = .
13 13 5
11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your
answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.

12
(ii) sec A = for some value of angle A.
5
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

4
(v) sin θ = for some angle θ.
3

p
Sol. (i) False, As tan A = where perpendicular is not always
b
less than base in a right-angled triangle.

12 5
(ii) True, sec A = , true as cos A = < 1, true.
5 12
(iii) False, cos A is abbreviation used for the cosine of angle
A.
(iv) False, cot A ≠ cot × A
(v) False, as sin θ is always less than or equal to 1.

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

Exerise 8.2
1. Evaluate the following:
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

cos 45°
(iii)
sec 30° + cosec 30°
sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°
(iv)
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
5 cos2 60° + 4 sec 2 30° – tan2 45°
(v)
sin2 30° + cos 2 30°

3 3 1 1 3 1
Sol. (i) ⋅ + ⋅ = + = 1
2 2 2 2 4 4
2 2
2  3  3 3 3
(ii) 2 (1) +   −  = 2 + − = 2
 2   2  4 4
1
2 1 3
(iii) = ×
2 2 2+2 3
+2
3
3 ( 3 − 1) 2
= ×
2 2 ( 3 + 1) ( 3 − 1) 2
(3 − 3) 2 3 2− 6
= = .
2 × 2 × (3 − 1) 8
1 2 3 2
+1− −
2 3 2 3 3 3 −4 (3 3 − 4)2
(iv) = = =
2 1
+ +1
2
+
3 3 3+4 27 − 16
3 2 3 2
[Rationalising the denominator]

27 + 16 − 24 3 43 − 24 3
= = .
11 11
2 2
1   2  5 16
5  + 4   − (1)
2
+ −1
2  3 4 3
(v) 2
=
2
 3 1 3
1 +
  +   4 4
 2  2 

15 + 64 − 12 4 67
= × = .
12 1 + 3 12

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2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice:

2 tan 30°
(i) =
1 + tan2 30°
(A) sin 60° (B) cos 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°

1 – tan2 45°
(ii) =
1 + tan2 45°
(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0
(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°
2 tan 30°
(iv) =
1 – tan2 30°
(A) cos 60° (B) sin 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
1 2
2 ⋅
3 3 2 3 3
Sol. (i) (A). = = × = = sin 60°.
 1 
2 1 3 4 2
1 +  1+
 3
 3
1 − (1)2 0
(ii) (D). = 0.=
1 + (1) 2
2
(iii) (A). Because sin 2A = sin 0 = 0
and 2 sin A = 2 sin 0° = 0.
1 2
2×
3 3 = 2 3
(iv) (C). 2
= × = 3 = tan 60°.
 1  1 3 2
1− 1−
 3
 3
1
3. If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = ; 0° < A + B
3
≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
Sol. tan (A + B) = 3 = tan 60° ⇒ A + B = 60° ...(i)

1
tan (A – B) = = tan 30° ⇒ A – B = 30°...(ii)
3
Solving (i) and (ii), we get A = 45° and B = 15°.

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4. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your

answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
Sol. (i) False. Let A = 30°, B = 60°
sin (A + B) = sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1
1 3
sin A + sin B = sin 30° + sin 60° = +
2 2
1+ 3
=
2
∴ sin (A + B) ≠ sin A + sin B.
1
(ii) True. As sin 0° = 0, sin 30° = and sin 90° = 1.
2
1
(iii) False. As cos 0° = 1, cos 60° = and cos 90° = 0.
2
(iv) False. Only for θ = 45°, cos θ = sin θ.
cos A
(v) True. cot A =
sin A
cos 0° 1
⇒ cot 0° = = which is not defined.
sin 0° 0

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

Exerise 8.3
1. Evaluate:

sin 18° tan 26°

(i) (ii)
cos 72° cot 64°
(iii) cos 48° – sin 42° (iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°

sin 18° sin(90° − 72°) cos72°

Sol. (i) = = = 1.
cos 72° cos72° cos72°
[... sin (90° – θ) = cos θ]

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

tan 26° tan 26° tan 26°

(ii) = = = 1
cot 64° cot (90° − 26°) tan 26°

[... cot (90° – θ) = tan θ]

(iii) cos 48° – sin 42° = cos (90° – 42°) – sin 42°
= sin 42° – sin 42° = 0.
[... cos (90° – θ) = sin θ]
(iv) cosec 31° – sec 59° = cosec 31° – sec (90° – 31°)
= cosec 31° – cosec 31° = 0.
[... sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ]
2. Show that:
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0.
Sol. (i) LHS = tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
= tan 48° tan 23° tan (90° – 48°) tan (90° – 23°)
= tan 48° tan 23° cot 48° cot 23°
1 1
= tan 48° tan 23° × ×
tan 48° tan 23°
= 1 = RHS.
(ii) LHS = cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52°
= cos (90° – 52°) cos (90° – 38°) – sin 38° sin 52°
= sin 52° sin 38° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0 = RHS.
3. If tan 2A = cot(A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find
the value of A.
Sol. tan 2A = cot (A – 18°) = tan {90° – (A – 18°)}
⇒ 2A = 90° – A + 18° ⇒ 3A = 108°

108°
⇒ A= = 36°.
3
4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
Sol. tan A = cot B = tan (90° – B)
⇒ A = 90° – B ⇒ A + B = 90°. Hence proved.

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find

the value of A.
Sol. sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°)
⇒ cosec (90° – 4A) = cosec (A – 20°)
⇒ 90° – 4A = A – 20°
⇒ 5A = 110° ⇒ A = 22°.
6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then
show that
 B+C A
sin   = cos .
 2  2
Sol. In ∆ABC,
A + B + C = 180° ⇒ B + C = 180° – A
B+C A
⇒ = 90° –
2 2
 B + C  A A
⇒ sin   = sin  90° −  = cos .
 2   2 2
7. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of
angles between 0° and 45°.
Sol. Consider sin 67° + cos 75°
= sin (90° – 23°) + cos (90° – 15°) = cos 23° + sin 15°.

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 Class 10 Chapter 8 - Introduction to Trigonometry

Exerise 8.4
1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in
terms of cot A.
1 1
Sol. (i) sin A = =
cosec A 1 + cot2 A

1 cot 2 A + 1
(ii) sec A = 1 + tan 2 A = 1+ =
cot 2 A cot A

1
(iii) tan A = .
cot A
2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of
sec A.

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sec2 A − 1  1 
Sol. sin A = tan A · cos A = ;  cos A =
sec A  sec A 
1 1
tan A = sec2 A − 1; cot A = =
tan A 2
sec A − 1
1 sec A
cosec A = = .
sin A sec2 A − 1
3. Evaluate:
sin2 63° + sin2 27°
(i)
cos 2 17° + cos2 73°
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°.
sin2 63° + sin2 27°
Sol. (i) Consider
cos2 17° + cos2 73°

sin2 (90° − 27°) + sin2 27° cos2 27° + sin2 27°

= =
cos2 17° + cos2 (90° − 17°) cos2 17° + sin2 17°
1
= = 1. [... sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]
1
(ii) Consider sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
= sin 25° cos (90° – 25°) + cos 25° sin (90° – 25°)
= sin 25° sin 25° + cos 25° cos 25°
= sin2 25° + cos2 25° = 1. [... sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]
4. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
(i) 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A =
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ)(1 + cot θ – cosec θ) =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) – 1
(iii) (sec A + tan A)(1 – sin A) =
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A

1 + tan 2 A
(iv) =
1 + cot 2 A
(A) sec2 A (B) – 1 (C) cot2 A (D) tan2 A.

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Sol. (i) (B). Consider 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A

= 9 (sec2 A – tan2 A)
= 9 × 1 = 9.
(ii) (C). Consider (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ)
 sin θ 1  cos θ 1 
= 1 + +   1 + sin θ − sin θ 
 cos θ cos θ  
 cos θ + sin θ + 1   sin θ + cos θ − 1 
=   
 cos θ  sin θ 
(cos θ + sin θ)2 − 1
=
cos θ sin θ

cos2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ . cos θ − 1

=
cos θ . sin θ
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ − 1
= = 2.
cos θ sin θ
(iii) (D). Consider (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)
 1 sin A 
=  +  (1 – sin A)
 cos A cos A 
(1 + sin A)
= . (1 – sin A)
cos A

1 − sin2 A cos2 A
= = = cos A.
cos A cos A

1 + tan2 A sec2 A
(iv) (D). Consider 2
=
1 + cot A cosec 2 A
1
= . sin2 A
cos2 A
= tan2 A.
5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are
acute angles for which the expressions are defined.
1 – cos θ
(i) (cosec θ – cot θ)2 =
1 + cos θ
cos A 1 + sin A
(ii) + = 2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A

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tan θ cot θ
(iii) + = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
1 – cot θ 1 – tan θ
[Hint: Write the expression in terms of sin θ and cos θ]
1 + sec A sin 2 A
(iv) =
sec A 1 – cos A
[Hint: Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
cos A – sin A + 1
(v)
cos A + sin A – 1
= cosec A + cot A, using the identity
cosec 2 A = 1 + cot2 A.
1 + sin A
(vi) = sec A + tan A
1 – sin A
sin θ – 2 sin3 θ
(vii) = tan θ
2 cos3 θ – cos θ
(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

1
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) =
tan A + cot A
[Hint: Simplify LHS and RHS separately]

 1 + tan2 A   1 – tan A 
2
2
(x)  2  =   = tan A.
 1 + cot A   1 – cot A 
Sol. (i) LHS = (cosec θ – cot θ)2
2
 1 cos θ  (1 − cos θ)2 (1 − cos θ)2
=  −  = =
 sin θ sin θ  sin 2 θ 1 − cos2 θ
(1 − cos θ)(1 − cos θ) 1 − cos θ
= = = RHS.
(1 − cos θ)(1 + cos θ) 1 + cos θ
cos2 A + (1 + sin A)2
(ii) LHS =
(1 + sin A) cos A
cos2 A + 1 + sin2 A + 2 sin A
=
(1 + sin A) cos A

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1 + 1 + 2 sin A 2(1 + sin A)

= =
(1 + sin A) cos A (1 + sin A) cos A
2
= = 2 sec A = RHS.
cos A
tan θ cot θ
(iii) LHS = +
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ
= cos θ + sin θ
1− 1−
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ
= +
sin θ − cos θ cos θ − sin θ
sin θ cos θ
sin 2 θ cos2 θ
= +
(sin θ − cos θ) cos θ sin θ (cos θ − sin θ)
sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
=
sec θ . cos θ (sin θ − cos θ)
(sin θ − cos θ)(sin2 θ + cos2 θ + sin θ cos θ)
=
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ)
1 + sin θ cos θ
=
sin θ . cos θ
= cosec θ . sec θ + 1 = RHS.
sin2 A 1 − cos2 A
(iv) RHS = =
1 − cos A 1 − cos A
(1 + cos A)(1 − cos A)
=
(1 − cos A)
1 sec A + 1
= 1 + cos A = 1 + = = LHS.
sec A sec A
cos A − sin A + 1
(v) LHS =
cos A + sin A − 1
Dividing each term of numerator and denominator by
sin A, we have

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cos A 1
–1+
sin A sin A cot A + cosec A – 1
= =
cos A 1 cot A – cosec A + 1
+1 –
sin A sin A
(cot A + cosec A) − (cosec2 A − cot 2 A)
=
cot A − cosec A + 1
(cot A + cosec A) {1 − (cosec A – cot A)}
=
cot A – cosec A + 1
(cot A + cosec A) (1 − cosec A + cot A)
=
cot A – cosec A + 1
= cot A + cosec A = RHS.

(1 + sin A) (1 + sin A) (1 + sin A)2

(vi) LHS = =
(1 − sin A) (1 + sin A) 1 − sin 2 A

(1 + sin A)2 1 + sin A

= 2 =
cos A cos A
1 sin A
= + = sec A + tan A = RHS.
cos A cos A
sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ sin θ (1 − 2 sin 2 θ)
(vii) LHS = =
2 cos θ − cos θ
3
cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1)
sin θ (sin 2 θ + cos2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ)
=
cos θ (2 cos2 θ − sin 2 θ − cos2 θ)
sin θ (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
=
cos θ (cos2 θ − sin 2 θ)
sin θ
= = tan θ = RHS.
cos θ
(viii) LHS = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= sin2 A + cosec2 A + 2 sin A cosec A + cos2A
+ sec2 A + 2 cos A sec A
= 1 + 1 + cot2 A + 2 + 1 + tan2 A + 2
[As sin θ . cosec θ = 1 and cos θ . sec θ = 1]
= 7 + cot2 A + tan2 A = RHS.

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 1  1 
(ix) LHS =  − sin A   − cos A 
 sin A   cos A 
1 − sin 2 A 1 − cos2 A
= ×
sin A cos A
cos2 A sin 2 A
= × = sin A cos A
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
= [... sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]
sin 2 A + cos2 A
On dividing numerator and denominator by sin A cos
A, we have
1
= = RHS.
tan A + cot A
1 + tan2 A sec2 A 1
(x) LHS = = = . sin2 A
1 + cot 2 A cosec2 A cos2 A
sin2 A
= = tan2 A = RHS.
cos2 A
2
 
 1 – tan A 
2
 1 – tan A 
Now consider, LHS =   =  
 1 – cot A   1 – 1 
 tan A 
2
 tan A (1 – tan A) 
=   = {– tan A}2
 tan A – 1 
= tan2 A = RHS.

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