Terminal Unit Performance and

Control
2nd term

Lecture 7
Dr. Samah E. Hatab
1. Introduction
The fundamental components of the hydraulic system as shown in
fig. 1 are:
Load terminal units
Sources
Expansion chambers
Distribution system
The components are divided into:
1- Thermal components: ( load terminal – sources – expansion
chambers)
2- Hydraulic components: (pumps – distribution system)
2. Loads terminal units

2.1 Types of load terminal units:

Examples of the heating terminal units are:
 Preheat coils in AHU
 Heating coils in AHU
 Fan coil units
Examples of the cooling terminal units are:
 Cooling coil in AHU
 Fan coil units
2.2 Water supply system to load terminal units:
2.2.1 Single temperature system
2.2.2 Dual temperature systems
1- Two-pipe system (fig. 3)
2- Four-pipe common load system (fig. 4)
3- Four-pipe independent load system (fig. 5)
2.3 Terminal unit heating and cooling load
2.3.1 Sensible heating and cooling coil
The rate of heat entering or leaving an air stream is expressed as
follows:
q = 𝑸𝒂 𝝆𝒂 𝒄𝒑 𝜟T
Where:
q: heat transfer rate to or from air, W
𝑄𝑎 : air flow rate, L/s
ρ𝑎: density of air, Kg/m3
𝑐𝑝 : specific heat of air, Kj/Kg.K
ΔT: temperature decrease or increase of air
For standerd air with a density of 1.2 Kg/m3 and a specific heat of 1
KJ/Kg.K, the last eq. becomes
q = 1.2 𝑸𝒂 𝜟T
The rate of sensible heat transfer to or from the heated or cooling
medium in a specific heat exchanger may be expressed by:
q = U A (LMTD)
Where:
U: overall coefficient of heat transfer, W/m2.K
A: heat transfer area, m2
LMTD: logarithmic mean temperature difference, heated or cooled
medium to water, and can be calculated from:
 𝜟 𝑻𝒊 − 𝜟 𝑻𝒐
LMTD =
𝑳𝒏(𝜟 𝑻𝒊/𝜟 𝑻𝒐

Where:
Δ 𝑇𝑖: The temp. difference between the air and the water at one side
of the heat exchanger
Δ 𝑇𝑜: The temp. difference between the air and the water at the other
side of the heat exchanger
2.3.2 Cooling and dehumidification coil
q = 1000 𝒎 Δh
Where:
q: total heat transfer rate from cooled medium, W
𝑚: mass flow rate of cooled medium, Kg/s
Δh: enthalpy difference between entering and leaving conditions of air
The heat transferred to or from the air of the conditioned space is
transferred from or to the water of the hydraulic system
q = 1000 𝒎𝒘 𝒄𝒑,𝒘 𝜟T𝒘
Where:
𝑚𝑤 : mass flow rate of water
𝑐𝑝,𝑤 : specific heat of water
𝛥T𝑤 : water temp. increase or decrease
At ρ = 1000 Kg/m3, 𝑐𝑝,𝑤 = 4.18 KJ/Kg.K

q = 4180 𝑸𝒘 𝜟T𝒘
2.4 Performance and control
as illustrated in fig. 6 the controlled terminal unit parameters include:
 Water flow rate
 Water temperature
 Air flow rate
 Air temperature
2.4.1 Controlling water flow
2.4.1.1 Types of valves
Control the water flow through the coil is accomplished using either
two-way valves or three-way valves.
2.4.1.2 Hydraulic accessories
- Service valves
- Strainer
- Balancing valve
2.4.1.3 Control valves characteristics
Three typical control valves characteristics are available:
- Linear valves
- Equal percentage valves
- Quick opening valves
2.4.1.4 Coil characteristics
2.4.2 Controlling air flow
2.4.3 Psychometric of water and air flow control
End of lecture