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  You will be, the part of best team i.e team
“SIDUPSC”

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SUBSCRIBE  Membership to group “Bureaucrats of the

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future”

Use code  Assured telephonic guidance and

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mentoring by ME.

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India-Nepal
 • Nepal is an important
neighbor of India and has
Introduction special significance in India’s
foreign policy because of its

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geographical, cultural,
economic –linkages and

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people-to-people contact due
to open borders.

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• Sugauli treaty 1815

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• Nepal acts as the buffer state
between India and China.

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• The India-Nepal Treaty of
Peace and Friendship of 1950
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special relations between
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India and Nepal.
• Bordering states- UK, UP,
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Bihar, WB and Sikkim.

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• It was made a parliamentary democracy
in 1951

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• The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and
early 2000s resulted in the

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establishment of a secular republic in

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2008, ending the world's

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last Hindu monarchy.
• Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat
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Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
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 • It is bilateral pact signed at Kathmandu on July 31,

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1950 by last Rana of Nepal ie Jang Bhadur Rana and
Indian ambassador to Nepal.
India-Nepal

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• The treaty permits free movement of people and
Treaty of goods between the two countries and a close

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relationship and collaboration on matters of
Peace and defense and foreign affairs.

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• This enables the Nepali and Indian nationals to
Friendship of -

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move freely across the border without passport or
visa, live and work in either country and own
1950
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property or do trade or business in either country.
• The Treaty has enabled Nepal to overcome the
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disadvantages of being a land-locked country.
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• Nepal's reservations to the treaty are based
on the argument that the treaty

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compromises Nepal's ability to pursue an
Criticism of independent defense and foreign policy.

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the treaty

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• Some Nepalese claim that the 1950 treaty
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and can be revoked by a one-year notice.
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 • Treaty of Kosi 1954- To regulate the flooding of river
Kosi. India built a barrage in Nepal over it and

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acquired the management rights over the barrage
for 199 years.

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• Gandhak River treaty 1959- It formed the basis for
the construction of barrage, canal systems serving in

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River sharing India and Nepal, a hydropower plant to supply

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power to Nepal, 2000 MW of electricity was to be
treaties generated.

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• Mahakali River treaty 1996- India undertook the
construction of 3 dams
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2. Tanakpur
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3. Pancheshwar
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 Cultural ties
• Nepal and India share a cultural history around the development of the two major
religions of the world – Hinduism and Buddhism.

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• India is the birthplace of Hinduism which is a major religion in present-day Nepal.

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• Buddha was born in Lumbini, in present-day Nepal. Later Buddha came to India, where
he got enlightenment. Lumbini is part of the Buddhist circuit being developed.

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• India has sister city agreements with Nepal -> Kathmandu-Varanasi, Lumbini-Bodhgaya,

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Janakpur-Ayodhya

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 • India is Nepal’s
largest trade partner.

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• Entire third country

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trade of Nepal is
provided by India

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through Kolkata port.

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• Open borders have

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boosted the
economic activities
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of workforce.
Economic ties
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 Connectivity and Development Partnership

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• India gives financial and technical aid to Nepal’s developmental activities.

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• The total economic assistance earmarked under ‘Aid to Nepal’ budget in FY 2019-
20 was INR 1200 crore. (source MEA website)
• Some of the projects undertaken by India are-

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 Cross-border Motihari-Amalekhgunj petroleum pipeline, first of its kind in

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South Asia. The 69-km pipeline is reducing the cost of transportation of fuel from

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India to Nepal.

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Completion of 7 out of 14 India-funded roads in Terai region of Nepal.
Railway projects ex. (i) Jaynagar (India)-Janakpur (Nepal) to Bardibas in Nepal, (ii)

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Jogbani-Biratnagar, (iii) Nautanwa-Bhairahawa, (iv) Rupaidiha-Nepalgunj, and (v)

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New Jalpaiguri-Kakarbhitta, and (vi) Kathmandu-Raxual.
Arun-3 Hydropower project.

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Construction of 4 Integrated check posts (ICP) ex. Raxaul (India)-Birgunj(Nepal),

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Saunali (India)–Bhairahawa(Nepal), Jogbani(India)-Biratnagar(Nepal) and Nepalgunj
Road(India)-Nepalgunj(Nepal).

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Linking Sagarmatha and Sagar – developing inland waterways to enhance the
movement of Cargo and provide access to the sea.
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Defense ties

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• India trains and equips the Nepalese

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Army and assist in its advancement on
modern lines.

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• According to the 1950 friendship treaty,

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Nepal can buy arms from India.
• The joint military exercise of India with
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• The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian
Army are raised partly by recruitment
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from hill districts of Nepal.

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Madhesi Issue: What was it all about?
• They reside in terrain region of Nepal, at a discomfort with the new constitution

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formulated in 2015.

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• Have cross border linkages with India and differences with the historically ruling
Brahmin-Kshatriya elites of Kathmandu valley.
• They held a blockade for 5 months in 2015 as a protest, just after a sever

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earthquake. This unleashed a havoc for local population.

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 Friction between India-Nepal

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• Major areas of dispute between India and Nepal are Kalapani, Limpiyadhura,
Lipulekh, Susta, Mechi, and Tanakpur. An estimated 60,000 hectares of border

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land is currently disputed between India and Nepal.

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 Broder Trouble India-Nepal
Indian defense minister, Rajnath Singh, inaugurated an 80 km (50-mile) upgraded road

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on the Lipulek pass. The improvements will help to reduce travel time for the Hindu

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pilgrims that use it, but it was this move that triggered the diplomatic spat with Nepal.

Madhesi community blockade.

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Nepal's Oli government has passed the constitutional amendment ratifying a change
in its map which includes India's territories in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district.

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The new map includes Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura, territories that India
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controls.

For India, the timing with India-China border stand-off further adds to the belief that
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Oli is backed by Beijing.

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 • Internal security- Open borders are

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exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgency

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groups.
Few more • Trust deficit- Due to delay in completion of

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challenges in projects.

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India-Nepal • Political instability in Nepal

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relations • Madhesi issue

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 Modi visited the birthplace of Buddha, where he laid a foundation
stone along with Nepalese Prime Minister for a Buddhist Vihara,

Recent PM being built with Indian assistance.

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Visit (2022) PM praised Nepal for preserving its ancient culture and

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civilisation. India-Nepal relation is as strong and as ancient as
the Himalayas.

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He performed the 'shilanyas' ceremony to launch the construction

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of the India International Centre for Buddhist Culture and
Heritage in the Lumbini Monastic Zone.

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The two leaders signed five agreements, including one between

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the Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Ltd and the Nepal Electricity
Authority (NEA) for development and implementation of 490.2
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megawatts Arun-4 hydropower project.

Nepal discussed some pending projects like the Pancheshwar

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Multipurpose Project, an important arm of the Mahakali Treaty.

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• Nepal and China has been friendly and is defined by the Sino-
Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed on April 28,
1960 by the two countries.
Nepal-China
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• No border dispute, resolved in 1960
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Axis • Nepal became watchful after kingdom of Sikkim merged with
India in 1975.
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• Nepal supports China’s inclusion in SAARC.

• China is largest source of FDI while India is for remittances.
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 Recent developments
• President Xi Jinping’s brief but significant visit to Kathamandu was

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defined by the determination to accelerate the development of

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an ambitious trans-Himalayan corridor between China’s Tibet and
Nepal.

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• Nepal and China signed a memorandum of understanding on

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cooperation within the BRI framework.

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• China and Nepal agreed to upgrade their relations to a strategic
partnership.
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• Furthermore, investments will pour in while China eyeing Nepal’s
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natural resources.
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Use code  Assured telephonic guidance and

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mentoring by ME.

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od
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