1.

Classification based on Structure:-

2. Classification based on functional Group:

Functional Group Structure Functional Group Structure

Carboxylic acid R– COOH Sulphonic acid R–SO3H
Acid anhydride R–OC–O–CO–R Esters R–COOR
Acid halides R–COX Acid amides R–CONH2
Cyanides R– CN Aldehydes R–CH=O
Ketones C=O Alcohols R–OH
Thioalcohols R–SH Amines R–NH 2
Imine C=NH Alkenes C=C
Alkynes R–CC–R Nitro R–NO 2
Nitroso R–NO Halo R–X
Alkyl –R Ether R–OR
O
Epoxy / \ Isonitrile R–NC
 CC
Benzene Diazo =N
Phenyl or –Ph
3. Classification depends on mode of arrangement:-
(A)(i) Primary Carbon or 1oC:-
A carbon atom attached to one (or no) other carbon atom then it called as primary carbon.
(ii) Secondary Carbon or 2oC:-
If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms, then it is known as secondary carbon.
(iii) Tertiary Carbon or 3oC:-
If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms, then it is known as tertiary carbon.
(iv) Quaternary Carbon or 4oC:-
If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms, then it is known as quaternary carbon.

(B) , ,  Classification:-
Relative positions of different carbon atoms in a molecule are designated with respect to the functional
group it contains.
e.g. CH  CH  CH  CH  OH
3 2 2 2
    functional
group

4. Based on hydrocarbon Groups:-

(A) Acyclic hydrocarbon (B) Alicyclic hydrocarbon
(C) Aromatic benzenoid hydrocarbon
(A) Acyclic Hydrocarbon Group:-
(i) Alkyl: Normal Alkyl, Sec. Alkyl, Tert Alkyl, Iso Alkyl, Neo Alkyl
* Normal alkyl: This is formed by removal of one primary hydrogen atom from the straight chain alkane.
Structure Comman name
CH3-CH2-CH2- n-propyl (n-Pr)
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2- n-Butyl (n-Bu)
* Secondary alkyl group:- This group is formed by the removal of one hydrogen from secondary carbon
atom from alkane.
Structure Common Name
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3
| Sec-butyl
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3
| Sec Pentyl
* Tertiary alkyl group:- This group is formed by the removal of one hydrogen from tertiary carbon atom
from alkane.
Structure Common Name
CH3
|
CH3 - C- Tert butyl
|
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH2-CH3 Tert pentyl
|
CH3
* Iso alkyl group:- An alkyl group containing one terminal CH2- group and CH3-CH- group on the other end
with no other branching is said to be as isoalkyl group. |
CH3

Iso butyl group Iso pentyl group

CH 3
|
* Neo alkyl group:- A neo alkyl group contains one CH2-group on one end and one CH 3  C  group on
other end with no other branching in chain. |
CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
| |
CH 3  C  CH 2  CH 2  CH 3  C  CH 2  CH 2  CH 2 
| |
CH 3 CH 3
Neopentyl Neohexyl Neoheptyl
Note: -CH2- group is known as methylene group.
(ii) Alkenyl Group:- Hydrocarbon group containing carbon-carbon double bond is called alkenyl group.
CH2=CH- Vinyl group
CH2=CH-CH2- Allyl group
CH3-CH=CH- Propenyl group
CH3-C=CH2 Isopropenyl grp
|
CH3
CH3-CH= Ethylidine grp
CH3-CH2-CH= Propylidene grp
CH3-C= Isopropylidene grp
|
CH3
(iii) Alkynyl group:- Hydrocarbon group containing carbon-carbon triple bond is called as alkynyl group.
HC  Methyne
CH  C- Ethynyl
CH  C-CH2- Propargyl
CH3-C  C- Propynyl
CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC) GENERAL MOLECULAR FORMULAS

Alkane  CnH2n + 2

Alkene  CnH2n

Alkyne  CnH2n – 2

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Halogen Derivatives

Monohalide  CnH2n + 1X

Dihalide  CnH2n X2

Trihalide  CnH2n – 1X3

Tetrahalide  CnH2n – 2X4

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Alcohols (Saturated)  CnH2n + 2O, C–O–H Saturated O form

Ether  CnH2n + 2O, C–O–C Single bond

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Aldehyde  CnH2n O ‘O’ form (=) bond

Ketone  CnH2n O

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Alcohols (Unsaturated)  CnH2n O

Ether  CnH2n O

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Carboxylic acid  CnH2n O2

Ester  CnH2n O2

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10, 20, 30 amine(–NH2)  CnH2n + 3 N

Cyanide/Isocyanide  CnH2n – 1 N

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Amide (–CONH2), Oxime (=NOH), Nitrosoalkane (–NO) CnH2n+1NO

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CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC) NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUND

RULES:

1. Longest chain rule-Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule as par-
ent chain. The other parts which are not included in the longest chain are taken as substituents or
branched chains.

2. Lowest set of locants-Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain as 1, 2, 3….etc. starting from
the end which gives smaller number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituent.
When there are two or more different substituents attached to the parent chain, then the
end of the parent chain which gives lowest set of locants is preferred for numbering.

3. Presence of more than one same substituents-If the same substituents occurs more than once
on the parent chain, it is indicated by the prefixes such as di, tri, tetra, etc. to indicate 2, 3, 4 etc.
same substituents.
Select the carbon change with maximum number of branches.

4. Naming different substituents-If two or more substituents are present on the parent chain, they
are named in the alphabetical order along with their appropriate positions.

5. Naming different substituents at equivalent positions-If two different substituents are present
at equivalent positions from the two ends of the chain, then the numbering of the chain is done in
such a way that the substituent which comes first in alphabetical order gets lower number.

6. Naming the complex substituents (or substituted substituents)

7. Naming unsaturated hydrocarbons-Select the longest continuous chain containing the carbon
atoms involved in multiple bonds (double or triple).
 Use ‘ene’ and ‘yne’ for double and triple bond repectively.
 The numbering of atoms in the parent chain is done in such a way that the carbon atom
containing the double or triple bond gets the lowest number.

8. Naming compounds containing functional group-The numbering of atoms in the parent chain
bearing functional group is done in such a way that carbon atom bearing the functional group gets
the lowest number.
If the organic compound contains a functional group, multiple bond, side chain or substituent, the
order of preference is:
Functional group > Double bond > Triple bond > Substituent /side chain.
 For poly functional group:
 Identify the principle and secondary functional group.
Classification based on functional Group:
Functional Group Structure Prefix Suffix
Carboxylic acid – COOH Carboxy oic acid
Sulphonic acid –SO3H sulpho sulphonic acid
Acid anhydride –OC–O–CO– ––– oic anhydride
Esters –COOR alkoxy carbonyl alkyl alkanoate
Acid halides –COX halo formyl oyl halide
Acid amides –CONH2 carbamoyl amide
Cyanides – CN cyano nitrile
Aldehydes –CH=O formyl al
Ketones C=O oxo/keto one
Alcohols –OH hydroxy ol
Thioalcohols –SH mercapto thiol
Amines –NH 2 amino amine
Imine C=NH imino imine
Isonitrile R–NC Carbylamino isonitrile
Alkenes C=C ––– ene
Alkynes –CC– ––– yne
Nitro –NO 2 nitro ___
Nitroso –NO nitroso ___
Halo –X halo ___
Alkyl –R alkyl ___
Ether –OR alkoxy ___
O
Epoxy / \ epoxy ___
 CC
Diazo =N
Benzene
Phenyl or –Ph Phenyl

 Select the carbon chain containing the principle functional group and number the chain in
such a way that principle functional group gets the lowest number. Refer the priority order
list.
 In case of ”-CHO, -COOH, -CONH2,-COOR, -CN” the numbering must start from the
carbon atom of these functional group only.
 In IUPAC system,for nomenclature some groups are not considered as functional group
but treated as substituent. These functional group are always indicated by prefixes instead
of secondary suffixes.
–NO2 Nitro
–OR Alkoxy
–Cl Chloro
–Br Bromo
–I Iodo
–F Fluoro
–N=O Nitroso
–NO2 Nitro
=N Diazo
O
/ \ Epoxy
 CC
 1. Sulphonic acid –SO3H
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2. Carboxylic acid –COOH

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3. Acid Anhydride

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4. Esters

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5. Acid Chloride

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6. Amides –CONH2
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7. Nitrile –CN
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8. Aldehyde –CHO
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9. Ketones
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10. Alcohols –OH

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11. Phenols

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12. Thiol –SH

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13. Amines –NH2

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14. Imine =NH2

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15. Alkenes
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16. Alkynes –C  C–
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