Feasibility Study and Optimization of the PV on-grid System Parameters for a

Large Commercial Load in KSA

Mustafa Mohamed Abdalla, Syed Mahboob Ul Hassan

ABSTRACT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
The current levelized cost of electricity of diesel power plant is relatively higher. In Saudi Arabia, the tariff of the
energy generated by traditional thermal power stations is lower than that collected from the renewable sub-stations.
The reason behind this (removed,) is that KSA has the largest strategic provisions of petroleum and natural gas.
(removed but) In this study, PV on-grid system is one of the alternatives that is used to replace the conventional
power plants, in order to reduce the environmental harmful impacts and to increase the oil exports to support the
budget and being invested in another useful application. To achieve these goals, a large commercial load is
connected to the PV on-grid with the support of (removed a) battery storage. Based on HOMER software, firstly, the
system components are mathematically derived based on electrical and economic considerations, then by the mean
of HOMER and MATLAB software (removed s) optimal sizes of PV, convertor and storage are estimated by
considering these factors: NCP, COE, Excess electricity and energy savings, Emission and renewable penetration
ratio by applying different sizes of the system components in a percentage of the load to detect the most economical
and environmentally friendly system combination.

Keywords: COE, NCP, HOMER, MATLAB, PV on-grid system, and Optimization.

1. Introduction

In KSA, almost all the generated electricity is (removed a) based on diesel energy, except some, is generated using
renewable sources. The diesel prices cost around 0.096 USD per (removed the) liter, which is considered as one of
the cheapest all over the world. This causes the renewable energy tariff to be higher than the one produced by the
traditional diesel generators, although the kingdom characterized by a large amount of solar radiation (average of
2250KWh/m2/yr) and the PV arrays prices are decreased world widely.

The kingdom policy (2030 vision) according to the energy conservation is highly benefited from renewable sources
dependent, the abundant of solar radiation excites KSA to reduce the amount consumed of the domestic diesel in
order to increase the oil exports, an accompanied practice comes with eco-social advantages of decreased emission
of CO2 and increasing the oil revenue respectively.

Since the pollution caused by CO2 is reduced by the aim of the renewable sources use and in a consequence benefits
the environment, a combination of several variety renewable sources to form hybrid systems, whether on or off-grid
as recommended in Refs. [1-6] will add more advantages by decreasing the CO2 emitted and (removed a) reliable
electricity supply is provided in all variety of load conditions. Nevertheless, this achieved by utilizing (removed the)
diesel generation systems. Furthermore, CCS (storage) and CO2 capture technology are considered to eliminate the
emission of CO2 caused by power generating stations [7], however, this kind of technology has not expected yet to
be implemented nearly [8]. In ref. [9], Ibrik and Mahmoud have investigated a study of the PV system practiced in
Palestine and concluded that the PV system is more environmentally friendly and economic than either the electrical
grid or diesel power systems.
Serious effort in many countries is made to enhance PV on-grid systems while working in parallel with conventional
power plants. The system offers environmental benefits for both the distribution utility and customers as well [10].
Customer advantages gained by selling the surplus PV energy the grid. This achieved by the customers located near
to the grid [11]. Zhao and Altawil [12] have presented that the annually on-grid electricity increased in its growth-
rate-trend and has being a dominated market of PV output electricity.

Inverter size, storage capacity, and PV arrays optimization are important aspects in the design of PV grid-connected
systems. Mellit in [13] has reviewed a variety of PV sizing techniques, i.e. on-grid, off-grid, and standalone systems.
They summarized that in the presence of all the technical data required, the traditional approaches (analytical,
empirical, and numerical) provide good results.

The ratings of inverters required to be installed with a PV grid-connected system are recommended to be designed
less the PV arrays size [14-18]. One of the explanations of this recommendation because the DC output produced by
PV panels is usually less than their ratings or equivalent. Yet, in [19] Chen et have resulted that the optimum
converter rating can either be the same as PV arrays declared size or lower, fundamentally due to economic reasons,
meteorological considerations, and convertor intrinsic parameters.

Table 1. Indicates the load metrics/baseline.

Some on-grid PV systems do not support with storage batteries. Such scenarios (removed,) invest the excess
electricity drawn from the PV system by selling it to the utility grid at a pre-defined price. Inversely, when the PV
arrays energy is insufficient to supply the primary load, either the grid or storage devices (if applicable) can supply
the lack of this power to the load.

Electricity real-time pricing of PV system integrated to the grid is done based on properly distributed framework
controllers, when the integrated system is operated to achieve operational control and long and short optimal
management, the supervisory predictive model is used as a controller [23]. Likewise, the supervisory control method
[24, 25] also (removed is) applies to schedule maintenance and operation (M&O) time of inverters, PVs and
batteries, and has been proven as a part of the smart grid framework.

In other study works [26, 27], various solar PV modules equipment has been studied. Notten et al. in [28] concluded
that the optimal PV size in an on-grid system does not affected by the PV arrays technology used.

The essential object of this paper is to optimize the size of PV, convertor and storage systems for a grid-connected
PV system in Makkah, a feasibility study is achieved by considering the environmental impacts and electricity bill
as well. The system parameters are firstly modelled electrically and economically, moreover, Renewable Energy
Fraction (REF), Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), CO2 emission amount, Excess Electricity and
Annual bill were the keys used of this investigation by mean of HOMER analytical tool [29] and MATLAB for
economical comparisons with different sizes of the system parameters.

Figure 1. The daily load profile of the commercial load.

2. Mathematical Model Derivation

The PV on-grid system performance is simulated by developing the electrical models. This program calculates
current, voltage, battery SOC, thermal power consumption by grid suppliers, hourly exchanged energy, and the
economic estimation as well.

The essential parameter used in projects economics profitability is the fuel consumption. Certainly, the annual
project’s revenue, which is the difference between the yearly income and the yearly expenditures caused by the
system on-grid operation (removed is) strongly depends on the fuel consumption. Nonetheless, the actual cost of the
fuel delivered to the thermal power plants is estimated depending on the Free On Board oil price (FOB), the land
conveyance cost which (removed is) also depends on the distance between the fuel source and plant, tankers
investment cost and the trucks availability. In this work, the expenses related to the thermal plats are ignored when
the system operating as standalone to estimate the economic and feasibility of the PV-on grid system, and the overall
bill is included to fully assess the on-grid project by considering the fuel as an input data.

The developed program is designed to optimize the sizing based on economics and COE of PV on-grid large
commercial load connected to thermal power stations in KSA under different climatic conditions.

2.1 electrical parameters modelling

The maximum energy generated by PV is expressed as follows [31]:

(1)

Where GSR represents the global solar radiation, is PV arrays temperature, FR is the flux irradiance, is a factor
depend on Joule effect, cleanliness and instability of the panel characteristics, is the temperature coefficient while
2
and are the ambient temperature situations (25 deg. C and 1000 W /m ) and rated PV generator output
under standard test environments respectively.

The ambient temperature controlled by the GSR intensity, ambient temperature .

 (2)

SOCT represents the standard operation circumstances temperature. Their circumstances are: 20 deg. C ambient
temperature, 1 m/s average wind speed, and 800 W /m 2 irradiance.

(3)

The CIEMAT model is used to model the battery, which means the equation is 10-hrs rated capacity normalized C10
[33-35]. The capacity of the battery as well as the (charge/discharge) voltage ( / ) contain an obvious
dependence on both charging ratio and temperature.

(4)

(5)

Where and are the battery current and mean battery current of discharge in that order, state of charge is
represented by SOC, while , are the 10-hrs capacity and current discharge respectively, and are the
total of battery elements and the absolute difference between the reference temperature 25 deg. C and ambient
temperature in turn.

The battery life time is determined by: rated voltage , full-cycle mean number , capacity and the

annual exchange energy . It is calculated using the equation as bellows [36].

(6)

With:

(7)

is the charging mode battery power, while is the discharging mode power delivered by the battery.

The bidirectional inverter efficiency is provided by the following equation as a function of power outputted .
 (8)

, and are the six bi-directional inverter parameters. For inversion mode while is 2 for conversion
mode.

2.1 Economic modelling

The profitability of the PV system connected to a thermal power network is evaluated by estimation of the annual

project cost basically, which is considered the Net Present Value (NCV) annuity. The total yearly cost
depends on the annual maintenance and operation cost (M&O) and the yearly investment cost.

The yearly investment cost is given by:

(9)

Where represents the investment cost annuity for the equipment j, is the equipment numbers (-

1) is due to the thermal plant existence, is shown the yearly benefits because the thermal plant can be

recuperated at the on-grid mode, while is representing the annuity of the extra costs (design cost,

structure cost, etc.). Moreover, the yearly cost of each section is related to the overall cost , and n are
the discount rate and operating year’s number respectively [37].

(10)

The annual maintenance and operation cost composes of equipment replacement cost when the grid

excluded such as maintenance costs, use of thermal fuel saving cost , inverters, and batteries.

(11)

Where represents the yearly replacement budget of the equipment j.

(12)

With is j equipment yearly maintenance cost and is the maintenance cost saved when the
system is operated purely with the thermal power grid.
 (13)

With and are the annual thermal energy consumed costs before and after being
connected to the grid.

The thermal power and its fuel depend on the international market oil and crude prices and the distance from the
source of fuel and other related transportation costs.

Hence, the project yearly price is given as:

(14)

(15)

Therefore, the annual project cost is the difference of: the first term which represents the save gotten by connecting
the system to the grid, the second term which costs spent on this project.

(16)

The cost of energy (COE) is estimated based on the whole project costs and the annual energy invested by the load
.

3. HOMER Optimization Tool

The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), is developed recently by the National
Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), is considered (removed as) a good tool to optimize the hybrid system’s operation
[29-30]. Is basically performs the cost and the financial evaluations for the hybrid systems linked the utilities or off-
connected during a particular lifetime of the project under the assessment. The simulation requires (removed a) full
data on the initial investment, running, and maintenance financials additional to the replacement costs of the system
components as well [31-33]. Moreover, a variety of researches is implemented based on HOMER analytical tool for
optimal planning and design, and sizing of the renewable sources such as wind/hydro/PV; either the system is
standalone or hybrid with a diesel power generator when the overall system is on or off-grid operating status.

Table 2. PV data
CAPITAL COST 5000 $/KW
REPLACEMENT COST 4500 $/KW
O & M COST 0 $/YEAR
LIFE TIME 25 YRS

Table 3. CONVERTOR data

CAPITAL COST 350 $/KW
REPLACEMENT COST 300 $/KW
O & M COST 10 $/YR
LIFETIME 12 YRS
 EFFICIENCY 95%

Table 4. STORAGE SYSTEM data

DECLARED VOLTAGE 12 VDC
CHARGE STATE 45%
CAPITAL COST 1000 $/KWH
REPLACEMENT COST 900 $/KWH
O & M COST 12 $/YR

4. Input Variables Used in the Simulation

4.1 Load sketch

The electrical consumption in Makkah changed monthly due to various reasons: 1) specific occasions such as the
KSA national day; 2) Islamic occasions (El-Fitr Eid, the Hajj, the Omrah, and Ramadan); 3) Climate changes.
Regularly, in the summer season the crest/peak consumption occurred.
Sometimes an overlap appears between the special previously mentioned occasions and the hot season which results
in (removed a) high consumption of the energy. The load statistics for every month individually are shown in Fig. 1.
It illustrates that the peak demand for the commercial load in Makkah is 1461.4 KW with an average energy
consumption of 24961 KWh/day observed in November. The primary baseline load generated by HOMER is
indicated in Table 1.

Figure 2. Global solar radiation at the commercial Figure 3. The schematic representation of the PV on-
load site in Makkah. grid system

4.2 Solar irradiance

In HOMER, the input is (removed the) solar and is normally represented either based on a clearness coefficient
or solar global radiation. The solar radiation in the Makkah site is generated by NASA online navigator which
detected the latitude= 21° 25' 21.0360'' N and Longitude= 39° 49' 34.2048'' E on the site. In this region, the solar
radiation ranged from 4.15 KWh/m2 to 7.17 KWh/m2 daily. It’s obvious that the maximum irradiance collected
from March to September and reached its highest value in June, while it reached its lowest value in January,
February, and October. In Fig. 2, the left and right sides show the clearness factor and the irradiance solar amount
respectively.
4.3 Energy rate

The surplus electricity fed from PV to the utility when the buying rate is larger than the selling rate [21].
Nevertheless, the limit grows the excess amount than might be dumped in turn because it neither be invested to
charge the battery nor serve the load. In this research, all the surplus power from PV is sold to the utility to suppress
the un-used energy. The selling rate is always kept to be higher than the buying rate, so that the revenue can be
maximized by selling more electricity to the utility grid. A part of the energy conservation regulations is buying the
surplus energy to the utility. This policy is highly supported by the KSA 2030 vision to reduce ( removed the) diesel
consumption and in result minimize the environmental effects and increase the oil exports.
The contemporary technology is to use the flexible tariff system, the buying rate is supposed to be 0.017 USD/KWh
during off-peak time, 0.028 USD/KWh for shoulder time and 0.040 USD/KWh during crest time. To simplify the
analysis, these three categories are not applied in this investigation.

0.16

X 263 CONVERTOR CASE

X 525
0.155 Y
X 0.154
263 STORAGE CASE
Y 0.153
Y 0.157 PV CASE
X 790
0.15 Y 0.149
X 1050
X 525 Y 0.145
0.145 Y 0.144
The cost of energy COE in USD

0.14
X 790 X 1600
Y 0.135 Y 0.135
0.135

0.13

0.125
X 1050
Y 0.121

0.12
X 1600
X 1050 Y 0.116
X 263 Y 0.119
0.115 Y 0.113 X 525
Y 0.112 X 790 X 1600
Y 0.11 Y 0.11
0.11
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different capacities of the PV, Energy Storage and CONVERTOR in KW

Figure 4. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% of the load size versus the cost of energy COE.

5. Design specifications

The system considered in this study contains: the load, convertor, battery storage, PV panels, and directly
connected to the utility as illustrated in Fig. 3. The battery system improves the cost of energy and it used during the
absence of the sun lights to supply the load or to sell electricity to the grid. Moreover. It helps to reduce the voltage
output fluctuations of the PV and eliminate the difference in phase between the PV and grid voltages, and also can
improve the power quality and reliability issues.
 18.5
X 263
X 525
Y 18.5 PV CASE
Y 18
18 STORAGE CASE
X 263
CONVERTOR CASE
Y 18.1 X 790
Y 17.5
17.5
X 1050
X 525 Y 17.1
Y 17
17
Net Present Cost in M$

16.5

X 790 X 1600
16 Y 15.9 Y 15.9

15.5

15 X 263 X 1050
Y 14.7 X 525 Y 14.7
Y 14.5
X 1050
14.5 X 790 Y 14.3 X 1600
Y 14.2
X
Y 1600
14.1
Y 14
14
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different capacities of the PV, CONVERTOR and STORAGE DEVICE in KW

Figure 5. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% of the load size versus the net present cost NPC.

5.1 PV arrangements

The PV arrays capacity depends on the solar irradiance availability, demand characteristics, and the required
renewable energy ratio. The renewable energy harvested then invested partially to inject the load is known as the
renewable fraction, in this situation the fraction is associated with the PV production. The increase or decrease of the
PV output is controlled by the load requirements and the size of the PV as well. Currently, the electricity produced
by the PV is ranged from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. The PV data is shown in Table 2. It’s noticed that the operation cost is
neglected and the panels are just subjected to the maintenance regularly with a very low price. The dirty and dusts
removal and PV panels angle setup costs are defined as the O&M costs.

X 263 PV CASE
Y 5.506 STORAGE CASE
5.5 X 263 CONVERTOR CASE
X 525
Y 5.275 Y 5.258
X 790
Y 5.011
the amount of the emissions in Mkg/year

5 X 1050
X 525 Y 4.758
Y 4.625

4.5
X 1600
Y 4.172
X 790
Y 3.989
4

X 263 X 525
Y 3.516 X 790 X 1050
Y 3.483
3.5 Y 3.405 Y 3.417 X 1600
Y 3.314

X 1050
Y 2.985
3 X 1600
Y 3.087

2.5
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different sizes of the PV,STORAGE and CONVERTOR in KW

Figure 6. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 150% of the load size versus the emission.

5.2 Convertor

The DC power derived from the PV is converted through the inverter into an AC power to supply the demand. The
secondary function of the convertor is to be exploited as a rectifier to charge the battery during the night periods.
Central convertors are widely used due to their high efficiency and easy in installation. In this project, the convertor
cost is estimated from the Saudi market and found to be 300 USD/KW with an O&M cost of 10 USD/year as it
appears in Table 3.

5.3 Grid

The aim of using the storage devices in the hybrid system is to inject the load with a certain energy when the PV
output is zero. Additionally, it can help in the bill management. In this study, the battery system can be charged also
from the main utility. Table 4 shows the data of the battery and compared to the other system parameters the cost is
high.

1200

X 790
Y 1060 PV CASE
STORAGE CASE
in KWh/year

X 525 CONVERTOR CASE

1000
Y 929.9

800
3

600
The excess electricity * 10

X 1050
Y 448.2

400

X 263
200Y 152.5
X 263 X 525 X 790 X 1050 X 1600
Y 95.26 Y 99.52 Y 96.29 Y 99.49 X 1600
Y 92.65
X 790 X 1050 Y 70.51
X 263 X 525 X 1600
Y 26.14 Y 26.24
Y 2.941 Y 10.56 Y 4.919
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different sizes of the PV, Storage and Convertor in KW

Figure 7. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% of the load size versus the excess electricity.

X 1600
50 Y 47.8
X 263 X 525
Y 44.8 Y 45 X 1050
45 X 790 Y 48.2 X 1600
Y 46.3 Y 46.9
X 1050
40 Y 43.5 PV CASE
STORAGE CASE
CONVERTOR CASE
35
X 790
The renewable Fraction (%)

Y 30.7
30 X 1600
Y 27.5

25
X 525
Y 19.7
20 X 1050
Y 17.4

X 790
15 Y 13

X 263 X 525
10 Y 8.39 Y 8.7

X 263
Y 4.4
5

0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different capacities of PV, STORAGE and CONVERTOR in KW

Figure 8. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% of the load size versus the renewable fraction.
6. Simulation results

This study is implemented by considering five different sizes for the PV, energy battery storage and convertor,
when they are connected to Saudi electrical network; because the majority of the stations are thermal power plants,
so that the grid system is modelled and analyzed based on the fuel economic factors. Firstly, it’s considered that the
operating capacity is 25% of the load for each, then the corresponding NCP, COE, Emissions, Excess electricity,
Annual electricity bill, and Ren. The fraction is calculated based on HOMER, the capacities changed to 50%, 75%,
100% and 150% and the same calculations have taken out, then MATLAB software is used to show the variation of
the economic and ecological system parameters against the different sizes of the parameters participation on the
overall system. The purpose is to optimize the operation of each system’s component economically and reduce the
effect of the environmental impacts.

A low inverter size increases the O&M costs of PV-on grid system when its capacity is zero KW, the simulation
shows that the cost is very high in this situation and scattered from 1.1 to 1.8 MUSD, the reason is that the electricity
without inverter is supplied directly from the thermal power grid which leads to this high bill. Further, the effect of
the inverter size on CO2 emission is the same as the effect on the O&M costs. Moreover, the switching-off of the
inverter is significantly increases the pollutants due to the dependent on the non-renewable sources which are PV
and supplementary storage devices in this work. Additionally, the excess electricity occurs also with the investment
of the inverter, obviously, the removal of the inverter is affected the overall system ecologically and economically.

Excess electricity is presented when PV size reached 1000 KW but at a very low value and appeared significantly
when the capacity becomes 2000 KW. Nevertheless, it’s scattered intensively near to 3000 KW PV size which
indicates the large PV size from the optimum leads to surplus energy as shown in fig. 20. Supplementary, CO2
emissions are affected by the over-size of PV, this is implemented when the capacity is become more than 2000 KW
and being higher than or near to 3000 KW. The excess electricity as well as the emission; it’s increased significantly
when the size ranged from 2600-3000 KW. It appears at 1000 KW PV size.

6.1 The effect of the size on the COE

The COE shown in Fig. 4 indicates that with the increase of the PV, convertor, and storage sizes the COE
reduced slightly in the case battery and significantly in the case of PV size increment. Therefore, the lowest COE
recorded when the capacity of the battery size is 1600KW and the corresponding COE is 0.11 USD.

6.2 The effect of the size on the NPC

The lowest NCP is achieved when the capacity of the convertor increased and it reached 14 million USD when
the size was 1600 KW. (removed the) Fig. 5 shows the variation of the capacities in the on-grid system components
and their according NPC.
 1.5

X 263 X 525 X 790 X 1050 X 1600

1.45 Y 1.484 Y 1.484 Y 1.484 Y 1.484 Y 1.484

X 263
1.4 Y 1.39

PV CASE
The annual electricity bill in million USD
1.35 X 525 STORAGE CASE
Y 1.32 CONVERTOR CASE

1.3
X 790
Y 1.252
1.25

X 1050
1.2 Y 1.187

1.15

1.1

X 1600
1.05 Y 1.04

1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
The different sizes of the PV, STORAGE and CONVERTOR in KW

Figure 9. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% of the load size versus the annual electricity bill.

6.3 The effect of the size on the emission

The renewable systems are mainly in addition to the economic factors used to reduce the pollutants that affect
the atmosphere and (removed the) climate change as well. The simulation as represented in Fig. 6 indicates that the
increase of the system capacities leads to (removed the) a reduction in the amount of the pollutants. Moreover, the
minimum amount is resulted from using a convertor size of 1600 KW, and the emission amount per year is found to
be 3.087 million.

6.4 The effect of the size on the excess electricity

In the simulation, at an unmet demand of almost 0.001% the performance of the system is set (PV case).
Nevertheless, excess energy might occur when there is remaining generated power after fulfilling the load
requirements. The excess power could be dumped since it is not absorbed by the load. Conversely, in this analysis as
indicated above the excess energy is sold to the grid at a sell-back already determined rate. The excess electricity is
harnessed to be sold into the grid in the tariff described before. To be invested from the surplus storage energy or the
PV panels when the load is covered. In Fig. 7, the increase of the PV size has effected highly by the increase of its
size and the highest electricity excess occurred when the storage size is maximized to a value of 92650 KWh per
year.

Figure 10. Different operating conditions status

6.5 The effect of the size on the renewable fraction and the annual bill

The renewable participation factor in the system has increased with the increase of the system parameters as
shown in Fig. 8. The highest ren.ratio is 47.8% and occurred in the case of the convertor size increasing. Also, the
Fig. 9 represented that the convertor has the highest annual bill.

Figure 11. Annual report for PV penetration, utility economics, and load consumption.

Figure 12. Emission amount affects the atmosphere.

7. The optimization sizing based on HOMER tools

Homer is utilized the different sizes of the convertor, PV and storage device according to the load needs,
economics requirements of the operation, the abundant of the solar radiation and the current energy rate when the
load supplied from the grid based on feasibility algorithm of finance and ecological factors built in. from Fig. 10, 11,
12, 13, the COE is relatively higher than the stochastic optimization approach where it is optimized by HOMER
here to be 0.115 USD. Whenever, the excess electricity, the renewable participation forms 0.94% and 44.6% of the
total electricity production respectively.

Figure 13. The utility bill, demand, and consumption rates per year.
The power generated from PV is supplied to the load through the inverter, figure 30 shows the
maximum power transferred occurred during the daytime (from 6.0 a.m. to 6.0 p.m.) with a capacity
factor of 38.2%. on the other hand, normally the battery system is charged from the grid when PV
generators are off-used (night time), its realized from the simulation as shown in fig.30 the rectifier has
not worked at all to direct the energy from the grid to the storage devices and the batteries stored their
energy directly from the PV system when available which can increase its lifetime, reduce the M&O
costs, reduce the harmonics affects and decrease the emission level.

PV sources supply the base-load with a capacity factor of 19.1% and total production of 5 MWh/year,
figure 40 indicates that the energy production is significant during the daytime (6.0 a.m. to 6.0 p.m) due
to the availability of sunlights, further, the generated power reached the maximum amount between
December and March. Additionally, 6,612 strings are connected in parallel to supply the load with a
battery output voltage of 3.7 V and lifetime throughput of 17.095 MWh depending on the SOC
characteristics as shown in fig. 45.

8. Conclusion

The optimization of resources is highly being considered to minimize the project costs and besides ecological
impacts. A variety of utilization approaches for the design and planning goals are used for renewable energy
systems. This paper presents the effect of the convertor, PV, and battery for an on-grid system in the NCP, COE,
ren.ratio, annual savings and bill, and emissions on the finance and environmental issues for a commercial load in
KSA. However, it’s optimized that the proper operation is obtained when the convertor size has a capacity equal a
150%, the size of the storage in a 150%, the capacity of the PV is a 150% of the average load to achieve the desired
goals. In the future, a larger range of the system parameters could be taken into account to study the feasibility of the
on-grid system at this commercial load.

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Appendixes

The Matlab code used to develop the system dynamics

%different sizes of PV and its economics.

percentage1=[263 525 790 1050 1600];
npc1=[18.5 18 17.5 17.1 15.9];
coe1=[0.157 0.153 0.149 0.145 0.135];
emission1=[5.506 5.258 5.011 4.758 4.172];
excesselectricty1=[2.941 10.560 26.137 26.238 4.919];
annualbill1=[1.39 1.3196 1.2524 1.1867 1.04];
ren.fraction1=[4.4 8.7 13 17.4 27.5];
%different energy storage and its economics.
percentage2=[263 525 790 1050 1600];
npc2=[14.7 14.5 14.2 14.7 14.1];
coe2=[0.113 0.112 0.110 0.119 0.11];
emission2=[3.516 3.483 3.4045 3.417 3.314];
excesselectricity2=[95.258 99.522 96.289 448.182 92.649];
annualbill2=[1.483 1.482 1.482 1.482 1.481];
ren.fraction2=[44.8 45 46.3 43.5 46.9];
%different energy convertor and its economics.
percentage3=[267 525 790 1050 1600];
npc3=[18.1 17 15.9 14.3 14];
coe3=[0.154 0.144 0.135 0.121 0.116];
emission3=[5.275 4.625 3.9888 2.985 3.0866];
excesselectricity3=[152.502 929.922 1059.742 99.494 70.508];
annualbill3=[1.484 1.484 1.4835 1.4835 1.4835];
ren.fraction3=[8.39 19.7 30.7 48.2 47.8];
Figure 20: PV size versus O&M costs sensitivity variables graph

Figure 39: Cash flow by cost type.

 Figure 30: Daily operational performance of rectifier and inverter output.

Figure 40: Daily generic flat plate PV operation report for one year

Fig. 45: Annually average battery SOC during the daytime under different loading situations.