Module 2: Numbers and Its Operations: Eet Your Target

BRIDGE MATHEMATICS 1 (BM 101-A) FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UPOU UGNAYAN NG PAHINUNGOD

MODULE 2: NUMBERS AND ITS OPERATIONS

Meet Your Target
At the end of the module, each Bridge Math

participant will be able to:
•Discuss the concept of the real number

system;
•Perform fundamental operations on

integers, fractions, and decimals
Activate the Mind
Numbers are unique. They can be written

both in symbols and in words. Do you know
that numbers can be written in di erent
ways? Here’s an example.
Image source: https://vedicsciences.net/articles/history-of-numbers.html
Numbers are in nite. There is no such thing as the smallest or the largest number. It runs
in nitely. Each real number has a unique place in the number line.
Most people perceive math as a subject about numbers and computations on numbers. The
most common uses of numbers are counting and computations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. In this module, we will tackle the real number system and the basic
arithmetic operations. In particular, we review the so-called PEMDAS rule in performing
calculations.
Bridge Mathematics Course Module designed by LGV Pondara | Module 2
Faculty of Education, UP Open University (2022) | Page 5

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TOPIC 1: THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
In this module, we will learn about the real number system, its properties, and fundamental
operations. As a part of the real number system, we will also learn about absolute values,
integers, fractions, decimals, and irrational numbers.
The illustration above shows the relationship of the di erent subsets of the real number
system. Under the real number system, here are its di erent subsets:
• Real Numbers
• Rational Numbers
• Irrational Numbers
• Integers
• Whole Numbers
• Natural Numbers
Real Numbers
The union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers is the set of real
numbers.

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Rational Numbers
Rational numbers are real numbers. A rational number is any real number that can be
expressed as a quotient of two integers whose divisor is not equal to zero. This can be
a
denoted as where both a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.
b
Rational numbers can be fractions, integers, and decimals that terminate or repeat.
Example of rational numbers:

-1, 2, 0, 5 These are integers. So, these are also rational numbers.
¼, ½, ¾, 1 ½ These are fractions. So, these are rational numbers.
0.50, 1.25, 0.75 These are terminating decimals. So, these are rational numbers. A
terminating decimal is a decimal that ends.
0.333…, 0.676767... These are repeating decimals. So, these are rational numbers. A repeating
decimal is a decimal that do not end, but keeps on repeating. Repeats
can be indicated through three dots with a pattern or a bar. Example:
0.333… or 0.3̄

Irrational Numbers
Irrational numbers are real numbers. An irrational number is a number whose digits do not
terminate nor repeat. These are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two
integers unlike rational numbers.
Examples of irrational numbers:

2 The value of 2 ≈ 1.141213562… This is a non-terminating, non-
repeating decimal. So, this is an irrational number.
π The value of pi is approximately 3.141592654… This is a non-terminating,

non-repeating decimal. So, this is an irrational number.
4.123456789… This is a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal. So, this is an irrational
number.

Natural Numbers
Natural numbers are rational numbers. They are also called counting numbers or positive
integers. How do you count? You start from 1, 2, 3, right? You do not count with ½, 1, 1 ½,
etc. You do not start counting at zero, but at one. Natural numbers are exact and used in
counting.
Examples of natural numbers:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, 100, 200, 300,…
Whole Numbers
The union of the set of counting numbers and zero is the set of whole numbers.
Examples of whole numbers:

0,1 ,2, 3, 4, 5, …, 100, 200, 300,…


Integers
The union of the set of whole numbers and the set of negative integers is the set of integers.
These are also called signed numbers because they come in positive or in negative signs.
Zero is an integer, but it is neither positive nor negative.
Examples of integers:
-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
Non-examples of integers:
¼, ½, 0.5, 0.75, ¾ These are not exact signed numbers.
In a Venn Diagram, the Real Number System can be presented as:
This means that natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational
numbers are real numbers.
• Natural numbers, whole numbers and integers are rational numbers.
• Natural numbers and whole numbers are integers.
• Natural numbers are whole numbers.


Resource Link:
The Real Number System
https://jamesbrennan.org/algebra/numbers/
real_number_system.htm
Try This
Determine the appropriate set where the following numbers belong. Check the box of the set
where it belongs. You can have more than one check in a given number. The rst one is done
for you.
Number Natural Whole Integer Rational Irrational Real

Number Number Number Number Number
-5 ✔ ✔ ✔
21
3
¼
Link to Quizziz:
The Real Number
System
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz
5746f6101488d92ea25c691b/
the-real-number-system
Activate the Mind
TOPIC 2: OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Every positive integer has a corresponding opposite negative integer. Zero has no opposite
number because zero is neither positive nor negative.
The set of integers is the union of the set of negative integers, the set of positive integers, and
zero. Negative integers are written with a “-“ sign. Positive numbers can also be written without
the “+” sign.

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Another way of showing the set of integers is to locate them on a number line. Positive
integers are on the right of zero while negative integers are on the left of zero. The point on the
number line assigned to 0 is called the origin.
RULES IN ADDING INTEGERS
Here is a song in the Tune “Row, row, row, your boat” to remind you of the rules in adding
integers.
Same signs,
add and keep
Di erent signs, subtract
Copy the sign of the
greater number
And it will be exact!
ADDING INTEGERS WITH LIKE SIGNS

To add integers with the same signs, add their absolute values then use their common sign
Examples:
7+8 The sign of both numbers is positive. Remember, same signs, add and
keep. Therefore, the sign of the answer is positive. The answer is 15.
(-4) + (-6) The sign of both numbers is negative. Remember, same signs, add and
keep. Therefore, the sign of the answer is also negative. The answer is -10.
(-1) + (-3) + (-5) Because the sign of all the numbers is negative, then the sign of the answer is
also negative. Same signs, add and keep. Add the numbers, 1 + 3 + 5 = 9,
then the negative sign. The answer is -9.

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ADDING INTEGERS WITH UNLIKE SIGNS

To add integers with di erent signs, nd the di erence between the absolute values then use
the sign of the integer with the greater absolute value. The song says, “Di erent signs,
subtract. Copy the sign of the greater number.”
Examples:
7 + (-8) Because the sign of the number with higher absolute value is negative, the
sign of the answer is negative. The song says, “Different signs, subtract.”
8 – 7 = 1. Then, copy the sign of the greater number, that’s negative. The
answer is -1.
(-4) + 6 Because the sign of the number with higher absolute value is positive, the
sign of the answer is positive. The song says, “Different signs, subtract.” 6
– 4 = 2. Then, copy the sign of the greater number, that’s positive. The
answer is 2.
(-1) + (-3) + 5 (-1) and (-3) have the same signs, so we add them. The answer is -4. Now,
(-4) and 5 have different signs. The song says, “Different signs, subtract.”
5 – 4 = 1. Then, copy the sign of the greater number, that’s positive. The
answer is 1.
RULES IN SUBTRACTING INTEGERS
To subtract an integer, add its opposite. First, change the sign of the subtrahend. Second,
proceed to the rule in adding integers.

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Examples:
7–4 This is the same is 7 + (-4). They have different signs, so we subtract.
Remember the rules in adding integers. 7 – 4 = 3. The sign of the greater
number is positive. The answer is 3.
4–5 This is the same as 4 + (-5). They have different signs, so we subtract. 5 – 4
= 1. The sign of the greater number is negative. The answer is -1.
-4 – (-6) The sign of the subtrahend is negative (-6). Change the sign of the
subtrahend, +6. We can write this as -4 + 6. They have different signs, so we
subtract. 6 – 4 = 2. The sign of the greater number is positive. The answer is
2.
5 – (-2) The sign of the subtrahend is negative (-2). Change the sign of the
subtrahend, 2. We can write this as 5 + 2. They have the same signs, so we
add them. The answer is 7.
-4 – 3 This can be written as (-4) + (-3). They have the same signs, so we add
them. 4 + 3 = 7. Then, we copy the sign. The answer is -7.
Method 2:
If you nd the rst method challenging, please try this second method.
Remember another rule which can also be applied in multiplying integers.
(-)(+) = - Di erent signs, negative -(4) = -4

(-)(-) = + Same signs, positive -(-4) = 4
You only change numbers when (-)(+) or (-)(-) are next to each other. Then, proceed to the rule
in adding integers.
Examples:
4–7 4 is positive, -7 is negative. In adding integers, different signs, subtract. 7

– 4 = 3. Copy the sign of the greater number, that’s negative. The answer is
-3.
-4 – 3 Both have the same signs, -4 and -3. In adding integers, same signs, add.
4 + 3 = 7. Copy the sign, that’s negative. The answer is -7.
3 – (-2) Two negative signs are next to each other. See the rule in method 2. –(-2) =
+2. Now, we have 3 + 2. Both have the same signs, so we add them. 3 + 2 =
5.
RULES IN MULTIPLYING INTEGERS

The product of two numbers with the same signs is positive.
The product of two numbers with di erent signs is negative.
Examples:
4(2) Same signs, positive. The answer is 8.

3(-4) Different signs, negative. The answer is -12.
(-3)(-2) Same signs, positive. The answer is 6.
(15)(-3) Different signs, negative. The answer is -45.
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More on Multiplying Integers:

• If there are three or more integers with positive and negative signs, simply count the
number of negative signs.
• If the number of negative signs is even, the answer is positive. (Since rst rule come in
pairs).
• If the number of negative signs is odd, the answer is negative.
Examples:
4(2)(-4) There is one number with a negative sign. That’s odd, negative. The answer
is -32.
3(-4)(-5) There are two numbers with a negative sign. That’s even, positive. The
answer is 60.
(-3)(-2)(-5)(-1) There are four numbers with a negative sign. That’s even, positive. The
answer is 30.
(15)(-3)(-1)(-2) There are three numbers with a negative sign. That’s odd, negative. The
answer is -90.
RULES IN DIVIDING INTEGERS
The quotient of two numbers with the same signs is positive.

The quotient of two numbers with di erent signs is negative.
Examples:
(-10) ÷ (-2) Same signs, positive. The answer is 5.

10 Different signs, negative. The answer is -5.
−2

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Link to Resource Material: 

Operations on Integers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdjV597vQCQ&t=2s
Try This
Let us try adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers. The online
game is called Math Boxing. Every time you solve operations on integers
right, it will grant you a successful hit. If you get it wrong, you will be hit.
You can either scan the code or clic this link: https://www.mathnook.com/
math/math-boxing-integer-asmd.html. Enjoy the boxing round!

Activate the Mind
TOPIC 3: OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS
Decimals can be terminating, repeating, or non-terminating, non-repeating. When you divide a

numerator by a denominator, and the remainder is zero, then you get the quotient is a
terminating decimal.
When you divide a number by a denominator, and the remainder is not zero but a pattern
repeats, the quotient is a repeating decimal. A vinculum or horizontal bar above the digit or
block of digits that repeats is used to denote repeating decimals. Three dots after the digits
also indicate that the digit or a block of digits repeats inde nitely.
If the quotient does not repeat and it does not end, then you get a non-terminating, non-
repeating decimal.

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OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS

To add or subtract decimals:
Step 1. Write the decimals with the decimal points aligned in one column
Step 2. Add or subtract as in whole numbers
Step 3. A x the decimal point of the sum in the same column as the addends
Example 1: 12.57 + 2.45 + 250.72
12.57 Step 1. Write the decimals with the decimal points aligned in one column.
2.45
+ 250.72
265.74 Step 2. Add as in whole numbers.
Step 3. A x the decimal point
Example 2: 12.57 - 2.45

12.57 Step 1. Write the decimals with the decimal points aligned in one column.
- 2.45
10.12 Step 2. Subtract as in whole numbers.
Step 3. A x the decimal point
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS
To multiply decimals:
Step 1. Multiply the decimals as in whole numbers.
Step 2. Count the total number of decimal places to the right side of the decimal point
in the factors.
Step 3. From the rightmost digit of the product, count an equal number of decimal
places as those in the two factors.
Example 3: 2.34 x 1.2

2.34 Step 1. Multiply like whole numbers.
x 1.2
2808 Step 3. Count the total number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point.
2.34 (2 decimal places)
1.2 (1 decimal place)
2.808 Step 3. Put the same number of places behind the decimal in the product.

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DIVISION OF DECIMALS
To divide decimals:
Step 1. Make the divisor a whole number by multiplying both the divisor and the
dividend by the same multiple of 10
Step 2. Divide as in whole numbers
Step 3. Place the decimal point in the quotient in the same position as the dividend
Example 4: Divide 0.42 by 0.6
Link to YouTube Video: Decimals Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCBXoLb2ItI
Try This
Mastering a Mathematics skill needs more practice. Have

more practice in doing operations on decimals either by
doing the online worksheet or the online decimal board
game. You can either scan the QR code or click the link.
Link to Online Worksheet by Math Drills:

https://www.math-drills.com/orderofoperations/
ooo_decimals_pemdas_sixsteps_negative_001.1635099797.pdf
Link to Online Decimal Board Game by Math Play:

http://www.math-play.com/decimals-board-game/decimals-board-game_html5.html



Activate the Mind
TOPIC 4: OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Rational numbers are fractions. A fraction has a numerator and

a denominator. Fractions whose number is 1 are called unit
fractions.
A fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator is called

proper fraction. A fraction whose numerator is greater than or
equal to its denominator is called an improper fraction. A
number mixed with a fraction is called a mixed number.
Fractions with the same denominators are called similar

fractions. Fractions with di erent denominators are called dissimilar fractions.
Types Unit Proper Improper Mixed Similar Dissimilar

Fraction Fraction Fraction Number Fractions Fractions
Examples 1 1 2 3 3 5 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , 1 , 5 , , ,
2 4 3 5 2 3 2 3 4 4, 4 2 3 4
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

To add or subtract similar fractions, add or subtract their numerators and copy the common
denominator.
Examples:
5 9 These are similar fractions. Add their numerators, 5 + 9 = 14. Copy the common
+ 14
7 7 denominator, . Simplify, the answer is 2.
7
2 1 These are similar fractions. Subtract their numerators, 2 - 1 = 1. Copy the

− 1
5 5 common denominator, .
5
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

Step 1 Find the least common denominator (LCD).
5 3 2
Step 2 Multiply the fraction equivalent to 1 (example: , , ) to make the
5 3 2
fractions similar.
Step 3 Add or subtract the similar fractions.

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Examples:
Example 1:
1 3 Step 1. These are dissimilar fractions. The LCD is 10.

−
2 5
5 1 3 2 Step 2. Multiply the fraction equivalent to 1. What will you multiply
× − × 1 5 5
5 2 5 2 to 2 to get 10? Yes, 5. So, multiply × = .
2 5 10
What will you multiply to 5 to get a denominator of 10? Yes, 2. So,
3 2 6
multiply × = .
5 2 10
5 6 1 5 6 1
− =− Step 3. Subtract the similar fractions, − =− .
10 10 10 10 10 10
5
Example 2: Mary and Martha will sew a table cloth. Mary brought m of a cloth while Martha
12
2
brought m of the same cloth. How long is the cloth that they have?
3
First, write the problem in mathematical terms.
5 2 Step 1. These are dissimilar fractions. The LCD of the fractions is

+ 12.
12 3
5 2 4 Step 2. Multiply the fraction equivalent to 1 on 2/3 to have a
+ × denominator of 12. What will you multiply to 3 to get 12? Yes, 4. So,
12 3 4 2 4 8
multiply × = .
3 4 12
5 8 13 1 5 8 13
+ = =1 Step 3. Add the similar fractions, + = . Simplify, the
12 12 12 12 12 12 12
1
answer is 1 .
12
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators. That is,
a c ac
× = , where b ≠ 0, d ≠ 0
b d bd
Examples:
Example 1:
( 7 )( 6 )( 10 ) Multiply the denominators, 7 x 6 x 10 = 420.

3 2 9 Multiply the numerators, 3 x 2 x 9 = 54.
− −
9
54 9 Simplify, the answer is .
= = 70
420 70

5
Example 2: Mary and Martha will sew a table napkin. They have m of a colored cloth. They
7
9
will only use of the cloth that they had. How long will the table napkin be?
10
5 9
First, write the problem in mathematical terms: ×
7 10
5 9 45 9
× = = Multiply the numerators, 5 x 9 = 45.
7 10 70 14 Multiply the denominators, 7 x 10 = 70.
9
Simplify, the answer is
14
DIVIDING FRACTIONS
Step 1. Convert the divisor into its reciprocal.
Step 2. Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor. That is
a c a d ad
÷ = × =
b d b c bc
Examples:
Example 1:
5 9 5 10 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.

÷ = ×
7 10 7 9 Multiply the numerators and denominators.
50
=
63
Example 2:
(7) ( 6) 7 ( 2)
3 2 3 6 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
÷ − = × −
Multiply the numerators and denominators. Then, simplify the
answer.
18 9 2
=− =− =−1
14 7 7
Link to YouTube Video: Fractions Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rl7e0djo9Go

Try This
Try these online drills on adding, subtracting,

multiplying and dividing fractions. There is
also an online drill on word problems on
fractions. You can either scan the QR code or
click the link.
Link to Online Drill on Adding and Subtracting Fractions:

https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.64-add-and-subtract-fractions
Link to Online Drill on Multiplying and Dividing Fractions:
https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.99-divide-and-multiply-mixed-numbers
Link to Online Drill on Word Problems on Fractions:

https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.118-mixed-equations-with-fractions-mixed-numbers
Activate the Mind
TOPIC 5: PEMDAS RULE

 
For a mathematical expression to be well-de ned, it should be interpreted with consistency
and it should "express" the same expression when performing computations. There are rules
on how sequence of operations are performed in a mathematical expression. PEMDAS is the
acronym for Parenthesis - Exponent - Multiplication & Division - Addition & Subtraction.
This is a mnemonic for the correct order of performing operations in a given mathematical
expression.
Arithmetic refers to the part of mathematics in which we study the properties of operations on
numbers such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. There are speci c rules on
how to properly perform a sequence of arithmetic operations on numbers. We will introduce
PEMDAS which is a mnemonic for Parenthesis-Exponentiation-Multiplication/Division-Addition/
Subtraction.
The PEMDAS Rule extends to mathematical expressions involving variables and constants.
For this part, we will only consider mathematical expressions consisting of numbers and
arithmetic operations.
PEMDAS is a mathematical rule on the order of operations on mathematical expressions. The

rule is a guide to which operations should be performed rst in relation to other operations in
the expression. If a mathematical expression has parentheses (P), then computations should
be performed rst for the expression inside the parentheses before the expression outside the
parentheses. After that, if the expression has a number with Exponents (E), then the
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exponentiation should be performed before the other arithmetic operations. Next, Multiplication
and Division (MD) are considered to be on the same level of precedence. Consequently,
operations having the same level of precedence are performed from left to right. Also, Addition
and Subtraction (AS) are on the same level of precedence.
To summarize, expressions should be computed as follows: P then E then (MD) then (AS),
where operations with the same level of precedence are computed from left to right.
To illustrate PEMDAS, here are some examples.
Example 1
(21 + 34) + 22
55 + 22 First, we calculate the expression in the parentheses.
55 + 4 Second, we compute the number with an exponent
59 Last, we add the remaining numbers
Example 2
(13)(3) − 12/2(3)(2) + 24 Note: We use ( ) for multiplication and / for division.
39 − 12/2(3)(2) + 24 First, we compute the expressions with multiplication and division from
39 − 6(3)(2) + 24 left to right.
39 − 18(2) + 24
39 − 36 + 24
3 + 24 Then, we calculate the expressions with addition and subtraction from
27 left to right.
Example 2
(14 − 6)(3) − 48 ÷ 3(3) + 6
(8)(3) − 48 ÷ 3(3) + 6 First, calculate the expression inside the parenthesis.
24 − 48 ÷ 3(3) + 6 Second, compute the multiplication and division rst (from left to right)
24 − 16(3) + 6
24 − 48 + 6 Third, do addition and subtraction from left to right.
−18
Link to YouTube Video: Viral Video on PEMDAS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaitsBUyiNQ

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Try This
Let us practice PEMDAS with this online drill from

Mathopolis. You can either scan the QR code or click the link
below.
Link to Online Drill on PEMDAS:

https://bit.ly/practicePEMDAS
References
Books:
Department of Education (2015). Learning module for mathematics 7.
Geruela, M. C., de Guzman, L. A. M., Garcia, A. K., & De Las Peñas, M. L. A. N. (2015).
Mathematics for the 21st century learner. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Oronce, O. A., & Mendoza, M. O. (2019). E-math: Worktext in mathematics. Rex Bookstore,
Inc.
Singapore Asia Publishers (2013). Synergy for success in mathematics: Singapore

approach.
Webpages:
Brennan, J. (n.d.). The real number system. https://jamesbrennan.org/algebra/numbers/

real_number_system.htm
SplashLearn (n.d.). Number line - De nition with examples. https://www.splashlearn.com/math-

vocabulary/number-sense/number-line
Videos:
MindYourDecisions. (2019, August 1). 8 ÷ 2 (2 + 2) = ? Mathematician explains the correct

answer [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaitsBUyiNQ
Math with Mr. J. (2020, February 17). Fraction review | How to add, subtract, multiply, and
divide fractions [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rl7e0djo9Go
Math with Mr. J. (2020, February 18). Decimal review | Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
decimals [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCBXoLb2ItI
Math & Magic. (2020, May 31). Grade 7: Operations on integers [Video]. YouTube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdjV597vQCQ&t=2s

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Online Quizzes, Worksheets, and Games:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5746f6101488d92ea25c691b/the-real-number-system
https://www.mathnook.com/math/math-boxing-integer-asmd.html
https://www.math-drills.com/orderofoperations/
ooo_decimals_pemdas_sixsteps_negative_001.1635099797.pdf
http://www.math-play.com/decimals-board-game/decimals-board-game_html5.html
https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.64-add-and-subtract-fractions
https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.99-divide-and-multiply-mixed-numbers
https://www.mathgames.com/skill/7.118-mixed-equations-with-fractions-mixed-numbers
https://bit.ly/practicePEMDAS
-END OF MODULE 2-

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BRIDGE MATHEMATICS 1 (BM 101-A) FACULTY OF EDUCATION

UPOU UGNAYAN NG PAHINUNGOD