OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·29

I.2
∆√ °¡ø™π√§√°π∫√ ¶§∞π™π√
∆∏™ ∫√π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞™ ∆∏™ À°∂π∞™
∫∞π ∆∏™ ∞ƒƒø™∆π∞™

∏ À°∂π∞ ∫∞π ∏ ∞ƒƒø™∆π∞ ™À¡π™∆√À¡ ‰‡Ô ¤Ó-

ÓÔȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÎÂÓfi. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘
Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â¿Ó ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Â›Ó·È ˘ÁȤ˜ ‹ fi¯È ÂÍ·Ú-
Ù¿Ù·È ¿ÓÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ú-
ÚÒÛÙÈ· Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‡·Ú͢ ‹
·Ô˘Û›·˜ Ù˘. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ Ù˘
·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ùfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ
·fi ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi
Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î¿ı ¯ÒÚ·˜ Î·È ÂÔ¯‹˜.32
™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘
˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ
Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙ› ·fi ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ Ô˘ Â¤ÊÂÚÂ
ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋
ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜.33 ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤-
¯ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜
ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ-
ÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈ-
ÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÛÎËı›.
∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ë Î‡ÚÈ· ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜

32
Lowy I., (2001), «Images of disease between biomedicine and politics»,
ÛÙÔ: Lowy I., Krige J., (eds.), Images of disease. Science, public policy and
health in post-war Europe, European Commission, Luxembourg, Û.Û. 9-
27. Porter R., (2001), «What is disease?», ÛÙÔ: Porter R., (ed.), The Cam-
bridge illustrated history of medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cam-
bridge, Û.Û. 82-117.
33
Nettleton S., (2002), ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ∆˘-
ˆı‹Ùˆ, ∞ı‹Ó·, ÛÂÏ. 23.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·30

30 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë

ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ηÈ
Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·
Î·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿Ù·È
Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜
·fi Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ·.

I.2.1. ∆√ µπ√´∞∆ƒπ∫√ ¶∞ƒ∞¢∂π°ª∞: ∏ ª∏Ã∞¡π™∆π∫∏

ª∂∆∞º√ƒ∞ ∆√À ™øª∞∆√™

√ √ƒ√™ «µπ√´∞∆ƒπ∫√ ª√¡∆∂§√» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· Â-

ÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÔÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ΋. ∏ ÔÙÈ΋ ·˘-
Ù‹, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó·ÙÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒ-
Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·Ô¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËΠηٿ ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ·fi ÙȘ ̤¯ÚÈ
ÙfiÙ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰Â-
Û˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÓÔÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·Èٛ˜.
ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ, ÔÈ ·ÚÚÒÛÙȘ ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›-
˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ÂÚ› ¯˘ÌÒÓ, ηٿ
ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ˘Á›· ‹Ù·Ó Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÚÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Ì›Í˘ ÙˆÓ
˘ÁÚÒÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ· ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ·˘-
Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ì›Í˘, Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹-
ÚËÛË, ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ. ™ÙÔ
Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ıÂÚ·›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒ-
ÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ.34

34
∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ‚Ï.:
Ackerknecht E. H., (1998), πÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜, ª·Ú·ıÈ¿˜, ∞ı‹Ó·. ∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜
°., (2000), §fiÁÔ˜ ÂÚ› ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘. ∏ È·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏfi‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙȘ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ÂÓÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ıÂÚ·›·˜, ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·-
Ù·, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 47-65. Nutton V. (2001), «The rise of medicine», ÛÙÔ: Porter
R., (ed.), fi.., Û.Û. 52-81. ¶ÂÊ¿Ó˘ ¶., (2004), ™˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ-
΋˜. ∞ÓȯÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·, ∂Í¿ÓÙ·˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·31

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 31

∏ Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ·

ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·
Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‚·ÎÙËÚÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ıÔÏÔÁÔ·-
Ó·ÙÔÌ›·˜. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ Ù˘ Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰È·-
ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÂÚ› ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹
ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó-
ıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, Î·È ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÓÔ-
ÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ fiÚÁ·Ó·. ∆Ô Ó¤Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘
ÓfiÛÔ˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜: (·) ¶›Ûˆ ·fi οıÂ
ÓfiÛËÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛı› ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔ-
Á›·, (‚) ∆· ÓÔÛ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈΤ˜ ‚Ï¿‚˜ Ô˘
ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÌ›· Î·È ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·-
ÙÔ˜ Î·È (Á) ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È
Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Û˘Ìو̿وÓ.35 ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ıÂÒÚËÛË fï˜
ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘, ‰Ë-
Ï·‰‹ ÙË ‰È›ۉ˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‚ϤÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó·-
ÙÔÌ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜.36 ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÚÔ-
¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ηÚÙÂÛÈ·Ó‹˜
ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Descartes, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È Ë „˘¯‹ ·Ô-
ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÈÚÂÙfi
Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜
Û˘ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÔÛÙ¿, Ù·
Ó‡ڷ, ÔÈ Ì‡Â˜, ÔÈ ÊϤ‚˜, ÙÔ ·›Ì· Î·È ÙÔ ‰¤ÚÌ·, Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ
·˘ÙfiÓÔÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘.37 ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·
Ì˯·Ó‹ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÙˆÓ

35
Bury M., (2004), «Medical model», ÛÙÔ: Gabe J. et al., fi.., Û.Û. 125-130.
36
∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ηÌ‹ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘
·Ó·ÙÔÌ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ‚Ï.: Foucault
M., (2003), The birth of the clinic, Routledge Classics, London. Porter R.,
(2001), «Medical science», ÛÙÔ: Porter R., (ed.), fi.., Û.Û. 154-201.
37
Descartes R., (2003), ™ÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ› ÂÚ› Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜, ∂ÎÎÚÂ̤˜,
∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 158-188. °È· Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô Î·ÚÙÂÛÈ·Ófi˜ ‰˘˚ÛÌfi˜ ÛÒ-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È „˘¯‹˜, ‚Ï.: °ÚËÁÔÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ µ., (1999), «∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· „˘¯‹˜-ÛÒ-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ÚÙ¤ÛÈÔ», ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈο, ∂ȉÈÎfi ∆‡¯Ô˜ 1, Û.Û. 161-184.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·32

32 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·fi ÓfiÌÔ˘˜.

∏ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ ıˆڋ-
ıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ-
΋˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ô Turner,
Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÂÎÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁÁ¤ÓÂÈ·
ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Descartes, Ù˘ Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ·˜
Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ-
΋˜ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜. 38 Ÿˆ˜ Ô ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ·ÛÎËÙÈÛÌfi˜
·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ó‡̷-
ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡,39 ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË
ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘-19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜
·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡, ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ıÔ˘˜. √
ηÚÙÂÛÈ·Ófi˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÙËΠ̠ÙË Ó¢ÙÒ-
ÓÂÈ· Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó
ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜.
£· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ù· ÂÈÛÙË-
ÌÔÓÈο ıÂ̤ÏÈ· Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Û˘ÓÈ-
ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ë Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿, Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰Â-
ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ οı ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙË
Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜.40 √È È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ıˆ-
ÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Íȷο Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ·Ú¤-
¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó-
ıÚÒÈÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ
˘Á›·, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ Ô˘
·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·˜.41
38
Turner B., (2000), «The history of the changing concepts of health and
illness: Outline of a general model of illness categories», ÛÙÔ: Albrecht et
al., (eds.), fi.., Û.Û. 9-23.
39
Weber M., (1984), ∏ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈ΋ ËıÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡, Gutenberg, ∞ı‹Ó·.
40
Curtis S., Taket A., (1996), Health and societies. Changing perspectives,
Arnold, London, Û.Û. 25-26.
41
Rubinstein R., Scrimshaw S., Morrissey S., (2000), «Classification and pro-
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·33

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 33

™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË

·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· Î·È ÙË ÓfiÛÔ. ∏ ˘Á›· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›-
˙ÂÙ·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο, ˆ˜ Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ÓfiÛÔ˘ ‹ ·Ó·ËÚ›·˜. √È ¿Ó-
ıÚˆÔÈ Â›Ó·È ˘ÁÈ›˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘-
ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÛËÌ›· ·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓˆÌ·-
Ï›·˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ηıÔÏÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi
ηÓfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡. √ÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛË
·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-
Á›· οÔÈÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ «ÓfiÛË-
Ì·», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ıÂÚ·¢Ù›
·fi ÙÔÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚfi. ∏ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜
‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ˘Á›· Î·È Ë Ófi-
ÛÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌ· Î·È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌ·
Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Î·È Û ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ë ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÙÔ-
Ì›·˜, Ù˘ ‚·ÎÙËÚÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜.42
∞fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ófi-
ÛÔ˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÛÙÔ
fiÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ô ÂȉÈÎfi˜, Ô
Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ô˘ ›ӷÈ
Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ÙË ÓfiÛÔ Î·È Ó· ÙË ıÂÚ·‡ÛÂÈ ÛÂ
ÂȉÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜ ηÈ
ÙÔ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›Ô. ∞fi Â‰Ò ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘
È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘Á›·˜ Ù· ÔÔ›· ›ӷÈ
ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙË ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋, ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ ·-
ڤ̂·ÛË Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÓfiÛËÌ· ÚÔÛ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ
fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÌÔÓÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi, ÂÚ-
Á·ÛÈ·Îfi Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ

cess in sociomedical understanding: Towards a multilevel view of socio-

medical methodology», ÛÙÔ: Albrecht et al., (eds.), fi.., Û.Û. 36-49.
42
Aggleton P., (1990), Health, Routledge, London, Û.Û. 7, 61-63. Boruchovitch
E., Mednick B., (2002), «The meaning of health and illness: Some con-
siderations for health psychology», Psico-USF, vol. 7, no 2: 175-183. Radley
A., (1994), Making sense of illness. The social psychology of health and
disease, Sage, London, ÛÂÏ. 3.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·34

34 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

¤ÓÓÔÈ· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË

Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜.43
∂ȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û‡ÓÔ„Ë ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‚È-
Ô˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÂÈÛËÌ¿-
ÓÔ˘Ì ٷ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›·:44 (·) ∆ÔÓ ‰˘˚ÛÌfi
Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÎÚÈı› ·fi ÙÔ Ó‡̷ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜, (‚) ∆Ë Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿,
Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È ÂÈÛ΢¿ÛÈÌÔ, (Á) ∆ËÓ
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÈÙ·Á‹, Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ-
Îfi ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, (‰) ∆ËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ Ófi-
ÛÔ˘ ˆ˜ ·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ Î·ÓÔÓÈ-
Îfi, (Â) ∆ËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÓÔÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
Û ηı·Ú¿ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, (ÛÙ) ∆Ô ‰fiÁÌ· Ù˘
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›-
ıËÛË fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÓÔÛ‹Ì·Ù· ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜,
·ÓȯÓ‡ÛÈ̘ ·Èٛ˜ Î·È (˙) ∆ËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ-
ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Íȷο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·-
Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÁˆÁ‹. ∏
ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍÂ, fiˆ˜
ı· ‰Ô‡Ì ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÙȘ ·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜
ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËÎÂ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ
·ÈÙȷ΋ ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ófi-
ÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÈ·˜
ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ˆ˜ ÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘
¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ηÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË.45
¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ó· Ì·˜ ‰È·Ê‡ÁÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ‹ ·Ú·-

43
Bury, (2005), fi.., ÛÂÏ. 4.
44
Curtis S., Taket A., (1996), fi.., ÛÂÏ. 27. Freund P., McGuire M., (1999),
Health, illness and the social body. A critical sociology, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, Û.Û. 6-7, 212-214. Nettleton, (2002), fi.., Û.Û. 23-26.
45
Blaxter, (2004), fi.., Û.Û. 10-14.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·35

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 35

‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ÔÏϤ˜
ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÎÚ‡‚ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛˆÓ. £· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿-
ıÔ˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ÂÎÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔËÁ‹ıËÎÂ
ˆ˜ ·fiÏ˘ÙË Î·È Ó· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ˆ˜
ÌÈ· ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈ-
΋˜.46 ™Â ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯Úfi-
ÓÈ· Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ÂÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË
ÛÙÂÓ‹ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘,
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·,
·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·
Î·È ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÂÛÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÓÔÛÔÁfiÓˆÓ ·È-
ÙÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û ̷ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓȘ ηٷ-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ‡ÊÈÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi
Ù˘ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ›·-
ÛË. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹
ÙÔ˘ ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ÚÔ˜ ÓÔÛ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ
ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ ‚ÈÔ-
ÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·Û΋ıËΠÛÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·-
ÙÚÈÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·.47
ªÈ· ÚÒÙË ËÁ‹ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ‹Ïı ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÏÔ˘˜
ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·-
ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ„˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’70 ·ÌÊÈ-
Û‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È-
Ô˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜. ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂıÂÏÔ‡-
ÛÈˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È fi¯È „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ
ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù·Ó·ÁηÛÌfi, ÙË
‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙÔÓ È‰Ú˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÂÁÎÏÂÈÛÌfi. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ
ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì „˘¯Èο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, ÙËÓ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ·fi ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈ-
46
Barry A.M., Yuill C., (2002), Understanding health. A sociological
introduction, Sage, London, Û.Û. 20-21.
47
Bury, (2005), fi.., ÛÂÏ. 5.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·36

36 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙËÓ ¿Û¯ËÌË ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfi-

ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·ıËÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È fi¯È
Û ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏ›˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜.48
πÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÂÓÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿
ÙˆÓ ÂȉËÌÈÔÏfiÁˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈ· ˘Á›·, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ‰ÈÓfiÙ·Ó
ÛÙË ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ΋. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô McKeown
ÂͤٷÛ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÁÈ·
Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÌÂÙ·‰ÔÙÈο ÓÔÛ‹Ì·Ù· Ë ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ›-
¯Â ÌÂȈı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÚÈÓ ÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·Ó·Î·-
χ„ÂÈ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·-
Û˘, fiˆ˜ Ë Ï‹„Ë ·ÓÙÈ‚ÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ. ∏ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤-
‰Ô˘ ˘Á›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ Ï‹„˘
̤ÙÚˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Î·Ï˘Ù¤Ú¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó-
ıËÎÒÓ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ Î·È ·Ô-
¯¤Ù¢Û˘. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ÙÔ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·Ú·‚ϤÂÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›·
ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜
Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ.49 √È ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Mc-
Keown ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·fi ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜, fiˆ˜
·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ McKinlay Î·È McKinlay, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ÂȯÂÈÚÒ-
ÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ
ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô
1900-1973, ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜
·fi ÁÚ›Ë, Ó¢ÌÔÓ›·, ‰ÈÊıÂÚ›Ùȉ·, ÎÔÎΛÙË Î·È ÔÏÈÔ-
Ì˘ÂÏ›Ùȉ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰Ôı› Û ÎÏÈÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ
ÌfiÓÔ Î·Ù¿ 3,5%. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë ÛËÌ·-
ÓÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÛÔÛÙÒÓ ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ¤ÓÙÂ

48
Double D., (2002), «The limits of psychiatry», BMJ, 324: 900-904.
Pilgrim D., Rogers A., (2004), ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ηÈ
·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ∆˘ˆı‹Ùˆ, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 266-272.
49
McKeown T., (1995), «The medical contribution», ÛÙÔ: Davey B., Gray A.,
Seale C., (eds.), Health and disease. A reader, Open University Press,
Buckingham, Û.Û. 182-190.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·37

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 37

ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·Èٛ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ

ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ-
Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.50
∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, Ô Cochrane ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ-
ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÒÓ ·-
ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜, ˘ÔÛÙË-
Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ıÂÚ·›·˜
Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ οÓÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ
ηÏfi ·Ú¿ ηÎfi ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Â›Ó·È
‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë Â›Ù¢ÍË Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÈÛfi-
ÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·.51
ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıÂÌÂ-
Ï›ˆÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Û ۯ¤-
ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ıÂÚ·›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ Ô
Kuhn, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ·, ¤Ó·
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·-
Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·Ï‹-
ıÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÎÂÓ‹ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘.52 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ˘Ô-
ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ «ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›·», Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ-
¯‹ Ì·˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È fi¯È
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ó· ÙÂÎÌË-
ÚȈı› fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ηıÔÏÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ› ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ›
ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ΋ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË Î·È
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈο ÚÔÓÔÌÈÔ‡¯· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ-
ÙÂÚ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ‰È·-

50
McKinlay J., McKinlay S., (1977), «The questionable contribution of me-
dical measures to the decline of mortality in the United States in the
twentieth century», Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Health and So-
ciology, vol. 55, no 3, Û.Û. 405-428.
51
Cochrane A., (2000), ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆˘¯·›Â˜
ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ˘Á›·˜, ∂Í¿ÓÙ·˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
52
Kuhn T., (1981), «H ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿Ûˆӻ, ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ·
£¤Ì·Ù·, ∞ı‹Ó·.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·38

38 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋˜

Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜.53
∆¤ÏÔ˜, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ
ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ, ÂȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ó·
ÂϤÁÍÂÈ Î·È Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ È·ÙÚÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· fiÛÔ ÙÔ
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÈÓ ‰ÂÓ
ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ¢ËÏ·‰‹
ÂȯÂÈÚ› ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∂Âȉ‹
Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜
Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ·
ÛÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ˘ÔÂÓfiÙËÙ·.

1.2.1.1. π·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË: √ È·ÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜

∏ ∂¡¡√π∞ ∆∏™ π∞∆ƒπ∫√¶√π∏™∏™ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ˘Á›-
·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û‡Ìʈ-
Ó· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘
Î·È Ù˘ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Û ÙÔÌ›˜
Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ô˘ ÚÈÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ÛÊ·›Ú· ηÈ
ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÛÒ-
Ì· ˆ˜ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û˜ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÓfiÛËÌ·
ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ıÂÚ·›·˜.
∞fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ηı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ¤Ó·
·ÎfiÌ· ̤ÛÔ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ì·˙› Ì ÙË ıÚË-
ÛΛ· Î·È ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·.54 ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ fiˆ˜ Ô ·Ï-
ÎÔÔÏÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ¯·ÚÙÔ·ÈÍ›· Î·È Ë ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊÈÏ›· ÛÙÈÁÌ·Ù›˙Ô-
53
Saks M., (2003), Orthodox and alternative medicine, Sage, London, Û.Û.
1-7. Stacey M., (1988), The sociology of health and healing. A textbook,
Unwin Hyman, London, Û.Û. 1-14. °È· ¤Ó·Ó ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ·Ó·-
ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ıÂ-
Ú·›·˜ Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋, ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË È·ÙÚÈ΋, ‚Ï. Â›Û˘:
Pearson R., Heston A., (eds.), (2002), «Global perspectives on comple-
mentary and alternative medicine», The Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science, vol. 583.
54
Zola I., (1972), «Medicine as an institution of social control», Sociological
Review, 20: 487-504.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·39

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 39

ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ıÔÁÂÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÂÓfi˜

·È‰ÈÔ‡ ‹ Ë ÂÌÌËÓfi·˘ÛË ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi
¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Ô›ÎÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›Ԣ.55 ªÂ ·˘Ùfi
ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ η-
ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë È·-
ÙÚÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ÂÈÙ‹ÚË-
Û˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-
ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û˜56,
·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È «Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ» ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ.57
∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÂ
ÙÚ›· Â›‰·. ™Â ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË
Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·-
ÙÔ˜. ™Â ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË
ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔ-
Ú¤ˆÓ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋
ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∫·È, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡-
·ÛıÂÓ‹, Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·
‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘ Î·È ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ıÂÚ·-
¢ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜.58
Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓıËΠ‹‰Ë, Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È
Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘
ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ·
Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È Ò˜ ÙÔ ·Ó‹ıÈÎÔ, Ë ·Ì·ÚÙ›· ‹ ÙÔ
¤ÁÎÏËÌ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ËıÈ΋, Ë ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÓÔÌÈ΋
‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ
‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. √È Conrad Î·È Schneider ˘Ô-
55
Gabe J., (2004), «Medicalization», ÛÙÔ: Gabe et al., (eds.), (2004), fi..,
Û.Û. 59-63. Freund, McGuire, (1999), fi.., Û.Û. 125-126, 199-202. White,
(2002), fi.., Û.Û. 40-47.
56
Conrad P., (1979), «Types of medical social control», Sociology of
Health and Illness, vol. 1, no 1, Û.Û. 1-11.
57
Armstrong D., (1995), «The rise of surveillance medicine», Sociology of
Health and Illness, vol. 17, no 3, Û.Û. 393-404.
58
Conrad P., Schneider J.W., (1980), «Looking at levels of medicalization: ∞
comment on Strong’s critique of the thesis of medical imperialism», Social
Science and Medicine, 14A: 75-79.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·40

40 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ¤-

ÓÙ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ.59 ™Â ¤Ó· ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ, ÚÈÓ ·ÎfiÌ· ‰È·-
ÌÔÚʈı› Ô È·ÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Û˘-
ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó Û οÔÈÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ›
ÌÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÌÈ· È·ÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ªfiÏȘ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·
Á›ÓÂÈ «ÔÚ·Ùfi», ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜
Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· Ï‹„Ë Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ
·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ̤ۈ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ȤÛÂˆÓ Û ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi
Â›Â‰Ô ‹ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘.
™ÙÔ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘
·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ Ê¿ÛË ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙ›-
Ù·È Ë ÚˆÙÔηı‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜
Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Ù˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂ-
ÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÓfiÛˆÓ Î·È Ù˘
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÔÙ¯ÓÈÎÒÓ
˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ıÂÚ·›·˜.
√È ·Èٛ˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È
Û ‰‡Ô ΢ڛˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Î˘-
ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·-
ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∏ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜
·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋
‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË fiÔ˘ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈ-
ÛÙ¿ ÓfiÛÔ Î·È ÙÈ fi¯È, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ
ÛÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔ‚·Ú‹ Û¯¤ÛË ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡-·ÛıÂÓ‹, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘
Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ˘ÔÙ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ˘Á›·˜
¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ.60 ∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, Ë ›ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋
·˘ıÂÓÙ›· Î·È Ë ›ÛÙË ÛÙË ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÔÙÂ-
ÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰‡Ô fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘
59
Conrad P., Schneider J.W., (1992), Deviance and medicalization: From
badness to sickness, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
60
Elston A.M., (2004), «Medical autonomy and dominance», ÛÙÔ: Gabe et al.,
(eds.), (2004), fi.., Û.Û. 173-177. Cowley S., Mitcheson J., Houston A., (2004),
«Structuring health needs assessment: ∆he medicalisation of health
visiting», Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 26, no 5, Û.Û. 503-526.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·41

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 41

ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÙËÏÂ˚·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ

ÏÔÈÒÓ Ó¤ˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ
ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘
Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·-
ÎÏÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹˜, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Î·È ÁÂÓÈ-
ÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙË ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ.61 ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë, ÔÚÈ-
Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ϤÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ fi¯È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË,
·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘
Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ô-
Ï˘‰È¿Ûٷ٘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û‹ÌÂ-
Ú· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Â·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡-
ÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÓÂÔ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ Î·È
Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Ù¯ÓÔÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó
ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÁÂ-
ÓÂÙÈÎfi ÎÒ‰Èη.62
∂›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜
ÌÈ· ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË, Ë ÔÔ›· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô Illich
·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜
ÂÚ›ı·Ï„˘ Î·È ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤-
ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÁÚ·-
ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ˆ˜ Û˘-
Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ Â΂ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈÛ˘. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏ-
̷ٛ˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˘Á›-
·˜ ·fi fiÛ· χÓÔ˘Ó, Û˘ÓÂÈʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÛÂ
«È·ÙÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜». ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋
ÂÚ›ı·Ï„Ë Â›Ó·È ÓÔÛÔÁfiÓ· ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÎÏÈÓÈΤ˜ ‚Ï¿-
‚˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi Ù· ÔʤÏË Ù˘ (ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ È·ÙÚÔÁ¤ÓÂ-
ÛË), ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ¿ÚÚˆÛÙË (ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ È·ÙÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÛË) Î·È ··ÏÏÔ-

61
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medicine», American Sociological Review, vol. 68, no 2, Û.Û. 161-194.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·42

42 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÙÚÈÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔ˝·ÛË (ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋

È·ÙÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÛË).63
∏ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÙÔÓ
ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÂı› ˘fi ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô
ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Á˘-
Ó·›Î˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ıËÙÈο ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓ· ·ÓÙÈ-
ΛÌÂÓ·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, Ë
ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË fiÛÔ
Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛ‡ÏÏË„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË Ù˘
ÁÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÈÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ È·-
ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÌËÙÚfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ηٿ-
ÛÙ·ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ··ÈÙ› ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ıÂÚ·-
¢ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË.64
øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÈÙÈ¿-
ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ı¤ÛË ÂÚ› È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘
˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â˘ÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ·fiÏ˘Ù·. °È· ·-
Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙË-
Ù·˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤Ó˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·fi ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÂ
È·ÙÚÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘
¤ÁηÈÚ˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.65 ªÈ·
‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›-
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Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, ∂ΉÔÙÈ΋ √Ì¿‰·, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯԘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Ê¿-
ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-
Ú˘ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È
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Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ˙ˆ‹˜, ¶ÔχÙÚÔÔÓ, ∞ı‹Ó·.
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ËÛË ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌË ‰È·-

‰Èηۛ·. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ¿„ÂÈ Ó·
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ȷÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ıˆÚËı› fiÙÈ Ë È·-
ÙÚÈ΋ ıÂÚ·›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› χÛË Û ·˘Ùfi, Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi
Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Î·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÔÚ›· ·Ô˚·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘.
÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·Ô˚·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›Ë-
Û˘ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊÈÏ›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ æ˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋
ŒÓˆÛË ÙÔ 1973 Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ë ÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ·fiÛ˘Ú-
ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ˆ˜ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜.66
∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·-
‚ϤÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÔʤÏË Û ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi Â›‰Ô
Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ
fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ™‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ ÃÚfiÓÈ·˜ ∫fiˆÛ˘. ∂‰Ò, Ô Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ-
‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Û·˜ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔ-
ÛÔ¯‹˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙÚÈ·ÛÌÔ‡
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ù˘, ·ÔÙÚ¤-
ÔÓÙ·˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÈÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Â›ÎÚÈÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ.67 ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÌÈ· ٤ٷÚÙË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È
ÛÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Giddens ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜
˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ‡ÛÙÂÚË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfi-
ÙËÙ·, fiÔ˘ Ë Î·ıÔ‰ËÁËÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈ-
ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÂÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡-
Ó˘, ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋
ÛÙ¿ÛË ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‡·ÚÍ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.68 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ
·˘Ùfi, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡
fiÚÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÏÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-
ÚÔ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜

66
King M., Bartlett A., (1999), «British psychiatry and homosexuality», British
Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 175, Û.Û. 106-113. Schwanberg S.L., (1985),
«Changes in labeling homosexuality in health science literature: ∞
preliminary investigation», Journal of Homosexuality, vol 12, no 1, Û.Û. 51-73.
67
Broom D.H., Woodward R., (1996), «Medicalization reconsidered: ∆oward a
collaborative approach to care», Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 18, no 3,
Û.Û. 357-378.
68
Giddens A., (1999), ¶¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈ¿˜. ∆Ô Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ÚÈ-
˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ¶fiÏȘ, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 130-141.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·44

44 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ‹ ÙÔ˘ «ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ˘ ηٷӷψً» Î·È ÙÔ

ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋, ·Ó ı¤ÏÂÈ ϤÔÓ Ó· ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù˘
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜, ÙfiÙ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÎÂÚ‰›-
ÛÂÈ.69 √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ
‰˘˚ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË/·Ô˚-
·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢-
ÙÈΤ˜, ÁÂÓÈ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˘ Î·È ‰ÈÊÔ-
ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜.70 øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ
ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜, Ë È·ÙÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·-
ڷ̤ÓÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-
ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi
ÚÔ˚fiÓ.

I.2.2. ∆√ ∫√π¡ø¡π√§√°π∫√ ¶∞ƒ∞¢∂π°ª∞: ∏ ∫√π¡ø¡π∫∏

∫∞∆∞™∫∂À∏ ∆∏™ π∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ °¡ø™∏™

∆√ µπ√´∞∆ƒπ∫√ ª√¡∆∂§√ ™∆∏ƒπã∏∫∂ ÛÙË ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ-

Û¤ÁÁÈÛË, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢
ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹
ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÁÓÒÛË ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ·ÈÙȈ‰ÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂ-
ˆÓ, Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌÔ
Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙfiÛÔ Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜
fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆ-

69
Williams S., Calnan M., (1996), «The limits of medicalization? Modern
medicine and the lay populace», Social Science and Medicine, 42: 1.609-
1.620.
70
Lowenberg J., Davis F., (1994), «Beyond medicalisation-demedi-
calisation: ∆he case of holistic health», Sociology of Health and Illness,
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A multi-dimensional concept», Social Theory and Health, vol. 3, no 3, Û.Û.
228-241.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·45

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 45

Ó›· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÔÌ‹

·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È È‰¤·.71
∏ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÒ-
Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ÔÈ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜
ÂÈÛً̘ ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Û·Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘˜ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ó·
ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Ë
È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ·ԉ¯fiÌÂÓË ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ-
ο ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ı¤ÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ï·›-
ÛÈÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Âȯ›ÚËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÈÙ›Ô˘-
·ÈÙÈ·ÙÔ‡, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡-
ÛÂÈ Ù· ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ıÂÛÌÒÓ
fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·.72 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô-
„Ë Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó Ô Mechanic ÙÔ 1968 ÂȯÂÈÚ› ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ··ÚÈıÌ› 15 ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜
η̛· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘
Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘.73
∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ÏÂÊı› ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔ-
Ófi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ¤ÁÈÓÂ
ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÂ
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‹ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË

71
Crossley N., (2005), Key concepts in critical social theory, Sage, London,
Û.Û. 246-248.
72
°È· ÙÔ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋» ‚Ï.
Clarke J., (1981), «A multiple approach to the sociology of medicine, health
and illness», Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 3, no 1, Û.Û. 89-103.
73
√È ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó: ∏ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Î·È Ë ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÓfiÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙȘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙȘ, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-
Τ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜, Ë ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÂȉË-
ÌÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜, Ù· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ˘Á›·˜, Ë
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›ˆÓ, Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈ-
ÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È Ë ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ˘Á›·˜, Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË,
Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ˘Á›·, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÓfiÛÔÈ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˘Á›·˜. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‚Ï.:
Mechanic D., (1968), Medical sociology. A selective view, The Free Press,
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OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·46

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ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ÚԉȿıÂÛË Î·È ÙË Ê˘ÏÔÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó-

ıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi ‚ÈÔï·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤-
ÏÔ ˘fi ÙÔÓ Ì·Ó‰‡· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Âȯ›ÚËÛ ÙËÓ
¤ÌÌÂÛË Ô‰ËÁ¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ
ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·ÔÙÂ-
ÏÔ‡Ó ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁηÈÔًوÓ.74
Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Ë ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1970
ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·-
ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-
Ù· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔ-
Á›·˜ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, ÛÙ·ıÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·È-
Ù¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ Ë ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·-
ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ·fi ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·˘-
Ù‹ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ªÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ fiˆ˜
ÔÈ Freidson, Jewson Î·È Foucault ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ-
΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
·˘Ù‹ ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘
·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-
ÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ.
√ Freidson, fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ô ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘
ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·, Âȯ›ÚË-
Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓË
È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË.75 ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ
Ò˜ ÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ, ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÂÈ Î·È

74
°È· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹, ‚Ï.: Wilson E.O. (2000), ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏
Ó¤· Û‡ÓıÂÛË, ™‡Ó·ÏÌ·, ∞ı‹Ó·, fiÔ˘ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë Û˘-
ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‚¿Û˘ fiÏ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-
Ú¿˜. ∂›Û˘ ‚Ï.: Dawkins R., (1988), ∆Ô ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÔÓ›‰ÈÔ. ªÈ· ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋
ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·È-
ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ∆ÚÔ¯·Ï›·, ∞ı‹Ó·. °È· ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔ-
Á›·˜, ‚Ï.: ∫Ô‡‚ÂÏ·˜ ∏., (1978), «√ Ó¤Ô˜ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌfi˜ - ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·», ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· £¤Ì·Ù·, 1978, 1,5: 79-85, Lewontin R.C., (1978),
«∏ Ï¿ÓË ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡», ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· £¤Ì·Ù·, 1978, 1,5:
63-70, Sahlins M., (1997), ÃÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Î·Ù·¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ªÈ· ·Ó-
ıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·, ∞ı‹Ó·.
75
Freidson E., (1970), Profession of medicine: A study of the sociology of
applied knowledge, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·47

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 47

ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ηÙfiÚıˆÛ ӷ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ

ı¤ÛË ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈË-
̤ÓÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ-
΋ Î·È ÙÈ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ›ӷÈ
¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈÔ˜ fi¯È. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-
ÓÈ΋˜ ·ÓˆÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ¿Ï-
Ϙ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÂȉ‹ ÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ‹Ù·Ó
ÔÏÈÙÈο ηϿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ Î·È Î·ÙfiÚıˆÛ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›-
ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÔÒÏÈÔ Ù˘ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÙËÓ ·˘-
ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÚÔÓfiÌÈÔ
Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘
Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¿ÙÔÓÙ·È ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfi-
ÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, Ë ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·-
Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛË ‹ Ë ÓfiÛÔ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÂÚÈ-
‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó.76
ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ô Freidson ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Î·È ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋
ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È fi¯È ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿
ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ· Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ·
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘
ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ› Ó· ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÂÙÈΤÙ˜, Ó·
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜
ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡.77
™Â ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· η٤ÏËÍÂ Î·È Ô Jewson, Ô
ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÌÂÙ·-
͇ 18Ô˘ Î·È ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ· ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ Ì¤-
ÛˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·

76
Freidson, (1970), fi.., ÛÂÏ. 209.
77
√ Kouchner οÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˜
ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË,
ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ Âȉ›ˆÍË Ï‹-
ÚÔ˘˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È Î·ÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛ˘ ȉ›ˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›-
˙ÔÓÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ. µÏ.: Kouchner B., (2000), H
‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ∂Í¿ÓÙ·˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·48

48 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÚÈÒÓ Ê¿ÛˆÓ.78 ∏ ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È

ˆ˜ «·Ú·Î›ÌÂÓË ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ›ÓË ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓ‹ È·ÙÚÈ΋»
(bedside medicine) Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, fiÙ·Ó
Ô ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ‹ÏÂÁ¯Â ÙË ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË
Î·È Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë
Ô˘ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡ÛÂ, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÊÚ·˙fiÙ·Ó Ì¤Ûˆ
ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ. ∏ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÔÏÈ΋
„˘¯Ôۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓ‹ ηÈ
Ë ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ï¿Ì‚·Ó ˘fi„Ë ·˘Ù‹Ó
·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ·ÔÙ˘ˆÌ¤ÓË ÛÙË ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ η-
Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒ-
ÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ıÂÚ·Â˘Ù¤˜,
ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÈΛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ÓÔÛÔ‡ÛÂ. ∏ ‰Â‡-
ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ-
΋, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, ÂÎÊÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜
̤ۈ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, ˘ÔÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ϤÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÙÈ-
΋ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·
ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋
·Ó·ÙÔÌ›·. ∆Ô È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ
ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÓÔÛÔÎÔ-
ÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ¯ÒÚÔ ÓÔÛËÏ›·˜. ∏
Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË Î·È Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ô‰‹-
ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË Ê¿ÛË, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚÈ·-
΋˜ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë ÓfiÛÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ˆ˜
‚ÈÔ¯ËÌÈ΋ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÙÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘
ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ
΢ÙÙ·ÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Û ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢-
Ó·˜. ™ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›·, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Jewson ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë
È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ
Î·È ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ
ˆ˜ ÔÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‡·ÚÍË ÛÙ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ fiÚÁ·Ó·
ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ Î˘ÙÙ·ÚÈ΋ ηٷ-
Û΢‹, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘
78
Jewson N.K., (1976), «The disappearance of the sick man from medical
cosmology, 1770-1870», Sociology, vol. 10, no 2, Û.Û. 225-244.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·49

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 49

ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡-·ÛıÂÓ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔͤӈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ·fi

ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜.
∂¿Ó ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙÔ˘˜
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ
ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, Ô Foucault
¤ıÂÛ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹˜
ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ. ™ÙËÓ «πÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÙÚ¤-
Ï·˜»,79 ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙË «°¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜»80 ηٷ-
È¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ Û ÌÈ· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋
ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔÔıÂÙ› ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·,
·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-
ÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÓÛÂ-
ˆÓ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ¤Á΢Ú˜. ∏ ÙÚÔÔÔ›Ë-
ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
·Ó·›ÚÂÛ˘ Ï·Óı·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯ÒÓ, ‹ ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚ-
Ê‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ
ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ·fiÊ·ÓÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë
ÌÈ· ·fiÊ·ÓÛË Î·ıÔ‰ËÁ› ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘-
ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ-
΋ Â·Ï‹ı¢ÛË ‹ ‰È¿„¢ÛË.81 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ·
ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›Ô˘, ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηÓfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ-
ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Û˘Ì‚¿-
ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÚËÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ
Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó, ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Î.Ï.82 ªÂ
‚¿ÛË ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· ÓÔÛÔÎÔ-
Ì›· Ù˘ °·ÏÏ›·˜ ηٿ ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, Ô Foucault ‰ÈÂÚ‡-
ÓËÛ ÎÚÈÙÈο ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒ-
Û˘, Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ-

79
Foucault M., (¯.¯.), ∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÙڤϷ˜, ∏Úȉ·Ófi˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
80
Foucault, (2003), fi..
81
Foucault M., (1987), ∂ÍÔ˘Û›·, ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ËıÈ΋, ⁄„ÈÏÔÓ, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 14-15.
82
Crossley, (2005), fi.., Û.Û. 61-62.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·50

50 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

΋˜, ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÂ

ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿Ú-
ÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÔÈ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ. ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ, ÚÈÓ
·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¿ÓÙ·
ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÂ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂͤٷÛ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·
Ù˘ ‚ÈÔï·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËΠ̤ۈ Ù˘
·Ó·ÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÙË Û˘-
Ófi‰Â˘ÛÂ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô Foucault ·ÔοÏÂÛ «ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi
‚ϤÌÌ·».83 ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi, Ë ·Ú-
ÚÒÛÙÈ· Î·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ‰ÂÓ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û οÔÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ-
΋ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Î·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È
·ÓÙÈÏËÙ¿ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‚ϤÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ
˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÛÙ‹-
ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· ÂÍÔÓ˘-
¯ÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È ÂͤٷÛ˘. ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë, Ë
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜ ‰˘ÛÓfiËÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈ-
Ófi ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·Ô‰Ôı› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿-
ıÂÈ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘
·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘.84
√È ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Freidson, Jewson Î·È Foucault ·Ú·-
¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ Berger Î·È Luckmann, ÔÈ
ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË,85
˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-

83
Foucault, (2003), fi.. °È· ÌÈ· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Foucault ·Ó·ÊÔ-
ÚÈο Ì ٷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â‰Ò, ‚Ï.: ∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, (2000), fi.., Û.Û. 99-
116. Nettleton, (2002), fi.., Û.Û. 51-52. Smart B., (1998), «Michel Foucault:
∫‡ÚÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·», ÛÙÔ: ¶ÂÙÌÂ˙›‰Ô˘ ª., (ÂÈÌ.), ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ-
ÏÔÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ·, ∆fiÌÔ˜ ππ, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷΤ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, ∏Ú¿ÎÏÂÈÔ, Û.Û.
135-166.
84
Kouchner, (2000), fi.., Û.Û. 37-38.
85
∏ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚfi-
ˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ù· ‰ÚÒÓÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ
Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ
ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·-
ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‚Ï.: Ritzer G., (1996), «º·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂıÓÔÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·», ÛÙÔ: ¶ÂÙÌÂ˙›‰Ô˘ ª., (ÂÈÌ.), ™‡Á-
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·51

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΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Î·È fi¯È ÌÈ· Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË.86 ™‡Ìʈӷ

Ì ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fiÊ·ÓÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ Î‡-
ÚÈ· ı¤ÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó, «Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓıÚÒÈ-
ÓÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-
Ù·, Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ».87 ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· Ïfi-
ÁÈ·, Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ-
΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∞Ó Î·È Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ô ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÔ› ·fi Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ˆ˜
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ
Berger Î·È Luckmann ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜
·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÏÈΤ˜, ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜, ÂÁÁÂÓ›˜ Î·È ‰Â‰Ô-
̤Ó˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘
ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ-
›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÂ
Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Î·È Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi.
™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú-
ÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÂÚ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷ-
Û΢‹˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒ-
ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ıÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ˘Á›-
·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ˘ËÚÂ-
ÛÈÒÓ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈ-
ÏËÙ¿ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·, Ù· ÔÔ›·
ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒ-
ÓÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Ó··Ú·-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈο ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù·.88 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ηÈ
ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔ„Ë Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁ‹ıËÎÂ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡-
Û ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘
ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ˘Á›-

¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ·, ∆fiÌÔ˜ π, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷΤ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∫Ú‹-

Ù˘, ∏Ú¿ÎÏÂÈÔ, Û.Û. 281-331.
86
Berger P., Luckmann T., (2003), H ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ¡‹ÛÔ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
87
Berger, Luckmann, (2003), fi.., ÛÂÏ. 122.
88
Freund, McGuire, (1999), fi.., Û.Û. 188-216. Lupton D., (2000), «The
social construction of medicine and the body», ÛÙÔ: Albrecht et al., (eds.),
fi.., Û.Û. 50-63.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·52

52 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ‚·ÛÈο ˙Ë-

Ù‹Ì·Ù·.89 ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿-
ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ô
ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ˆ˜ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-
ÛÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛˆÓ.90 ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ˘Ô‰ÂÈ-
ÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚›
ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·
Ù˘ Â·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡ Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒ-
ÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘.91 ∫·È, ÙÚ›ÙÔÓ,
‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜,
‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜
‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÙÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ
ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ ÚÔÓfiÌÈÔ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ ӷ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ıÂÚ·›·˜, ÙˆÓ
ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘-
Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔ-
ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜.92
√È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ··Ú¯¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔ˚-
·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÒ-
ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «Ófi-
ÛÔ˜», «·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·» Î·È «·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·».93 ™ÙÔÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfi Ïfi-
ÁÔ, ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˆ˜
Ù·˘ÙfiÛËÌÔÈ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û‡Á¯˘ÛË.
Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘ (disease) ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È
ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔ˚·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘, ˘ÔÓÔÒ-

89
Nettleton, (2002), fi.., Û.Û. 46-55. White, (2002), fi.., Û.Û. 17-23.
90
µÏ. ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Foucault.
91
µÏ. ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Jewson.
92
µÏ. ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Freidson.
93
Fulford W., (1996), «Modern conceptions of health and illness: The case
for cooperation between historians and philosophers of medicine», ÛÙÔ:
Woodward J., Jutte R., (eds.), Coping with sickness. Perspectives on
health care, past and present, European Association for the History of
Medicine and Health Publications, Sheffield, Û.Û. 15-41.
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ÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ΋ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜

ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ıÂÚ·‡ÛÂÈ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ú-
ÚÒÛÙÈ· (illness) Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-
ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÔ-
ÌÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ ÓfiÛÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ οÔÈÔ˜
‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘-
Ìو̿وÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· (sickness) ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
ˆ˜ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ·
Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚˆÛÙ·
‹ ÓÔÛÔ‡Ó Î·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÚfiÏÔ ‹ ı¤ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·.94
∏ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÂ¿-
ÁÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ÀÁ›·˜, ˘Á›· ›-
Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜, „˘¯È΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ÓfiÛÔ˘
‹ ·Ó·ËÚ›·˜.95 ∏ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡
¤¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·-
΋, ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘Á›·
ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ıÂÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Â˘ÂÍ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›·, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi
ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë Î·È ÔÈ „˘¯Ô-
ÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›-
˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ÙÔ ‚›ˆ-
Ì· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎfi
¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤ-
ÚÔÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-
ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Âȉڿ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ˘Á›·˜ ηÈ
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿¯˘Û‹ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ.96

94
Radley, (1994), fi.., Û.Û. 2-5. ∂›Û˘, ‚Ï.: ∆Ô‡ÓÙ·˜ °., (2000), ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·
Î·È ˘Á›·, √‰˘ÛÛ¤·˜, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û.Û. 42-47.
95
WHO, (1946), Constitution, Geneva.
96
¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ÏÂÊı› ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ¶√À
¤¯ÂÈ ·ÛÎËı› Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ fiÙÈ, ÚÒÙÔÓ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÌË ¯ÚËÛÙÈ-
Îfi˜, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷο Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ›
ηÈ, ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Â›Ó·È È‰Â·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi˜, ·Ú·¤ÌÔÓÙ·˜ Û ÌÈ· ȉ·ÓÈ΋ Î·È Ù¤ÏÂÈ· η-
Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ Ô˘ÙÔÈÎfi. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ‚Ï.: Aggleton, (1990),
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·54

54 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ¿ÏϘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤Ì-

Ê·ÛË ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÙfiÌÔ˘, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ˘Á›· Ì ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÛ·Ú-
ÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. £ÂˆÚÔ‡Ó
ÙËÓ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ· ˆ˜ Û‡Ìو̷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ηÈ
·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿-
ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ·, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ
ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ ÍÂÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ È·-
ÙÚÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.97
∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿,
·Ó fi¯È ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ-
¢ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛΤ„˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·
Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Â¯ı› Ô˘ÛÈ·-
ÛÙÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋. ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆ-
̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ˘ÈÔı¤-
ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ-
̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÔ‡Ó Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ-
΋˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È, ¤ÁÈÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ Bury,98 ÂÓÒ
ÔÈ Nicolson Î·È McLaughlin99 Âȯ›ÚËÛ·Ó ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·
ÙËÓ ·Ó·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Bury. O ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤Ï·-
‚ ¯ÒÚ· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒıËΠ۠ÙÚ›· ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›·:
¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ô Bury ÈÛ¯˘Ú›ÛÙËΠfiÙÈ Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜

fi.., Û.Û. 91-111. Boruchovitch, Mednick, (2002), fi.. ™·ÚÚ‹˜, (2001), fi..,
Û.Û. 67-78. ∆Ô‡ÓÙ·˜, (2000), fi.., Û.Û. 26-40. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔfi‰Ô˘
Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌÂȈı› Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ, Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ
‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ Î·È ˘Ô-
ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ
ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜. °È· ·˘Ùfi ‚Ï.: √ÈÎÔÓfiÌÔ˘, (2004), fi.., Û.Û. 56-58.
97
Dubos R., (1999), ∆Ô fiÚ·Ì· Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜. √˘ÙÔ›Â˜, ÚfiÔ‰ÔÈ Î·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ-
Τ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ∫¿ÙÔÙÚÔ, ∞ı‹Ó·, ΢ڛˆ˜ Û.Û. 40-43. Ferro M., (1999), ∫ÔÈÓˆ-
ӛ˜ ¿ÚÚˆÛÙ˜ ·fi ÚfiÔ‰Ô, ¡¤· ™‡ÓÔÚ·, ∞ı‹Ó·, ÛÂÏ. 15.
98
Bury M.R., (1986), «Social constructionism and the development of medical
sociology», Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 8, issue 2, Û.Û. 137-169.
99
Nicolson M., McLaughlin C., (1987), «Social constructionism and medical
sociology: ∞ reply to M.R. Bury», Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 9,
issue 2, Û.Û. 107-126.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·55

∫ √π¡ø¡π√§√°π∞ ∆∏™ À °∂π∞™ 55

ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜. ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi

ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È
·fi ÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ë ÁÓÒÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·
Î·È ÙȘ ÓfiÛÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, Ë ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·, Ô fiÓÔ˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·ËÚ›·
·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜ ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó ·fi
·˘Ù¿. √È Nicolson Î·È McLaughlin ·ÓÙ¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ıˆ-
Ú›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÒÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÌÔ-
Ú› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â›ÛËÌÔ˘˜
ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó. √È ÚÔÛÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒ-
ÈÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô‡Ù ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔÈË̤Ó˜, Ô‡ÙÂ
ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ›˜, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÂÈ-
ÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜. ∞ÓÙ›-
ıÂÙ·, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋
Î·È ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ
Î·È ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ‚·-
Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·-
‚Â›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ·.
¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ô Bury ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜, ·ÚÓÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜
·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘, ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ·Ó·ÈÚ› fiÏË ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË
ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ› ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ›
ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ¶·Ú·‚Ϥ-
ÂÈ Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο È·ÙÚÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿-
ÏÂÈ„Ë ı·Ó·ÙËÊfiÚˆÓ ÏÔÈ̈‰ÒÓ ÓÔÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë Â˘ÏÔ-
ÁÈ¿, ‹ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ¿ÏψÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÈÔÌ˘ÂÏ›Ùȉ·, η-
ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜
¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÔÈ Nicolson Î·È McLaughlin, Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Ù›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÁÂÓÈο, ÔÈ
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂȘ Î·È Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ÎÂ-
Ó¤˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ
¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Î·È fiÙÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÂ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·, ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó
ÙÔ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚÔ ÓfiËÌ¿ Ù˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘.
OIKONOMOY 9-02-07 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·56

56 à ∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶√™ √ π∫√¡√ª√À

∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ηÈ

Ë ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ –Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÈÌËı› Ìfi-
ÓÔ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ– ÙfiÙÂ, ηٿ ÙËÓ
¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ Bury, Î·È Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÁ·-
χÙÂÚ˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏ˘ ÚÔÛ¤Á-
ÁÈÛ˘. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÔÈ Nicolson Î·È McLaughlin
··ÓÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ›-
Ó·È Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ Î·È Ó· ı¤ÙÂÈ Û ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÛÌÈΤ˜ ÚÔηٷϋ„ÂȘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∞Ó Î·È
Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë
ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ
Âȉ›ˆÍË Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ
·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi
ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı‹˜ ‹ „¢‰‹˜. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·
fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ‹ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ó·
ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÙȘ ÌfiÓ˜ ·ÏËıÈ-
Ó¤˜ Î·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·fi„ˆÓ.
™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ
Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÂ
ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ϤÔÓ ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË, ÙËÓ
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘
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