— =< OXFORD | —_= Ley oa : iio Industry, ee Invention and sek eR ET 1745-1901 ey 3 of 180OXFORD Contents Introducing KS3 History A joumey through time fr Chapter 1: From farming to factories 1.1 What was Britain ike 250 years ago? 1.1B_ What was Britain like 250 years ago: 1.2. Why did the populat plode"? 1.3A No more homework! 1.3B No more homework! AA How cid factories create towns? 1.48 did factories create towns? 1.5A Peter the pauper 1.5B Peter the pauper 1.6 What wa: k gold 1.7 Anew‘Age of Iron’ 1.8 The end of the'Cripple Factory Chapter 2: How was transport improved? 2.1 Tumpike fever 2.2 Canal mania! 2.3. What were ‘iron 2.4 Train reaction! Chapter 3: An age of invention 3.1A The National Awards for Invention ar 3.1B The National Awards for Invention and D 3.1€ The National Awards for invention and Design 3.2. What a good idea! 3.3 How great the Great Exhibition? 3.4 —Sowhat was the Industrial Revolutio Assessing Your Learning 1 Chapter 4: Terrible towns 4.1A What made Sheffield stink? 4.1B What made Sheffield stink? 4.2 Welcome to Sickness Street 4.3A Who were the heroes of public health? 4.3B. Who were the heroes of public health? 43C Who weret 44 Adlassact? 45 Crimewatch 46 Catching the vile villains 47 Offtoprison HISTORY MYSTERY }eroes of public health What did Jack the Ripper look lke ORY MYSTERY. What did Jack the Ripper | Chapter 5: The slave trade 5.1A What was 5.1B What trade? slave trade? 5.2 What wasit like on a slave 53 Aslave sale 54 Alife of slavery 5.5A Why was slavery abolished! 5.5B_ Why was slavery abolished! Chapter 6: Britain vs. France 6.1A Britain versus France... in North A 6.1B Britain versus France... in North A 6.2A_ In what way is the execution of a J to Britain? ay is the execution of a king linked to Britain Boney will get you! 4 of 180OXFORD 6.40 How cid Nelsons Battle 6.4B Hoy Battle 65 Or 6.68 Napoleon's 6.68 W Napoteor's last st Chapter 7: The British in India 7.1 How cid Britain npire: 7.2 What was Ke re the British 7.3 Invasion of India 7.4A ind nutiny. .. or war of independence? 7.4B_Incian mutiny 75 Assessing Your Learning 2 Chapter 8: The fight for rights 8.1A_ 1848: How close was 8.1B | How close w 8.1C 1848: How British revolution? 8.2 Thematch gi 8.3 Enough of hi what about he Chapter 9: A changing nation 9.1A Whocates? 9.1B Whocares: 9.2A What were 9.2B What were Vict 93A Ahealthier nati 9.3B Ahealthier natio 9AA Geowgean 9.48 935A 95B 96 97 98 9.90 9.9B Chapter 10: What was Britain like by 1901? 10.1 Howd ‘ i 45 an Assessing Your Learning 3 Glossary AOXFORD ‘Thinking about History re exploring this book, take a fe tions. minutes to think What do you think history is? t have you learned in History lessons before’ Did you enjoy the lessons or not? Think about why Have you read any books about things th happened a long time ago? Have you watched any television programmes, films or plays about past events? Which ones? So what is history? History is about what happened in the past. It’s about people in the past, what they did and why they did it, what they thought, and what they felt. To enjoy history you need to hav good imagination. You nee able to imagine what life was like long ago, or what it may have been like to be involved in pas! nts. What about my History lessons? Your lessons are designed to show you how, why and During the ont thre es a country has ever ki n. From 1700 to 1800 the population of Britain 1an doubled. And then, in the next 50 years, it nearly dou gain! The places where peoole lived changed dramatically too. Millions moved from the when things have changed through tir period in this book (1745-1901), Britai some of the bi han countryside to work in towns... which just grew and grew. In 1750, Oldham in Lancashire had around 300 inhabitants but in 1821 it had 38 000! Depth Study Ineach book ther isa mini depi study that focuses ions of Birmingham, Liverpool and all doubled too |. The ke a big impact on a global scale, s, taking over land and fighting in And things were changing abroad as w British be wars and battles on land and at sea. So you must be wondering how these things changed, ind why they changed, and when. This book will ta you on that journey of discovery... and hopefully turn you into a top historian on the way! How does this hook fit in? This book will get you thinking, You will be asked to look at different pieces of evidenct ings out for yoursel metimes, two pieces of idence about the same event won't agree with each other. You might be asked to think of reasons why tha ur an iend’s might not ame as you even your teacher's answers, The important thing is to give reasons for your thoughts and ideas How to use this hook Features of the Student Book, are explained here and on the opposite page. Key to icons =» 6 ®@ rksheet History skills Literacy activity History skills What Happened When? his gives you an idea of what world atthe same period you cus ake links across time, showing how thing connectedOXFORD Wise Up Words eUpW and terms ate in bold red type Wistory | 4.80 What aid Jack Mystery ) the Ripper look ike? Assessing Your Learning extended portunities fOXFORD 9 red. oe GEaN 250 years ago Ss This book is about the people and the events of Britain between 1745 and 1901 ~a time of great change. In fact, Britain probably changed more between these dates than during any other period in history. It wasatime "* Investigate what when the population grew faster than ever before and, by the end of the Brit period, for the first time in Britains history, more of the population lived in towns than in the countryside. It was a time when some of Britain's most famous battles took place ~ and when Britain gained an empire that rivalled any the world had ever seen. The period saw some of Britain’s greatest inventors, politicians, medical men (and women), writers and businessmen come to the fore. And the foundations ‘of many of our favourite sports, high street shops and familiar customs were also laid during this period. However, before we begin to investigate how much Britain had changed by 1901, we need to establish what Britain was like in 1745... so look through might not be? Clue: A cost cegistration the following pages carefully, Whot preblems does thir caute historians? was like in the mid-eighteenth century. Church records were net always accurate. Can you think of any reasons why they So how many people were there? Abc million people lived in Britain in the id -1 71 's hard to know the exact num ecause No on: ounted! Instead, historians have estirr 'd the amount by analysing sources like church rec: ese list the number of baptisms and burials in any one « < SOURCE A: SOURCE B: Ap Different classes found on travels: Class 1: “The great who live profusely’ [with lots and lots of money] Class 2: “The rich who live plentifully [with lots of money} tniddle sort, who live well” workers, who labour hard but feel no want” country people who manage indifferently [neither good nor bad} Class 6: “The poor, whose lives are hard’ 4 of Great Brita Class 7: “The miserable, who really suffer? dentified seven classes of people th. 1 From farming to factories 10 of 180FORD Who ruled? After Queen Anne (the last of the Stuarts) died in 1714, her distant German relative, George | from Hanover, came over to rule the country. In fact, there were at least 50 other members of the royal family who had stronger claims to be the next king or queen after Anne... but they were all Catholic! Instead, German-speaking Protestant, George, took the job. The new king, mainly due to the fact that he spoke no English, left Parliament alone to rule the country - which they loved! When George | died in 1727, his son (another George) took over By 1745 George II was king - but he wasn't particularly popular because it vas said that he preferred Germany. Parliament continued to make laws and hold elections every few years. The king still had to agree with all their proposals before they became law... but Parliament controlled most of the kina’s money, so they never had much trouble getting his support! Rich men who owned lots of land were the politicians and only other rich men could vote for them. In fact, in 1750 only 5 per cent of men (the rich of course) 1735, Georgelll gave house ‘Num could vote... and women couldn't vote at all ning Street to SirRobert him prime minister From 1760 to 1820, George lll was king. He was the grandson of (prime’ means fis George Il, People called him ‘Farmer George! Sadly, he suffered kname stuck from periods of madness, during which time he ended every sentence with the wi How did people have fun? The very rich read books in the vast libraries in their country houses, took walks in their landscaped gardens, ated on their lakes or got lost in their mazes. They went hunting, fishing, to concerts, to the ballet, and played billiards and dice. Poorer people went to the local pub, where they played skittles, bowls, cards and, of course, drank beer. During holiday times they went to fairs and gambled on bear-baiting -oxing. SOURCE E: A painting of a village fair 1 From farming te factories 11 of 180OXFORD Factory fever! Atkwright's method of manufacture (and the huge profits he was making) inspired others to invent mi oth even more quickly and ines that produce: eaply. In 1779, Samuel Crom invented the spinning mule, which produced thread of a t quality than Arkwright’s. In 17 5, Edmund Cartwri t designed the power loom, which sped up the weaving process to the point where workers could keep u more factories were built and, by 1 with the spinners, More and many people had left their villages and gone to work in factories, The domestic system was dying out factories grew, their owners and being replaced by the factory system. As the ilt more and more houses for their workers to live in - and this was to lead to an even gre to life in Britain, We used to gather potatoes before we cam that, L used to mend fen here. When not doing or make baskets. We came to the factory s regular work you see. I work on spinning machines and my family still works with me. The wife helps a machine operator and the kids clean. Paid one» a fortnight, family wage, in my pocket. Mind you, I miss the freedom. When you're your own boss, you work when you like, Now it’s all clock. SOURCE A: sWithin the space of ten years, from being a poor man worth £5, Richard Arkwright has jparchased an estate of £20,000; xhile thousands of women, when they can get work, must work & Jong day to card, spin and reel 5040 yards of c \ > just fourpence oF five- cotton, and for this pence and no more. A SOURCE B: An extrac An Impartial Case of the Poor Cotton Spinners Lancashire, 1780. clock, clock. Wanted at Cromford, F work-knitters a with lar children o ame- and weavers ® families. Likewise all ages may have Constant employment. Boys and young men may have ao taught them, which afar nable them to maintain A SOURCE ©: An advert SOURCE D: Cromford Mil in Derbyshire, one ofthe most 19 of 180 ‘Wise Up Words rysystem pe ning frame spinni system’ means. Match these sto the e factory diagra + This waterwheel is turned by the river and provides power for the spinning frames in the factory This clock lets the workers know exactly what time itis. Anybody late for work vill be severely punishec The factory owner, who pockets all These machines are running 24 hours a day, producing cloth Men, women and children work shifts to operate the machines and receive a regular wage. Explain how Arkwright made profits despite selling his cloth for les: money. kat Source A, ays has the factory system 1d this worker's life? What do you think the worker means by’clock, clock, clock. ..? Look at Source B. Does this source criticize or praise Richard Arkwright? Explain your answer carefully Read Source C. What do you think attracted people to Cromford: @ rss wee People came from all over the world to. visit Cromford. Imagine you are a German sito, who has 10 write a report for meone considering opening a factory. Describe how the factory operates, wha you have seen and so on. Perhaps include a picture of m, Inorder to focus your writing, you must write no more an 150 words. 1 From farming to factoriesEight out of ten people lived in the countryside in 1745. The few towns ve Expl that did exist were very small and their biggest buildings would have been a church or cathedral. But the new | Feverieecngedie lit tec powicid waterwheels as the source of power for factories. factories create towns? How were these Evaluate the positive and negative effects that this factories powered if they weren’tnext to new power source had. rivers? And what did these new towns Analyse the significance of both Watt and Boulton. look like? se ® lain how factories caused the population of towns to increase. Suggest reasons why steam engines replaced ‘The countryside empties W SOURCE A: The birth for their worke Source B shov, bet Source € shows \ re situated whilst Source D illustrates F from 1800 to Liverpool ‘Manchester Leeds Bradford Birmingham SOURCE B: KB RM ORRAROXFORD (148, Ive got the power! By 1800, factories were producing all sorts of things and making their owners lots of money. But factory owners faced a problem, They wanted their nachines to run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year in order to maximize their profits, Most of the early factories used water power - created by a huge wheel that would be turned bya river - to drive the machinery. But despite being free and clean, this water power had its problems (see Source A). wheel. The wheel power eam escapes into the cylinder and pushes which in turn pushes up one cam escapes and the p\ and are allowed to fal back down. The whole process then begins aw action of the beam is used to turn 22 of 180 | How did factories create towns? 16 December a The river is frozen. Our watenwhe 1 we have no power. The workers have home hecause theirlooms do not loncion 29 May: The hot weather has made the River Ribble low. In the afternoons, cut looms go veryalonn nee 28 August: Work has stopped in 30 mills in Work will not start until it rains again, ‘a cel will not been sent SOURCE A: Lased 0 Full steam ahead! Water power was just not reliable enough — so factory wners turned to a new form of powe ientists had been developing ~ the steam engine! These had first been used to pump water out of underground min but they were slow, expensive and kept breaking down. Then, in 1768, a Scottish inventor named James Watt met a businessman called Matthew Boulton at a science club called the Lunar Society in Birmingham, Together they eloped a new kind of steam engine that Watt had included a new (‘sun-and-planet’) gear system that turned a wh been working on. It el just as a river would (see Source B). Factory owners started to notice when they realized they could power all their machines ~ by steam! Factory fever! The effect this had on Britain was incredible. Not only was steam power faster and more reliable, it also meant that factories no longer had to be built next to fast-flov rivers — they could be built anywhere! Steam-powered factories started to spring all over Britain and more and more people left the countryside to go and work in them. Factory towns like Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Bolton and Bradfc d started to grow and grow. By 1850, Britain’s factories produced two-thirds of the world’s n cloth ~ even though cotton di ne world’s hardware (tools, p t growin Britain! Nearly half of pans and 50 on) also came from Britain. Industry had become mechanized and Britain was now known as'the workshop orld! Al fere now living in towns and cities than in the countryside! of the ne frst time in history, more people BED ye cia cst Re ene et Bie eee i eg RSET lots of people's lives. Can you identify any significant events, people or changesin Britain at this time?OXFORD Ive got the power! By 1800. factories were producing all sorts of things and making their owners lots of money. But factory owners faced a problem. They wanted their machines to run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year in order to maximize their profits. Most of the early factories used water power - created by a huge hee! that would be turned bya river — to drive the machinery. But despite being free and water power had its problems (see Source A), 4 Sunvandplanet Beam SOURCE B: Asteom engin ‘oa! is buned f0 to tun awhe up thepiston inw beam, Wher the steam escapes and the piston - and beam down, The whoke process then oftheb 22 of 180 14B ) How did factories create towns? 16 December: The river is frozen. Our waterwheel ‘ have no power. The workers have k home because their looms do not function, 29 May: The hot weather has made the River Tow. Inthe afternoons, cur looms go very clean eee ee will not en sent 28 August: Work has stopped in 30 mills in Blackburn, Work will not start until it rains again, SOURCE A: fuse iary, 18 Full steam ahead! Water power was just not owners turned to form of power that scientists had been developing - the steam engine! These had first been used to pump weter out of underground mines but they were slow, expensive and kept breaking down. Then, in 1768, a Scottish inventor named James Watt met inessman called Matthew Boulton ata science club the Lunar Society in Birmingham. Together they developed a new kind of steam engine that Watt had been working on. It included a new (‘sun-and-planet’) ear system that turned a wheel just as a river would (see Source B). Factory owners started to notice when they realized they could power all their mac! Factory fever! The effect this had on Britain was incredible. Not only steam power faster and more reliable, it also meant that factories no longer had to be built next to fast-flowing ey could be built anywhere! Stean factories started to spring up all over Britain and more and more people left the countryside to go and work in them Factory towns like Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester Bolton and Bradford started to grow and grow. By 1850, Britain's factories produced two-thirds of the worlds cotton cloth - even though cotton didn't grow in Britain! Nearly half of the world’s hardware (tools, pots, pans and 50 on) also came from Britain. Industry had becom mechanized and Britain was now known as'the workshop of the world! Also, for the first time in history, more peor were now living in towns and cities than in the countryside! ible enough - so factory Ines ~ by steam! rivers - powered BT Cy eco S cbse Top historians know when events, people and changes are significant —that is, when they change lots of people's lives. Can you identify any significant Bees eee ca eeuOXFORD ‘We look in astonishment as our coach drives on. The further we go, eer Bor the more houses there are, collected along the road. All around we see flames, hissing and rattling. The windows of factories shaking as we go by. The sun darkens as if cloud has blocked it; suddenly it evening ona bright day! As our horses stop, we see dustry Lunar Society mechanized steam engine ‘sun-and-planet’ gear syste this is a ditty, evil-smelling town, SOURCE ©: Viritten by Ge eerth, aGe SOURCE D: Bradford after industrialization. The Lunar ee Society was Read Source A. What type of power Is used in this factory? a group of a b_ Name two problems that this type of power caused the factory owne brilliant men who used to gettogether at Boulton’s house in Birmingham to share Look at Source B, Write a sentence to explain the role of the following: + coal + piston « sun-and-f gears + beam - boiler « wheel and di ideas, They met 3 Name two advantages that steam power had over water power for once 4 month — on the Monday that was closest to the full factory owners. Read Source C Do you think this source was written before or after Britain's industry had become mechanized? Give reasons for your moon and were committed to using the new developments in science to improve people's 5 EK atsourceD: lives. See you can find out any yw do you think the mills and factories of Bradford were powered? more about the Lunar Society's REN members, ideas and innovations. What negative sifects dees this format cawer cause? 1 From farming to factories 23 of 180If you could visit one of Britain's early factories, perhaps the first thing you would notice would be the disgusting and dangerous working conditions. Most factory owners only cared about making a profit, not wasting money on providing a safe place to work. The machines were not fitted with any safety covers or guards and workers were not provided with goggles to protect their eyes. Factories were so noisy that people often went deaf and the dust made everyone sick. These hot, sweaty places would smell as well... the stench would come from overflowing toilet buckets at the end of each room! Child labour You would also notice a lot of children. Poor children didn’t go toschod boys and girls (some asyoung as five) would go to work with their parents. Other children working in the factories were pauper apprentices. They were often orphans who were vork in the factories by the authorities in the towns that were meant to look after them. In return for food, clothing anda bed in the’apprentice house'next to the factory, the owners agreed to take are of the orphans, train them and keep them off the streets. In reality, the factory practic wned the N put yourself in the shoes of Peter, a pauper appren' who ked in one of Britain’s mills While reading his story, ask yoursel the question, ‘Would you have been tough enough to survive?” 1 From farming to factories "* Investigate what it was like to work in some of Britain's first factories. Hello, I’m Peter. 'm woken up at about 4:00am for work. a shortwalk from the factory Tstart work around 5:50am and am fined if Ym late. 15 minutes inthe workers were late and Myjeb isto lead, unload and carry around these heavy baskets full of equipment all day. It's exhausting! n spent years pulling and pushing heavy bastets, and thei bodies became deformed as a resul T hardly feel like eating my breakfast because the dust heat and smell make me feel sick.‘Wise Up Words overseer pauper apprentice xplain thase words: entice FACTORY RULES Thpllteack you atte Pesreres Alte 3 LA vl work — 3d fakseseely WE aie eee fine. They will not he let into ea the factory until breakfast time. 2. Any worker leavis without pe 3. All broken brushes, oil eans, windows, wheels ete, will be paid for by the worker Any worker seen talking to fails tofind someone to do their Jobs ~ 6d fine, ‘Accidents are common here} = none of the machines have covers or guards. through the offe 25 of 180OXFORD Peter the pauper Twsork in afactory. ASngss Sg — like Peter asimiarage Us pauper apprentices work for no wager |iitehareshen feed cleting ends ier The ordinary workers get paid though. WAGES The pauper apprentices work in shifts ~ some of us workin the day, others work nighti. Monday te Saturday On Sunday we work a shert day, which isfour to sixhours of cleaning. Tm exhausted... now its back to the apprentice house. We get some of ourwayes paid in tokens, which can only | | be spent at the owner's shop. J anOXFORD overseer about to punish a chile Some factory owners had been trying to help their workers for yeers. Robert Owen built quality houses, schools, shops with che and parks for his workers in Scotland. He even reduced hours, He belie’ py and he was rewarded with huge profits What Happened When? The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 10 A was set up in 1824, At this time, animals seemed to nave had more protection than the pauper apprentices! Jake your own 24-hot atypic ;ekday in you all your sieep time + times for food, travel, breaks and any spare time + what work you NOTE factory boy or girl > include do (a paper round pethaps) 1 will also have to include something that a wouldn't have done... school! b Write at least five sentences, each one statin your days cifferent (or similar) toa childs i Why do yout how 8 k the treatment of children ir las changed so much? Explain your answer c jou are being asked for your opinion here. G@ ree tig wie and you have been given the job of carrying kers made hard workers pict Remember, report: pector: Tell me boy, where do you live? 26 Duke S Do you work in the factori Yes, Sir At what age did you begin to work in them?! 1 think. y hours a day do you work? Iwas nearly eight y How From six in the mor il seven at night Are you beaten at work? Yes, Sir. If we look up from our work or peak to cach other, we are beaten. If you don't go as fast as the machi are you beaten? Yes, Sir. ming boys and girls all day. They make hlack ( blue marks on our bodies. Are time of th jo allowed to ‘make water’ any day? No, only when a boy comes to tell you it’s your turn, Whether you want to g0 or not, that's the only time you're allowed to go. Can you hold your water for that long? No, we're forved lo let it Do you spoil and wet yourself then? Yes, SOURCE B: An inspector's reporton childre Include the following sections: An introduction - addressed to the audience of your Dangerous and unhealthy concitions - What accidents have you heard about? Why are some children cd? What diseases and illnesses do jorkers catch? ruelty and punishments ~ ? Are punishments ap are rule breakers treate ropriate? The future - Why do some owners seem unwilling to make their factories safer? What improvements could be made? ou could include an interview with a factory owne a worker, written out like a play script, and a sre or diagram to illustrate your pol hould use formal language, and be struc 27 of 180OXFORD Coal is a hard, black rock that is buried underground. Once it isit, it burns for along time - much longer than wood. At the start of the eighteenth century, Britain had a lot of coal in many areas. It was very cheap and was used mainly to cook with and heat houses. The workers that got the coal out of the ground - miners - didn’t have to dig very deep to get atit at first. They got all they needed from large pits near the surface. So why did the demand for coal suddenly increase? Why did coal mining turn into one of the country’s most dangerous jobs? And why did some people start to refer to coal as black gold’? More coal! After 1745, more coal was needed... much, much more! There were many people mes to heat and food to cook for a start. It was also needer to power steam engines in new factories that were springing up all over the country and was used in the making of bricks, pottery, glass, beer sugar, soap and iron, Coal was also required to power the steam trains ross the country and steam ships that sailed the seas. meant more money for the mine owners. in fact some mine own ere king so much money from their coal thé began to refer to it as‘black gold Deeper and deeper Although the demand for coal meant more money for mine owners, u | near to the surface began to run out ~ so the miners had to dig deeper and deeper underground to get it Causes of Death Age Under 13. | 13-18 Gas explosion 12 Gunpowder explosion Crushed Suffoceted (by choke damp) Drowned Hit by falling coal, stones and rubbish Fallfrom the shafts Fall from the rope breaking Fall when ascending Hitby wagons Drawn over the pulley Injuries in coal mines (unspecitied) Total SOURCE B: Causes of death in a York 1 From farming to factories 28 of 180 Understand why coal was called ‘black gold! Investigate the dangers of coal mining in the 1800s. “SF ate y ental Scotland North-East Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Seah * » _Notinghatie Wale oe ae yt Vitus SEO, N SOUROE A. Thecoalieis of Bita ‘Because of the water, the filth and the heat, me women and children often worked stark naked in the slushy, black nud in the dark tunnels. It is little wonder that they lived like animals below ground, and often little better when they reached the surface... working 12 or more hours under the ground, and going down before dawn and coming up after dark, many saw daylight only on Sunday.” A SOURCE ©: AirOXFORD Daniel's story As the mines got deeper, the work got harder. In fact, mining was one of the most dangerous jobs in the country, Read the following diary entry carefully It outlines a typical day for Daniel Douglas, a 15-year-old boy in a Welsh mine drawer miner trappers 16 August 1839, What a day! I'm on the right shift this week, so T have to get to the cage at six in the evening. This mine is one of the deepest around here - 500 metres - but the drop to the bottom only takes about half a minute. The {rip in the lift is dark, noisy and very scary. Far from fresh air and doylicht, 1 start to Walk out’. The 6km walk te the « takes forever. By the time I actually start working, I've been down the pit for over an hour! After hanging up my safety lamp (it burns brighter if there's any poisonous gas about), T light a candle for a bit of extra glow and start to dig. Using my pick and shovel, chisels and hammers. I krock out lumps of coal from the seam. The Coal lies in these seams, or layers, between ordinary rock. T pull out the coal and throw it into a large, strong sack. Young girls called take our sacks away from the coalface and put the lumps of coal info wagons. For all of us, work in the mines is torture - swollen knees, bruised ribs, broken fingers ard bleeding heads. The coal dust mekes us cough and vomit. After eight hours i's time to make my way back up to the surface. I always have a chat with some of the trappers on my way out because it was the job used to do when I first started working here ten years ago. Those little children epen and close trapdoors to let the coal wagons pass by on the underground tracks. Drawers push ard pull the loaded wagons towards the lifts that take them up to the surface. When they're not taking any coal up, the lifts take us back up to the surface - about 11 hours after 1 first started! It’s daylight when I finsh work. The mine never closes and it must be making the owner a fortune. No wonder they've started to call coal black gold’. Before I collapse into bed, I eat before falling into a very deep sleep. I'll be back at the lift later this evening when it starts all over again fomerenaniates LO As you can see, conditions in the mines were very poor ~ and eventually After 1745, why were deeper mines needed? ernment took notice of thi vernment took notice of this. What were the dangers involved in mining? Sources B and € will A report on mining was published in help you 842 and the interviews, information and pictures shocked people. S Read Daniel Douglas'ciary entry carefully a Atwhat age did he begin working down the mine? _ b Explain carefully what Daniel used todo when he fist started to work women and children under ten from fihetiine. working in mines. Inspe eee ¢ What did'bearers’ and ‘drawers'do? appealed to, Now these sriak d_ Why might Daniel be able to see daylight when he was trying to get hanges certainly didn’t make mining ta sleep after work? According to Daniel, why is the mine owner making so much money? new laws were introduced banning itwas amove 1 From farming to factories 29 of 180ORD The eighteenth century saw major advances in the use and production of iron. Ithad been produced in Britain since Roman times but in the 1700s it began to be used in all areas of life. The army used it for cannons, the navy for iton-clad'ships, and the new * Discover how iron was factories were held up with iron girders and used iron machines produced. that were powered by iron steam engines! It was used to make tools, trains and their tracks, and at home people sat around fireplaces with iron grates and cooked on iron stoves using iron pans. So how was iron made? How was this process improved? And who went ‘iron mad’ in this new‘Age of iron’? * Investigate how iron- making became such an important business. cons 1-4 to find out: b wrought iron. This is purer 1 From farming to factories 30 of 180OXFORD The king's of Coalbrookdale! As the population and the number of factories grew, so did the ee Coca demand for iron. But the producers of iron faced a problem ~ Britain was running out of ‘sts! Charcoal (made from wood) was needed to castiron coke ironworks make the iron, and charcoal was getting harder to find, It was possible wrought iror to use coal, instead of charcoal, to make iron, but coal contains too much sulphur (a chemical) and makes poor quality iron. Luckily for Britain, a family called the Darbys got involved in the iron industry! f ; (0 more than three In1709 I discovered a way of using coal te make iron! Alll you need to dois heatit first in order to remove the sulphur. This makes something called coke (not the drink!). Castiron made with coke is much better quality than cast iron made with Goal = wenpreductancedld cenfinasl ences, explain haw iron is produced. xplain the difference between cast iron and wrought iron Explain why Abraham Darby impreved the process invented by my inp: father, removing even more impurities Britain’ iron production, as so important in increasing \ and allowing wroughtiron to be made from coke-fired coal! Copy and complete the = following paragraph: Tearried on the good work of my father ‘and grandfather and decided to show family from whatis possible shropshire. Thei vas }ous iron makers of all were the sing their iron with finest in the world this magnificent ne member of the family was iron bridge! Now our ironworks at Coalbrookdele is famous throughout HR A Dat : the world! so keen to show his iron off, he built the world’s frst over the Look at Source B Ironbridge — one of the wonders of the world! w abarchart to The iron bridge over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, was show how Britain’ iror a massive success. When it opened on New Year's Day 1781, it caused a production increased. sensation. Writers, artists and rich tourists came from all over the world to Write a descrip see this modern miracle - and Darby charged every one of them to walk actoss it! It was also a fantastic advertisement for what could be achieved with iron, and iron production became one of Britain’s most important industries (see Source B), No wonder people began to call the period the Biitain’s industry to ‘Age of iron’ pecome mechanized How much was produced in Britain? 000 tons t wasn't just the Darbys who were obsessed with inding new uses for iron, John iron mad Wikinson 2,006,000 tons built an iron barge in 1787 and, later, built an iron 6 000,000 tons church for his workers, When he died, he was even SOURCE B: ron product 00 buried in an iron coffin underan iron monument! nade from iron) star 50,000 tons 1 From farming to factories 31 of 180OXFORD The end of the ' Cripple Eactovy] In 1800, a factory in Manchester was given a e terrifying nickname. It was known as the’Cripple eG) Factory’ Years and years of heavy lifting, broken arms and severe beatings meant that many of the young Identify why some factory owners were men, women and children who worked there were vawilling to improve working conditions. crippled forever. The mines weren't much better Select three key reforms that eventvally either. One 11-year-old girl working as a coal-carrier improved lifefar Britain's workers. describes her job in Source A. Source B also gives an idea of what her job entailed. Time to reform Today, the British government \ jet this sort of thing 1 go down the pit at two in the morning happen. Many people in 1800 thought that politicians had no and I don’t come up again until the next right interfere with the working condition in factories Tey aftemoon. I go to bed at six at night to be ready for york the next moming... I carry coal tubs up ladders all day, Each coal tub holds 4'/s ewt* [216 kg — about as heavy as believed that it was up to the owners to decide how they ran their factories and mines, ie all, they owned them, didn’t they? However, others argued that people might work harder if they three adults] and I get beaten when I don’t were treated better! Reformers like Loi resbury, Richard work hard enough.’ Oastler, John Fielden and Michael Sadier began to campaign SOURCE A: A worker describes working in amine for laws to protect the men, women and children who worked in the factories and mines. Some of these people collected evidence to prove bad things were. Their findings shocked the nation. Sources C and D have been taken from two of the In ewer: Were you sometimes laie? [3 investigations and reports. Josephs Yeo, and if we wore eve — five minutes late, we were beaten hlack (¥&) and blue by the overseer. He hit us with astrap, In Do you know of any accidents? Joseph: Yes, there was a boy who got hit by a machine. He broke both legs and one of them: was cut open from his knee to his waist. His head was cut, his eyes were nearly torn out and he broke both arms. SOURCE C4 Sadler Report, an ir = SOURCES: An (842 wonted. i even worse than dustration ofagil ber dasa wale Recaro: the Sadler Re over cartying c made a huge impact. 32 of 180OXFORD Thave a belt around my waist... and I go on my hands and feet... the pelt and chain are worse when we are in the family way [pregnant]. ‘Tve had three or four children born on the same days as I have heen gone back to work nine or ten days later. Four out of my eight children were still-born at work and have SOURCE D: Fomth e terviews with two women, Change is coming Ing the reports, Parliament acted, From 1833, new laws or A made great changes to the working lives of women and children. Men, it was believed, could look after themselves, me factory owners hated the They felt politicians had no righ to interfere in their business and thought of ways to avoid keeping to the new rules. But the new laws kept coming and, gradually, they began to protect more and more workers. Inspectors were even appointed to enforce them! By 1900, factories and mines had become safer and more bearable. They still werent particularly pleasant places to work but Parliament had accepted that they had a duty to look after th vulnerable people in society 1833 FACTORY ACT No children under nine to work in the factories. work per day for children aged nine to thirteen. of school per day. Factory inspectors appointed (but there were only four). 1817 TEN HOUR ACT MINES ACT. ‘ Maximum ten-hout ebay oe ‘women and workers under 18. Mine inspectors appointed. 1844 FACTORY ACT. 1850 FACTORY ACT - No women to work more Machines to only be operated than 12 hours urs per day ~ Machines to b by women and children between ee ce 6:00am and 6:00pm. 1871 TRADE UNION ACT ACTORY | —Trade unions made legal. Workers all doing Chile ae the same job (trade) — like railway workers or eee dockers, for example ~ were allowed to join es ‘maximum of 30 together (unionize) to negotiate with their ele conditions. Asa last resort, all union members could go on strike! ts te 33 of 180 1 a How did the ‘Cripple Factory get its terrifying nickname? b In your opinion, were the mines just as bad as some factories? Support your answer using evidence from some of the sources. Explain the word reformer How did reformers bring about changes to working conditions? 0k at Source C. a Write down three words or phrases that a reader of this report might feel Why might this interview NOT be totally reliable? G reasons for your answer Do any of Josephs answers seem abit exaggerated? Explain your answer. How coulda historian get a more reliable view of factory life in the 1800s? You might want to discuss this question with your classmates or teacher. Look at Source E. a Write down what you think are three of the most important changes to working conditions between 1830 and 1895. b Next toeach one, explain why you thinkit was an important change. 1 From farming to factories