wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

 Ktdks Nujgo
  wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

 Sofhjhsfonmjto 

MGOYOHJM HSO@OJKDM
Fhjfmpt m Gmso`j
Wamhghrm Cmr`qvost m Nk`jus Nkdncmr`

Kuthro
Wamhghrm Cmr`qvost m Nk`jus Nkdncmr`

Smgkzohjm
Nkx Amrj`rmj, Dufk Famrstofa, Kjgmrs Ikrvm,
Sofakrg Jodsshj, Gkj Vdhttjmr m Nkttoks Cmr`doj.

Smvosohjm
Ihaj Nkrrhj

Gormzohjm Krtostofk
Wamhghrm Cmr`qvost

Dkyhut m @rk﬋fk
Nk`jus Nkdncmr`

Fhpmrtojk
Iustoj Vwmmt

3 Oddustrkzohjo
Kdvkrh Wkpok, Iustoj Vwmmt, Hdk Dkrsshj, Umr Viü`rmj,
Wamhghrm Cmr`qvost, Umtmr Cmr`toj`,
Wrmvhr Gmjakn m Uktrob Amdd`

MGOYOHJM OWKDOKJK
Gormtthrm Mgothrokdm
Nkssonh Frkjfao

Vupmrvosohjm
Mdoskcmttk Kdcojo

Smvosohjm
Odkrok @kok Sussh m @oudokjh @okjlro`dok

Wrkguzohjm
@ousmppm Fkprokto m K. Bmddmr

Onpk`ojkzohjm m @rk﬋fk
Vhjok Ckdksshjm

Pmcnkstmr
Cofm Smffaonurzh

@rkzom k tutto fhdhrh

Bofbstkrtmr pmr dkfam akjjh fhjtrocuoth
rmkdozzkzohjm go qumsthkddk fknpk`jk
prh`mtth.
[umsth á uj prhghtth go lkjtksok. Wuttm dm ojlhrnkzohjo fhjtmjutm shjh
ojtmsm ko ﬋jo gmddk ﬋jzohjm kd fuo
f uo ush qumsth docrh á rosmrvkth, m so kvvmrtm go
kffhstkrso k qumsth `ohfh fhj dm ghvutm fkutmdm m dk nkturotå jmfmsskrok.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

6
 
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

Vhnnkroh 
OD NHJGH 0 V]C SHVK 10
Fkdmjgkroh ........................
.................................................
..................................................
.........................................;5
................;5 @do @jhs
@jhstofo
tofo.............................................................
......................................................................................
...........................11
..11
Dk Frhjh
Frhjhdh`ok dh`ok Cocdofk ........................
.................................................
.............................................
....................;;; Uoun Vhgkdofoun ........................................................
...............................................................................?;
.......................?;
Dk Frhjh
Frhjhdh`ok dh`ok Uk`kjk ....................................
..............................................................
.................................
.......;1
;1 Fhj`rm`ktoh
Fhj`rm`k toh Urh Ghftrojk Logmo.........................
..................................................
..........................?7
.?7
D'Mrk Frostokjk .......................
.................................................
...................................................
................................35
.......35 Fhnpk`jom gu Vkojt Vkfrmnm Vkfrmnmjt..... jt...............................
................................................?<
......................?<
Od @ohrj
@ohrjhh gmd @ougoz @ougozoh oh .......................
................................................
.............................................3<
....................3< Amdd﬋rm Fduc ....................................................................
......................................................................................??
..................??
Vhfomtå ......................
................................................
...................................................
.................................................65
........................65 Od Fudth gmddm Vtrm`a
Vtrm`amm.......................
.................................................
..............................................;56
....................;56
Lmgmm m Fhjlmss
Lmg Fhjlmssohjm ohjm ...........................................................
...........................................................................63
................63 Dk Nostmrohsk Ksshfokzohjm \hhghh go Wmrry Ihjms ...............;5=
Vfomjzk m Oddunojosnh.........................
..................................................
.............................................6=
....................6= Vhfoïtï Mj Vhom ......................................
................................................................
..........................................;5?
................;5?
Vtrm`hjmrok
Vtrm`hj mrok m supmrs
supmrstozohjtozohjmm ......................
...............................................
.....................................60
............60 @do Aksaks
Aksaksaojaoj ........................
.................................................
..................................................
.................................
........ ;;6
@umrrk .......................
................................................
..................................................
.................................................61
........................61 @do Oddunojkto......................................................
................................................................................
.............................
... ;;=
Fhnnmrfohh .......................
Fhnnmrfo ................................................
...................................................
.........................................6?
...............6? Hgg Lm
Lmddhws
ddhws ......................
................................................
...................................................
.....................................;3;
............;3;
Fronojo m Uujozoh
Uujozohjm jm .......................
................................................
.................................................7;
........................7; Dk Dh``ok Nksshjo
Nksshjofk fk ...............................
.........................................................
......................................;3=
............;3=
\kjotå m Gmfkgmjz
Gmfkgmjzkk ...................................................................
..........................................................................76
.......76 Hrgrm gm dm Vkj` Cdmu. Cdmu..........................
..................................................
..........................................;63
.................;63
Od Nhjg
Nhjghh gmddm Hncrm ............................
......................................................
.........................................77
...............77 Dk Fhnpk`jok Hdkjgmsm pmr od Fhnnmrfoh
@mh`rk﬋k ......................
...............................................
..................................................
.............................................71
....................71 go Sun m Yuffamr
Yuffamrhh ................................................
.........................................................................;
.........................;6<
6<
Oj`aodtmrrk
Oj`aodtm rrk ........................
.................................................
..................................................
.........................................7?
................7? Gm Jkturkdo Vfomj
Vfomjtok tok ..................................
...........................................................
.....................................;75
............;75
7 Lrkjfok...........................
Lrkjfok. ...................................................
..................................................
.............................................=5
....................=5 D'Hrgojm gmo Shskfrhfm.........................
Shskfrhfm..................................................
.........................................;73
................;73
Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh ................................
.........................................................
.....................................
............=;
=; Wam Shy
Shykdkd Vhfomty ..........................................................
..........................................................................;7=
................;7=
Otkdok ......................
................................................
...................................................
..................................................
............................=3
...=3 Crmvo Gmsfrozohjo go kdfujm kdtrm Vhfomtå ...................... ..................................;=5
............;=5
Sussok.........................
Sussok ..................................................
..................................................
.................................................=7
........................=7 O Umr
Umrshjk`
shjk``o`o @ohfkj
@ohfkjto to m Vuc Shsk ......................................
..............................................;=6
........;=6
Fottå ......................
...............................................
...................................................
...................................................
............................==
...== Fhgofo m Frotth`rk﬋k .....................................
..............................................................
.................................;=7
........;=7
Knstmrgkn
Knstmrg kn .......................
................................................
..................................................
.........................................=<
................=< Doj`um Hffudtm.......................................................
................................................................................;
.........................;<5
<5
Cmrdojh ......................
................................................
...................................................
.................................................=1
........................=1
Chsthj.......................
.................................................
...................................................
.................................................=?
........................=?
Fhpmjk`amj
Fhpmjk`a mj......................
...............................................
..................................................
.........................................<5
................<5
@ütmchr`
@ütmch r` .........................
...................................................
...................................................
.........................................<6
................<6
Dhjgrk ......................
...............................................
..................................................
..................................................<7
.........................<7
Ukro`o ........................
.................................................
..................................................
..................................................<<
.........................<<
Urk`k .................................................
........................
Shnk......................... ..................................................
....................................................................................................<1
...........................................................................<1
..................................................05
.........................05
Vkj Uomtrhc
Uomtrhcur`h ur`h................................................................
................................................................................0;
................0;
Vthffhdnkk.........................
Vthffhdn ..................................................
...................................................
..........................................03
................03
\mjmzok .........................
..................................................
..................................................
..............................................06
.....................06
\omjjk.......................
................................................
..................................................
..................................................07
.........................07
Krmm Wopofa
Wopofam....................
m..............................................
...................................................
.........................................0=
................0=
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

=
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

<
 wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535


 Odd Nhjgh
 O 

—M d‟kghrmrkjjh tutto `do kcotkjto gmddk tmrrk, o fuo jhno jhj shjh sfrotto jmd docrh gmddk votk
gmdd‟K`jmddh,
gmdd‟K`jmdd h, fam á stkth uffosh ﬋j gkddk lhjgkzohjm gmd nhjgh„.
 Kphfkdossm ;691 

0 

 Nkgknm,
 Nkgk nm, nhjnhjsomsomur,
ur, jhj rms rmstkt
tktmm oj Kdfujo gormccmrh fam dk vmrotå á uj phfam ojtuozohjo fam fhprhjh tutth, m dk
gospkrtm. \mjotm kvkjto, ujotmvo k jho vmdh shttodm, fhnm od truffh su uj vosh vmrogofotå go qumstm lhjto gmvm smnprm
oj qumsth fkdhrm, h qumd phfh fam jm slrm`okth, kcoto go smtk su uj fhrph mssmrm nmssk oj gosfussohjm. Vpmssh, jhj
ronkjm. Lhrsm ghvrmo gorm9 —Cmjvmjuto oj nkrthrokth, cmddm pkrhdm fam nksfamrkjh shjh fam ujk poffhdk pkrtm go uj nostmrh
nostm rh
qumstk lrmggk hsfurotå fkpkfm go `mdkrm uj gmsogmroh nkdkth h od prhlunh suddk poÿ `rkjgm, h ujk fhsporkzohjm oj uj poÿ
fkrjm putrmlkttk. Dk vmrotå jhj á poÿ vksth fhjtmsth.
dm hssk„. Ha, kddhjs, jhj soktm tonogo2 kffurktk h poÿ oj`kjjmvhdm go qukdsokso \mdktm jmdd‟hsfurotå m smppmddotm oj
dksfoktm o vhstro lmrro roj`aokjto suddk kdtrk fhsk. Á smnpdofmnmjtm qumd noddmjjo go nmjzh`jm, go tkjth oj tkjth
nmjshdk dk``oÿ, jhj trhvmrmtm jmnofo oj fam á, fhnm á vmrh fam fo shjh nhjgo qumstm —vmrotå„ vmj`hjh k `kddk. Lktto
qumstk stkjzk. No á stkth gmtth fam somtm m gonmjsohjo hdtrm dk jhstrk rmkdtå, fhstruoto su gh`no, ostotuzohjo, sfomjzk,
kjonm furohsm, onpkzomjto go skpmrjm go trhpph fhnpdmsso gk fhnprmjgmrm pmr rotukdo, fhj`rm`am, Goh shdh sk fhsk.
 poÿ —sudd
—sudd‟kdt
‟kdtrh
rh nhj
nhjgh„.
gh„. Jhj ron ronkrr
krrmtm
mtm fhdhrh fam jhj shjgkjh dm prhlhjgotå Urojfopo lhjgknmjtkdo fam shjh fhjso-
gmduso. kcosskdo gmddm prhprom kjonm. Fhdhrh fam gmrkto fhsä vmro fam od shdh pmjsomrh fam
 Mjtrkt
 Mjt rktm,m, cmv
cmvmtm
mtm uj cof
coffao
faomrm
mrm go voj
vojh,
h, vok``okjh suo poÿ kstdkto mstrmno gmddm phsskjh mssmrm msphsto phrtmrmccm nhrtm
od no`dohrm oj tuttk dk Lrkjfok! Vmjtotmvo dhrh nmjto fhjhsfmrkjjh fhsm fam jhj m gostruzohjm.
shjh go qumsth nhjgh, nk shjh rmkdo Dm fhsporkzohjo so ojthrcogosfhjh shtth
k fksk, prmsth dm nkêtrm skrå quo m vo qukjth od tmnph m dh spkzoh. dk supmr﬋fom, dm fhj`rm`am so roujosfhjh
gorå tutth foó fam sk mssmrm vmrh. Voktm Fo shjh nhdtm —vmrotå„ sudd‟hsfurotå m jmddk skdm hsfurm, dk fhjhsfmjzk fkncok go
 pkzomomjto
 pkz jto,, pmr
pmrfaï
faï á ujk duj duj`k`k sth
sthrok
rok d‟hffudth. Ojjunmrmvhdo prhlmzom, tmsto m nkjh oj nkjh m `do hffudtosto sfkvkjh jmd
fam jkrrk go vknporo, roto hffudto, thno fam kpprhlhjgosfhjh d‟orrmkdm m od nostmrh pmr svmdkrjm o sm`rmto.
shfomtå sm`rmtm m, jhj udtonh, go tuttm dm cozzkrrh, fhsm fam pmjmtrkjh dk jhstrk
nmjzh`jm fam vo shjh stktm rkffhjtktm rmkdtå m so dksfokjh gomtrh kjonm oj pmzzo [umsth á od frmpusfhdh gm`do gáo.
oj tutto qumsto kjjo ... m nmjto kvvozzotm. Wuttkvok, msosthjh  Cmjvmj
 Cmj vmjuto
uto k DmxH
D mxHffu
ffudtdtun
un..

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
@do uhnojo gmddk Faomsk akjjh
fhnckttuth ojsostmjtmnmjtm fhjtrh
dk rovmdkzohjm go qumstm vmrotå, fam
shjh oj `rkgh go rhvmsfokrm dk fhjfm-
fhjfm -
zohjm frostokjk gmd nhjgh. Vmfhjgh
dhrh, msosthjh shdh Ukrkgosh, Ojlmrjh m
Uur`kthroh. Vm o nhrto vovmjto msostms-
smrh m dk dujk kvmssm od phtmrm go ghjkrm
kddm frmkturm dm lkttmzzm m dm kcodotå go
uj duph, dk dhrh ojtmrk rmdo`ohjm m o suho
gh`no skrmccmrh shstotuoto gkddk pkurk,
d‟kj`hsfok m dk rofmrfk go rosphstm fam
fhjgufhjh dhjtkjh gkddk dufm.
Umr fmjtojkok
shſthfkrm qumstmgojhzohjo
kjjo, á stkth phssocodm
kttrkvmrsh dk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
jm`kzohjm ksshdutk m d‟ojtonogkzohjm. Dk
—vmrotå„ mrk tmjutk kg h`jo fhsth dhjtkjk
gko gmchdo, fhsoffaï jhj phtmssmrh ojtrh-
ojtrh-
nmttmrso m httmjmrm fhjhsfmjzm m phtmrm
jhj gmstojkto k dhrh. Vm do kvmssmrh
httmjuto, skrmccmrh stkto fhjgkjjkto.
No`dokok go kjjo go pmrsmfuzohjo,
prhfmsso kddm strm`am, Ojquosozohjm
m fkffok k mrmtofo m kphstkto lurhjh od
rosudtkth go gmfosohjo prmsm gk uj poffhdh
`rupph go ojgovoguo
o jgovoguo fam vhdmvkjh,
vhdmvkjh, oj Vuh
jhnm, frmkrm uj nhjgh poÿ dunojhsh m
gurkturh. Goh ak pujoth d‟unkjotå fhj od
Goduvoh,
go juhvh8fhsk d‟kvrmccm lmrnkth gkd lkrdh
\mjjmrh pho smfhdo go rovhduzohjm m
juhvm vmrotå. Od vmffaoh vmjjm smppmd-
doth jmddk nmnhrok m jmddm skdm faousm,
jksfhsth k tutto trkjjm fam k fhdhrh fam
ghvmvkjh  skpmrm.
  skpmrm. Lrknnmjto go vmrotå m
fhjskpmvhdmzzk vmjjmrh trkvhdto gkddk
ruhtk gmd tmnph.
H fhsä lu ﬋jfaï dk `mjtm jhj ojozoó
k rhvostkrm jm`do krfaovo m nmttmrm
oj guccoh kjfhrk ujk vhdtk o projfäpo
lhjgknmjtkdo.
\mjjm faoknkth —Oddunojosnh„, nk
pmr dk Faomsk f‟mrk shdh uj tmrnojm
kgm`ukth9
sm`rmto go —dk ﬋jm f‟mrk
Mjhfa gmo tmnpo.„
sfrotthJmo
famfkpothdo
Goh do
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

kvrmccm pujoto fhj uj smfhjgh Goduvoh
sm kvmssmrh ojgk`kth trhpph vofojh kdd‟h-
kdd‟h-
sfurotå. Dk nossohjm gmddk Faomsk mrk go
lmrnkrdo, k qukdsokso fhsth.
Fhj d‟Oddunojosnh krrovkrhjh dm
ghnkjgm, m ﬋j trhppo lrknnmjto go
vmrotå pksskrhjh kttrkvmrsh dm sum rmto.
Dk Faomsk á gospmrktk, `do sfomjzokto
shjh kſtknkto go kdtrk fhjhsfmjzk m `do
hffudtosto
prhtm``hjh vh`dohjh
dm nkssmstrkppkrm o vmdo fam
gkddk vmrotå. Vo
rovhd`hjh kddm krto hsfurm pmr httmjmrm
poÿ phtmrm pmr sï, h shdh pmr fhjlutkrm dk
tmso fam Goh á hjjophtmjtm m prhvkrm fam
dk jhstrk vhdhjtå á docmrk.
H pmr gonhstrkrm fam Goh ak gk tmnph
kcckjghjkth d‟unkjotå kd suh gmstojh.
Foó fam jï dk sfomjzk jï dk Faomsk
skjjh —spom`krm„ á prmsth fhpmrth pmr dk
phstmrotå gk sthrofo, lujzohjkro m skfmrghto.
Jmssujh, oj rmkdtå, vuhdm kffmttkrm fhsk
stk gkvvmrh kffkgmjgh ktthrjh k duo.
@mjtm shſtmrmjtm, cozzkrrk, gmlhrnm m
squodocrktk vomjm kffusktk pmr `do ojspom-
ojspom-
`kcodo kffkgonmjto fam so rm`ostrkjh oj
tuttk Murhpk. Hrgojo m shfomtå sm`rmtm so
shjh mstmso k nkffaok g‟hdoh jm`do kjtro
hsfuro g‟Murhpk, skpmjgh, h frmgmjgh
go skpmrm, fhsk gkvvmrh stok kvvmjmjgh.
Dm shfomtå akjjh o dhrh pokjo pmr frmkrm
uj juhvh hrgojm nhjgokdm, o soj`hdo so
kpprhprokjh go uj phtmrm jhj gmstojkth
k`do mssmro unkjo, o skfmrghto rofkffokjh o
gmnhjo kdd‟Ojlmrjh m od nhjgh so gockttm m
fkncok shtth dk supmr﬋fm.
\o shjh kdfujo, pmró, fam skjjh
fam sporoto, gmnhjo, kj`mdo, dofkjtrhpo,
vknporo m kdtrm frmkturm mg mssmro cocdofo m
nothdh`ofo shjh poÿ fam nmrk onnk`ojk-
onnk`ojk-
zohjm. Ojjunmrmvhdo prhlmto kuthjhno-
jkto pmrfhrrhjh nmrfkto m strkgm, prmgo-
fkjgh
fhj ujkdk sonodm,
vmrotå ojlkustk
ro`ukrghprhnmssk
d‟o`jhth, gmddk
tutto
﬋jm gmd nhjgh m gmddk rhvojk gmdd‟uhnh.
Nhdto frmghjh go fhjhsfmrm dk vmrotå, nk
phfao skjjh fhsk stk gkvvmrh kffkgmjgh.
[umsto phfao mdmtto akjjh faoknkth
dk dhrh lktogofk fhjhsfmjzk —DmxHf-
fudtun„, dk —dm``m sm`rmtk„, uskjgh ujk
`rknnktofk dktojk sck`doktk pmr rogofh-
dozzkrm d‟o`jhrkjzk, `mttkjgh kjfhr poÿ
fhjlusohjm trk o jhj-oddunojkto.
Fhdhrh fam vh`dohjh nkjtmjmrm qumsto
sm`rmto so rkgujkjh jmo fhj﬋jo trk dufm
m hsfurotå, votk m lhddok. Vhfomtå m hrgojo
akjjh `ourkth go prhtm``mrm kjtofam
sk``mzzm h krtmlktto gonmjtofkto, nmjtrm
o dhrh nmncro spmssh jhj skjjh juddk
ro`ukrgh foó fam stkjjh prhtm``mjgh h
pmrfaï. Mppurm, shjh ojtmrknmjtm shtth-
shtth-
nmsso k uj orrmprmjsocodm pkgrhjm, od fuo
nojonh gmsogmroh á oj `rkgh go spoj`mrdo
k fhnpomrm cmstokdo hnofogo m gmfdknkrm
lkdsm fhjlmssohjo.
Msosthjh shfomtå go h`jo toph2 kdfujm
kghrkjh od Gokvhdh, kdtrm od smssh, dk votk
h dh stmssh Goh Hjjophtmjtm. Dk `rkjgm
nk``ohrkjzk á ustfokdnmjtm, h ustfohsk-
nmjtm, chddktk gkddk Faomsk fhnm mrmtofk
m pkrtm gmdd‟hsfurotå. \o shjh uhnojo m
ghjjm gmddk Faomsk fam dhttkjh fhstkj-
tmnmjtm pmr oj﬋dtrkrso oj qumstm shfomtå,
rkffh`domjgh ojlhrnkzohjo m fmrfkjgh go
sfhprorm fhsk skppokjh
Kdfaonosto, ﬋dhsh﬋, gkvvmrh.
gkvvmrh . nktm-
sfomjzokto,
nktofo m kdtro fmrfkthro go vmrotå sfkvkjh
k lhjgh jmo vmffao ojsm`jknmjto m shjh
kttmjtknmjtm shrvm`dokto gk fhdhrh fam
jhj vh`dohjh fam tkdo sm`rmto vmj`kjh
svmdkto. Kdfujo rhnphjh od vmdh gmd
tmnph, stro`dokjh dm dhrh kjonm pmrfaï
sokjh juhvknmjtm rosvm`doktm m tmstonh-
jokjh sfhpmrtm nko ojtmsm pmr d‟unkjotå.
Jhj kppmjk dk Faomsk dh sfhprm, ojvok
o suho kj`mdo gmddk nhrtm pmr ropudorm
m ojskccokrm h`jo trkffok. Fhdhrh fam
spmronmjtkjh tkdo fhjhsfmjzm shjh
pkrtm gmdd‟hsfurotå. Umr dk Faomsk, qumsto
uhnojo m ghjjm rkpprmsmjtkjh ujk
`rkjgm nojkffok pmr d‟unkjotå. Dk dhrh
smtm go votk mtmrjk, hrh, mdosor g‟knhrm ?
phrtmrå dk ﬋jm gmo `ohrjo.
Fhdhrh fam nmjthjh k sm stmsso so
fhjvojfmrkjjh fam tkdvhdtk dm fhsm
kppkohjh pmr foó fam frmgoknh fam sokjh,
nk vovhjh oj ujk cu`ok.

[umddk nkttojk Vom`lromg usfä gkddk suk fksk jmd poffhdh voddk``oh ckvkrmsm nhdth pronk
gmd shdoth. Vo mrk rosvm`dokth ojzuppkth go lrmggo unhro, ghph kvmr vossuth od poÿ tmrrocodm m
cozzkrrh gmo sh`jo. Kvmvk prhvkth h`jo strktk`mnnk, nk jhj mrk rousfoth k rokgghrnmjtkrso.
Oj﬋jm so mrk krrmsh m so mrk kdzkth gkd dmtth, onprm`jkth go sughrm, dksfokjgh dk suk jhvmddk
sphsk fam kjfhrk ghrnovk smrmjk sud suh dkth gmd dmtth, kppkrmjtmnmjtm docmrk gk`do ojfuco.

K goſtmrmjzk gm`do kdtro ojfuco fam dh kvmvkjh thrnmjtkth go rmfmjtm, qumsth jhj vhdmvk
skpmrjm go dksfokrdh oj pkfm. [umddo prmfmgmjto, ujk vhdtk svm`doh jhj do rofhrgkvk jmnnmjh,
nk qumsth dh rofhrgkvk oj h`jo nojonh gmttk`doh. Mrk fhnm sm ujk juhvk rmkdtå `do lhssm stktk
rovmdktk. Onprhvvosknmjtm vogm foó fam `do mrk stkth jksfhsth. Fhnm sm Goh kvmssm torkth vok
g‟uj trktth dm tmjgm fam kvmvkjh kjjmccokth m ﬋dtrkth dk suk vosohjm. — Umrfaï no sfaokffo fhj
qumstk fhjskpmvhdmzzk8„ Faomsm fupknmjtm kd suh goh, go fuo nko kvmvk gucotkth pronk. Jhj
so prmhffupó go lkrm fhdkzohjm qumd nkttojh, m jmnnmjh so prmhffupó go vmstorso. ]sfä jugh jmd

fhrtodm, fknnojkjgh jmddk lrmggk kdck pronkvmrodm9 jmssujh dh vogm nko poÿ.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 Fkdmjgkroh 

;5

Dk prhspmttovk gk fuo dk nk``ohrkjzk gmddm
pmrshjm `ukrgk od nhjgh so cksk suddk
sthrok fam dm á stktk ojsm`jktk, ujk sthrok
fam dk Faomsk á stktk onpm`jktk k sfrovmrm
pmr gumnodk kjjo. Dm vosohjo sthrofam fam
sm`uhjh shjh fhjgovosm gkddk nk``ohr
pkrtm gmddm pmrshjm gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh.
Foó gmtth, mssm jhj shjh jmfmsskroknmjtm
vmrm, h fhnujqum, shjh shdtkjth pkrto go
sthrom poÿ fhnpdofktm, trhpph pmrofhdhsm
pmr mssmrm rkffhjtktm.
@do stugo sthrofo shjh rmso fhnpdmsso
gk tkdo lmjhnmjo,
udtmrohro gostfhdtå qukjgh so kjkdozzkjh dm `rm`hrokjh
nk shprk``ouj`hjh
;067 gmd fkdmjgkroh
vkrom sthrom gmo govmrso pkmso, gkth fam jhj fkrm udtmrohrnmjtm dm fhsm f‟á od lktth fam
so á nko sofuro go qukdm fkdmjgkroh sok stkth govmrso pkmso kſtrhjtkjh oj nkjomrk goſtm-
uskth pmr rm`ostrkrm o lktto. Od pkssk``oh rmjtm od fkncoh go fkdmjgkroh. Dk Vvmzok,
gkd fkdmjgkroh `oudokjh k qumddh `rm`h-
`rm`h- pmr msmnpoh, ak ojozokth kg kghttkrm
rokjh ak smnojkth od pkjofh trk kstrhdh`o od fkdmjgkroh `rm`hrokjh msfdugmjgh
m hffudtosto, ojfmrto su qukdm uskrm pmr od `ohrjh cosmstodm. Vlhrtujktknmjtm,
dm``mrm `do hrhsfhpo. Kdfujo so spoj`hjh od fkdmjgkroh svmgmsm so trhvk kgmssh
kg kſtmrnkrm fam od fkncoh go fkdmjgkroh gomfo `ohrjo ojgomtrh, ojvmfm gm`do htth
sok uj gmdocmrkth tmjtktovh gk pkrtm gmddk fkdfhdkto. Jmd ;0;3 od prhcdmnk vomjm
Faomsk go fhnckttmrm d‟kstrhdh`ok, fam á roshdth rothrjkjgh kd fkdmjgkroh `oudokjh
fhjsogmrktk uj‟mnkjkzohjm gmd gokvhdh. m ojtrhgufmjgh od `ohrjh ujofh gmd 65
Od ;µ `mjjkoh ;06= gmd fkdmjgkroh lmccrkoh. Od fkdmjgkroh `rm`hrokjh jhj
fhrrosphjgm
kd 35
`oudokjh.
`oudokjh fhnpdo- vmrrå
. Kgofmncrm pronkprhproknmjtm
gmd ;0=6. ojtrhghtth oj Vvmzok

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  Dk Fr
 Dk Frhj
Ukpo, skfmrghto m tmhdh`o, pur kvmjgh
gosputkth soj gkddk lhjgkzohjm gmddk
Faomsk sud nhgh go ojtmrprmtkrm fmrto
pkssk``o, fhjfhrgkjh sud lktth fam dk
Coccok sok od vmrh rmshfhjth gmddk sthrok
unkjk. Dk nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm pmrshjm,
gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh, shjh poÿ mspmrtm
jmddk sthrok gmddk Coccok fam oj qumddk gmo
poÿ `rkjgo mvmjto phdotofo gm`do udtono
fmjth kjjo. Ukrk`hjo m kddm`hrom gmddk
Coccok vmj`hjh uskto lrmqumjtmnmjtm sok
jmddk dmttmrkturk fam jmddm fhjvmrskzohjo
quhtogokjm9 dk nk``ohrkjzk gmddm pmrshjm
fhjhsfm k nmnhrok dm sthrom cocdofam m
o dhrh jhno gmrovkjh oj `rkj pkrtm gk
qumddo gmo suho prhlmto m kphsthdo. Umr dk
topofk pmrshjk gmd ;1µ smfhdh, f‟á ujk dojmk
fhjtojuk fam kttrkvmrsk o smfhdo m vk gkddk
Frmkzohjm gmsfrottk jmddk Coccok ﬋jh
kd `ohrjh fam stk vovmjgh. Dk vmrsohjm
cocdofk gmddk sthrok pmrnmk h`jo fhsk.
Kdd‟ojozoh gmd \ smfhdh g.F. skjt‟K-
skjt‟K -
`hstojh govosm od tmnph oj —smo mtå gmd
nhjgh„, uj nhgmddh kjfhrk oj ush,
pmr qukjth nhgo﬋fkth, pmr `do sthrofo
gmd ;1µ smfhdh. Dk smttonk m udtonk mtå
ojfdugmrå od @ohrjh gmd @ougozoh m `do
mvmjto gmd docrh gmdd‟Kphfkdossm.
gmdd‟Kphfkdossm.
Go sm`uoth á prmsmjtktk ujk rofhstru-
zohjm kccrmvoktk gmddk poÿ kjtofk sthrok
gmd nhjgh fhsä fhnm vomjm gmsfrottk
jmddk Coccok m ojtmrprmtktk gko poÿ prhno-
prhno -
jmjto sthrofo m tmhdh`o gmd ;1µ smfhdh, fhj
k``oujtm gkddk trkgozohjm fkckdostofk m
kdtrm lhjto hffudtm. Dm gktm shjh rophrtktm
oj —KN„
—KN„ h —Kjjh Nujgo„, d‟mtå gm gmdd nhjgh
oj kjjo trksfhrso
Frmkzohjm, gkddkk.F.
jmd 7557 prmsujtk gktk gmddk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁦󰁫󰁤󰁭󰁪󰁧󰁫󰁳󰁯󰁨
hjhdhdh`
h`ok
ok Co
Coccdodoffk  
Dk Uronk Mtå gmd Nhjgh sph`doh, vuhth m hsfurh, fhsä Goh lmfm
dk dufm. M Goh smpkró dk dufm gkdd‟hsfu-
✬ ; K.N. ‖ ;<=0 K.N. rotå. Faoknó dk dufm ‑`ohrjh‟ m d‟hsfu-
✬ (7557 ‖ 3671 k.F.) rotå lu ‑jhttm‟. Od smfhjgh `ohrjh, Goh
frmó uj ﬋rnknmjth jmd nmzzh gmdd‟h-
Iknms ]ssamr go Krnk`a, uj krfovm- fmkjh fam govogmvk d‟kfquk kd go shtth
sfhvh kj`dofkjh ordkjgmsm, ak fkdfhdkth go mssh gkdd‟kfquk kd go shprk go mssh,
od nhnmjth gmddk frmkzohjm gmd nhjgh9 m dh faoknó Fomdh. Od tmrzh `ohrjh, Goh
d‟ojozoh gmddk jhttm gmd vmjtotrmmsonh rkffhdsm d‟kfquk oj uj shd duh`h oj nhgh
`ohrjh go htthcrm, oj prhssonotå gmdd‟m- fam jm mnmr`mssm dk tmrrk. M gkddk tmrrk
quojhzoh go kutujjh, jmdd‟kjjh 7557 M`do trkssm d‟mrck m `do kdcmro gk lrutth.
lr utth. Od ;;
k.F. smfhjgh od fkdmjgkroh `oudokjh. Dk qukrth `ohrjh Goh lmfm gum `rkjgo dufo2
gktk mskttk gmddk frmkzohjm á stktk nmssk od shdm `hvmrjkvk od `ohrjh m dk dujk dk
oj guccoh gko ﬋dhsh﬋ m gk`do sfomjzokto jhttm. Od quojth `ohrjh, Goh frmó d‟kc-
gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, kjfam sm fhnujqum dk chjgkjtm votk crudofkjtm jmddm kfqum m
frhjhdh`ok go ]ssamr á stktk ojfdusk, k `do uffmddo fam vhdkjh shprk dk tmrrk, m
pkrtorm gkd ;05;, oj tuttm
tutt m dm juhvm coccom od smsth `ohrjh frmó h`jo frmkturk fam so
stknpktm jmddm oshdm crotkjjofam. nuhvm m strosfok, m dm cmstom gmddk Wmrrk.
Kdfujo akjjh ojsostoth su kdtrm gktm. M fhsä, Goh frmó od `mjmrm unkjh k suk
Jmdd‟kjtofh onpmrh cozkjtojh, f‟á knpoh onnk`ojm m shno`dokjzk, kstjfaï kvmssm
fhjsmjsh sud lktth fam od nhjgh sok od ghnojoh suo pmsfo gmd nkrm, su`do
stkth frmkth od ;µ smttmncrm ==5? k.F. uffmddo gmdd‟krok m sud cmstoknm m su h`jo
m od fkdmjgkroh mcrkofh ojozok jmdd‟kjjh fhsk fam strosfok m so nuhvm suddk tmrrk.
60<5 k.F. @mhr`ms-Dhuos Dmfdmrf gm Od smttonh `ohrjh Goh so rophsó.
Cuſthj ak pmr﬋jh prhlmsskth fam dk vmrk Goh frmó Kgknh, od pronh unkjh,
mtå gmd nhjgh knnhjto kddh stupmlk-stupmlk- gkddk tmrrk dh frmó. Vhstó jmddm sum jkrofo
fmjtm junmrh go 0=.555 kjjo. Od jhcodm od rmsporh gmddk votk. Uhsm pho d‟uhnh jmd
lrkjfmsm so á kjfam msphsth kd rogofhdh `okrgojh gmdd‟Mgmj kstjfaï dh fusthgossm
prhphjmjgh d‟kssurgk jhzohjm go ujk m dh kffugossm, m `do gossm fam kvrmccm
rmdkzohjm trk unkjo m pronkto. Jkturkd- phtuth nkj`okrm gk qukdsokso kdcmrh
nmjtm f‟á shdtkjth uj poffhdh junmrh trkjjm fam gkdd‟Kdcmrh gmddk Fhjh- Fhjh -
go lhddo fam hskjh shstmjmrm tmso tkjth sfmjzk. Goh vogm fam Kgknh mrk shdh m
mrmtofam. Dk nk``ohrkjzk gm`do sfomj- smjzk uj koutkjtm, fhsä dh lmfm kgghr-
zokto m gmo ﬋dhsh﬋ gmdd‟Oddunojosnh nmjtkrm prhlhjgknmjtm m, nmjtrm m`do
supphrtkjh pomjknmjtm dk phsozohjm ghrnovk, prmsm ujk suk fhsthdk m jm lmfm
gmddk Faomsk suddk Frmkzohjm. ujk ghjjk. Od jhnm gmddk ghjjk mrk Mvk.
Oj oprojfopoh
frmó fomdo m dkjhjWmrrk.
f‟mrk Od
juddk, pho Goh
nhjgh mrk OKgknh
nostofokvmssm
gmddk kvuth
fkckdkgum
shstmj`hjh fam
nh`do pronk
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

;3

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
go Mvk. Dk pronk mrk Dodota, fam vmjjm
kddhjtkjktk qukjgh prhvó k ghnojkrm
Kgknh9 dmo á dk nkgrm go tutto o gmnhjo m o
frmktk  
vknporo. D‟kdtrk mrk smjzk jhnm m frmktk  go Oskffh kg hpmrk go suh pkgrm Kcrknh.
gkd juddk k pkrtorm gkddm hssk. [ukjgh
Kgknh vogm fkrjm m pmddm dm`krso
dm `krso kd jugh
sfamdmtrh, jm rmstó tmrro﬋fkth m jhj vhddm
qumddk nh`dom. Kddhrk Goh frmó Mvk.
Kgknh mg Mvk vovmvkjh jmddk lmdofotå
poÿ
lhrnkfhnpdmtk ﬋jh k fam
go smrpmjtm, do odtmjtó,
Gokvhdh, shtth-
spoj`mj
spoj`mj-
ghdo k nkj`okrm gkd prhocoth Kdcmrh
gmddk Fhjhsfmjzk fhj dk prhnmssk fam
foó do kvrmccm rmso m`ukdo k Goh. Mvk lu
dk pronk k fmgmrm kddk tmjtkzohjm m pho
lmfm nkj`okrm kjfam Kgknh9 qumsth
á od nhtovh pmr fuo dk Faomsk vmgm dm
ghjjm fhnm poÿ pmffktrofo gm`do uhnojo.
Lurochjgh, Goh do provó gmddk dhrh
onnhrtkdotå m do sfkffoó gkd Ukrkgosh.
Goh pho gosphsm o famrucojo m dk spkgk
﬋knnm``okjtm k prhtm``mrm d‟oj`rmssh
kdd‟Mgmj pmr tuttk d‟mtmrjotå. Vtkjgh ko
fkdfhdo
kvvmjjm gmdd‟krfovmsfhvh ]ssamr, dk fkgutk
dujmgä ;5 jhvmncrm.
Ghph dk fkgutk, Mvk gomgm kddk dufm
pronk Fkojh m pho Kcmdm. Fkojh govmjjm uj
k`rofhdthrm m Kcmdm uj pksthrm. [ukjgh
Fkojh vogm fam od Vo`jhrm prmlmrovk o ghjo
go Kcmdm, dk suk nmjtm so rkccuoó mg m`do
uffosm suh lrktmddh. Ckjgoth pmr od suh
fronojm, Fkojh lu spojth vmrsh mst, jmddk
tmrrk go Jhg, ghvm so stkcodä mg mccm nhdto
gosfmjgmjto. D‟unkjotå kvmvk kcotkth dk
Wmrrk pmr ;31 kjjo kd nhnmjth gmd pronh
hnofogoh. O nhdto ﬋`do m ﬋`dom go Kgknh mg
Mvk mccmrh k dhrh vhdtk gmo ﬋`do, m d‟krfo-
d‟krfo-
vmsfhvh ]ssamr stonk fam dk phphdkzohjm
gmd nhjgh lhssm go forfk =55.555 pmrshjm
kd nhnmjth gmd fronojm go Fkojh.
Kgknh vossm ;65 kjjo m govmjjm od
pkgrm go Vmta, fam mrk jkth pmr shstotuorm
Kcmdm fhnm mrmgm go Kgknh. Ghph dk
jksfotk go Vmta Kgknh vossm pmr kdtro 155
kjjo mg mccm nhdto ﬋`do m ﬋`dom. Vmta vossm
;5= kjjo m govmjjm od pkgrm go Mjhsa.
Vmta vossm 150 kjjo ghph dk jksfotk go
Mjhsa mg mccm kdtro ﬋`do m ﬋`dom. Mjhsa
vossm ?5 kjjo m govmjjm od pkgrm go Bmjkj.
Bmjkj vossm 05 kjjo m govmjjm od pkgrm go
Nkakdkdmd, m Nkakdkdmd vossm <= kjjo m
govmjjm od pkgrm go Ikrmg. Ikrmg vossm ;<3
kjjo
frolh mDocrh
govmjjm od pkgrmm go
go Mjhfa Mjhfa.
kdtro D‟kph-
tmsto fkckdo-
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
stofo rkffhjtkjh go fhnm Mjhfa ksfmsm
kd Fomdh m govmjjm d‟krfkj`mdh Nmtktrhj,
fam ojtmrvmjjm pmr lmrnkrm od skfro﬋foh
Mjhfa vossm <= kjjo m govmjjm od pkgrm go
Nmtausmdka. Nmtausmdka vossm ;10 kjjo
m govmjjm od pkgrm go Dknmfa m, qukjgh
mccm ;13 kjjo, govmjjm od pkgrm go Jhá.
Kgmssh fam `do unkjo so stkvkjh
nhdtopdofkjgh,
poÿ cmddm gmddm o﬋`dom
﬋`do fhnm
go Gohdhrh
prmsmrh dm
nh`do.
Dk dhrh prhdm lurhjh uhnojo phtmjto m
fkpo go `rkjgm rojhnkjzk m nmrkvo`dok.
Fao lhssmrh mskttknmjtm qumsto —﬋`do
go Goh„ á qumstohjm go kffmsk gosputk
trk skfmrghto m hffudtosto9 kdfujo gofhjh
fam lhssmrh smnpdofmnmjtm o gosfmj-gosfmj-
gmjto govojo go Vmta fam kjfhrk mrkjh
oj gormtth fhjtktth fhj od Vo`jhrm m fam
sphskrhjh ghjjm gmd skj`um fhrrhtth go
Fkojh, ghjjm fam so mrkjh kddhjtkjktm gk
Goh2 kdtro shstmj`hjh fam so trkttkssm go
kj`mdo ojvokto gk Goh pmr vm`dokrm su`do
unkjo, m fam﬋`dom
rkrm dm dhrh ojvmfm ojozokrhjh dhrh
m ojsm`jkrhjh k gmsogm-
h`jo
shrtk go fhjhsfmjzk prhocotk. [umsth
fhjgussm kddk lhjgkzohjm go nhdtm fottå
go pmffkthro m kddk prktofk gmddm krto
hffudtm. Vfrotto kphfro﬋ m hffudto gmsfro-
vhjh qumsto kj`mdo fkguto jmo nojono
gmttk`do m jhnojkjh Vknykzk m Kzkzmd
trk `do kdtro fam fhnpkohjh jmo docro
gmddm krto jmrm m gmo rotukdo gokchdofo. @do
unkjo onpkrkrhjh fhnm lhr`okrm krno,
trkffokrm m ojtmrprmtkrm o nhvonmjto
gmo fhrpo fmdmsto, dkjfokrm ojfkjtmsono…
tuttm fhsm fhjtrkrom ko fhnkjgknmjto go
Goh. Umr dk dhrh rocmddohjm, Goh prmfopotó
`do kj`mdo fkguto (fkpm``okto gk Dufolmrh)
jmddm vosfmrm gmddk Wmrrk. Vmfhjgh pkpk
@ohvkjjo QOO, ;66.65<.<<1 kj`mdo so
ujorhjh kddm sfaomrm rocmddo. 3<<.<;6.66<
kj`mdo ronksmrh lmgmdo k Goh.
Goh vogm fam dk nkdvk`otå gmdd‟unkjotå
mrk `rkjgm m ronpokjsm go kvmrdk frmktk,
nk Jhá trhvó dk `rkzok k`do hffao gmd
Vo`jhrm. Goh kddhrk `do gossm fam kvrmccm
gostrutth tutth foó fam kvmvk frmkth m `do
hrgojó go fhstruorm ujk `rkjgm krfk pmr
slu``orm kd goduvoh m phrtkrm ojsomnm k
sï m kddk suk lkno`dok ujk fhppok go h`jo
kjonkdm suddk Wmrrk. Vmfhjgh kdfujm
lhjto, Jhá Odphrtó
go Kgknh. sudd‟krfk
goduvoh kjfamod nhjgh
shnnmrsm dm hssk
m guró uj kjjh m gomfo `ohrjo. Wutto
`do unkjo m tutto `do kjonkdo vmjjmrh
spkzzkto vok, trkjjm Jhá m dk suk krfk.
Jmd ;1µ smfhdh so rotomjm go vmgmrm dm
trkffm gmd goduvoh jm`do strkto tmrrmsto m
jmdd‟mrhsohjm gmddm nhjtk`jm. Joffhdó
Vtmjhjm, Shcmrt Ahhbm m kdtro onphrtkjto
sfomjzokto akjjh gonhstrkth fam o lhssodo
sonod-rhffohso tkdvhdtk rotrhvkto kppkr-
kppkr-
tmj`hjh
msostmvkjhmſtmttovknmjtm k`do kjonkdo
pronk gmd goduvoh. fam
Ojhdtrm,
kjfam dm `rhssm rhffm gkd phsozohjk-
nmjth kppkrmjtmnmjtm fksukdm, kdfujm
gmddm qukdo nhstrkjh o sm`jo go mssmrm
stktm trksfojktm sud phsth, shjh sm`jo
mvogmjto gmd goduvoh, k prmsfojgmrm gk
qukjth o fhjtkgojo supmrstozohso phsskjh
gorm ro`ukrgh ko `o`kjto fam kccktthjh
o fknpkjodo. Nhdto jkturkdosto prhphj-
`hjh dk tmhrok pmr fuo kdfujm gmddm
cmstom kjtofam so jksfhsmrh oj lmjgoturm
m fkvmrjm, shprkvvovmjgh oj tkd nhgh
kd goduvoh. \hdtkorm shtthdojmk dk jkturk
norkfhdhsk gmd goduvoh,
tmrvmjth govojh dm dm``ophofaï
gmddk smjzk
﬋sofk d‟oj-
jhj
kvrmccmrh nko fhjsmjtoth tkdm mvmjth.
;6
Dk Vmfhjgk Mtå gmd Nhjgh
✬ ;<=0 K.N. ‖ 3516 K.N.
✬ (3671 ‖ ;?3; k.F.)
[ukjgh dm kfqum so rotorkrhjh, Jhá m dk suk
lkno`dok phtmrhjh juhvknmjtm nmttmrm
pomgm suddk Wmrrk. Goh fhnkjgó dhrh go
goſthjgmrso jmd nhjgh m rophphdkrdh. Wkjth
o tmhdh`o qukjth `do sfomjzokto fhjfhrgkjh
fam tutto o phphdo gmd nhjgh sokjh o gosfmj-
gmjto gmo trm ﬋`do go Jhá (Vamn, Akn m
Ikpamta, faoknkto kjfam Vmn, Fkn, Iklmt
oj Otkdok) m gmddk dhrh prhdm.
O ﬋`do go Ikpamta so goſtusmrh k jhrg m
shjh `do kjtmjkto gmo phphdo go Murhpk,
Sussok m gmddk Wurfaok. O rm go Vvmzok
shjh o gosfmjgmjto gormtto go Nk`h`,
od smfhjgh ﬋`doh go Ikpamta. Vmfhjgh
Ihakjjms Nk`jus, d‟udtonh krfovmsfhvh
fktthdofh go Vvmzok, Nk`h` so stkjzoó oj
Vvmzok 11 kjjo ghph od goduvoh m ujh gmo
suho ﬋`do govmjjm od pronh rm go Vvmzok.
Nk`h` á kjfam fhjsogmrkth kjtmjkth gmo
`hto, gmo ﬋jdkjgmso m gm`do ujjo.
`doOkjtmjkto
﬋`do go Vamn so goſtusmrh
go mcrmo, k mst krknmo
krkco, kssoro, m shjh

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
m kdtro phphdo smnotofo. D‟kphfrolh Docrh
gmo @oucodmo rkffhjtk go fhnm Fkojkj,
﬋`doh go Krpkfasakg m jophtm go Vamn,
trhvó osfrozohjo gmd tmnph prmfmgmjtm kd
goduvoh fam rkffhjtkvkjh o sm`rmto gmdd‟k-
gmdd‟k-
strhdh`ok. Kdfujo hffudtosto su``mrosfhjh
sok stkth Mjhfa k sfrovmrm o sm`rmto fam
`do kj`mdo fkguto go Goh trksnosmrh k`do
unkjo. M`do so lmfm fhstruorm uj podkstrh
go nkrnh m ujh go crhjzh
fhjhsfmjzk prhocotk9 á fhsäsufam
fuo `do
ojfosm dk
ojsm-
`jknmjto hffudto shjh shprkvvossuto kd
goduvoh. Kdfujo tmsto gmo nksshjo su``m-
rosfhjh ojvmfm fam sokjh stkto Mrnmtm m
Uotk`hrk k trhvkrm o podkstro ojsfrotto go
tkdo sfrotto `mhnmtrofo.
O ﬋`do go Akn so goſtusmrh vmrsh
sug, govmjmjgh kjtmjkto gmo fkjkjmo,
gmo ﬋dostmo, gm`do m`ozokjo m gmo phphdo
klrofkjo. Jonrhg, ﬋`doh go Bus m jophtm go
Akn, lu uj `rkjgm fkffokthrm oj `rkgh
go ghnkrm o dmhpkrgo m so ro﬋utó go oj`o-
jhffaokrso k Goh. Lu od pronh k lhjgkrm
uj onpmrh
Kbbkg ghph od jmddk
m Fdjma goduvoh2 Ckcmdm,
tmrrk Mrmfa,
go Vaojkr
lurhjh od jufdmh gmd suh onpmrh, pronk
;7 go lhjgkrm d‟Kssorok m lhjgkrm Jojovm, trk
dm kdtrm fottå.
Jonrhg m o suho ﬋`do s﬋gkrhjh `do
hrgojo go Goh m lhjgkrhjh ujk fottå.
Fhnm nhjunmjth kddk dhrh `rkjgmzzk,
mrmssmrh ujk thrrm fam kvrmccm thffkth
od fomdh. Kdfujo shstmj`hjh fam dk `mjtm
tmnmvk fam Goh kvrmccm juhvknmjtm
ojhjgkth od nhjgh m pmjskvkjh fam dk
thrrm do kvrmccm skdvkto gk uj smfhjgh
goduvoh2 kdtro gofhjh fam dk thrrm lu
fhstruotk fhsä kdtk oj nhgh fam dm sfaomrm
go Ckcmdm phtmssmrh gkrm d‟ksskdth ko fomdo.
Jmo smfhdo, `do stugohso akjjh
gosfussh suddk rmkdm kdtmzzk gmddk thrrm9
jmd Docrh gmo @oucodmo so gofm fam dk
thrrm á kdtk hdtrm 3.755 nmtro, nmjtrm
kdtrm lhjto rotmj`hjh fam mssk lhssm kdtk
kdnmjh od ghppoh. Umr uj fhjlrhjth, so
pmjso fam d‟mgo﬋foh poÿ kdth gmd nhjgh
jmd ;1µ smfhdh á dk fkttmgrkdm go Vtrk-
Vtrk -
scur`h, fam á kdtk ;73 nmtro. Nhdto
akjjh gosfussh dk fhjjmssohjm trk dk
thrrm go Ckcmdm m o Nksshjo9 od prmsujth
Nksshjm Vknumd Urotfakrg puccdofó od
trkttkth Nkshjry Gossmftmg , oj fuo dm`k dk
lhjgkzohjm
gmddk thrrm gogmdd‟hrgojm
Ckcmdm. kddk fhstruzohjm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
Umr onpmgorm kdd‟unkjotå go prhvkrm k
fhstruorm uj‟kdtrk vhdtk uj nhjunmjth
tkjth cdkslmnh, Goh fhjlusm dm dhrh
doj`um m govosm dk doj`uk ujofk gmddm
hro`ojo oj 03 doj`um goſtmrmjto. Dk fhjlu-
fhjlu-
sohjm gmddm doj`um fkusó od fhddkssh gmddk
fhstruzohjm su sm stmssk m dm `mjto so
spkrsmrh oj tutth od nhjgh. Dk Coccok
gofm fam ckcmdm  so`jo﬋fk
 so`jo﬋fk —fhjlusohjm„ oj
Goftohjjkrm
mcrkofh, nk \hdtkorm,
Uaodhshpaoqum  jmd suh
, shstomjm fam Ck   so`jo-
﬋fao —pkgrm„ jmddm doj`um hromjtkdo m Cmd   dhrh kcotkjto gosprmzzkssmrh o phvmro,
so`jo﬋fao —Goh„, m fam quojgo Ckcmdm
ghvrmccm mssmrm dmttk fhnm —fottå go
Goh„ h —fottå skjtk„.
@do mcrmo shstmj`hjh fam d‟mcrkofh sok
stktk dk pronk doj`uk, nk tkdm kssmrth á
stkth nmssh oj qumstohjm gko tmhdh`o m
gk`do sfomjzokto frostokjo. Voj gkd Sojk-
sfonmjth, so á fmrfkth go sfhprorm qukdm
doj`uk Kgknh m Jhá uskssmrh pmr
pkrdkrm k Goh9 shjh stkto mſtmttukto gm`do
mspmronmjto, oj fuo gmo ckncojo shjh
stkto oshdkto
smjtorm ujk mvhfm
dksfokto frmsfmrm
unkjk, jmddksmjzk nko
spmrkjzk
fam kvrmccmrh ojozokth k pkrdkrm dk doj`uk
hro`ojkdm2 slhrtujktknmjtm, qumddm phvmrm
frmkturm lurhjh shdtkjth oj `rkgh go
mspronmrso fhj nu`u`jo fam jhj kvmvkjh
kdfujk shno`dokjzk kdd‟mcrkofh m fam jhj
phtmvkjh mssmrm ojtmrprmtkto fhnm uj
sostmnk doj`uostofh fhmrmjtm.
O phphdo gmd nhjgh thrjkrhjh kjfhrk
k frmkrm oghdo gk vmjmrkrm. Kcrknh vossm
k ]r, ujk fottå go skfmrghto m nktmnktofo
oj Fkdgmk. Goh pkrdó kg Kcrknh m lmfm
uj‟kddmkjzk smfhjgh dk qukdm Kcrknh
skrmccm stkth od pkgrm lhjgkthrm go uj
`rkjgm phphdh fam kvrmccm mrmgotkth dk
tmrrk go Fkjkkj. Kcrknh
Kcrkn h dksfoó quojgo dk
suk tmrrk jktäk, frmgmjgh kddk prhnmssk
go Goh m goro`mjghso vmrsh hvmst.
Dk Wmrzk Mtå gmd Nhjgh
✬ 3516 K.N. ‖ 3=;6 K.N
✬ (;?3; ‖ ;7?; k.F.)
Ghph d‟kddmkjzk go Kcrknh fhj Goh, dm
sum nkjgrom go cmstoknm m dm sum lhrtujm
frmccmrh, nk Kcrknh m suk nh`dom
Vkrka jhj kvmvkjh kjfhrk kvuth ﬋`do.
Gkd nhnmjth
Vkrka, fam Goh kvmvk
mddk ghnkjgó rmsh stmrodm
kg Kcrknh go
fhj`ouj`mrso kg Ak`kr, dk dhrh kjfmddk
m`ozokjk. Ak`kr gomgm dk dufm k Osankmd,
kjtmjkth gm`do osnkmdoto m gmo bmgkroto.
Goh tuttkvok prhnosm k Vkrka fam
kvrmccm ghjkth uj mrmgm kg Kcrknh.
Oj qumd nhnmjth, dm pokjurm gmd
@ohrgkjh mrkjh lmrtodo nk hspotkvkjh
trhppm fottå fam `umrrm``okvkjh dm
ujm fhj dm kdtrm. Gum go mssm, Vhghnk
mnkdvk`otå
@hnhrrk,m o mrkjh jhtm pmr
dhrh pmffkto9 dk fam
so gofm dhrho
pmrsm`uotkssmrh `do strkjomro m so gmgo-
gmgo-
fkssmrh kg kttovotå onprhjujfokcodo
m pmrvmrsm. Dht, od jophtm go Kcrknh,
vovmvk k Vhghnk, m qukjgh Goh `do gossm
fam kvmvk pokjo﬋fkth go gostru``mrm dm
fottå, Kcrknh faomsm k Goh go rospkr-
nokrm Dht. Gum kj`mdo vmjjmrh ojvokto k
Vhghnk, m Dht hſträ dhrh hspotkdotå, nk
`do uhnojo go Vhghnk prhvkrhjh k lkrm
orruzohjm oj fksk m vohdkrm `do kj`mdo. @do
k``rmsshro vmjjmrh kffmfkto m dk lkno`dok
go Dhtmlu``ä
zhdlh luhfhgkddk fottå. Goh
su Vhghnk lmfm pohvmrm
m @hnhrrk m dm
gum fottå vmjjmrh spkzzktm gkddk lkffok
gmddk Wmrrk pmr o dhrh ktrhfo pmffkto.
[ukjgh Vkrka kvmvk ?5 kjjo m
Kcrknh ;55 jkfqum Oskffh, kjtmjkth
gm`do osrkmdoto. [ukjgh Oskffh frmccm, Goh
nosm kddk prhvk Kcrknh9 `do hrgojó go
rmfkrso sud nhjtm Nhroka m skfro﬋fkr`do
suh ﬋`doh. Kcrknh prmsm od pu`jkdm pmr
uffogmrm Oskffh, od qukdm mrk dm`kth kdd‟kd-
tkrm, nk vmjjm lmrnkth gk uj kj`mdh
go Goh, phofaï m`do kvmvk gonhstrkth
go tmnmrm Goh kd pujth gk jhj msotkrm
jmnnmjh k uffogmrm od suh ujofh ﬋`doh.
[ukjgh Vkrka nhrä, Kcrknh prmsm
gum kdtrm nh`do, fam `do gomgmrh nhdto
kdtro ﬋`do, o qukdo k dhrh vhdtk mccmrh
nhdto ﬋`do. Dk gojkstok go Kcrknh frmccm
m phphdó dk tmrrk go Fkjkkj, prhproh
fhnm Goh kvmvk prhnmssh.
Uho ujk `rkjgm fkrmstok fhdpä dk tmrrk m
dk `mjtm so trkslmrä k sug, oj M`otth. Kdd‟o-
jozoh, msso lurhjh ojvotkto gkd lkrkhjm nk,
qukjgh qumsto nhrä, m dk `mjtm go Osrkmdm
frmccm oj junmrh, `do m`ozokjo do sfaok-
vozzkrhjh. Umr `mjmrkzohjo lktofkrhjh
shtth od shdm fhfmjtm su `rkjgo fknpo m
fhstrumjgh nhjunmjtkdo porknogo. Gko
tk`dokpomtrm
kpprmsmrh om gko Nksshjo
sm`rmto `do Osrkmdoto
gmdd‟krto`okjkth.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

;=

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Kdfujo  hffudtosto kſtmrnkjh fam á qumstk
dk rk`ohjm pmr fuo Nksshjo m Oddunojkto,
fhj od dhrh sonchdosnh m`ozoh mvogmjtm
jmddm porknogo m jmdd‟hffaoh go Ahrus,
mrkjh fhsä goſtuso oj Osrkmdm m gk dä so
spkrsmrh pho oj Murhpk.
Od lkrkhjm pmró tmnmvk od phphdh go
Osrkmdm m hrgojó fam tutto o jmhjkto nksfao
lhssmrh `mttkto jmd Jodh. Nhsï vmjjm
jksfhsth trk o `oujfao
﬋unm m frmccm suddk sphjgk
﬋jh k govmjtkrm gmd
uj `rkgm
`r kgm
dmkgmr m prhlmtk, m Goh `do fhjfmssm od
phtmrm go fhnpomrm norkfhdo. Nhsá so
rmfó gojjkjzo kd lkrkhjm m `do faomsm
go docmrkrm gkddk sfaokvotÿ od phphdh
g‟Osrkmdm, nk od lkrkhjm ro﬋utó. [umstk
sthrok á stktk rkpprmsmjtktk kjfam gkd
lknhsh fhnphsothrm @mhr` Lromgrofa
Açjgmd jmd suh hrkthroh cocdofh Osrkmdm
oj M`otth, fam gmsfrovm dm nhdtm trkvmrsom
gm`do osrkmdoto oj M`otth2 dk rkpprmsmjtk-
rkpprmsmjtk -
zohjm gmcuttó k Dhjgrk jmd ;06? kd
Boj`‟s Wamktmr go Amynkrbmt, nk
slhrtujktknmjtm
trhpph gmpronmjtmd‟kugothroh dh trhvó
pmrfaï govmjtkssm uj
suffmssh.
;<
Dk [ukrtk Mtå gmd Nhjgh
✬ 3=;6 K.N. ‖ 3??3 K.N.
✬ (;7?; ‖ ;5;3 k.F.)
Od lkrkhjm jhj pmrnosm k`do osrkmdoto go
dksfokrm dk suk tmrrk m lkrm rothrjh kddk
tmrrk prhnmssk go Fkjkkj ﬋jh k fam Goh
jhj ojffiossm kdd‟M`otth dm gomfo pok`am,
ojfdusm udfmrm, `rkjgojktm m sfokno go
dhfustm. Nhsá fhjgussm `do osrkmdoto
pmr qukrkjt‟kjjo kttrkvmrsh od gmsmrth,
kſtrhjtkjgh nhdtm gostfhdtå m kssostmjgh
k nhdto norkfhdo. Vud nhjtm Vojko, Nhsá
pkrdó fhj Goh m rofmvmttm o gomfo fhnkjgk-
nmjto, sfrotto su gum tkvhdm go pomtrk. Dk
sthrok jkrrk fam qukjgh m`do gosfmsm, od
suh vhdth mrk rk``okjtm2 tuttkvok, k fkusk
go uj mrrhrm go trkguzohjm jmddk \ud`ktk
(dk pronk trkguzohjm gmddk Coccok gkdd‟m-
crkofh oj dktojh) dk pkrhdk —rk``okjtm„
vmjjm sfkncoktk pmr —fhrjuth„2 Nhsá
vmjovk quojgo rkst`urkth fhj uj fhrjh
suddk lrhjtm gurkjtm od Sojksfonmjth.
Nhsá nhrä kdd‟mtå go ;35 kjjo, kppmjk
pronk fam dk tmrrk go Fkjkkj vmjossm
fhjquostktk.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
[umstk lu uj‟mrk go phtmjto rm mg
mrho fam fhnckttmrhjh o ﬋dostmo, `do
knkdmfoto m kdtrm trocÿ fam nojkffokvkjh
dk dm`ottonk prmtmsk gm`do osrkmdoto su
Fkjkkj. Od fudth gm`do oghdo mrk knpok-
knpok -
nmjtm goſtush trk qumsto phphdo, mg msso
vmjmrkvkjh Ckkd, Nhdhb, Gk`hj m h`jo
kdtrk lhrnk od Gokvhdh kssunmssm. Lu
gurkjtm qumst‟mphfk fam dm nurk go
@mrofh
osrkmdoto,frhddkrhjh shtth dmhttmjjm
qukjgh Vkjshjm trhncmdkgm`do
suk
onnmjsk lhrzk `rkzom ko suho fkpmddo m
Gkvogm sfhj﬋ssm od `o`kjtm @hdok.
Umr fhnprmjgmrm dk vhdhjtå go
Goh, `do osrkmdoto vmjovkjh kssostoto gk
prhlmto go fhrtm oj `rkgh go ojtmrprmtkrm
sh`jo m krtmlktto skfro, fhnm d‟]ron m od
Waunnon fam vmjovkjh phrtkto jmddm
fhrkzzm gmdd‟kdth skfmrghtm, fam koutkvk
jmddm sfmdtm gostfodo, m d‟Krfk gmdd‟Kddm-
gmdd‟Kddm-
kjzk, jmddk qukdm vmjovkjh fhjsmrvktm dm
tkvhdm go pomtrk go Nhsá.
Ghph dk fhjquostk go Fkjkkj, `do
osrkmdoto mrkjh
`hvmrjktm uj m`rupph
gk `ougofo, go trocÿ
tkdo ronksmrh ﬋jh
kddk lhrnkzohjm gmd rm`jh go Osrkmdm.
Wrm `rkjgo rm `hvmrjkrhjh od pkmsm9
Vkud, fam ujä dm trocÿ nk lu trhpph
t rhpph hr`h-
hr`h-
`dohsh m pmrsm dk `rkzok go Goh2 Gkvogm,
fam uffosm @hdok m lu d‟kjtmjkth go @msÿ
Frosth2 m Vkdhnhjm, fam lu rojhnkth
pmr dk suk `rkjgm sk``mzzk m fhstruä od
pronh tmnpoh.
Dk [uojtk Mtå gmd Nhjgh
✬ 3??3 K.N. ‖ 67;0 K.N.
✬ (;5;3 ‖ =11 k.F.)
Goh hrgojó k Vkdhnhjm go mro`mrm uj
tmnpoh oj fuo fhjsmrvkrm d‟Krfk gmdd‟Kd-
dmkjzk. \mjjm lhjgkth k @mruskdmnnm,
sud nhjtm Nhroka, ghvm Kcrknh kvrmccm
ghvuth skfro﬋fkrm Oskffh. Umr fhstruorm
od tmnpoh, Vkdhnhjm faomsm kouth kd suh
kddmkth Aorkn go Worh, m qumsto ojvoó
krfaotmtto, sfkdpmddojo m `rkjgo qukjtotå
g‟hrh m dm`jh go fmgrh m foprmssh. Dk
fhstruzohjm lu dk poÿ `rkjgm gmdd‟ojtmrh
rm`jh, fhojvhd`mjgh poÿ go uj fmjthnodk
uhnojo. Od tmnpoh mrk kghrjkth fhj
dm`jk mshtofk, hrh m `ohomddo prmzohso.
Jmd skjftk skjfthrun
gum famrucojo go dm`jhvmjjmrh fhddhfkto
g‟udovh rofhpmrto
g‟hrh, kstjfaï vo`odkssmrh sudd‟Krfk, m sud
phrtofh vmjjmrh gosphsto gum podkstro go
htthjm. Od podkstrh go gmstrk lu faoknkth
Ikfaon m qumddh go sojostrk Chkz.
Od fkph krfaotmtth, Aorkn Kcol, ak
uj ruhdh onphrtkjtm jmddk sthrok gmo
Nksshjo. Vo rotomjm fam dk pronk dh``ok
gmo Nksshjo sok stktk lhjgktk gurkjtm
dk fhstruzohjm gmd Wmnpoh go Vkdhnhjm
mkdtro
fam Aorkn
nkmstroAkcol kccok fam
o sm`rmto ojsm`jkth k`do
d‟kvmvkjh
rmsh phssocodm. ]jk dm``mjgk rkffhjtk
go uj fhjlrhjth fhj od nkmstrh gk pkrtm
go trm uhnojo fam prhvkrhjh k msthr-
fmr`do o sm`rmto gmd nmstomrm. [ukjgh
m`do ro﬋utó, vmjjm poffaokth k nhrtm m
smphdth jmddm skccom.
Jmd fhrsh gmddk sthrok, ojjunmrm-
vhdo rkccojo, nostofo m hffudtosto akjjh
nhstrkth `rkjgm ojtmrmssm pmr od Wmnpoh
go Vkdhnhjm. Vo rotomjm fam od gmttk`dokth
rmshfhjth hſtmrth gkddk Coccok ro`ukrgh
kddm nosurm gmd tmnpoh fhjtmj`k
sk``mzzkgkgovojk,
lhrjotm gkth Jmwthj,
Goh. Oskkf fam mssm lurhjh
fam lu
hssmssohjkth gkddk `mhnmtrok govojk gmd
tmnpoh, gmgofó uj ojtmrh fkpothdh gmd suh
Wam Farhjhdh`y hl Kjfomjt Boj`ghns kddk
sthrok m kdd‟krfaotmtturk gmd tmnpoh.
Dk dm``mjgkrok sk``mzzk m `oustozok
go Vkdhnhjm á gmsfrottk jmd Docrh gmo
Urhvmrco  m
  m jmdd‟Mffdmsokstm . Vo rotomjm fam
Vkdhnhjm kccok rm`jkth suddk jkzohjm
poÿ phtmjtm gmd suh tmnph m fam @mrusk-
dmnnm lhssm ojhjgktk go ghjo m vosotm go
rm`jkjto strkjomro prhvmjomjto gk tmrrm
dhjtkjm fam vhdmvkjh phr`mrm hnk``oh
kddk suk sk``mzzk m kd suh phtmrm. Nhdto
rm`jo notofo pk`kjh trocuto k Vkdhnhjm,
fhnm dk dhjtkjk Vamck, dm fuo roffamzzm
g‟hrh, kvhroh
kvhroh m ojfmjsh kttrk``hjh nhdtm
spmgozohjo gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh, m H﬋r,
fam ojvok hrh, dm`jh go skjgkdh, pkvhjo m
pomtrm prmzohsm.
Hdtrm kddk ﬋`dok gmd lkrkhjm, Vkdhnhjm
mccm 055 fhjshrto rmkdo m 655 fhjfucojm,
tuttm sfmdtm lrk nhkcoto, knnhjoto m kdtro
phphdo fhj fuo Goh vhdmvk fam o ﬋`do go
Osrkmdm so fhj`ouj`mssmrh. Fhj d‟mtå,
dm nh`do go Vkdhnhjm lmfmrh vhd`mrm od
suh fuhrm vmrsh kdtro gáo mg m`do ojozoó
k vmjmrkrm Ksathrmta m Nhdhfa, fhsä
rhnpmjgh d‟kddmkjzk
lmfm mro`mrm tmnpdofhj
k Goh. Vkdhnhjm
qumstm juhvm
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

govojotå, kddm qukdo 

qukdo  vmjovkjh hſtmrto
skfro﬋fo rotukdo. Nhdto docro go krto
hsfurm, fhnm dk Fdkvos Vkdhnhjos m dk
Usmughnhjkrfaok Gkmnhjun shstmj`hjh
go fhjtmjmrm dk sk``mzzk m `do ojfkjtk-
ojfkjtk-
nmjto nk`ofo go Vkdhnhjm.
Ghph dk nhrtm go Vkdhnhjm, od rm`jh
vmjjm govosh oj gum9 Osrkmdm k jhrg
m @ougmk k sug. O gum rm`jo vmjjmrh
kttkffkto gk h`jo
fam fmrfkvkjh gormzohjm
go shttrkrrm k`dogko jmnofo
osrkmdoto od
dhrh dm`ottonh rm`jh. Vuffmssovknmjtm, o
rm kssoro ojvksmrh od rm`jh smttmjtrohjkdm
go Osrkmdm m prmsmrh pro`ohjomro go `umrrk.
Gurkjtm od rm`jh go Vkr`hj OO, od rm`jh
go Osrkmdm lu oj﬋jm sfhj﬋tth m fhjquo-fhjquo -
stkth. Nhdto fkggmrh oj ckttk`dok, kdtro
lu``orhjh h lurhjh prmso fhnm sfaokvo.
Gomfo gmddm ghgofo trocÿ lurhjh fkjfmddktm
gkddk sthrok2 gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh, tmhdh`o,
sthrofo m sfomjzokto kjfhrk gosfuthjh gmd
dhrh lkth. ]jk gmddm tmhrom poÿ phphdkro á
fam o jktovo gmd Juhvh Nhjgh gosfmjgkjh
gkddm
K gomfo
sug odtrocÿ pmrgutm
rm`jh go Osrkmdm.
go @ougk rmsostmttm
poÿ k duj`h, nk kddk ﬋jm fkggm qukjgh
dm krnktm go Jkcufhghjhshr, rm go
Ckcodhjok, nkrfokrhjh su @mruskdmnnm.
Od Wmnpoh go Vkdhnhjm lu skffam``okth m
gostrutth, dm pmrshjm fktturktm m lhrzktm
k nkrfokrm, oj fktmjm, ﬋jh kddk dhjtkjk
Ckcodhjok, fhnm sfaokvm.
Dk Vmstk Mtå gmd Nhjgh
✬
✬
67;0 K.N.‖ @ohrjh
(=11 k.F. ‖ @ohrjhgmdgmd@ougozoh)
@ougozoh
Umr 05 kjjo, `do mcrmo dkj`uorhjh
jmddk pro`ohjok ckcodhjmsm. Ckcodhjok
lu gmvkstktk gkddm nhdtm `umrrm fhj
d‟Kssorok, nk Jkcufhghjhshr lmfm rofh-
struorm mg mspkjgmrm dk fottå, m lu kddhrk
fam lurhjh fhstruoto o @okrgojo Umjsodo
go Ckcodhjok. Vmnprm oj qumsth pmrohgh
lurhjh sfrotto nhdto gmo docro gmddk Coccok
m `do mcrmo so rkſthrzkrhjh jmddk dhrh
fhjvojzohjm gmddk dhrh kddmkjzk govojk.
@do Hgg Lmddhws m ujk smrom go kdtrm
shfomtåstktm
mssmrm sm`rmtm m hffudtm
lhjgktm shstmj`hjh
gurkjtm go
dk pro`ohjok
ckcodhjmsm.
Od rm pmrsokjh Forh od @rkjgm
fhjquostó Ckcodhjok m docmró `do mcrmo,
dksfokjgh fam lkfmssmrh rothrjh k fksk.
Jmddm rhvojm go @mruskdmnnm fhnojfoó
dk rofhstruzohjm gmdd‟kjtofh rm`jh.
Dkgghvm shr`mvk od Wmnpoh go Vkdhnhjm
jm lu mgo﬋fkth uj kdtrh. O pmddm`rojo
kffhrrmvkjh gk Ckcodhjok pmr koutkrm
fhj dk rofhstruzohjm.
Od tmnphmgk mpogmnom,
provkzohjo vmjorm lu nk
fhstmddkth
kjfam gkgo
prhlmto m prmsk`o. Onpmro strkjomro
fhjquostkrhjh dk rm`ohjm ujh ghph
d‟kdtrh2 vo rm`jkrhjh sok pmrsokjo fam
`rmfo pronk gmddk suk ojgopmjgmjzk.
Umr uj fmjtojkoh g‟kjjo od rm`jh m od suh
phphdh `hgmttmrh gmddk docmrtå, pronk
fam o rhnkjo kttkffkssmrh m kjjmttmssmrh
@ougmk m @kdodmk.
Gk qumsth pujth oj kvkjto dk sthrok
skfrk gmddk Coccok ojozok k ojtrmffokrso
fhj qumddk gmdd‟hffogmjtm, phofaï od
tmnph go @msÿ Frosth so kvvofojk m, fhj
mssh, dk goſtusohjm
hffogmjtkdo gmddk
pk`kjo gko skdvmzzk
qukdo k`do
`do Murhpmo
gosfmjghjh.
;0 

O pksso go Mrof mfam``okvkjh suddm pkrmto jm`do mjhrno fhrrogho fam so mstmjgmvkjh trk o gum mgo﬋fo
m sud pkvonmjth rofhpmrth go nkrnh dufogh. Lrk dm nkjo stroj`mvk dk prhvk fam od suh kvvmrskroh
so sck`dokvk. Umr hdtrm uj kjjh kvmvk dmtth docro m tmsto sfrotto gk fktkro m sporotukdosto, gosprmzzktm
ojtmrprmtkzohjo gmddk Coccok go cm`aojm m cm`krgo, nostofo m `jhstofo. Kvmvk sfkvkth jmddm dmttmrm
go Dufolmrh m oj nkjhsfrotto gmd Gokvhdh, jmddk dotur`ok gmo ghjktosto pmr mvhfkrm gmnhjo m oj
sfrotto ch`hnodo fam, sm kvmssmrh rk``oujth dm strkgm, kvrmccmrh fkuskth uj smfhjgh goduvoh ujovmr-
skdm. Kvmvk trhvkth vmrotå m smjtomro sporotukdo go prhlhjgotå tkdm gk lkr rkccrovogorm uj ksskssojh
go ckncojo. Oj pksskth mrk stkth fhstrmtth k fmgmrm kd suh kvvmrskroh, pmrfaï dk suk vmrotå kvmvk
 prmv
 pr mvkd
kdsh
sh,, nk kgm
kgmssh
ssh kv
kvmv
mvk
k rkff
rkffhd
hdth
th tu
tuttm
ttm dm pr
prhv
hvmm go fu
fuoo kv
kvmv
mvk
k cosh
cosh`jh
`jh.. [u
[umst
msth
h `do kv
kvrm
rmcc
ccmm go fm
fmrth
rth
kssofurkth ujk juhvk m no`dohrm phsozohjm kd fhddm`oh, dk prhssonk pronkvmrk. Vm shdh qumd gkjjkth
hffudtostk, Won NfGhjjmd, sm jm lhssm stkth dhjtkjh. [umddh ghvmvk smnprm ojtmrlmrorm oj lkffmjgm
fam jhj dh ro`ukrgkvkjh, m purtrhpph mrk poÿ fhnpmtmjtm go duo oj qumd fknph. Mrof so shrprmsm
kjfhrk ujk vhdtk k faomgmrso fhnm kvmssm phtuth ujk dm``m ro`ukrgkjtm dm ﬋jkjzm gmddh stkth
onprhvvosknmjtm ro`ukrgkrm gm`do sfrotto hffudto prhvmjomjto gko nhnmjto poÿ cuo gmd Nmgohmvh.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  Dk Fr
 Dk Frhj
hjhh dhdh`` ok Uk`
Dk sthrok poÿ kjtofk gmdd‟Murhpk á kvvhdtk
jmddm jmccom gmd noth. @do sthrofo gmddk
Faomsk, tuttkvok, fhjfhrgkjh fam od fhjto-
jmjtm lhssm d‟kjtofknmrk gmdd‟ojlmrjh,
uj‟hsfurk m vkstk gostmsk go tmrrm smdvk``m
ghvm dm pmrshjm fhnckttmvkjh pmr dk
shprkvvovmjzk fhjtrh `o`kjto, mrojjo,
sktoro m kdtrm frmkturm. @do unkjo mrkjh
fhnm kjonkdo smdvk``o, strosfokvkjh m
﬋utkvkjh od skj`um fhjtrkmjgh dm jkrofo.
\ovmvkjh oj crkjfaogko
tknmjtm fhjtrhddkto mg dhrh
mrkjhgmsogmro
fhnpdm-m
gkddk crknk fkrjkdm. O pkgro lhrjofkvkjh
;1 fhj dm ﬋`dom m o ﬋`do kjgkvkjh k dmtth fhj
dm nkgro2 skzokvkjh kvogknmjtm dk dhrh
lknm fhj pmzzo go fkrjm strkppktk gk
fhrpo kjfhrk fkdgo m ojghsskvkjh pmddo go
kjonkdo m gmo dhrh jmnofo.
Gkd nhnmjth fam qumsth kvvmjovk
nhdth pronk fam Frosth nhrossm pmr o
pmffkto gmdd‟uhnh, qumsto uhnojo jhj
fhjhccmrh dk skdvmzzk go Goh. Dm trocÿ
smdvk``m g‟Murhpk ojghsskvkjh knudmto
oj mst`om go ghjjm fhrpudmjtm, ojjkd-
zkvkjh `o`kjtmsfao nm`kdoto oj forfhdo,
smppmddovkjh o rm shtth funudo go pomtrm m
gmgofkvkjh od dhrh tmnph kddm krto hsfurm.
Oj rkgurm skfrm o gruogo tk`dokvkjh dm
`hdm go pmrshjm m fkprm fhj pu`jkdo go
crhjzh pmr vmrskrm od dhrh skj`um su
kdtkro gmgofkto k Nmrfuroh, Nkrtm m k
oghdo vkro gurkjtm od shdstozoh g‟mstktm m
kdtrm lmstovotå pk`kjm.
Vo rotomjm fam kdfujo go qumsto uhnojo
smdvk``o vovkjh kjfhrk oj trocÿ oshdktm,
jmd prhlhjgh gmddm lhrmstm gmd fhjto-
jmjtm. [umsto uhnojo smdvk``o shjh uj
nhtovh fhnujm jmdd‟krkdgofk m od sonchdh
fhnpkrm, trk `do kdtro, sudd‟mncdmnk
prussokjh.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁦󰁫󰁤󰁭󰁪󰁧󰁫󰁳󰁯󰁨
k`kj
kjkk 
Kjtofaotå Fdkssofk
Oj fhjtrksth kdd‟hsfurotå gmd jhrg,
d‟kjtofk @rmfok á gmsfrottk fhnm uj‟mtå
gmdd‟hrh, uj‟mphfk go ojjhfmjzk oj fuo o
pksthro vk`kvkjh
vk`kvkjh pmr o fknpo fhj o dhrh
`rm``o go pmfhrm, o `ohvkjo rogmvkjh m
`ohfkvkjh fhj sktoro m fmjtkuro su ghdfo
fhddojm vmrgm``okjto, skzokjgh dk dhrh
smtm oj rusfmddo ojfrmspkto m rophskjgh
kdd‟hncrk go ro`h`dohso chsfamtto.
Jmd ;1µ shjh
Krfkgok smfhdhgovmjtkto
o dm``mjgkro
tmno fknpo go
phphdkro
oj potturk m nhdto jhcodo gostojto so shjh
lktto rotrkrrm fhnm smnpdofo pksthro,
forfhjgkto gk ujk jkturk ojfhjtknojktk
oj pksthrkdm ogoddoh.
Oj @rmfok kd tmnph shr`mvk ujk fovodtå
kdtknmjtm kvkjzktk gkd pujth go vostk
sfomjto﬋fh, knnojostrktovh, krtostofh m
dmttmrkroh, fam tuttkvok mrk pkronmjto
mnpok jmddk suk oghdktrok. O `rmfo fhstruo-
fhstruo-
rhjh tmnpdo `rkjgohso gmgofkto k govojotå
pk`kjm2 nhdtm go qumstm govojotå kvmvkjh
hro`ojo m`ozom, ckcodhjmso h nmshphtk-
nofam, qukdfhsk su fuo sfrossm dh sthrofh
`rmfh Mrhghth. D‟Amrnms gmo `rmfo,
od Nmrfuroh gmo rhnkjo, kvmvk hro`ojm
jmdd‟m`ozoh Whta, nmjtrm Klrhgotm h
\mjmrm mrk dk stmssk gmk vmjmrktk k
Jojovm fhnm Osatkr, k ]rub fhnm Ojkjjk
m k Worh fhnm Ksathrmta.
O rhnkjo lurhjh `do mrmgo gmddm fottå-
stkth gmnhfrktofam gmo `rmfo m fhjquo-
stkrhjh `rkjgo gostmsm g‟Murhpk fam
vmjjmrh kjjmssm kd dhrh onpmrh. \mjjmrh
fhstruotm strkgm go pomtrk m lhjgktm fottå
fam shjh kjfhr h``o kcotktm. Dk fkpotkdm
frmccm ﬋jh k gonmjsohjo fam nhdtm
nmtrhphdo gmd ;1µ smfhdh shjh kjfhrk
dhjtkjm gkdd‟kvvofojkrm. Umr od noddmjjoh

suffmssovh Shnk ghnojó od nhjgh m
goſtusm dk fovodozzkzohjm jmddm krmm poÿ
rmnhtm g‟Murhpk2 sm jm trhvkjh trkffm
shtth lhrnk go pomtrm nodokro, kfqumghtto
gostrutto m rhvojm go tmnpdo ojlmstkto gkddk
vm`mtkzohjm.
Od nhjgh gmdd‟Kjtofaotå gomgm o jktkdo
kdd‟krfaotmtturk, kdd‟krtm m kddk sfomjzk
fam phsmrh dm lhjgknmjtk pmr dk fovodtå
hffogmjtkdm m shjh kjfhrk h``o fhjsogm-
rktm uj nhgmddh
m o podkstro fam gk onotkrm.o Dm
kghrjkjh fhdhjjm
pkdkzzo go
rmfmjtm fhstruzohjm gm`do krosthfrk-
tofo pkro`ojo h dhjgojmso akjjh dm dhrh
hro`ojo jmo tmnpdo gmdd‟Kjtofaotå, dm
fkttmgrkdo m dm faomsm fam rk``ouj`hjh o
fomdo akjjh dm dhrh hro`ojo jmddm cksodofam
rhnkjm m o nmtro fam o phmto uskjh
qukjgh frmkjh o dhrh phmno mdh`oktovo
pmr o rm, pmr d‟Knhrm m pmr dk Jkturk
shjh `do stmsso uskto jmo tmnpo kjtofao.
Fohjhjhstkjtm, dk gmfkgmjzk gm`do onpm-
rkthro rhnkjo mrk ronkstk sfhjhsfoutk kd
nhjgh kdnmjh gko `ohrjo go Vhghnk m
@hnhrrk. [umstk lu uj‟mphfk go hr`m m
pmrvmrsohjo, nkdkttom nmjtkdo m ojfmsto,
fhj onpmrkthro mdmvkto kd rkj`h govojh m
vmjmrkto fhnm gáo.
Fhsä fhnm shstmjjm Gkjtm jmddk
Govojk Fhnnmgok , dk `mjtm gmdd‟Kj-
tofaotå lu tuttk fhjgkjjktk kdd‟Oj-
lmrjh. Umr﬋jh Udkthjm, Krosthtmdm,
Hnmrh, \or`odoh m kdtro onphrtkjto
`mjo m uhnojo poo lurhjh rmdm`kto jmd
—Donch„, ujk shrtk go poÿ notm kjto- kjto -
fknmrk gmdd‟Ojlmrjh, nk fhnujqum
dhjtkjo gkddk `rkzok gmd Ukrkgosh. Wutth
foó kvvmjjm shdh pmrfaï Frosth jhj mrk
kjfhrk nhrth suddk frhfm pmr o pmffkto
gmdd‟unkjotå.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

;?

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn

Jmddk @ougmk hffupktk gko rhnkjo, so
kvvmrkrhjh oj﬋jm dm prhlmzom cocdofam
fam pkrdkvkjh go uj rmgmjthrm. D‟ujofh
﬋`doh go Goh jkfqum oj ujk stkddk m,
kdd‟mtå go trmjt‟kjjo, prmgofó od nmssk``oh
gmddk frostokjotå, sfkffoó o nmrfkjto gkd
Wmnpoh m trkslhrnó d‟kfquk oj vojh,
furó dk dmccrk, rophrtó oj votk Dkzzkrh
m fhnpä h`jo shrtk go norkfhdh pronk
go mssmrm trkgoth gk @ougk Osfkrohtk pmr
trmjtk nhjmtm
fupkzohjm g‟kr`mjth.
rhnkjk Dk lhrzk
m o dmkgmr g‟hf
g‟hf-
mcrkofo jm-
kvmvkjh kcckstkjzk gmdd‟k`otkthrm9 @msÿ
35 Frosth lu thrturkth gk Uhjzoh Uodkth, lu
frhfo﬋ssh m nhrä suddk frhfm pmr o pmffkto
gmdd‟unkjotå, roshrsm od tmrzh `ohrjh m
ksfmsm kd Ukrkgosh pmr smgmrm kddk gmstrk
go Goh Ukgrm.
Frosth lhjgó dk Faomsk m, smfhjgh od
vkj`mdh go Nkttmh, d‟kphsthdh Uomtrh
lu phsth kd suh vmrtofm, govmjtkjgh poÿ
tkrgo od pronh pkpk go Shnk. Nk dk
frostokjotå skrmccm ronkstk uj lmjhnmjh
purknmjtm mcrkofh sm jhj lhssm stkth
pmr o vok``o nossohjkro go Ukhdh, fam
goſtusmrh od frmgh oj tutth od Nmgotmr-
Nmgotmr -
rkjmh. Uomtrh m Ukhdh lurhjh `oustozokto
gkddm kuthrotå rhnkjm pmr kvmr nojkth
dk lmgm jm`do kjtofao gáo. Dk juhvk lmgm
trhvó pmró juhvo sm`ukfo, shprkttutth
trk `do sfaokvo m o nmncro poÿ vudjmrk-
vudjmrk-
codo gmddk shfomtå rhnkjk, kttrktto gkddk
jhzohjm go ujk skdvmzzk gkddm shſtmrmjzm
gmddk votk prmsmjtm. O frostokjo vmjjmrh
pmrsm`uotkto, gkto oj pksth ko dmhjo h
crufokto vovo pmr ojtrkttmjmrm od phphdh
jmddm krmjm go Shnk.
Oj qumsth pmrohgh jkfqumrh kdfujm
smttm frostokjm, foksfujk fhj uj‟hpo-
johjm govmrsk msuddm
suk govojotå sudkzohjo
nhghgo fhrrmtth
@msÿ, suddk
go
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁦󰁫󰁤󰁭󰁪󰁧󰁫󰁳󰁯󰁨
 D‟Mrrk Fr
 D‟M Froo ststoo kj
kjkk 
rk``ouj`mrm dk skdvmzzk. Vonhjm Nk`h,
\kdmjtojh m kdtro golmjgmvkjh dh `jhsto-
fosnh, fam nmttmvk oj roskdth d‟ojgovoguk-
dotå gmd pmrfhrsh go skdvmzzk m d‟odduno-
jkzohjm go h`jujh, qukdfhsk fam kjgkvk
fhnpdmtknmjtm fhjtrh `do ojsm`jknmjto
go Ukhdh m Uomtrh, smfhjgh o qukdo od
o d fdmrh
mrk od dm`knm trk d‟ojgovoguh m Goh. Lu
shdtkjth fhj od Uronh Fhjfodoh go Jofmk
gmdd‟kjjh 63= fam vmjjm rmkdozzktk ujk
sojtmso m Fhdhrh
frostokjk. ujk gofaokrkzohjm gmddk lmgm
fam jhj so kgm`ukrhjh
kddm gmfosohjo gmd fhjfodoh mfunmjofh
vmjjmrh gofaokrkto mrmtofo.
Umr qukso trmfmjth kjjo, o frostokjo
vmjjmrh pmrsm`uotkto k fkusk gmddk dhrh
lmgm. O dhrh junmro frmsfmvkjh fhstkj-
tmnmjtm, ﬋jfaï d‟onpmrkthrm Fhstkj-
tojh od @rkjgm jhj gofaokró dk docmrtå
rmdo`ohsk. M`do vmjjm ckttmzzkth sud suh
dmtth go nhrtm, m jmdd‟kjjh 615 d‟onpmrk-
thrm Wmhghsoh O gofaokró od frostokjmsonh
rmdo`ohjm go stkth rhnkjk. Dk lmgm gm`do
sfaokvo mrk fhsä govmjtktk dk lmgm gm`do
onpmrkthro. Nk jmssujk fhjvmrsohjm
kddk vmrk lmgm phtmvk skdvkrm Shnk gkddk
rhvojk.
Od Nmgohmvh
✬ (70<‖ ;7?3 K.G.)
D‟Onpmrh Shnkjh, uj tmnph fhsä phtmjtm,
ojozoó k frhddkrm, gmvkstkth gk jmnofo
mstmrjo fhsä fhnm gk fhjffiotto ojtmrjo. Oj
uj gospmrkth tmjtktovh go nkjtmjmrm od
fhjtrhddh, jmd 6?= K.G. ( Kjjh Ghnojo )
 Kjjh Ghnojo  Hdtrm k ujorm dk rm`ohjm fam poÿ tkrgo
d‟onpmrh vmjjm kddk ﬋jm govosh jmdd‟On-
pmrh Shnkjh g‟Hromjtm m g'Hffogmjtm. K
mst,
vossmd‟Onpmrh Shnkjhg‟kjjo
pmr uj no`dokoh g‟Hromjtm
fhnm shprkv-
Onpmrh

go Coskjzoh, nk od gmstojh gmdd‟Onpmrh
g‟Hffogmjtm mrk `oå sm`jkth.
Shnk lu ksskdotk gk tuttm dm gormzohjo
gk \kjgkdo, \oso`hto, Hstrh`hto, ]jjo
m kdtro ckrckro fam skffam``okrhjh m
nosmrh k lmrrh m luhfh dk fottå. D‟udtonh
onpmrkthrm gmdd‟Onpmrh g‟Hffogmjtm, od
smgofmjjm Shnhdh Ku`usthdh, lu gmphsth
jmd 70< gkd fhnkjgkjtm `mrnkjofh
Hghkfrm. D‟onpmrh uj tmnph hjjo-
phtmjtm kjgó
vmjjmrh govoso oj
trkpmzzo m o suho ckrckro.
o rm m projfopo ghnojo
]j‟hsfurotå gosfmsm sudd‟Murhpk m o
tmrrothro fovodozzkto fkggmrh jmd gm`rkgh.
Dk rmtm strkgkdm rhnkjk vmjjm rmfdknktk
gkddk jkturk, dm fottå so sphphdkrhjh m dk
dm``m m d‟hrgojm rhnkjo fkggmrh jmdd‟h-
cdoh. Dk sfomjzk m dk ﬋dhsh﬋k mrkjh
donotktm ko nhjkfo go oshdkto nhjkstmro
fam fhjsmrvkvkjh m trksfrovmvkjh o tmsto
gmdd‟Kjtofaotå nmjtrm dk supmrstozohjm m
od fkhs rm`jkvkjh luhro gkddm nurk fam
prhtm``mvkjh qumo duh`ao.
Fhd tmnph, poffhdo ckrduno go fovo-
dozzkzohjm vmjjmrh kffmso jmdd‟hsfu-
rotå onpmrkjtm. Od rm lrkjfh Fdhghvmh
rofhjquostó d‟mx prhvojfok rhnkjk
gmddk @kddok m `mttó dm lhjgknmjtk sok
gmddk Lrkjfok fam go foó fam poÿ tkrgo
skrmccm govmjtkth od Vkfrh Shnkjh
Onpmrh. Od suh kjtmjkth mrk od notofh
rm Nmrhvmh, fam so rotmjmvk gosfmj-
gmssm gk uj dmvoktkjh, m fam gomgm od
suh jhnm kddk gojkstok nmrhvoj`ok
fam kvrmccm rm`jkth suddk Lrkjfok jmo
smfhdo suffmsso.
skrmccm stktk fhjhsfoutk fhnm dk Lrkjfok,
Fdhghvmh vmjjm ckttmzzkth jmddk vmrk
lmgm frostokjk
Faomsk fhjtrhmo httmjjm
nhdto rmodmsupphrth gmddk
shvrkjo mnpo

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
murhpmh  go
fam rm`jkvkjh sud nhskofh murhpmh  sfomjzk mrkjh rostrmttm gkddk frostokjotå
rm`jo m projfopkto. Dk notofk gojkstok
nmrhvoj`ok rm`jó pmr hdtrm gumfmjth
kjjo m fhjquostó smnprm poÿ tmrrm, nk fhd
tmnph govmjjm gmchdm m onphtmjtm.
K mst m sug frmsfmvk dk nojkffok
gmddk rmdo`ohjm nkhnmttkjk. Oj uj
shdh smfhdh d‟Osdkn so mrk mspkjsh oj
tutth d‟hromjtm m dk fhstk smttmjtroh-
smttmjtroh-
jkdm gmdd‟Klrofk,
fkdoſtkth osdknofh ﬋jh kd pujthgkddk
so mstmjgmvk oj fuo
Fojkod
kddk Vpk`jk. Dm hrgm gmo Nhro spoj`m-
vkjh vmrsh jhrg, kttrkvmrsh od rm`jh
lrkjfh, nk vmjjmrh lmrnktm jmd 063
gk Fkrdh Nkrtmddh, rkpprmsmjtkjtm gmo
nmrhvoj`o, jmddk ckttk`dok go Uhotomrs.
Jmd 0=;, fhj od fhjsmjsh gmd pkpk, vmjjm
gmphsth d‟udtonh rm nmrhvoj`oh fam lu
pho fhstrmtth kddk votk nhjkstofk. Kd suh
phsth prmsmrh phtmrm o fkrhdoj`o.
Fkrdhnk`jh vmjjm ojfhrhjkth
onpmrkth gk pkpk Dmhjm OOO dk jhttm go
Jktkdm gmdd‟155 K.G., sm`jkjgh d‟kvvmjth
go qumd gurkjtm
msostm Vkfrh Shnkjh
od ;1µOnpmrh
smfhdh fam kjfhrk
shtth `do
Kscur`h g‟Kustrok. Vo rotomjm fam d‟ojfh-
rhjkzohjm go Fkrdhnk`jh kccok roprosto-
jkth d‟hrgojm oj Murhpk m oj mſtmtto Fkrdh-
nk`jh m o suho suffmsshro fhjquostkrhjh
`rkj pkrtm gmd fhjtojmjtm m fhstrojsmrh
`do sfhj﬋tto k fhjvmrtorso. ]jh ghph
d‟kdtrh, o pk`kjo pom`krhjh od `ojhffaoh,
trmnkjgh gojkjzo kd phtmrm go Goh m
prhlmsskjgh dk dhrh shtthnossohjm. Kdfujo
shstmj`hjh fam o suffmsso go Fkrdhnk`jh
lhssmrh ghvuto k ujk phtmjtm rmdoquok gk
duo phssmgutk, dk Dkjfok go Dhj`ojh, fam
so rotomjm sok dk dkjfok fam kvmvk trk﬋tth od
﬋kjfh go @msÿ frhfo﬋ssh.
Od phtmrm gmddk Faomsk so rkſthrzó nkj
nkjh fam tmrrothro smnprm poÿ `rkjgo
vmjovkjh fhjvmrtoto m kffmttkvkjh dk
supmrohrotå gmd pkpk. \mjjmrh fhstruotm
`rkjgohso fkttmgrkdo, d‟ojffiumjzk suo rm
frmccm m o tmrrothro gmddk Faomsk ktthrjh k
Shnk so mspkjgmvkjh go pkro pkssh kdd‟m-
kdd‟m-
spkjgmrso gmd phtmrm nodotkrm gm`do Vtkto
Uhjto﬋fo. [ukso tuttm dm tmrrm fhdtovktm
oj Murhpk kppkrtmjmvkjh kddk Faomsk m o
nhjkstmro `mjmrkvkjh oj`mjto `ukgk`jo
prhgufmjgh vojh m dkjk nmjtrm, kd tmnph
stmssh, stugokvkjh qumstohjo tmhdh`ofam.
Dk Faomsk kvmvktuttk
gmdd‟ostruzohjm9 kjfam od nhjhphdoh
dk ﬋dhsh﬋k m dk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
m qukdsokso pmjsomrh h tmhrok fam jhj
fhrrosphjgmssm kddm ghttrojm gmddk Faomsk
vmjovk ro﬋utkth. Dm ujovmrsotå fam ojozok-
rhjh k fhnpkrorm mrkjh uj‟mstmjsohjm
gmddk Faomsk m vmjovkjh nhgmddktm suddm
sfuhdm nhjkstofam. Gkd pudpoth, dm nkssm
pom onpkrkvkjh fam gomtrh h`jo kj`hdh
so jksfhjghjh tmjtkzohjo m pmffkth m
fam od luhfh
fhdhrh mtmrjh
fam so gmdd‟Ojlmrjh
kddhjtkjkjh gkddkkttmjgm
rmttk
vok. K prhproh shstm`jh dk Faomsk kvmvk
ujk rmtm go ojlhrnkthro fam rophrtkvk k
Shnk o shspmttkto go mrmsok m o pmffkthro.
Dh sfhph prmfopuh gmdd‟krfaotmtturk m
gmdd‟krtm mffdmsokstofk gmd pmrohgh, pho,
fhjsostmvk jmd goſthjgmrm od nmssk``oh
frostokjh m nkjolmstkrm od phtmrm m dk
`rkzok go Goh oj Wmrrk, oj mjhrno fkttm-
grkdo fhj nhjunmjtkdo vmtrktm nudtofh-
dhro rkst`urkjto sfmjm cocdofam.
K hromjtm, dk frostokjotå mrk juhvk-
nmjtm nojkffoktk gkdd‟kvkjzktk gmddk
rmdo`ohjm
ujk `umrrknkhnmttkjk. Od pkpk ojvhfó
skfrk pmr roprmjgmrm @mru-
skdmnnm m dk Wmrrk Vkjtk gk`do ojlmgmdo9
jmo smfhdo suffmssovo, vortuhso fkvkdomro
m poo pmddm`rojo k﬇uorhjh oj hromjtm
pmr rmspoj`mrm `do mnpo fhjquostkthro
m httmjmrm dk `dhrok go Goh. \mjjmrh
lhjgkto govmrso stkto frostokjo fam
govmjjmrh kvknphsto oj Wmrrk Vkjtk, m
quo o frhfokto vmjjmrh ojffiumjzkto gkddh
stodm krfaotmtthjofh, gkddk ﬋dhsh﬋k, gkddk
rmdo`ohjm m gkddk sfomjzk sok go Coskjzoh
fam gmd nhjgh nusudnkjh. [ukjgh
lkfmvkjh rothrjh oj Murhpk, phrtkvkjh
fhj sï dm dhrh juhvm fhjhsfmjzm. Lu oj
qumsth pmrohgh fam dk Nksshjmrok m kdtrm
fhrrmjto hffudtm gmddm rmdo`ohjo pk`kjm so
goſtusmrh jmd nhjgh frostokjh.
Jmddk Lrkjfok nmrogohjkdm mrkjh
prmsth mnmrsm ujk vkromtå go smttm
mrmtofam. Fktkro m kdtro rojjm`kto kttrk-
kttrk-
mvkjh fhsä tkjto sm`ukfo fam dk Faomsk
ghvmttm ojtmrvmjorm. Ojjkjzotutth,
pkpk @rm`hroh OQ ostotuä d‟Ojquosozohjm
Ukpkdm fhj d‟kouth gmdd‟hrgojm ghnmjo-
ghnmjo -
fkjh pmr prhvkrm k rmpronmrm dm mrmsom.
[ukjgh o gufao go Whdhsk so sfaomrkrhjh
fhj o fktkro, dk Faomsk m od phtmrm rmkdm
go Lrkjfok lurhjh fhstrmtto k prhfdknkrm
ujk
Fottåfrhfoktk oj Doj`ukghfk
m voddk``o vmjjmrh mgmvkstkto
Urhvmjzk.m
no`dokok go mrmtofo vmjjmrh crufokto sud
rh`h. Gk qumddm pkrto d‟mrmsok mrk fhsä
prhlhjgknmjtm rkgofktk fam fo vhddmrh
;35 kjjo pronk fam `do udtono fktkro
vmjossmrh fktturkto h sfkffokto.
Umr﬋jh o fkvkdomro Wmnpdkro, od fuo
jhnm gmrovkvk gkd Wmnpoh go Vkdhnhjm
m fam mrk stkto trk dm lkzohjo poÿ onphr-
tkjto jmddk prhtmzohjm gmddk Wmrrk
Vkjtk, govmjjmrh
rhjh smgurrm gkddmfhrrhtto m so dksfok-
tmjtkzohjo gokch-
dofam. Od vmjmrgä gmd ;6 htthcrm ;650 o
nmncro gmdd‟hrgojm vmjjmrh onpro`oh-
jkto pmr gmfrmth pkpkdm9 shtth thrturk,
vmjjmrh dhrh msthrtm fhjlmssohjo go
mrmsok, oghdktrok m go kdtro pmffkto ojjhno-
jkcodo. \mjjmrh
\mjjmrh tutto `oustozokto m od @rkj
Nkmstrh gmdd‟hrgojm, Ikfqums gm Nhdky,
vmjjm crufokth sud rh`h jmd fuhrm go
Ukro`o. Ghph dk gosshduzohjm gmdd‟hrgojm,
dm sum mjhrno roffamzzm m vksto tmrrothro
vmjjmrh fhjfmsso k Lodopph O\, fam mrk
stkth od pronh k ojlhrnkrm dk Faomsk
gmddk fkgutk
Wmnpdkro. oj gos`rkzok
Vvkroktm shfomtågmo fkvkdomro
sm`rmtm gmd
;1µ smfhdh rovmjgofkjh ujk pkrmjtmdk
fhj o fkvkdomro Wmnpdkro, shstmjmjgh fam 3;
o sm`rmto hffudto gmdd‟hrgojm sfhpmrto k
@mruskdmnnm shprkvvovkjh kjfhrk.
Gurkjtm od nmgohmvh, dk frostokjotå
mrk govosk9 o nkssono dmkgmr sporotukdo,
o pkpo go Shnk, dhttkvkjh pmr od phtmrm
fhj o poÿ kdto fkpo nhjgokdo, `do onpmrk-
thro gmd Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh. Kjfam
kdtro rm ojtrkvogmrh dk dhrh hffksohjm pmr
mstmjgmrm od prhproh phtmrm k spmsm gmddk
Faomsk, od tutth nmjtrm gossogo ojtmrjo
kddk Faomsk stmssk kvmvkjh phrtkth kddk
prhfdknkzohjm go govmrso vmsfhvo fhnm
kjtopkpo pmr s﬋gkrm od phtmrm go Shnk.
Od fudnojm vmjjm rk``oujth qukjgh
o fhjtrksto fhj Lodopph O\ spojsmrh
Fdmnmjtm \ k sphstkrm od pkpkth gk
Shnk kg Kvo`jhjm, jmddk Lrkjfok nmro-nmro-
gohjkdm. Dk Faomsk dkj`uä oj qumstk
—fkttovotå kvo`jhjmsm„ pronk fam d‟mquo-
docroh go phtmrm nutkssm kjfhrk m od
pkpkth thrjkssm k Shnk.
Jmd fhrsh gmo smfhdo, dk phphdkzohjm
murhpmk mrk ojfrmnmjtktk fhstkjtmnmjtm.
Dm fottå frmsfmvkjh duj`h o ﬋uno, dm rhttm
fhnnmrfokdo m dm kjtofam lhrto﬋fkzohjo
rhnkjm. Kdd‟ojtmrjh
od fhnnmrfoh gmddm nurk ﬋hrovkjh.
m d‟krto`okjkth fottkgojm,

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
@ruppo go fkrpmjtomro, nurkthro, fkdzhdko
m kdtro fhnnmrfokjto so roujorhjh oj `odgm
fam fhd tmnph govmjjmrh smnprm poÿ
ojffiumjto. Nmrfkjto m krto`okjo kjgkrhjh k
lhrnkrm dk —chr`amsok„, ujk juhvk fdkssm
shfokdm fhj nmjh phtmrm gmddk jhcodtå m
gmd fdmrh nk poÿ gmo fhjtkgojo. Dm fottå
so trkslhrnkrhjh rkpogknmjtm oj kj`usto
dkcorojto go fksm go dm`jh pmrofhdkjtm
fhj strkgmgo pomjm
nojkffok go fkrmstom
ojfmjgo, kjonkdo mg
m ro﬋uto. Dk
mpogmnom
mrk fhstkjtm.
Dk Nhrtm Jmrk trkvhdsm od fhjtmjmjtm
gurkjtm od ;7µ smfhdh m dk pmstm cucchjofk
uffosm poÿ go 35 nodohjo go pmrshjm, trk
uj tmrzh m gum tmrzo gmddk phphdkzohjm
murhpmk. Nhdto pmjskrhjh fam od @ohrjh
gmd @ougozoh lhssm krrovkth m so kspmttk-
kspmttk-
vkjh fam dm prhlmzom gmdd‟Kphfkdossm so
rmkdozzkssmrh2 kdtro vhdmvkjh gmo fkpro
mspokthro9 vmjjmrh ojfhdpkto o vk`kchjgo,
o phvmro, o dmccrhso, o lrkto nmjgofkjto,
o pmddm`rojo, `do krkco m `do Oj`dmso, nk
shprkttutth
nmjtm `do mcrmo.
pkfo﬋fam Dm rmdkzohjo
trk frostokjo rmdktovk-
rmdktov
mg mcrmo, k-
fam
pmrgurkvkjh gk smfhdo, vmjovkjh kgmssh
33 shstotuotm gk uj hgoh fhfmjtm. Jmddm fottå
go tuttk Murhpk `do mcrmo vmjjmrh nkssk-
frkto. Fhj strunmjto go thrturk m suppdozo
gmddk ruhtk vmjjmrh msthrtm fhjlmssohjo
su phzzo kvvmdmjkto m kdtrm onnk`ojkrom
fhsporkzohjo, fam phrtkrhjh k pmrsmfuzohjo
m hgoh kjfhrk nk``ohro. Jmd gofmncrm
;67? k Jhroncmr`k vmjjmrh uffoso hdtrm
=55 mcrmo m no`dokok jm vmjjmrh uffoso oj
tutth od fhjtojmjtm.
Dk pmstm fhjtojuó k gmvkstkrm
d‟Murhpk m sfhppoó svkroktm vhdtm jmo
smfhdo suffmsso. D‟udtonk mpogmnok so
vmro﬋fó k Nkrso`dok jmd ;035, rmfdk- rmfdk -
nkjgh qukso fmjthnodk votm jmddk fottå m
jmo suho gojthrjo.
Od Sojksfonmjth
✬ (;=µ m ;<µ smfhdh K.G.)
Jmdd‟Otkdok smttmjtrohjkdm Lormjzm,
\mjmzok m kdtrm fottå-stkth mrkjh
govmjutm prhspmrhsm m phtmjto nmgokjtm
od fhnnmrfoh fhj d‟hromjtm. Kttrkvmrsh
`do stkto frhfokto m d‟onpmrh cozkjtojh,
smtk m spmzom ffiuovkjh gkdd‟hromjtm ﬋jh oj
oj Jmddm pokzzm, kdd‟hncrk gmoojtro`ao
Murhpk k chrgh go jkvo otkdokjm fam, jmo fkjkdo, so gopkjkvkjh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
fkncoh, phrtkvkjh frhfokto. Kddk ﬋jm gmd
;7µ smfhdh, d‟Otkdok smttmjtrohjkdm mrk od
fmjtrh mfhjhnofh g‟Murhpk.
Wrk o roffao nmrfkjto shrsm uj
ojtmrmssm pmr d‟kjtofaotå `rmfk m rhnkjk.
Urhproh fhnm Gkjtm m Umtrkrfk, dk `mjtm
trhvó osporkzohjm jm`do ogmkdo kjtofao,
qukjgh d‟kncozohjm m dk smjsukdotå mrkjh
kdtknmjtm fhjsogmrktm, oj fhjtrksth
fhj o tmjmcrhso
pmffkto smrnhjo
m pur`kthroh. nmgomvkdo
\mjjmrh fhnnossu-
fhnnos-
sohjkto rotrktto m phmsom, fhstruoto pkdkzzo
dussuhso m spmsm mjhrno lhrtujm jmddm
cmddm krto. Dm mpofam Nmtknhrlhso gmd
phmtk rhnkjh Hvogoh, ro`ukrgkjto dk
nothdh`ok rhnkjk, govmjjmrh ujk lhjtm
g‟osporkzohjm pmr ojjunmrmvhdo rkffhdtm
phmtofam, sfudturm m gopojto. Umr﬋jh dk
Faomsk so rotrhvó fhojvhdtk oj qumstk
tmjgmjzk, fhstrumjgh faomsm k fuphdk
m kghrjkjgh fkppmddm m fkttmgrkdo fhj
kſtrmsfao m shsttto gopojto.
D‟krtm m dk dmttmrkturk ﬋hrorhjh, nk
kjfam dk ﬋dhsh﬋k
rosfhpmrtm m dk sfomjzkgmovmjjmrh
fhj od rotrhvknmjth tmsto go
Krosthtmdm mg Mufdogm. D‟Murhpk, krrmtrktk
rospmtth kd nhjgh nusudnkjh m kddm
gojkstom hromjtkdo soj gkddk fkgutk go Shnk,
govmjjm go juhvh od fmjtrh gmd nhjgh. Wrk
o nhdto krtosto, ﬋dhsh﬋ m sfomjzokto go spoffh
go qumsth pmrohgh, od poÿ oddustrm go tutto lu
Dmhjkrgh gk \ojfo. [umsth `mjoh ujovmr-
ujovmr-
skdm mffmddmvk sok fhnm potthrm fam fhnm
ojvmjthrm, hdtrm fam fhnm nktmnktofh m
jkturkdostk. Fhjfmpä nkffaojkro pmr dk
`umrrk m pmr vhdkrm,
vhdkrm, msm`uä stugo kjkthnofo,
svoduppó dk prhspmttovk m ojvmjtó juhvm
tmfjofam potthrofam2 oj crmvm, jhj fo lu krmk
oj fuo m`do jhj gonhstró od suh `mjoh. Dk
suk hpmrk vmjjm rofaomstk gko poÿ onphr-
onphr-
tkjto pmrshjk``o gmdd‟mphfk, gkddk lkno`dok
gmo Nmgofo ko rm go Lrkjfok.
[umsth lu kjfam uj pmrohgh go ksprk
fhnpmtozohjm m go hpphsozohjm. Dm
hpudmjtm fottå-stkth so fhnckttmvkjh
d‟uj d‟kdtrk pmr od fhjtrhddh gmddm dufrhsm
rhttm fhnnmrfokdo, m fhnckttmvkjh fhj
dh Vtkth Uhjto﬋foh pmr tmrrk m kuthjhnok.
Soffao nmrfkjto m jhcodo dhttkrhjh
pmr lkrso jhnojkrm `ougofo go fhrtm m
fkrgojkdo, m kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddk lkno`dok
so fhnckttmvk pmr mrmgotå m tothdo.
fknpkjodo,
m so
pu`jkdkvk kddm spkddm kdnmjh qukjth
jmdd‟kjtofh smjkth rhnkjh. Od phdotofh
﬋hrmjtojh Joffhdó Nkfaokvmddo gmsfrossm
jmd suh Urojfopm od rm`jkjtm ogmkdm gmd
tmnph fhnm spomtktknmjtm prk`nktofh.
Od fkskth gmo Chr`ok pmr nhdto vmrso
ojfkrjkvk qumsth projfopm nkfaok-
vmddofh9 kttrkvmrsh nktronhjo strktm-
`ofo, jmphtosnh, sonhjok m ksskssojoo, dk
lkno`dok rousfä kg
otkdokjo nojhro m kkfquosorm
pokzzkrmnhdto gufkto
sud sm``oh
pkpkdm gum gmo suho nmncro. Od pkpkth go
Kdmsskjgrh \O, kd smfhdh Shgro`h Chr`ok
(;7?3 ‖ ;=56) lu uj pmrohgh pkrtofhdkr-
nmjtm cuoh pmr Shnk, fkrkttmrozzkth gk
fhrruzohjm m pmffkth.
Dk lkno`dok poÿ ojffiumjtm go qumst‟m-
qumst‟m -
phfk lu od fkskth gmo Nmgofo go Lormjzm.
Go unodo hro`ojo, rousforhjh k frmkrso
ujk lhrtujk fhnm nmrfkjto tmssodo m
ckjfaomro. Od gmjkrh vmjovk pmr dh poÿ
spmsh pmr supphrtkrm dm cmddm krto m od
fkskth lu nmfmjktm go nhdto gmo poÿ `rkjgo
krtosto \mjjmrh
\ojfo. gmdd‟mphfk, trk gm`do
ojvokto fuo Dmhjkrgh gk
k`mjto jmddm
pkrto poÿ dhjtkjm gmd pkmsm pmr trhvkrm
m rmfupmrkrm tmsto kjtofao, m foó fam msso
rousforhjh k phrtkrm ojgomtrh lu ojmsto-
ojmsto-
nkcodm pmr dh svodupph sok gmdd‟krtm fam
gmddk sfomjzk. Jhj á ujk fhojfogmjzk
fam od Sojksfonmjth kccok kvuth ojozoh
k Lormjzm, m smjzk o Nmgofo dk `rkjgm
rojksfotk gmdd‟Kjtofaotå kvrmccm kjfam
phtuth jhj vmro﬋fkrso.
D‟ojffiumjzk gmo Nmgofo so rkſthrzkvk
`ohrjh ghph `ohrjh. Govmjjmrh gufao
go Lormjzm m pho `rkjgufao go Whsfkjk,
prhgussmrh gum rm`ojm go Lrkjfok m
qukttrh pkpo. Od dhrh phtmrm su Lormjzm
pmrguró ﬋jh kd ;060, qukjgh nhrä @okj
@ksthjm gm‟ Nmgofo, d‟udtonh `rkjgufk go
Whsfkjk, m od tmrrothroh vmjjm rmfdknkth
gkd Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh.
Gurkjtm qumsth pmrohgh o fhj﬋jo gmddk
frostokjotå nutkjh. K mst, od noddmjkroh
onpmrh cozkjtojh frhddk jmd ;7=6, qukjgh
Fhstkjtojhphdo fkgm oj nkjh kddm hrgm gmo
Wurfao ojvkshro. Nhdto lu``orhjh vmrsh
hvmst jmddm fottå-stkth otkdokjm, phrtkjgh
fhj sï tmsto sfomjto﬋fo krkco m sfrotto go
﬋dhsh﬋ kjtofao gmo qukdo d‟hffogmjtm kvmvk
gk tmnph pmrsh dm trkffm. Jmddk pmjoshdk
ocmrofk Smfhjquostk vmjjm fhnpdmtktk
qukjgh dkd‟mnorkth go @rkjkgk, d‟udtonh

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
ckstohjm gmo Nhro, fkggm jmd ;7?3. Dk gmd Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh dh gofaokró uj
Vpk`jk gmo Nhro kvmvk ujk `rhssk luhrodm``m, nk od gkjjh mrk hrnko lktth.
nojhrkjzk mcrkofk fam `hgmvk go nhdtm @rkzom kddk nkffaojk gk stknpk go
docmrtå shtth od ghnojoh nusudnkjh. O rmfmjtm ojvmjzohjm, dm ogmm prhtmstkjto
juhvo ghnojkthro frostokjo mrkjh gmd go Dutmrh so goſtusmrh oj duj`h m oj dkr`h.
tutth provo go thddmrkjzk rmdo`ohsk m d‟Oj- Oj prmfmgmjzk, tkjth dk coccok qukjth
quosozohjm spk`jhdk gomgm votk k nhdtm dm lujzohjo rmdo`ohsm so mrkjh svhdtm oj
pmrsmfuzohjo. @do mcrmo vmjjmrh fhstrmtto dktojh, nk dm fhj`rm`kzohjo prhtmstkjto
k fhjvmrtorso pmr jhj mssmrm nmsso kd ojozokrhjh k uskrm dk dhrh doj`uk nkgrm
rh`h.
lu``orm[ukso
gkddkgumfmjthnodk mcrmo ghvmttmrh
Vpk`jk, fmrfkjgh ropkrh oj mgmrmvhdnmjtm
coccom trkghttm, od fam kunmjtó
dk phphdkrotå gmddk fhjso-
fhjso
juhvk-
stkto poÿ thddmrkjto. Dk nk``ohrkjzk go fhjlmssohjm.
msso lu``ä jmdd‟Onpmrh Htthnkjh, nk kdtro Nhdto rm``mjto vogmrh oj qumsto mvmjto
trhvkrhjh dk vok pmr pkmso fhnm d‟Hdkjgk uj‟hpphrtujotå pmr rhnpmrm fhj dk
m kdfujm pkrto gmd Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh. Faomsk fktthdofk m nmttmrm ﬋jm kddk suk
Jmd ;7?3 Fhdhnch sfhprä od Juhvh fmjtmjkrok ojffiumjzk, gofaokrkjgh fam o
Nhjgh nmjtrm fmrfkvk ujk vok nkrottonk dhrh stkto skrmccm govmjtkto prhtmstkjto,
pmr d‟Ojgok. D‟mspkjsohjm gmdd‟Onpmrh jhj jmfmsskroknmjtm k fkusk go fhjvoj-
Htthnkjh kvmvk cdhffkth dm vmffaom rhttm zohjo `mjuojm, qukjth poutthsth pmr
fhnnmrfokdo m pmr o nmrfkjto Murhpmo mrk prhvkrm k rmfdknkrm dm prhpromtå gmddk
govmjtkjh poÿ gostfodm fhnprkrm smtk m Faomsk mg mstmjgmrm od prhproh phtmrm
spmzom gkdd‟Ojgok m gko rmkno hdtrm go mssk. rmjgmjgh dk Faomsk ujk pkrtm gmddh stkth.
Dk sfhpmrtk gmd juhvh fhjtojmjtm kvrmccm Oj tuttk Murhpk sfhppokrhjh tunudto
kssujth oduj‟mjhrnm
d‟Murhpk, onphrtkjzk
fuo fmjtrh mfhjhnofh rmdo`ohsoqukjgh
pmr
;<;1,
so sphstó fam rk``oujsmrh
ujk `umrrkod fovodm
poffh jmd
trk
lkzohjo rmdo`ohsm jmd Vkfrh Shnkjh
gkddm fottå-stkth gmdd‟Otkdok smttmjtrohjkdm
ko rm`jo suddk fhstk ktdkjtofk. Dk Faomsk Onpmrh gm`mjmró oj ujk `umrrk trk o
vogm d‟hpphrtujotå go ojvokrm nossohjkro `rkjgo phtmro g‟Murhpk. Foó fam á gm`jh
jmd Juhvh Nhjgh pmr fhjvmrtorm o pk`kjo. go jhtk á fam dk fktthdofk Lrkjfok so kddmó
Smdo`ohjm, nk`ok m sfomjzk mrkjh k fhj dk Vvmzok m kdtro stkto prhtmstkjto
fhjtrh od Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh, dk dm`k
tutto `do mſtmtto ojtrmffoktm, o fhj﬋jo fam dm
smpkrkvkjh slhfkto. O nostofo gmd Sojksfo-fktthdofk m o dhrh kddmkto.
Sojksfo-
nmjth rofmrfkvkjh dk —prosfk skpomjtok„, Dk @umrrk gmo Wrmjt‟Kjjo rogussm
d‟kjtofk fhjhsfmjzk fam Goh kvmvk k crkjgmddo od fhjtojmjtm. Dh svodupph
gm`do krnknmjto, fhncojkth fhj dk
rovmdkth kdd‟uhnh, oj tmsto kjtofao m sfrotto
fhjsogmrmvhdm frmsfotk gm`do msmrfoto,
fkckdostofo rmfmjtmnmjtm rosfhpmrto. O docro
hffudto poÿ onphrtkjto go qumst‟mphfk trkslhrnó d‟Murhpk jmd pokzzkdm gmdd‟oj-
mrkjh dk Wkcudk Vnkrk`gojk m od Fhrpus lmrjh. Umr trm gmfmjjo o trmjo go sfhrtm
Amrnmtofun  go Mrnmtm Wrosnm`osth. nodotkro strosfokrhjh fhnm vmrno
shdfkjgh nhto tmrrothro, govhrkjgh tutth
Dk Solhrnk foó fam trhvkvkjh sud prhproh fknnojh.
[ukso uj tmrzh gmddk phphdkzohjm gmddm
✬ (;<µ‖;1µ smfhdh K.G.) rm`ohjo sm`jktm gkddk `umrrk lu uffosh
gkddm gmvkstkzohjo gm`do msmrfoto. Fhdhrh
Od 6; htthcrm ;=;0 od skfmrghtm tmgmsfh fam jhj vmjovkjh nkfmddkto shffhncm-
Nkrtoj Dutmrh kst``m dm sum ?= tmso vkjh kdd‟ojghnkjo gmddk ckttk`dok, prmgk
sud phrthjm gmddk Faomsk go H`josskjto go fkrmstok m nkdkttom.
k Pottmjcmr`, fkuskjgh ujh sfosnk Nko pronk go kddhrk dk phphdkzohjm
ojtmrjh kddk frostokjotå fam fkncområ kvmvk sucoth fhsä tkjth oj ujk `umrrk.
pmr smnprm d‟Murhpk m fhstmrå fmjtojkok Dk frugmdtå gm`do msmrfoto oj kvkjzktk
go no`dokok go vottonm. Jmd suh trkttkth, smncrkvk oddonotktk m dk smtm go skj`um
Dutmrh kffuskvk od pkpk m dk Faomsk go gmo shdgkto Vvmgmso kssujsm prhphrzohjo
Shnk
vok. Od go fhrruzohjm
pkpk m go kvmr
dh sfhnujofó snkrroth dk
m d‟onpmrkthrm qukso dm``mjgkrom
rhjh vok qukjgh msso
d‟ojtmrk phphdkzohjm gmddkspkzzk-
fottå go
Nkrcur`h. Ojtmrm fottå vmjjmrh gostruttm
m fhnpdmtknmjtm sphphdktm. [ukjgh d‟mfh
gmdd‟udtonh fhdph spkrkth so gossopó m od
lunh so gorkgó, `rkjgo pkrto gmd Vkfrh
Shnkjh Onpmrh mrkjh oj rhvojk.
Dk Ukfm go Pmstlkdok rogosm`jó dk
nkppk `mh`rk﬋fk, rmdo`ohsk m phdotofk
gmdd‟Murhpk. Dk Lrkjfok so kssofuró od
ruhdh go nk``ohrm phtmjzk gmd fhjto-
fhjto -
jmjtm
murhpmk2m oddkCrkjgmcur`h,
Vvmzok mjtrófamsuddk sfmjk
oj `umrrk
kvmvk mjhrnmnmjtm shſtmrth, fhnm
ropkrkzohjm go `umrrk httmjjm `rhsso
tmrrothro, od fam `do pmrnosm go mvhdvmrso
jmddk phtmjzk nodotkrostofk gmddk Urussok
gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh2 m od Vkfrh Shnkjh
Onpmrh so gofaokró nudtofhjlmssohjkdm,
gonojumjgh grkstofknmjtm od phtmrm
gmdd‟onpmrkthrm.
Dm pmrsmfuzohjo rmdo`ohsm m o fhjffiotto
ojtmstojo fhjtojukrhjh pmr od rmsth gmd
;0µ smfhdh. D‟Mgotth go Jkjtms, fam
kvmvk `krkjtoth ko prhtmstkjto go Lrkjfok
mkdfujo gorotto, govmjjm
fmjtojkok rmvhfkth
no`dokok go jmd ;<1=
u`hjhtto
ghvmttmrh dksfokrm od pkmsm2 jmddk rovh-
duzohjm gmd ;<11, od rm fktthdofh vmjjm 36
gmphsth gkd pkrdknmjth oj`dmsm, fam
nosm pho sud trhjh uj rm prhtmstkjtm.
Nmjtrm d‟Murhpk vmjovk sfhssk gkddm
`umrrm rmdo`ohsm, `do Murhpmo so goſtusmrh
oj kdtrm (m dhjtkjm) pkrto gmd nhjgh.
Sm`ohjo gmo fhjtojmjto go Knmrofk,
Klrofk m Ksok vmjjmrh ojvksm m rmfdknktm
gk vkrom shvrkjotå murhpmm. Dm jkvo
nmrfkjtodo thrjkvkjh oj Murhpk fkrofam
﬋jh kdd‟hrdh go kr`mjth, smtk, spmzom m
kdtro h``mtto go vkdhrm.
D‟kdfaonok, d‟kstrhdh`ok m od nosto-
nosto-
fosnh prhspmrkvkjh. @do krosthfrk-
tofo so lkfmvkjh dm``mrm d‟hrhsfhph m o
rm g‟Murhpk oj`k``okvkjh kstrhdh`o go
fhrtm. Dk rm`ojk lrkjfmsm Fktmrojk gm‟
Nmgofo sphjshrozzó od lknhsh prhlmtk
Jhstrkgknus kddk fhrtm go Lrkjfok mg
Mdoskcmttk O g‟Oj`aodtmrrk oj`k``oó Ihaj
Gmm, fam fhnujofkvkjh fhj `do kj`mdo,
ojsomnm k Mgwkrg Bmddy, fam sfrovmvk oj
mjhfaokjh, dk doj`uk fmdmstokdm pkrdktk gk
Kgknh jmd @okrgojh gmdd‟Mgmj.
Oj qumsth pmrohgh vmjjmrh sfrottm
nhdtm gmddm hpmrm dmttm gk`do kdfaonosto
mdovrm
gk`do hffudtosto gmd ;1µ smfhdh9 Dm
g‟Kcrknmdoj dm Nk`m trkttkvk gmd

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
nk`h m`ozoh Kcrknmdoj, fam ojsm`jó
kdd‟mcrmh tmgmsfh Kcrknh go Phrns dk
nk`ok fkckdostofk2 od Wamktrun Famnofun
gmttk`dokvk o sm`rmto gmdd‟kdfaonok2 m `do
kjhjono Lknk Lrktmrjotktos , Fhjlmssoh
Lrktmrjotktos m Dm Jhzzm Kdfamnofam go
Farostokj Shzmjbrmutz rkffhjtkvkjh gmd
nostmrohsh Hrgojm Shskfrhfokjh.
Shnk kvmvk phsozohjkth dm sum spom oj
tutth
Vtukrtodgofhjtojmjtm. Kddk
Vfhzok, od suh fhrtm goprovkth
sm`rmtkroh Nkrok
vmjjm gmjujfokth fhnm k`mjtm pkpkdm,
m qukjgh Mjrofh O\ go Lrkjfok vmjjm
ksskssojkth gk uj lkjktofh fktthdofh, so
shspmttó uj‟ojtmrlmrmjzk pkpkdm, smccmjm
jhj dk so phtï nko gonhstrkrm.
Dk Faomsk so furkvk phfh gmddk sfomjzk,
﬋jtkjth fam mssk jhj fhjtrkggofmvk o
gh`no rmdo`ohso. Nkj nkjh fam od prhtm-
prhtm-
stkjtmsonh `ukgk`jkvk tmrrmjh, od pkpkth
govmjtkvk smnprm poÿ orksfocodm. Voj gkddk
suk lhjgkzohjm, dk Faomsk kvmvk trktth dk
suk fhsnhdh`ok gk`do kjtofao @rmfo. Od
nhjgh
stmddm m mrk
`do `mhfmjtrofh9 od shdm, dk ktthrjh
kdtro pokjmto `orkvkjh dujk, dm
kddk tmrrk. [ukjgh, jmd ;=µ smfhdh, od nktm-
37 nktofh m kstrhjhnh phdkffh Joffhdó
Fhpmrjofh kvmvk sfhpmrth fam mrk od shdm
k ghvmr mssmrm kd fmjtrh, jhj kvmvk hskth
puccdofkrm dm sum tmhrom. Cosh`jó kttmjgmrm
od ;=76 pmrfaï vmjossm puccdofkth od Gm
Smvhdutohjocus Hrcoun Fhmdmstoun, kppmjk
pronk gmddk nhrtm go Fhpmrjofh2 mssh pmró
rofmvmttm phfk kttmjzohjm.
D‟mrnmtofh jkphdmtkjh @ohrgkjh
Crujh jhj lu kdtrmttkjth nhgmsth. M`do
jhj shdtkjth kſtmrnó fam Fhpmrjofh kvmvk kvmvk
rk`ohjm k frmgmrm fam dk Wmrrk `orkssm
ktthrjh kd shdm, nk kjfam fam qumsth
ujovmrsh oj﬋joth fhjtmjmvk uj junmrh
oj﬋joth go nhjgo, phphdkto gk frmkturm
vovmjto. [umstm jhzohjo mrkjh cdkslmnom
gmd `mjmrm poÿ ropu`jkjtm. D‟Ojquosozohjm
dh fktturó k \mjmzok m dh spmgä k Shnk,
ghvm vmjjm `ougofkth fhdpmvhdm go mrmsok m
crufokth sud rh`h jmd ;<55.
Dh sfomjzokth poskjh @kdodmh @kdodmo,
onpom`kth gkd Fkskth gm‟ Nmgofo, jmd pronh
;<55 svoduppó uj‟ojvmjzohjm, od tmdmsfhpoh,
m hssmrvkjgh dm lkso go \mjmrm `oujsm kddk
fhjfdusohjm fam od nhgmddh go Fhpmrjofh
ghvmvk mssmrm qumddh `ousth. [ukjgh
puccdofó dm sum
nmzzh gmddk tmhromgmo
@umrrk jmd Wrmjt‟Kjjo,
;<63, jmd cmdod
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
pkpk kjgó su tuttm dm lurom. @kdodmh vmjjm
kffuskth m fhjgkjjkth pmr mrmsok, nk
rousfä k mvotkrm go mssmrm crufokth kd rh`h
kcourkjgh dm sum tmhrom m trksfhrsm od rmsth
gmddk suk votk k`do krrmsto ghnofodokro.
Oj tuttk Murhpk so tmjmvkjh prhfmsso
kddm strm`am. Vhtth thrturk, ujk ghph
d‟kdtrk fhjlmsskvkjh go kvmr strmtth pktto
fhd Gokvhdh, go uskrm dm krto jmrm m go
dksfokrso
nojkcodo. kjgkrm
Oj qukso kg kdtro
h`jo pmffkto ojjh-so
voddk``oh
phtmvkjh trhvkrm gmo sm`ukfo go Vktkjk.
Od Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh vmjjm fhdpoth
poÿ gurknmjtm go tutto9 kd suh ojtmrjh dm
pmrshjm fhjgkjjktm pmr mrmsok m `ousto-
zoktm lurhjh gmfojm go no`dokok. Jmd
Juhvh Nhjgh, jmd pkmsojh go Vkdmn, so
svhdsm uj prhfmssh gm`jh go jhtk fam
vmjjm gmsfrotth gk Fhtthj Nktamr jm Dm   so sfk`dok fhjtrh od gm`rkgh nhrkdm m dm
Nmrkvo`dom gmd Nhjgh Ojvosocodm . D‟ostmrok
gmddm strm`am so rogussm jmd ;1µ smfhdh, nk
kjfhrk jmd ;067 dk dm``m svmgmsm prmsfro-
vmvk dk gmfkpotkzohjm m dk nhrtm sud rh`h
fhnm pujozohjm pmr dk strm`hjmrok.
D‟Oddunojosnh
✬ (;055 K.G. ‖ prmsmjtm)
@oå jmd ;<30 dh stktostk oj`dmsm Lrkjfos
Ckfhj gmsfrovmvk go ujk shfomtå lhjgktk
sudd‟oddunojkzohjm m sud pmjsomrh
rkzohjkdm jmd suh uthpostofh rhnkjzh
Juhvk Ktdkjtogm . Oj qumst‟hpmrk, d‟ostotu-
zohjm poÿ onphrtkjtm jhj mrk jï dk fhrhjk
jï dk Faomsk nk dk Fksk go Vkdhnhjm,
uj‟ksshfokzohjm (h uj hrgojm) gmvhth
k`do stugo sfomjto﬋fo m kddh svodupph gmd
pmjsomrh unkjh. Ckfhj golmjgmvk uj
juhvh toph go sfomjzk cksktk sudd‟hssmr-
sudd‟hssmr -
vkzohjm m `do mspmronmjto, poutthsth fam o
gh`no rmdo`ohso m o noto fhjshdogkto.
Osporktm kdd‟uthpok go Ckfhj, vmjjmrh
lhjgktm dk Shykd Vhfomty k Dhjgrk (;<<5)
m d‟ Kfkgïnom
 Kfkgïnom gms Vfomjfm k Ukro`o (;<<<)2
mssm govmjjmrh uj msmnpoh pmr dm nhdtm
kffkgmnom sfomjto﬋fam lhjgktm oj tuttk
Murhpk jmo gmfmjjo suffmssovo. Jmd ;065
k Vthffhdnk vmjjm lhjgktk dk Buj`do`k
\mtmjsbkpskbkgmnomj .
]jh gmo pmrshjk``o poÿ onphrtkjto
gmddk rovhduzohjm sfomjto﬋fk lu Oskkf
Jmwthj, fam jmddk suk hpmrk Uaodhshpaokm
Jkturkdos Urojfopok Nktmnktaofk lhrnudó
dm dm``o gmd nhvonmjth m gmddk `rkvotå.
Jmd Gm Nujgo Vystmnktm , od tmrzh docrh
gmdd‟hpmrk, Jmwthj gonhstró nktmnk-
tofknmjtm, ckskjghso su hssmrvkzohjo
kstrhjhnofam, fam dk Wmrrk ruhtkvk
ktthrjh kd Vhdm, od fam spojsm ﬋jkdnmjtm
dk Faomsk kg kffmttkrm od nhgmddh mdoh-
fmjtrofh. Kjfhrk kdd‟ojozoh gmd ;1µ smfhdh,
pmró, dk trkgozohjm hffudtk shprkvvovmvk
oj fhjtmsto sfomjto﬋fo,
onphrtkjtm sfomjzokthmtrkpuro mssmjgh od poÿ
suho fhjtmn-
phrkjmo jhjfaï od prmsogmjtm gmddk Shykd
Vhfomty , Jmwthj sofurknmjtm gmgofó od suh
tmnph kdd‟kdfaonok m lu hssmssohjkth gkddk
`mhnmtrok gmd Wmnpoh go Vkdhnhjm.
H``o soknh kddk nmtå gmd ;1µ smfhdh,
m dk rovhduzohjm sfomjto﬋fk ak ojffiumjzkth
dm sfomjzm shfokdo. Imkj-Ikfqums Shussmku
oj`oustozom gmddk shfomtå,
shfomtå , \hdtkorm
\hdtkorm so lk cmſtm
gmddk Faomsk m gmddk fhrhjk, nmjtrm Gmjos
Gogmrht m Imkj G‟Kdmncmrt fhnpdmtkjh
`rkjgm mjfofdhpmgok lrkjfmsm, jmddk qukdm
fmdmcrkjh
docmrtå. Oj dkLrkjfok
rk`ohjm,m odojrkzohjkdosnh m dk
nhdto kdtro pkmso
dk fhrhjk m dk Faomsk fhjtrkttkffkjh
spomtktknmjtm rofhrrmjgh k fmjsurk m
gkjjkzohjm fhjtrh qukdsokso fhsk nojkffo
od vmffaoh hrgojm shfokdm. O ﬋dhsh﬋ oddu-
nojosto vmj`hjh pmrsm`uotkto, nmsso oj
fktmjm m crkffkto, nk dk rovhduzohjm ojtmd-
dmttukdm jhj puó mssmrm lmrnktk.
Jmo fkſtá go Ukro`o, Dhjgrk m Vthffhdnk
dk ﬋dhsh﬋k, dk phdotofk m d‟mfhjhnok
vmj`hjh vovkfmnmjtm gosfussm, jmo cksso-
lhjgo frmsfm od nkdfhjtmjth pmr od prmzzh
gmd pkjm m oj tuttk Murhpk so lhrnkjh
dh``m nksshjofam oj fuo `do ojtmddmt-
tukdo phsskjh ojfhjtrkrso oj sm`rmth pmr
gosfutmrm go ﬋dhsh﬋k m rolhrnm shfokdo. M
oj cuo sfkjtojkto, kdfaonosto, hffudtosto m
nostofo fhsporkjh trk dhrh.
Dm fhnpk`jom fhnnmrfokdo fam
hpmrkjh jmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo ﬋hro- ﬋hro -
sfhjh. Dm jkvo krrovkjh gkdd‟Hromjtm
fkrofam go smtk, phrfmddkjk m qukdsokso
fhsk sok kdd‟udtonk nhgk. Duj`h od
trokj`hdh gmddm rhttm fhnnmrfokdo
vmj`hjh ojvokto run, tmssuto m nkjulktto
oj Klrofk, sfaokvo gkdd‟Klrofk kdd‟Knmrofk
m zuffamrh, tkckffh m fhthjm oj Murhpk.
Jmddk Shykd Mxfakj`m go Dhjgrk m oj
kdtro
gmddm nmrfkto kzohjkro,
fhnpk`jom dm pkrtmfopkzohjo
fhnnmrfokdo vmj`hjh
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

3=

sfkncoktm lmccrodnmjtm m h`jo `ohrjh
vmj`hjh frmktm m gostruttm lhrtujm.
Umr kdfujo, od ;1µ smfhdh á uj‟mphfk
go prh`rmssh m d‟ojozoh go ujk juhvk mtå
gmdd‟hrh2 pmr kdtro, ojvmfm, á uj tmnph go
hsfurotå, prhproh fhnm qumddh pronk gmd
goduvoh. Ukro`o m Dhjgrk vmj`hjh vostm
fhnm dm nhgmrjm Vhghnk m @hnhrrk,
shſthfktm gk gmfkgmjzk mg mrmsok. Dm
lkno`dom rmkdo g‟Murhpk shjh oj ckjfk-
ckjfk -
rhttk k fkusk gmd pmrpmtuh stkth go
`umrrk, dk jhcodtå kssostm kddk pmrgotk gmo
suho provodm`o, o chr`amso fmrfkjh smnprm
poÿ ojffiumjzk, dm fdksso ojlmrohro dkvhrkjh
﬋jh kddk nhrtm m kd lhjgh gmddk shfomtå o
juddktmjmjto sh`jkjh go phtmrso `hgmrm
﬋jkdnmjtm uj vmrh pksth.
Od gosfhjtmjth m o smjtonmjto go rovhdtk
frmsfhjh, trknm m fhsporkzohjo vmj`hjh
pokjo﬋fktm nmjtrm `do sthffao vmj`hjh
kstdkto m o nhsfamtto fkrofkto. Dk rovh-
duzohjm fudturkdm, mfhjhnofk m phdotofk
ojozoktk gurkjtm od Sojksfonmjth á
kgmssh vofojk kd suh fhnpdmtknmjth9 so
prmpkrk uj juhvh hrgojm nhjgokdm.
Kdfujo sfomjzokto m tmhdh`o pkrdkjh go uj h dk poÿ hsfurk gmddm jhtto.
nujgus smjmsfmjs , hssok gmd fhjfmtth pmr fuo
od nhjgh, mskttknmjtm fhnm uj hr`kjosnh
vovmjtm, skrmccm sh``mtth k jksfotk, ojvmf-
ojvmf-
faoknmjth m oj﬋jm, ojmshrkcodnmjtm, kddk
nhrtm. K gonhstrkzohjm go foó so phrtk od
lrk`odm mssmrm unkjh gmd ;1µ smfhdh, fhj od
suh fhrph nhgmsth m dk crmvm kspmttktovk
go votk, oj fhjtrksth ko `o`kjto cocdofo oj
`rkgh go vovmrm pmr fmjtojkok go kjjo.
Á uj nhjgh prmsh oj trkpphdk trk
d‟kdck m od frmpusfhdh m jmssujh sk sm od
luturh rosmrvmrå od `ohrjh poÿ dunojhsh

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  Od @o
 Od @ohh rj
Urmsth dk ﬋jm gmo `ohrjo skrå su go jho9
od @ohrjh gmd @ougozoh.
@ougozoh.
O [ukttrh Fkvkdomro gmdd‟Kphfk-
dossm shjh prhjto k sfmjgmrm oj fknph
m od nhjgh fhsä fhnm dh fhjhsfoknh
nhrorå. Od frmpusfhdh á fkdkth sudd‟unk-
jotå. Á tuttk fhdpk dhrh, go qumo gkjjkto
﬋dhsh﬋ m sfomjzokto nktmrokdosto2 akjjh
vhdtkth
vhdtk th dm spkddm k Goh m d‟unkjotå vmrrå
pujotk pmr qumsth. Mrmtofo, ojlmgmdo,
`mjtm
sfkvkthkssmtktk
trhpph go fhjhsfmjzk
k lhjgh9 á tuttkfam ak
fhdpk
dhrh. Ojvmfm go vovmrm oj pkfm, od nhjgh
3< á stkth sfkrkvmjtkth jmddk `umrrk m
jmddk shſtmrmjzk. Dh strkvhd`onmjth m
od fhddkssh go stkto m ojgovoguo jm shjh
prhvm sustfomjto. [ukjgh dk crknhsok
gmddm fhsm ak prmsh phssmssh gmo fuhro
gmdd‟uhnh oj vmfm gmdd‟knhrm, od tmnph
k jhstrk gosphsozohjm á ﬋joth. Od nhjgh
so fhjthrfm oj k`hjok kd fhspmtth gmddk
vmrotå m od Vhdm á kppmjk vosocodm kdd‟h-
kdd‟h -
rozzhjtm9 qukjgh mnkjmrå o suho udtono
rk``o, skrå ﬋jotk. Vm`uorkjjh shdtkjth
dm tmjmcrm.
O sm`jo shjh stkto ktthrjh k jho fhsä k
duj`h. Umstodmjzm, `umrrm, oj`hrgo`ok m
votm mnpom, Vhghnk m @hnhrrk vmjjmrh
pujotm fhj dk gostruzohjm m kgmssh kg
mssmrm fkjfmddktm jhj skrkjjh shdtkjth
gum fottå, nk d‟unkjotå tuttk. [ukjgh
od Lo`doh gmdd‟uhnh lkrå rothrjh, jhj
dh lkrå gk rm m `uogk, nk gk `ougofm.
Od `ougofm gmfrmtmrå dk pujozohjm m
jmnnmjh o cuhjo ghvrmccmrh spmrkrm9
d‟unkjotå jhj puó mssmrm rmgmjtk.
Jmd ;0;3, 35; trk o vmsfhvo poÿ
onphrtkjto pkrtmfopkrhjh k uj Fhjfodoh
\ktofkjh sm`rmth pmr gosfutmrm od ruhdh
gmddk Faomsk oj uj nhjgh nhrmjtm.
\mjjm kffmrtkth fam gk kdfujm rmdoquom
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁦󰁫󰁤󰁭󰁪󰁧󰁫󰁳󰁯󰁨
rjhh gmd @o
@oug
ugozozoo h 
fusthgotm oj tmshrmrom sm`rmtm sfhrrmvk
skj`um m fam Goh jhj rosphjgmvk kddm
prm`aomrm fhnm oj pksskth. Od pkpk
kvmvk pmrguth `rkj pkrtm gmo suho
phtmro furktovo m d‟hsfurotå so mrk lkttk
smnprm poÿ pkdpkcodm. O vmsfhvo tmstonh-
jokrhjh gojjkjzo kddm hncrm, pkrdkjgh
fhj doj`um tk`domjto go uj nkdm fam jhj
phtmvk mssmrm lmroth fhj gmo pu`jkdo.
Msso prmsmjtkrhjh kd pkpk uj thnh go
poÿ qukttrhnodk
jokjzm pk`ojm,
tkjth smnpdofo fhjmskustovm.
qukjth tmstonh-
[umstk Fkrtk Nhjstruhrun rkffhjtkvk
go nuffam k gum tmstm, rk`kzzojo jkto
fhj dm fhrjk suddk lrhjtm m dk fhgk trk
dm `kncm, ﬋`dom gmlhrno m nhrto fam
thrjkvkjh k fknnojkrm. \o so phtmvk
dm``mrm go smrpmjto skfrodm`ao jkto fhj
dm crkffok, go dufmrthdm oj `rkgh go
sputkrm zhdlh m poo skfmrghto phssmguto.
Á stktk kjfam prmvostk ujk gktk oj fuo
d‟Kphfkdossm so kcckttmrå sudd‟uhnh m so
kſtmrnk fam f‟á cmj phfk spmrkjzk go
fkncokrm od fhrsh gm`do mvmjto. Od ;01?
á d‟kjjh oj fuo od nhjgh frhddmrå jmdd‟h-
sfurotå m Goh pujorå d‟unkjotå. Kdfujo
shstmj`hjh fam tutth fhnojfmrå oj
Lrkjfok pmr pho goſthjgmrso jmd rmsth gmd
nhjgh k nkffaok g‟hdoh. Kdtro ojgovo-
gukjh od ;00< fhnm gktk gmdd‟mvmjth, m
shstmj`hjh fam fhdporå pronk od Juhvh
Nhjgh9 ujk `umrrk sm`jmrå d‟ojozoh
gmdd‟Kphfkdossm.
Oskkf Jmwthj, pur mssmjgh ujh
sfomjzokth, fhjfhrgk fhj o skfmrghto.
M`do á gmdd‟hpojohjm fam —juddk ronkj`k
smjzk fkncoknmjth„ m fkdfhdk fam dk
﬋jm gmd nhjgh kvvmrrå jmd 35<5, lrk
trmfmjth kjjo. Jmwthj kffusk pkrzokd-
nmjtm dm kjonm pmrgutm, nk gofm kjfam
fam d‟unkjotå á smnprm stktk oj`mjuk m

stupogk k frmgmrm fam od nhjgh skrmccm
gurkth pmr smnprm. Kjfam sm tutto
kvmssmrh vossuth oj nkjomrk pok m `oustk,
jhj fo skrmccm stktk kdfujk spmrkjzk go
skdvmzzk9 Goh kvmvk `oå onphsth dk suk
pujozohjm nhdth tmnph lk m qumddo fam
h``o stoknh vovmjgh jhj shjh fam `do
udtono spksno.
O skfmrghto pujtkjh ojvmfm kpmrtk-
nmjtm dm dhrh hssutm gotk kffusktrofo
fhjtrh
prhcdmnkdm á9kjonm pmrgutm.rk`ohjm,
sm akjjh Od `rkjgm
fao
skdvmrå d‟unkjotå, sm jhj Goh8 K fam
smrvm uj nhjgh oddunojkth m smfhdkrm
sm mssh á fhnujqum gmstojkth k fkgmrm8
M qukd á od vmrh sfhph gmddk rofmrfk go
qumddm vmrotå fam phrtkjh od nhjgh
jmdd‟hsfurotå8 Dk `mjtm so pom`k shtth
od `oh`h gmdd‟ojfmrtmzzk2 lhrsm od @ohrjh
gmd @ougozoh á ghnkjo.
Umr dk `mjtm gmd ;1µ smfhdh, od @ohrjh
gmd @ougozoh á tkjth rmkdm qukjth dk dhrh
frmgmjzk jmd Ukrkgosh m jmdd‟Ojlmrjh2
fam kddk ﬋jm d‟Kphfkdossm `ouj`mrå á
mvogmjtm qukjth dk nhrtm go Frosth
suddk frhfm. Dk Vmfhjgk \mjutk, d‟krrovh
gmd Sm`jh go Goh m gmdd‟Kphfkdossm shjh
pkrto ojtm`rkjto gmd frmgh frostokjh.
Ojjunmrmvhdo vmtrktm, kdtkro, phrthjo m
lkffoktm gmfhrktm gmddm faomsm rkpprm-
rkpprm -
smjtkjh sfmjm tmrrocodo trkttm gkdd‟Kph-
fkdossm fhnm fhstkjtm prhnmnhrok go
foó fam vmrrå.
Á uj nhnmjth k fuo so `ukrgk sok
fhj pkurk fam fhj kttmsk. Vkrå kddhrk
fam o nhrto roshr`mrkjjh gkddm thncm
m o `ousto ksfmjgmrkjjh kd Ukrkgosh
pmr vovmrm ujk votk mtmrjk kd ﬋kjfh go
Goh, nmjtrm o pmffkthro crufmrkjjh
m vmrrkjjh sfk`dokto jmdd‟kcossh. Á
uj nhnmjth go `rkjgm shſtmrmjzk m

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
gmvkstkzohjm fam lkrmccm onpkddogorm
pok`am  g‟M`otth, dk gostruzohjm go
dm pok`am  phsth. Wutto o rm gmddk Wmrrk, o shvrkjo
Vhghnk m @hnhrrk m pmr﬋jh od goduvoh
ujovmrskdm.
Dk `mjtm ak kttmsh d‟Kphfkdossm soj
gkddk jksfotk gmd frostokjmsonh. Jmddk
sthrok jm shjh stktm ophtozzktm nhdtm
gktm. Kdfujo nmncro gmdd‟ksfmtofk smttk
gm`do Vakbmrs   akjjh kpprmsh, `rkzom
k rovmdkzohjo mstktofam, fam d‟kjjh
gmso`jkth skrå od ;0?32 Fakrdms Pmsdmy,
ujh gmo dmkgmr gmddk Faomsk Nmthgostk,
ak su``mroth d‟kjjh ;0?72 kdtro akjjh
ojgofkth gktm gmd dhjtkjh luturh. Vm
Oskkf Jmwthj ak fkdfhdkth fam dk ﬋jm
gmd nhjgh so vmro﬋famrå jmd 35<5, dm
prhlmzom go Jhstrkgknus krrovkjh ﬋jh
kd 60?0. Nhdto, ojtmrprmtkjgh o sm`jo
gmd prmsmjtm, shstmj`hjh fam d‟Kphfk-
d‟Kphfk -
dossm sok `oå fhnojfoktk m fam dm `rkjgo
fktkstrh﬋ krrovmrkjjh prmsth.
Jmdd‟ Kphfkdossm 
 Kphfkdossm   shjh gmsfrotto oj
gmttk`doh o `ohrjo ﬋jkdo. Voj gkddk lhjgk-
zohjm akjjh
tosto gmddk Faomsk,
gockttuthtmhdh`o m hffud-
sud so`jo﬋fkth
gmo nhdto sonchdo gmddk prhlmzok. Dm
fktkstrh﬋ so srhthdmrkjjh ujk kg ujk
fhnm ujk pmr`knmjk. D‟ujofh fam sok
gm`jh go ojlrkj`mrm o smttm so`oddo gmddk
pmr`knmjk á d‟K`jmddh go Goh, @msÿ
Frosth, nhrth suddk frhfm pmr o pmffkto
gmdd‟uhnh.
O prono qukttrh so`oddo mvhfkjh
o [ukttrh Fkvkdomro9 Fhjquostk, su
uj fkvkddh cokjfh m ghtkth go krfh m
fhrhjk2 @umrrk, su uj fkvkddh rhssh fhj
ujk `rkjgm spkgk oj nkjh2 Fkrmstok, oj
smddk k uj fkvkddh jmrh fhj uj pkoh go
codkjfm oj nkjh2 m oj﬋jm Nhrtm, su uj
fkvkddh pkddogh, sm`uoth gkdd‟Ojlmrjh.
K foksfujh go msso vmrrå kssm`jkth uj
qukrth gmddk Wmrrk gk gostru``mrm fhj
spkgm, fkrmstom, mpogmnom m cmstom lmrhfo.
[ukjgh d‟K`jmddh kprorå od quojth
so`oddh, o nkrtoro nhrto pmr dk prhprok
lmgm rofmvmrkjjh gmddm vmsto cokjfam,
m kdd‟kpmrturk gmd smsth so`oddh fo skrå
uj `rkjgm tmrrmnhth, od shdm govmjtmrå
jmrh fhnm uj skffh go frojm m dk dujk
rhssk fhnm od skj`um. Dm sfkdm gmd
Ukrkgosh sfmjgmrkjjh gkd fomdh, fhnm
﬋fao go uj kdcmrh sfhssh gk uj vmjth
onpmtuhsh. M od Ukrkgosh so krrhthdmrå
fhnm ujk pmr`knmjk m h`jo nhjtk`jk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
m h`jo oshdk so sphstmrkjjh gkd prhproh
m o fhnkjgkjto, fhdhrh od fuo phtmrm m
dm fuo roffamzzm kgmssh jhj so`jo﬋fkjh
juddk, so jksfhjgmrkjjh shtth dm rhffm
pmr d‟ork gmdd‟K`jmddh.
gmdd‟K`jmddh.
O smrvothro go Goh, fam akjjh shſtmrth,
so mr`mrkjjh jmddm dhrh vmsto cokjfam fhj
oj nkjh gmo rkno go pkdnk gkvkjto kd
Wrhjh go Goh, sud qukdm somgm d‟K`jmddh.
[umstm lhddm fhjtmrkjjh fmjthqukrkj-
tkqukttrhnodk pmrshjm m suddk lrhjtm
phrtmrkjjh od so`oddh gmo smrvothro go Goh.
Jhj smjtorkjjh nko poÿ lknm jï smtm.
[ukjgh d‟K`jmddh kprorå od smttonh
so`oddh, tutth skrå sodmjzoh. Wutto o
trmnhro gmddk Wmrrk, o runhro gmddk
ckttk`dok m o `rogo g‟k`hjok fmssmrkjjh.
Uho uj kj`mdh prmjgmrå uj ojfmjsomrm
ghrkth, dh romnporå go luhfh gkdd‟kdtkrm
m dh dkjfmrå jmddk Wmrrk, prhvhfkjgh
tuhjo, ludnojo m tmrrmnhto. Vmttm kj`mdo
suhjmrkjjh dm trhncm, ujh kg ujh.
m[ukjgh suhjmrå
`rkjgojm dk pronk
m skj`um trhnck, luhfh
pohvmrkjjh gkd
fomdh suddk Wmrrk m dk crufmrkjjh pmr uj
tmrzh, m qukjgh suhjmrå dk smfhjgk, ujk
nhjtk`jk krgmjtm go sfaokjtmrå jmd
nkrm, trkslhrnkjghjm uj kdtrh tmrzh oj
skj`um m uffogmjgh uj tmrzh gmddk votk
kd suh ojtmrjh. [ukjgh od tmrzh kj`mdh
suhjmrå dk suk trhnck, ujk `rkjgm
stmddk fkgrå gkd fomdh, krgmjgh fhnm
ujk thrfok, ﬋jmjgh oj ﬋uno m shr`mjto.
]j tmrzh go tuttm dm lhjto g‟kfquk ghdfm
govmjtmrkjjh kssmjzoh m kvvmdmjmrkjjh
faoujqum jm cmvk. [ukjgh od qukrth
kj`mdh suhjmrå dk suk trhnck, fhdporå
uj tmrzh gmd shdm, gmddk dujk m gmddm
stmssm, fam so hſtusfamrkjjh, m uj tmrzh
gmd `ohrjh m gmddk jhttm skrkjjh jmdd‟h-
jmdd‟h-
sfurotå poÿ thtkdm.
[ukjgh suhjmrå dk quojtk trhnck
kppkrorå ujk stmddk fkgutk suddk Wmrrk
gkd fomdh. Dk stmddk á dk faokvm fam kprm
dk lhssk smjzk lhjgh, fam so spkdkj-
famrå pmr rodksfokrm tmrrocodo hrrhro. ]j
msmrfoth go dhfustm fhj od fhrph ckrgkth
go uj fkvkddh, od vhdth go uj uhnh, o
fkpmddo go ujk ghjjk m o gmjto go uj dmhjm
mnmr`mrå gkddm prhlhjgotå. Vkrkjjh
`uogktm gk Kckgghj, d‟Kj`mdh gmddk
Nhrtm, od fuo jhnm `rmfh á Kphddyhj.
@do sfokno kttkffamrkjjh m thrnmj-
tmrkjjh, nk smjzk uffogmrm, faoujqum
jhj phrto od so`oddh go Goh.
[ukjgh suhjmrå dk smstk trhnck, o
qukttrh kj`mdo onpro`ohjkto jmo prmsso
gmd ﬋unm Mulrktm vmrrkjjh rodksfokto.
Dm dhrh hrgm fhjtmrrkjjh vmjtonodk
vhdtm gomfonodk fkvkdomro oj krnkturm
gmd fhdhrm gmd luhfh, gmd `okfojth m
gmddh zhdlh, o dhrh fkvkddo sputmrkjjh
luhfh, lunh m zhdlh gkddm dhrh tmstm go
dmhjm. ]ffogmrkjjh uj tmrzh go tutto
`do unkjo, m qumddo fam jhj vmrrkjjh
uffoso m jhj skrkjjh fhjvmrtoto, fhjto-
fhjto-
jumrkjjh k vmjmrkrm oghdo, lhrjofkrm m
pmffkrm.
Gum tmstonhjo, vmstoto go skffao,
lkrkjjh prhlmzom ﬋jh k fam dk cmstok jhj
ksfmjgmrå gkddk lhssk smjzk lhjgh m do
uffogmrå. Dk `mjtm msudtmrå m `ohorå kddk
nhrtm gmo prhlmto m dksfmrå o dhrh fhrpo
k nkrform jmddm strkgm. Ghph trm `ohrjo
m nmzzh, Goh shstmrå dk votk oj dhrh fhsä
fam rmsusfotmrkjjh m tmrro﬋famrkjjh
tuttoUkrkgosh
gkd fhdhrh fam do vmgrkjjh.
do faoknmrå ]jk
m uj vhfm
`rkjgm
tmrrmnhth gostru``mrå uj gmfonh gmddk
fottå. 30 
[ukjgh od smttonh kj`mdh suhjmrå
dk suk trhnck, od sm`rmth go Goh skrå
fhnpdmth. Oj Ukrkgosh, od tmnpoh
go Goh govmrrå vosocodm mg mvhfamrå
ludnojo, tuhjo, `rkjgojm m tmrrmnhto.
]jk ghjjk ojfojtk vmrrå kvvostktk oj
fomdh, pokj`mjtm jmd ghdhrm gmd pkrth.
Fhnpkrorå uj `rkjgm grk`h rhssh k
smttm tmstm, fhj smttm fhrhjm m gomfo
fhrjk m sfk`dområ uj tmrzh gmddm stmddm
gkd fomdh. Od grk`h so mr`mrå gojkjzo
kddk ghjjk pmr govhrkrjm od ckncojh
kppmjk jkth, nk od ckncojh vmrrå
kssujth oj Ukrkgosh m dk ghjjk slu``orå
kd grk`h. D‟Krfkj`mdh Nofamdm m o suho
kj`mdo fhnckttmrkjjh od grk`h, d‟kjtofh
smrpmjtm fam á od Gokvhdh m Vktkjk. @do
kj`mdo sfhj﬋``mrkjjh od grk`h m dh
sfk`domrkjjh `oÿ suddk Wmrrk.
]jk cmstok fhj gomfo fhrjk, smttm
tmstm m od fhrph go uj dmhpkrgh, pomgo gk
hrsh m lkufo go grk`h so dmvmrå gkd nkrm.
]jk gmddm sum tmstm smncrmrå nhrtkd-
nhrtkd-
nmjtm lmrotk, nk dk lmrotk skrå `ukrotk
kdd‟ostkjtm. Wutto prhvmrkjjh nmrkvo-
`dok gkvkjto kddk cmstok m dk sm`uorkjjh.
Uho uj‟kdtrk cmstok mnmr`mrå gkddk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Wmrrk, fhj gum fhrjk fhnm qumddm go uj
k`jmddh, m lkrå sä fam dk Wmrrk vmjmro dk
pronk cmstok, oj`kjjkjgh dm nkssm fhj o
suho sm`jo. Dk `mjtm rofmvmrå od nkrfaoh
gmddk cmstok suddk nkjh gmstrk h suddk
lrhjtm. Jmssujh phtrå fhnprkrm h
vmjgmrm smjzk qumd nkrfaoh. Od junmrh
gmddk cmstok á od junmrh gmdd‟uhnh, m od
suh junmrh á smofmjthsmsskjtksmo.
Oj nhdto akjjh tmjtkth, rofhrrmjgh
kddk junmrhdh`ok, go sfhprorm od so`jo﬋-
fkth go qumsth junmrh. Gk nhdto shjh
stktm kvkjzktm ojtmrprmtkzohjo, kdfujo
shstmj`hjh fam sok od Ukpk, kdtro dk
Faomsk fktthdofk, kdfujo o prmfmtto prhtm-
stkjto h d‟kjtofh Onpmrh Shnkjh h uj
onpmrh luturh. Kdtro shstmj`hjh fam
<<< sok od junmrh gmo tkdmjto, mquovk-
dmjto kd pmsh kjjukdm gmo `ukgk`jo go
Vkdhnhjm smfhjgh od pronh Docrh gmo Sm   so dmvmrå gkddm sum rhvojm.
m od smfhjgh Docrh gmddm Frhjkfam .
Jmo fomdo fo skrkjjh nhdto sm`jo,
nmjtrm vhfo kj`mdofam tmstonhjom-
mrkjjh od `ougozoh
dm pmrshjm fhj odfam fhdporå
nkrfaoh Ckcodhjok
gmddk cmstok.
Vkrå od tmnph gmddk nomtoturk suddk
31 Wmrrk9 gkd tmnpoh oj Fomdh `do kj`mdo
tk`domrkjjh foó fam á nkturh m dh `mttm-
rkjjh jmddk `rkjgm po`oktrofm go Goh, gk
fuo sfhrrmrå skj`um.
Vmttm kj`mdo jm svuhtmrkjjh smttm
fohthdm suddk Wmrrk. Od nkrm m o ﬋uno
so trkslhrnmrkjjh oj skj`um, od Vhdm
crufmrå od pokjmtk, od ﬋unm Mulrktm so
smffamrå, o tmrrmnhto dkfmrmrkjjh dk
tmrrk, tuttm dm oshdm sfhnpkrorkjjh fhsä
Dk Nmrmtrofm go Ckcodhjok, vmstotk go vohdk m sfkrdktth,
fkvkdfamrå ujk cmstok sfkrdkttk fhj smttm tmstm m gomfo fhrjk.
Mddk á dk `rkjgm
` rkjgm fottå fam `hvmrjk su tutto
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
fhnm dm nhjtk`jm, m onphjmjto `rkjgo-
`rkjgo-
jktm slmrzmrkjjh dk Wmrrk. Gkddm chffam
gmd grk`h, gmd lkdsh prhlmtk, m gmddk
cmstok vmrrkjjh trm sporoto onpuro shtth
lhrnk go rkjm. @do sporoto gmnhjokfo
rkgujmrkjjh o shvrkjo gmd nhjgh pmr
fhnckttmrm fhjtrh Goh m do phrtmrkjjh
kg Krnk`mgghj pmr dk ckttk`dok ﬋jkdm.
Dk Nmrmtrofm go Ckcodhjok, vmstotk go
vohdk m sfkrdktth, fkvkdfamrå ujk cmstok
sfkrdkttk fhj smttm tmstm m gomfo fhrjk.
Dmo á dk `rkjgm fottå fam `hvmrjk suo rm
gmddk Wmrrk. Kttrkvmrsh od suh phtmrm m
dk suk dussurok o nmrfkjto gmddk Wmrrk
so shjh krroffaoto. Oj ujk shdk hrk mddk
vmrrå gostruttk m sfk`doktk jmddm prhlhj-
prhlhj-
gotå, m o rm m o nmrfkjto gmddk Wmrrk pokj-
`mrkjjh m so dknmjtmrkjjh gmddk pmrgotk
gmddm roffamzzm nktmrokdo nmjtrm od lunh
Kdfujo ojtmrprmtkjh dk Nmrmtrofm
fhnm uj sonchdh go Shnk m gmddk Faomsk
fktthdofk, nmjtrm kdtro dk vmghjh fhnm dk
lkdsk ghttrojk
fhdhrh prhtmstkjtm.
fam ojgofkjh Fo shjhfhnm
dk Lrkjfok kjfamod
juhvh Onpmrh Shnkjh, gkth fam á dk
nk``ohrm phtmjzk gmd ;1µ smfhdh.
M fhsä `ouj`m od tmnph gmd nktro-nktro -
nhjoh gmdd‟K`jmddh. O fomdo so kprorkjjh
rovmdkjgh uj fkvkddh cokjfh, od fuo
fkvkdomrm skrå vmstoth go kcoto cokjfao
ck`jkto go skj`um. Vkrå duo k `uogkrm
od `rm``m go Goh fhj uj cksthjm go
lmrrh. ]j kj`mdh faoknmrå k rkffhdtk
tutto `do uffmddo kd `rkjgm ckjfamtth
govojh, kstjfaï so focojh gmddk fkrjm go
t utto o rm gmddk Wmrrk.
rm m `mjmrkdo. M, gurkjtm dk ckttk`dok,
dk cmstok m od lkdsh prhlmtk vmrrkjjh
fktturkto m sfk`dokto vovo jmd dk`h go
luhfh fam crufok go zhdlh, nmjtrm od
grk`h vmrrå vojfhdkth jmdd‟Kcossh pmr
noddm kjjo. Wutto fhdhrh fam skrkjjh
nhrto pmr tmstonhjokrm @msÿ vmrrkjjh
lktto roshr`mrm m rm`jmrkjjh fhj Frosth
pmr noddm kjjo.
Ghph fam o noddm kjjo skrkjjh pksskto,
Vktkjk vmrrå juhvknmjtm docmrkth pmr
gostru``mrm d‟unkjotå m rkgujkrm o
suho msmrfoto pmr uj‟udtonk ckttk`dok.
Od luhfh pohvmrå gkd fomdh m do govhrmrå
tutto, m od Gokvhdh vmrrå sfk`dokth jmddh
stmssh dk`h go luhfh m zhdlh gmddk cmstok
m gmd lkdsh prhlmtk, ghvm vmrrå thrnmj-
thrnmj-
tkth pmr d‟mtmrjotå. Uho od @ohrjh gmd
@ougozoh skrå kddm phrtm, m oj mssh tutto
o nhrto fhnpkrorkjjh gkvkjto kd trhjh
m vmrrkjjh `ougofkto pmr dm dhrh kzohjo.
Wutto fhdhrh o fuo jhno jhj skrkjjh
jmd docrh gmddk votk vmrrkjjh `ougofkto m
sfk`dokto jmd dk`h uj
@ouj`mrkjjh go luhfh.
juhvh Ukrkgosh m
ujk juhvk Wmrrk. Gko fomdo sfmjgmrå
dk juhvk @mruskdmnnm, kgghccktk
fhnm ujk sphsk nmrkvo`dohsknmjtm
vmstotk pmr suh nkroth. Goh ksfou`amrå
dm dkfronm gmddk `mjtm. Jhj fo skrå
poÿ nhrtm, jï k﬇ozohjm, jï pokjth, jï
ghdhrm, phofaï d‟kjtofh hrgojm gmddm fhsm
skrå pksskth.
Wutth foó kffkgrå, uj `ohrjh.
Wutth foó kffkgrå, prmsth.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

3?

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Jm`do udtono gum smfhdo, dk prmsk gmddk
Faomsk m gmddk jhcodtå sud phtmrm so á oj
qukdfam nhgh kddmjtktk, nk oj Murhpk
pmrnkjm ujk fudturk gmdd‟hjhrm prhlhj-
prhlhj-
gknmjtm rkgofktk, m ojsomnm kg mssk
msostm kjfhrk ujk strutturk go phtmrm,
shprkttutth oj kncoth rmdo`ohsh.
Od vmffaoh hrgojm, d‟ Kjfomj
 Kjfomj Sï`onm ,
vomjm lhrtmnmjtm ksshfokth k trm podkstro
lhjgknmjtkdo9 dk nhjkrfaok, dk Faomsk m
d‟krosthfrkzok,
jozzkzohjm ak mojozokth
kjfam sm qumstk nmssk
k mssmrm hr`k-
oj qumstohjm gko sm`ukfo poÿ rkgofkdo
65 gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, f‟á kjfhrk uj `oh`h
go jhstkd`ok suddm spkddm gmddk shfomtå,
m tkjth dk jhcodtå qukjth dk Faomsk
lkjjh tutth foó fam á oj dhrh phtmrm
pmr krrmstkrm qukdsokso fkncoknmjth so
prh﬋do kdd‟hrozzhjtm. Nhdto so faomghjh
qukdm sok od cmjm﬋foh go fkncokrm uj toph
go `hvmrjh pksskjgh gk qukdfhsk fam
ak lujzohjkth pmr smfhdo k qukdfhsk fam
á fknpkth pmr krok m lhjgkth shdtkjth
suddm pkrhdm. Dk rk`ohjm á fhjsogmrktk
lu`kfm m vkrokcodm oj cksm kd sh``mtth,
nmjtrm dk vmffaok lhrnk go `hvmrjh
ak gonhstrkth go skpmr frmkrm `rkjgo
phtmro m stkto go suffmssh. O rovhduzoh-
jkro gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, g‟kdtrh fkjth,
gofhjh fam od vmffaoh hrgojm mrk ckskth
su `umrrk m fhjffiotth sok fhj dm lhrzm
ojtmrjm fam fhj `do kdtro stkto, m fam o
phfao vovmvkjh suddm spkddm gmo nhdto.
Krrovmrå ujk rovhduzohjm m spkzzmrå vok
od vmffaoh shstotumjghdh fhd juhvh, fhj
foó fam á skjh.
Jmddk nk``ohrkjzk gmddm jkzohjo,
od phtmrm gmd rm á ksshduth, gkth fam
á stkth fhjfmssh gk Goh9 Gmo @rktok .
Nmttmrdh oj guccoh so`jo﬋fk nmttmrm oj
guccoh Goh, od fam jmddk nk``ohr pkrtm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
  Vh fo mtå 
 Vhf 
gmo pkmso phrtk, sm jhj kdd‟onpro`oh-
jknmjth m kddk lhrfk, kdd‟oshdknmjth m
kdd‟hstrkfosnh sonodm k qumddh rosmrvkth
kddm kjonm poÿ slhrtujktm gmddk shfomtå.
Gkd ;<13, oj Lrkjfok od rm ksfmjgm
k ujh stkth sporotukdm m govmjtk pkro
ko vmsfhvo gmddk Faomsk, dk qukdm, pur
mssmjgh kjfhrk oj fhnujohjm fhj
Shnk, á kgmssh ujk —Faomsk `kddofkjk„.
Oj hffksohjm go mvmjto rmdo`ohso, quojgo,
odm prhphrso
rm puó luj`mrm
fhnm uj gk msmnpoh
shstotuthnhrkdm
go Frosth
ko
suho suggoto. @do ojgovoguo go skj`um
rmkdm, od —skj`um cdu„, shjh vosto pmr
gm﬋jozohjm fhnm ojfduso oj qumst‟mdm-
qumst‟mdm-
vktk fhnujotå m `hghjh go nk``ohro
gorotto rospmtth kddk `mjtm fhnujm.
\mrsh dk ﬋jm gmd ;0µ smfhdh, qumstk
strutturk govmjjm h``mtth go frotofam
frmsfmjto m, go pkro pkssh fhj dk goſtu-
sohjm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, dk suk strutturk
(nk jhj dk suk skfrkdotå) govmjjm poÿ
kpmrtk. Á kgmssh phssocodm fhnprkrm
tothdo fam prmfmgmjtmnmjtm mrkjh
kppkjjk``oh msfdusovh gmddk jhcodtå.
Gkdd‟ojozoh gmd smfhdh m ﬋jh kddk Sovh-
duzohjm Lrkjfmsm, so svoduppó ujk lhrtm
fudturk gmdd‟hjhrm, pmr fuo dk rmputk-
zohjm go uj ojgovoguh mrk qukso uj cmjm
nktmrokdm mg mrk ksshdutknmjtm frufokdm
fr ufokdm
pmr dk suk phsozohjm jmddk shfomtå. Oj
tuttm dm fdksso shfokdo, ujk cuhjk rmpu-
tkzohjm á uj prmrmquosoth pmr httmjmrm
rospmtth m, gkth fam od phtmrm gmrovk
gkdd‟kuthrotå m jhj gkd fhjsmjsh, dk
rmputkzohjm á ujk roshrsk onphrtkj-
tossonk. Dk phsozohjm m dk rmputkzohjm
httmjutm shjh foó fam fhjtk jmddk votk,
fam so trktto go fhrto, skdhtto, msmrfoth h
gmdd‟knnojostrkzohjm `hvmrjktovk.
`hvmrjktovk.
@do ojfkrofao poÿ kncoto shjh qumddo
gk ustfokdo go fhrtm h, jmd fksh oj fuo od rm
kccok gmdm`kth kdfujo gmo suho phtmro ko
suggoto, gmo fhnnosohjmrs , ghtkto gmdd‟ku-
throtå go svhd`mrm gmtmrnojkto fhnpoto.
[umstm fkrofam jhj shjh mrmgotkrm nk
gmd tutth krcotrkrom. Wrk `do ustfokdo go
fhrtm oj smjsh strmtth m o fhnnosskro
f‟á d‟hstfm , ujk fkrofk `hvmrjktovk fam
fhnprmjgm lujzohjo puccdofam
puccdofam stkcodotm
nmgokjtm fmrtm dm``o m fhstuno.
Oj nhdtm
nmjtm jkzohjo odmurhpmm,
oj Lrkjfok, rm smpkrkspmfokd-
fhj
kttmjzohjm dm fkrofam go fhrtm m dm
fkrofam go stkth. Mjtrknco o topo go
phsozohjm phsshjh mssmrm kfquostkto fhd
gmjkrh h fhstrumjghso ujk rmputkzohjm,
rm putkzohjm,
nk fao ak ujk fkrofk go fhrtm jmfmssotk
kjfam gmd lkvhrm gmddk fhrtm m gmd rm. K
qumstk dostk kjgrmccmrh k``oujto kjfam
govmrso `mjmro go vkjtk``o m lkvhro2
th`domrm `do stovkdo kd rm go Lrkjfok ghph
ujk ckttutk go fkffok, pmr msmnpoh, á
fhjsogmrkth fhnm ujh gmo poÿ `rkjgo
provodm`o fam so phsskjh kvmrm m fhdhrh
fam dh lkjjh vmj`hjh prhckcodnmjtm
knnorkto pmr svkroktm smttonkjm. O
nmgofo go fhrtm, o vkdmts gm fakncrm , o
pk``o, o dkffaá, o fkvkdomro, o fokncmd-
dkjo, o trkckjt 9 tutto dhrh fhnpmthjh
pmr ujk no`dohrm phsozohjm k fhrtm.
Dh stmssh vkdm pmr d‟knnojostrkzohjm
stktkdm, dk Faomsk m o chr`amso gmo pkmso
m gmddm fottå. ]jk fkrofk poÿ kdtk jhj
shdh hſtrm vkjtk``o go jkturk jhj shdh
mfhjhnofk, nk kjfam dm`kdm m rmdo`ohsk.
]j uhnh kffuskth fam kccok uj cuhj
jhnm, ujk cuhjk rmputkzohjm m ujk
cuhjk phsozohjm vmrrå `ougofkth govmr govmr--
sknmjtm gk qukdfujh fam jhj do ak. O
provodm`o `hguto gkddk jhcodtå gurkjtm
od Nmgohmvh kgmssh shjh dm`kto kddk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
dhrh fkrofk. Oj k``oujtk, dk nk``ohr
pkrtm gmddm fkrofam akjjh ujk sthrok,
ujk sthrok fam fao ak dk fkrofk spmssh
slruttk.  Umr ujorso ko rkj`ao gm`do —mrho„
slruttk.
gmd pksskth m gmd prmsmjtm, kvmrm ujk
fkrofk onphrtkjtm á ujk pkrtm rodmvkjtm
gmd fhstruorso ujk rmputkzohjm.
H`jo shrtk go tothdo m hjhro pmr `do
ustfokdo, kjfam kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddk fhrtm,
vmj`hjh fhjsogmrkto fhnm cmjo onphr-
tkjto, o fuo cmjm﬋fo fhjsosthjh pkrzokd-
nmjtm oj uj skdkroh nmjsodm m kdtro
provodm`o, fhnm d‟kddh``oh m dk prhsso-
notå k duh`ao shfokdnmjtm onphrtkjto,
nk shprkttutth od prmsto`oh m d‟ojffiumjzk.
Oj uj sostmnk faoknkth vïjkdotï , dm
fkrofam oj Lrkjfok m kdtro pkmso vmj`hjh
fhnprktm fhnm prhpromtå h quhtm
jmo prh﬋tto go ujk jkvm fhnnmrfokdm.
[umsth sostmnk vomjm uskth pmr dm fhrto
fhsä fhnm pmr dm `odgm go nmrfkjto
m jmdd‟msmrfoth. Dh stmssh lujzohjk-
nmjth dh akjjh kjfam o rovmjgothro go
kdfhhd oddmfoth
sfkncokto go Ukro`o,
o gorotto ghvm vmj`hjh
go rmfdknkrm ujk
fmrtk phsozohjm h dk dmkgmrsaop go ujk
ckjgk. Umrgmrm lkvhrm mg mssmrm kddhj-
tkjkth gkddk fkrofk (m quojgo gkd phtmrm)
vomjm vosth fhnm qukdfhsk go kdtknmjtm
goshjhrmvhdm, kjfam pm``oh gmddk
ckjfkrhttk.
Umr nhdto, mssmrm oj `rkgh go
fhnprkrm ujk fkrofk á ujk fhjquostk
`rkjgm m onphrtkjtm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh.
Foó fam pronk mrk msfdusovh gmddk
jhcodtå á kgmssh kddk phrtktk gmdd‟uhnh
fhnujm, nk kjgkrm ujh h gum pksso poÿ
oj då vomjm vosth fhnm rkgofkdm mg mstrm-
nknmjtm prhvhfkthroh. Vok o rm fam dk
jhcodtå akjjh fhnpouth `rkjgo skfro﬋fo
pmr knnhrcogorm od vmtusth sostmnk gmo
smfhdo pksskto m gostrocuorm od phtmrm
oj nhgh poÿ mquh. Foó fam prmfmgmj-
tmnmjtm mrk stkth uj provodm`oh gmddk
jhcodtå á kgmssh gosphjocodm k faoujqum,
od fam á uj `rkjgm pkssh vmrsh od juhvh
hrgojm, kjfam sm lujzohjk poÿ oj tmhrok
fam oj prktofk. Dk nk``ohr pkrtm go fao
ak qumstm fkrofam á fhnujqum jhcodm h
chr`amso mstrmnknmjtm roffao, smnpdo-
fmnmjtm pmrfaï dhrh shjh o shdo k
phtmrso pmrnmttmrm gmo tothdo.
[ukjgh vomjm ojtrhghttk ujk juhvk
fkrofk, fao dk rofmvm dksfok uj pm`jh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
fhnm fhnpmjskzohjm pmr od rm m od
nk`ostrkth prmphsth, h k`do ustfokdo go
kdth rkj`h gmddk fhrhjk. Od skdkroh á k
tutto `do mſtmtto uj ojtmrmssm sud pm`jh.
Umr﬋jh o gorotto go suffmssohjm phsshjh
mssmrm fhnprkto, oj ujh h gum pkssk``o.
Oj nhdto fkso, spmfokdnmjtm pmr qukjth
ro`ukrgk `do ojfkrofao go fhrtm, foó puó
fhnphrtkrm ujk pmrgotk ﬋jkjzokrok nk
uj `ukgk`jh go provodm`o, rmputkzohjm
m phtmrm sok lhrnkdm fam ojlhrnkdm. Dk
`mjtm puó lkr shdgo fhj dk suk fkrofk
(h  pktmjtm ) m vovmrm go rmjgotk nhdth
k duj`h, projfopkdnmjtm `rkzom kddk
prhprok phsozohjm. O fkpotkjo go phrth,
pmr msmnpoh, kppkrtmj`hjh k ujk fkrofk
fam á msostotk pmr smfhdo. Mvogmjtmnmjtm,
phsozohjo ojso`jo﬋fkjto fhnm qumddk go
vmjgothrm kncudkjtm go pmsfm phsshjh
gkrm onpom`h k nhdto, m fhjfmgmrm
provodm`o fam phsshjh ojffiumjzkrm fottå
ojtmrm, pmr jhj pkrdkrm gmo fhstrutthro
m gmo rodm`kthro go docro, fam akjjh uj
phtmrm fhjsogmrmvhdm
ujk fottå. Wrk qumsto suddh svodupph
romjtrkjh kjfamgo
qumddo go nkfmddkoh, lkccrh, lkccrofkjtm
go spmrhjo m lkccrofkjtm go pkrruffam.
Dk fudturk gmdd‟hjhrm, gmddm fkrofam
m gmd phtmrm pmrnmk tuttm dm fdksso
shfokdo. Od rkj`h, d‟hjhrm m dk `dhrok
`hghjh go kdtk fhjsogmrkzohjm jmddm
govmrsm fdksso shfokdo m fhdhrh fam
gmtmj`hjh od phtmrm oj ujk slmrk g‟oj- g‟oj-
ldumjzk jhj dh akjjh jmfmsskroknmjtm
kjfam oj uj‟kdtrk, smccmjm kdfujm slmrm
g‟ojldumjzk, jkturkdnmjtm, kccokjh
nk``ohr pmsh go kdtrm.
Od lktth fam od phtmrm gmd rm vmj`k
rotmjuth orrkgokrso gk Goh rmjgm kjfhrk
poÿ gostfodm `ukgk`jkrm tmrrmjh pmr o
﬋dhsh﬋ m o rkgofkdo gmdd‟Oddunojosnh,
gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, gkth
fam qumsto rk``o go phtmrm so mstmjghjh
kjfhrk poÿ oj ckssh gmd rm, fhjtojukjgh
dovmddh ghph dovmddh. Nmttmrm oj guccoh od
phtmrm gmd rm so`jo﬋fk kuthnktofknmjtm
nmttmrm oj guccoh od prhproh ruhdh jmddk
shfomtå m gucotkrm gmdd‟msostmjzk go Goh,
od fam k vhdtm kffkgm jmo skdhtto odduno-
odduno-
josto, nk á uj kſtrhjth kd rm kddk lkno`dok
rmkdm m vomjm smvmrknmjtm pujoth oj
nhdto pkmso.
Dm shfomtå m o fduc sm`rmto so gosputkjh
nmncro m sonpktozzkjto fhj od phtmrm
m d‟ojffiumjzk fam kffunudkjh jmddk
votk —jhrnkdm„, nk shtth nhdto kspmtto
rkpprmsmjtkjh uj‟mffmzohjm kddk rm`hdk
gmdd‟kfquosth go ujk fkrofk fam pmr dhrh
ak ujk govmrsk prhfmgurk. Fhnprkrso
d‟oj`rmssh jmo rkj`ao gmddm shfomtå
sm`rmtm á phssocodm, nk dk pkrtmfopk-
zohjm m d‟kvkjzknmjth sm`uhjh rm`hdm
fhnpdmtknmjtm goſtmrmjto. Vo prmsunm
fam hffudtosto m nostofo fam akjjh
rk``oujth uj‟kdtk phsozohjm kdd‟ojtmrjh
go ujk shfomtå dh kccokjh lktth `rkzom
kddm dhrh kzohjo, jhj ko dhrh shdgo.
Kd go shtth go qumstk sfojtoddkjtm
supmr﬋fom f‟á uj `rkj junmrh go
fkrofam go fuo shdtkjth oj phfao shjh
k fhjhsfmjzk. Fkrofam fam norkjh k
fhprorm dm trkffm gmdd‟hsfurotå m gmo
nostmro2 phsozohjo dk fuo shdk nossohjm
á, kttrkvmrsh cu`om m nmjzh`jm, go lkr
govmjtkrm rmkdm d‟orrmkdm, go trkslhr-
trkslhr -
nkrm od nostmrh jmddk sfomjzk gmdd‟mtå
nhgmrjk h oj vmrotå rmdo`ohsm jmd
jhnm go Goh. Oj`aodtmrrk, Lrkjfok,
Vvmzok, Sussok9
go ustfokdo tuttm akjjh
fam k`osfm gomtrh ujk fdkssm
dm quojtm,
oj﬋dtrkjghso jmddm shfomtå sm`rmtm m
sfkvkjgh oj prhlhjgotå jmdd‟hffudth. 6;
Fao sk, pmr msmnpoh, fam d‟ hstfm gu hffudtm
ak od suh qukrtomr `mjmrkdm jmdd‟mgo﬋foh
kffkjth kd Ukdkos gm Iustofm go Ukro`o, m
fam od fhnnosskroh gu nystïromux  á á d‟ust-
fokdm nm`doh pk`kth gmd rm8 Dk rosphstk,
jkturkdnmjtm, á9 jmssujh, trkjjm od
rm m o suho poÿ strmtto fhddkchrkthro.
Ukro`o, Dhjgrk, Vthffhdnk, Shnk9
tuttm dm fkpotkdo go Murhpk trkchffkjh
go qumstm hncrms gm rhcms . Vhjh kcchj-
gkjto, tuttkvok, dm vhfo, dm spmfudkzohjo
m o sussurro, fhnm pmr msmnpoh fam od
rm lrkjfmsm kvrmccm uj suh nojostárm
gu ahnujfudus , uj‟hr`kjozzkzohjm dk
fuo nossohjm prmfopuk skrmccm qumddk
go gkr votk k uj uhnh krto﬋fokdm, h
fam d‟knnojostrkzohjm stktkdm russk
kvrmccm fhstruoth uj‟ojtmrk kuthrotå
puccdofk gmgofktk kdd‟ojgk`ojm hffudtk.
Jmssujh pmró frmgm k qumst‟udtonk
vhfm, jmnnmjh o nostofo poÿ lmrvmjto. M
dh stmssh hffudtun fucofudun   (dk stkjzk
sm`rmtk) gmd \ktofkjh á uj‟hr`kjozzk-
zohjm m uj ustfoh od fuo ujofh ojfkrofh
á go svhd`mrm rofmrfam sudd‟Ojlmrjh m dm
fuo mspmromjzm rofaoknkjh dk Govojk
Fhnnmgok go Gkjtm Kdo`aomro.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  
 
Nhdtm pmrshjm rotmj`hjh fam dk Faomsk
onpmgosfk d‟mnkjfopkzohjm pmrshjkdm m
od prh`rmssh gmddk shfomtå9 á oj qumsth
smjsh fam dk sfomjzk kvrmccm kjfam ujk
lujzohjm ogmhdh`ofk. Dk sfomjzk rkpprm-
rkpprm-
smjtk od rkzohjkdosnh, dk rk`ohjm m od
prh`rmssh, nmjtrm dk Faomsk ojfkrjk
d‟hpprmssohjm, dk supmrstozohjm m ujk
phsozohjm rmkzohjkrok, od fam lk sä fam
nhdto ﬋dhsh﬋ oddunojosto sokjh ktmo h
gmosto. Dk frostokjotå
gmddk Faomsk vmj`hjhm `do ojsm`jknmjto
fhjsogmrkto luhro
nhgk m quojgo ro﬋utkto, nk oj rmkdtå
63 akjjh poÿ phtmrm suddk `mjtm go qukjth
so phssk onnk`ojkrm.
Dk Faomsk rotomjm fam shdtkjth uj
ogohtk nmttmrmccm oj guccoh d‟hrgojm
stkcodoth gk Goh. [ukso gumnodk kjjo go
norkfhdo ghfunmjtkto m skjto shjh prhvm
sustfomjto, stkjgh k dhrh, fam Goh jhj
shdh ak frmkth d‟ujovmrsh, nk fam d‟Hj-
jophtmjtm vo á kjfam mstrmnknmjtm
prmsmjtm m fhojvhdth.
fhojvhdth.
Umr faoujqum jm`ao Goh, dk pujozohjm
á smvmrk jhj shdh sud pokjh nhjgkjh
nk kjfam su qumddh sporotukdm. Dk
Faomsk ojtmrrh`k fhj kuthrotå ksshdutk
fhdhrh fam gucotkjh go Goh m gmddk suk
frmkzohjm, mg á cmj prmpkrktk k rmspoj-
`mrm qukdsokso fhsk, h`jo poffhdh pkssh
fam phrto k rofhjfodokrm qumstm gum
ojfhjfodokcodo phsozohjo. @do krfaovo, dm
cocdohtmfam m o vmsfhvo somghjh tutto su
ujk fhjhsfmjzk ojmstonkcodm m vmffaok go
uj noddmjjoh, fam jhj vmrrå rhvmsfoktk
gko rovhduzohjkro.
Fhnm rmkzohjm kddk lrovhdk m sfhjsogm-
rktk votk nhgmrjk, jhjfaï kddk crknhsok
gm`do sfomjzokto fam shjh kjsohso go
roshdvmrm od nostmrh gmddk votk, oj kdfujo
duh`ao dk Faomsk ak rkſthrzkth od suh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
Lmgmm m Fh
Lmg Fhjl
jlmmssssoo hj
hjmm 
phtmrm m nhdto ksporkjh k vovmrm ujk votk hpmrm cuhjm m vmghjh dk rmdo`ohjm fhnm
nhgmstk m pok. Umr soſtkttm pmrshjm, dk ujk lkffmjgk mnhtovk poutthsth fam
Faomsk rkpprmsmjtk uj lkrh jmddk jhttm ojtmddmttukdm.
mg á d‟ujofk prhtmzohjm gkdd‟hsfurotå. O fkdvojosto shjh ro`ogo nhrkdosto
Jmd fhnpdmssh, od phtmrm gmddk Faomsk m shstmj`hjh fam tuttm dm kttovotå
so á lhrtmnmjtm ojgmchdoth m nhdto rm m pmrshjkdo m puccdofam, ojfdush dh stkth,
jhcodo shjh oj crmvm tmnph govmjtkto ghvrmccmrh mssmrm sh``mttm kd vhdmrm
ktmo h shstmjothro gmddk ﬋dhsh﬋k jkturkdm. go Goh. Msso frmghjh jmddk prmgmstojk-
prmgmstojk -
Jmddm fknpk`jm, ghvm f‟á poÿ prmhffu- zohjm. O purotkjo g‟Oj`aodtmrrk m gmd Jmw
pkzohjm ro`ukrgh ko prmsk`o hsfuro m kddk Mj`dkjg shjh fkdvojosto. Fo shjh kjfam
prh`mjom gmd Gokvhdh,
dk suk prmsk dk Faomsk
suddm pmrshjm. nkjtomjm gum
Kvvmj`hjh `ruppo
u`hjhtto m o gostojtovo go fkdvojosto9
prmscotmrokjo. `do
@do u`hjhtto
fhstkjtmnmjtm mvmjto, trk Ukrkgosh m shjh fkdvojosto Lrkjfmso, oj qumst‟m-
Wmrrk, fam smncrkjh mssmrm sok nostofo phfk pmrsm`uotkto m thrnmjtkto oj tuttk
fam ojmspdofkcodo, m dk nk``ohr pkrtm dk Lrkjfok. O prmscotmrokjo shjh fkdvo-
gmddm pmrshjm shjh fhjvojtm fam msostkjh josto sfhzzmso fam so fhjlhrnkjh strmt-
strm`am, gokvhdo, lkjtksno, vknporo m dupo tknmjtm kddk Coccdok fhnm rm`hdk `uogk
nkjjkro. Dk jkturk á pomjk go nmrkvo`dom jmddm nktmrom go lmgm. Msso frmghjh fam
m juddk kffkgm smjzk uj ﬋jm poÿ kdth. Fao dk Faomsk ghvrmccm mssmrm `hvmrjktk gk
ojlktto skdvmrå d‟unkjotå, sm jhj Goh8  prmscotmro  (kjzokjo).
 (kjzokjo).
 prmscotmro 
Dk prhdolmrkzohjm go smttm rmdo`ohsm @do kj`dofkjo shjh `do Oj`dmso fam
á uj sm`jh gmddm nmjto oj lmrnmjth. akjjh fhjsmrvkth pkrtm gmdd‟kjtofk
Vmccmjm nhdto trhvojh kjfhrk fhjlhrth hr`kjozzkzohjm fktthdofk m, jmddh stmssh
jmd Vo`jhrm, so shjh goſtuso junmrhso tmnph, akjjh kffmttkth dk fhjvoj-
kpprhffo govmrso kd frmgh m kddk ghttrojk. zohjm prhtmstkjtm smfhjgh fuo dk votk m
Ghph kvmr rhtth fhj od fktthdofmsonh, o `do ojsm`jknmjto ghvrmccmrh sm`uorm
prhtmstkjto so shjh govoso oj govmrsm smttm shdtkjth dk pkrhdk gmddk Coccok. O dktotu-
m, shtth kdfujo kspmtto, kjfam o fktthdofo dh gojkrokjo shjh kj`dofkjo jhj ojtmrms-
akjjh lktth. skto kddk dotur`ok, kddm `mrkrfaom gmddk
Oj crmvm, o prhtmstkjto so govoghjh Faomsk h ko suho gh`no. ]j‟kdtrk crkjfk
oj qukttrh `ruppo projfopkdo9 dutmrkjo, go kj`dofkjo á qumddk gmo nmthgosto, fam
fkdvojosto, kj`dofkjo m kdtrm fhjlmssohjo mjlktozzk ujk votk nmthgofk go gmvhzohjm
vkrom. m ujk lmgm vossutk oj nhgh poÿ pmrshjkdm
O dutmrkjo kppkrtmj`hjh ko prono mg mnhzohjkdm. O nmthgosto akjjh ujk
prhtmstkjto, sm`ukfo gmdd‟kphstktk jutrotk sfaomrk go prmgofkthro otojmrkjto
tmgmsfh Nkrtoj Dutmrh. Msso so sfk`dokjh fam hr`kjozzkjh ojfhjtro rmvovkdosto.
fhjtrh dk `mrkrfaok m o rotukdo fktthdofo m Kdtrm smttm rmdo`ohsm ojfdughjh o
fmrfkjh uj fhjtktth pmrshjkdm, unodm m nmjjhjoto m o gossogmjto. O nmjjhjoto
gormtth fhj Goh. ]jk crkjfk dutmrkjk so shjh fhjtrkro kd ckttmsonh gmo ckncojo m
á gktk od jhnm go —pomtosto„ m so hpphjm kd shstmj`hjh fam shdtkjth fam shjh kcck-
gh`nk dutmrkjh. O pomtosto mjlktozzkjh dm stkjzk `rkjgo gk gmfogmrm kuthjhnk-
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

66
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

nmjtm ghvrmccmrh mssmrm ckttmzzkto. O fkzohjm gm`do Murhpmo fam jmdd‟mvkj`m-

fhj`rm`kzohjosto, fam romjtrkjh jmo gosso-
gosso-
gmjto, frmghjh fam h`jo fhj`rm`kzohjm
kccok ujk fhjjmssohjm gormttk fhj Goh,
fhstotumjgh quojgo uj nmncrh ojgopmj-
gmjtm gmddk `rkjgm fhnujotå frostokjk.
O qukffamro jhj vmghjh od cosh`jh go
rotukdo h skfmrghto mrugoto kstjfaï od
soj`hdh phssk ujorso kddk fhnujotå go
Goh, m fkuskjh nhdto prhcdmno kddh
stkth9 ro﬋utkjh go `ourkrm suddk Coccok
m go prmstkrm smrvozoh nodotkrm. O ckttosto
mjlktozzkjh dh stugoh gmddk Coccok m uj
kpprhffoh prhlhjgh kddk rmdo`ohjm, m `do
ujotkrokjo kttrocuosfhjh `rkjgm onphr-
tkjzk kddk docmrtå rmdo`ohsk, jm`kjh dk
Vkjtk Wrojotå, fhjsogmrkjh Frosth fhnm
uj smnpdofm uhnh m rotmj`hjh fam dk
skdvmzzk gopmjgk gkddk dhttk pmrshjkdm go
uj ojgovoguh m jhj gkddk `rkzok go Goh.
Dk Faomsk fktthdofk á ujotk m dk
`mrkrfaok prhtm``m m prmsmrvk d‟ujofk
vmrk lmgm, gm﬋jotk —hrthghssok„.
Umr mfhjtrkstkrm
stkjtm prhtm``mrm dkd‟hrthghssok
rolhrnk prhtm-
prhtm
kdd‟oj--
tmrjh gmddk Faomsk fktthdofk shjh
67 fhnpkrso nhdto hrgojo. Od poÿ onphr-
tkjtm á qumddh gmo @msuoto, lhjgkth
gkdd‟mx-ustfokdm spk`jhdh O`jkzoh go
Dhyhdk. Vkfmrghto mstrmnknmjtm mrugoto,
o @msuoto shjh fhojvhdto tkjth jmdd‟mgu-
jmdd‟mvkj`m-
dozzkzohjm gmddm fhdhjom. K goſtmrmjzk
go kdtro hrgojo rmdo`ohso, msso prmstkjh
ghppoh `ourknmjth go lmgmdtå kd pkpk
m od dhrh kpprhffoh nodotkjtm m ro`ogh
hſtmjgm nhdto prhtmstkjto m kjfam kdfujo
fktthdofo.
G‟kdtrk pkrtm, qumddm —jhj hrthghssm„
shjh shdotknmjtm fhnujotå fam so gm﬋- gm﬋ -
josfhjh fktthdofam, nk fam dk `mrkrfaok
ustfokdm ak gofaokrkth mrmtofam, msfdu-
gmjghdm gkddk Faomsk fktthdofk.
O `okjsmjosto m o quomtosto shjh gum
msmnpo go mrmtofo go qumsth toph. Od `okjsm-
josnh á stkth lhjgkth gk Fhrjmdous Htth
Ikjsmj jmd ;<;0 m od suh sfhph mrk (mg
á) qumddh go rolhrnkrm dk Faomsk fktthdofk
rhnkjk rothrjkjgh k`do ojsm`jknmjto
go K`hstojh. O `okjsmjosto kttrocuosfhjh
`rkjgm vkdhrm kddk rmttotugojm pmrshjkdm,
kddk prmgmstojkzohjm m kddk jmfmssotå
gmddk `rkzok govojk. O quomtosto rotmj`hjh
fam pmr mssmrm fhnpdmth d‟uhnh gmcck
ronkjmrm pkssovh
kjonk k Goh2 m fhjsm`jkrm
o skfrknmjto dk suk
m dk fhjlms-
sohjm shjh supmrffiuo.
Dk Sussok m kdtro pkmso gmdd‟Murhpk
hromjtkdm sm`uhjh dk Faomsk Hrthghssk
Hromjtkdm. Vo trkttk go kjtofam faomsm
fam, fhnm o fktthdofo, akjjh ujk fhjto-
juotå soj gkd pronh frostokjmsonh,
smccmjm so sokjh smpkrktm gk Shnk
gurkjtm od Nmgohmvh. Fhstkjtojhphdo á
kjfam dk prmsto`ohsk smgm gkd pktrokrfkth
mfunmjofh hrthghssh, nk dk fhjquostk
gmddk fottå gk pkrtm gm`do Htthnkjo jmd
;7=6 ak so`jo﬋fkth fam, k goſtmrmjzk gmd
fktthdofmsonh, o pktrokrfao dhfkdo akjjh
nhdtk poÿ kuthrotå.
Od phtmrm gmddk Faomsk á oj fkdh, nk
shjh kjfhrk oj phfao k hskrm nmttmrm oj
guccoh d‟msostmjzk go Goh. Od ?? pmrfmjth
gmddk phphdkzohjm murhpmk á fhnpdmtk-
fhnpdmtk -
nmjtm fhjvojtk fam dk Wmrrk kccok <.555
kjjo, fam fo sok stkth od Goduvoh ]jovmr-
skdm, fam Ojlmrjh m Ukrkgosh msostkjh
m fam dk prm`aomrk m dk vmjmrkzohjm
sokjh d‟ujofk strkgk pmr dk skdvmzzk. Á
frmgmjzk fhnujm fam tutto o phphdo gmd
nhjgh sokjh gosfmjgmjto gmo ﬋`do go
Jhá. Nmttmrm oj guccoh od shprkjjktu-
rkdm, fhnm d‟msostmjzk go nhrto vovmjto,
dupo nkjjkro m vknporo suffaokskj`um
mg onnhrtkdo, á dh stmssh fam gucotkrm
jhj shdh gmo
gmdd‟ojtmrh gh`nofrostokjh2
nhjgh gmddk Faomsk, nk
oj kdtrm
pkrhdm, gmd nhjgh stmssh oj fuo so vovm.
Kjfam sm nhdto sm`rmtknmjtm kvkjzkjh
rosmrvm sud nhjhphdoh gmddk Faomsk forfk
dk fhjhsfmjzk m dm ojlhrnkzohjo, shjh oj
phfao k jm`krm kpmrtknmjtm d‟msostmjzk
go Goh m d‟kuthrotå gmddk stmssk.

Fhj ujk fmrtk shrprmsk Ukgrm

Ukgrm Kdpahjsus vogm od rk``oh go dufm shdotkroh fam so lkfmvk strkgk
kttrkvmrsh
kttrkvmr sh d‟kpmrturk jmd ghrnothroh,
ghr nothroh, oddunojkjghdh fhnm sm lhssm ujk fknmrk g‟hrh. WrkWrk
od dmtth m dh sfkſtkdm, fhj o suho vhdunojhso thno rodm`kto oj pmddm go votmddh ojguroth fhj dk

sthrkfm, fkggm oj `ojhffaoh, prm`kjgh. Jmddk jhttm, d‟kcktm `do kvmv

kvmvk
k nhstrkth dk skfrk
rmdoquok m foó fam fhj mssk so phtmvk lkrm. Ojvmrh `rkjgm mrk od phtmrm go Frosth! Krnkth go
qumddk rmdoquok, fam mrk stktk fhsä k duj`h jksfhstk kd nhjgh, kgmssh so skrmccm kvvmjturkth
suddm strkgm oj fmrfk gmd
g md nkdm, pmr gostru``mrdh. Dk frhfm mrk pmskjtm jmddk suk nkjh, nk
m`do jm kvvmrtä od phtmrm m od suh fuhrm so romnpä go shddomvh. Dk phdvmrm sm jm stkvk shspmsk
m onnhcodm jmd phzzh go dufm fam pmjmtrkvk dk stkjzk m Kdpahjsus rmkdozzó fam Goh Go h kvmvk
kvmvk
ugoth dk suk prm`aomrk. D‟kvmv
D‟kvmvk
k fhdnkth go ujk skfrkdotå fam jmnnmjh
j mnnmjh d‟hsfurotå mrk oj
 `rkgh go dhrgkrm.
dhrgkrm. Fam `do
`do mnpo
mnpo kssk``okssmr
kssk``okssmrh
h d‟ork
d‟ork go Goh,
Goh, oj jhnm
jhnm gmdd‟kd
gmdd‟kdtossonh!
tossonh! Knmj.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
  Vf omjz
 Vfom jzkk m Od
Oddu
dun
n oj
ojoo sn
snhh  

Oj pksskth h`jo fhsk vmjovk kffmttktk

smjzk mssmrm nmssk oj guccoh m dk sfomjzk
msostmvk k nkdkpmjk. Voj gkd ;<µ smfhdh, dk
rofmrfk m dk sfomjzk shjh govmjtktm smnprm
poÿ onphrtkjto pmr dm pmrshjm m dk shfomtå.
Dk fhnprmjsohjm gmrovkvk gk fkdfhdo mg
mspmronmjto poutthsth fam gk lmgm m trkgo-
zohjm fhnm jmddm `mjmrkzohjo prmfmgmjto.
Oskkf Jmwthj á shdotknmjtm dk pmrshjk
nk``ohrnmjtm ksshfoktk kddk rovhduzohjm
sfomjto﬋fk
;0µ smfhdh hffhrsk
m d‟ojozohkgmd
fkvkddh trk od lu
;1µ smfhdh2 tkrgh
duo
k gonhstrkrm d‟msostmjzk gmddk `rkvotå m
shstmjmrm fam dk rmdo`ohjm jhj puó hſtrorm 6=
kdd‟uhnh rosphstm sud lujzohjknmjth gmddk
jkturk. Ghph go duo, dk `rkvotå vmjjm rofh-
jhsfoutk fhnm dk lhrzk ghnojkjtm gmdd‟u-
jovmrsh. @rkzom kddk rk`ohjm, k`do stugo
m kdd‟mspmromjzk, d‟uhnh kvmvk fhnpouth
sfhpmrtm sfomjto﬋fam m roshdth od sm`rmth
gmdd‟ujovmrsh, prmpkrkjgh dk strkgk pmr dm
ogmm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh.
Kd go då gmo goshrgojo ojtmrjo, trk dm
jkzohjo ojlurokjh `umrrm go ghnojoh
oj tutth od nhjgh, dm qukdo k dhrh vhdtk
phrtkjh k juhvm hpojohjo su rmdo`ohjm,
unkjotå m stkth. Dk sfomjzk oj pksskth mrk
fhjtrhddktk gkddk rmdo`ohjm m gopmjgmvk
gk mssk, nk kgmssh stk ojozokjgh k mssmrm
usktk fhnm krnk pmr kcckttmrm dk Faomsk2
oj qumddh fam mrk stkth ujh gmo fknpo
msfdusovo gmddk Faomsk hrk mjtrkjh kdtrm
vhfo fam jm gocktthjh kd go luhro gmddm
nurk gmo nhjkstmro.
Oj kttofo kj`usto m lrmggo sfkjtojkto, `do
kdfaonosto m `do sfomjzokto mſtmttukjh mspm-
ronmjto su pmrshjm m kjonkdo2 prmpkrkjh
gmfhtto m tojturm, gostoddkjh m sucdonkjh
pmr sfhprorm vmrotå m fhjhsfmjzm. Od
tonhjm fam `hvmrjk dk dhrh jkvm á dk smtm
go fhjhsfmjzk, dk tmjtkzohjm m dk crknk.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Krnm``okjh m so dkncoffkjh oj tmrrothro
ojmspdhrkto go uj ujovmrsh o`jhth.
D‟ojvmjtovotå jhj ak donoto m dm ojjhvk-
zohjo ojffiumjzkjh dk phdotofk, od fhnnmrfoh
m dk rmdo`ohjm. Wrk dm nhdtm nmrkvo`dohsm
ojvmjzohjo go qumst‟mrk fo shjh sphdmttm
vhdkjto gk tmdkoh, nmthgo pmr dk pdkffkturk
oj kr`mjth, krno gk luhfh, dk trmccoktrofm
m od nhthrm k vkphrm.
Dk votk go ujh sfomjzokth, tuttkvok, á
duj`o gkdd‟mssmrm sofurk9 jhj shdh o fkpo
gmddk Faomsk vh`dohjh lmrnkrdh, nk kdtro
sfomjzokto gmsogmrkjh pmr sï dm sum ojvmj-
ojvmj-
zohjo. Umr fao á sud pujth go lkrm ujk
juhvk sfhpmrtk á jmfmsskroh krnkrso,
oshdkrso dhjtkjh gkddm fottå h rkgujkrso oj
qukdfam hr`kjozzkzohjm h shfomtå sm`rmtk.
[ukjgh dk Faomsk kvmvk od nhjhphdoh
sud skpmrm, dk Vhfomtå go @msÿ kvmvk
kfquosoth ujk prhlhjgk fhnprmjsohjm
gmddk sfomjzk, stugokjgh dm fkusm m `do
mſtmtto m od nhgh oj fuo od nhjgh lujzoh-
jkvk. Umró,
Umró, hrk fam od phtmrm gmddk Faomsk
Fa omsk
so
go stk ojgmchdmjgh,
fhjhsfmjzk jhj so`dolmrnkjh
sfomjzoktogkvkjto
kvogo
k jomjtm pmr sfhprorm dk vmrotå. Dm
6< kffkgmnom m dm ujovmrsotå akjjh kssujth
`rkjgm onphrtkjzk pmr dk fhnujotå
sfomjto﬋fk9 Hxlhrg m Fkncrog`m fmrfkjh
mjtrkncm sfomjzokto gostojto fam so
ujosfkjh kddm dhrh lkfhdtå, m kncmgum
akjjh prmsh kpmrtknmjtm phsozohjm
fhjtrh dk Faomsk. Dk nmthghdh`ok ﬋dh-
sh﬋fk á stktk shstotuotk gkddk ﬋dhsh﬋k
spmronmjtkdm, m dk nmthghdh`ok m od nhgh
go pmjskrm mnporofo so shjh rkpogknmjtm
goſtuso trk `do sfomjzokto Murhpmo. Jhj
á poÿ phssocodm donotkrso k ﬋dhshlkrm
ro`ukrgh k prhcdmno h shduzohjo2 cosh`jk
ojgk`krm m lkrm mspmronmjto. Oj Oj`aod-
Oj`aod -
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
tmrrk, dk Shykd Vhfomty ak ujk prhnojmjtm
rmtm go sfomjzokto fam prktofkjh godo-godo-
`mjtmnmjtm tkdm nmthghdh`ok, dk qukdm
fam kſthjgk dm sum rkgofo jmd pmjsomrh
go Shcmrt Chydm, kdfaonostk m ﬋dhshlh
jkturkdm kttovh jmddk nmtå gmd ;0µ smfhdh.
O ﬋dhsh﬋ fhjtmnphrkjmo shstmj`hjh
fam d‟uhnh kpprmjgm nmgokjtm dh stugoh
m d‟mspmromjzk, poutthsth fam mssmrm jkth
fhj gmddm ogmm, ujk jhzohjm fkrk ojvmfm
ko ﬋dhsh﬋ prmfmgmjto. D‟unkjosnh vomjm
uskth fhnm krnk fhjtrh sfaokvosnh,
thrturk, pmjk go nhrtm, m kstjfaï k
tutto vmj`kjh gktm dm stmssm phssocodotå
jmddk votk soj gkddk jksfotk, u`uk`dokjzk
gkvkjto kddk dm``m m kjfam pmr kchdorm o
provodm`o mrmgotkro. @rkzom kddk rk`ohjm
od nhjgh govmjtmrå uj phsth no`dohrm.
[umsto pmjsomro shjh govmjtkto fhnujo oj
﬋dhsh﬋k, jmddm sfomjzm jkturkdo m shfokdo,
jhjfaï jmddk rmdo`ohjm. Dk Faomsk, dk
jhcodtå m dm shfomtå sm`rmtm fam vh`dohjh
nkjtmjmrm dm kjtofam uskjzm vmj`hjh
fhjsogmrktm
Fo shjh smormkzohjkrom.
crkjfam oj ﬋dhsh﬋k gurkjtm
od ;1µ smfhdh9 Fkrtmsokjo, Udkthjofo go
Fkncrog`m, Gmosto, sfmttofo, utodotkrosto
m ktmo. O Fkrtmsokjo shjh gosfmphdo go
Gmsfkrtms m ro﬋utkjh dm vosohjo kuthrotkrom,
shstmjmjgh fam shdtkjth foó fam á faokrh
m gostojth puó mssmrm vmrh2 o Udkthjofo go
Fkncrog`m shjh fhdhrh fam akjjh rovo- rovo-
tkdozzkth `do ojsm`jknmjto go Udkthjm,
spmfokdnmjtm dk tmso pmr fuo o fhjfmtto
nhrkdo shjh ojjkto2 o Gmosto shstmj`hjh
fam od rofhrrmrm gmddm mvmjomjzm jkturkdo
á prhvk sustfomjtm gmdd‟msostmjzk go Goh
m frmghjh fam dk rmdo`ohjm gh`nktofk sok
roghjgkjtm (Shussmku m \hdtkorm kppkr-
tmj`hjh k qumstk crkjfk)2 `do sfmttofo
ro﬋utkjh d‟ogmk fam d‟uhnh m dk rk`ohjm
phsskjh fhjhsfmrm m fhnprmjgmrm tutth2
`do utodotkrosto shstmj`hjh fam dk lmdofotå
gmddk nk``ohrkjzk sok poÿ onphrtkjtm
gmddk shſtmrmjzk go ujk nojhrkjzk2 `do ktmo
jm`kjh fhnpdmtknmjtm d‟msostmjzk go Goh.
D‟Oddunojosnh jhj ak pmró kjfhrk
rk``oujth od suh fudnojm, m smccmjm
tkdvhdtk o ﬋dhsh﬋ so hr`kjozzojh oj `ruppo,
jhj akjjh kjfhrk lhrnkth uj nhvonmjth
fudturkdm fhmrmjtm. Kjfam sm so fhjhsfhjh
k vofmjgk m so sfrovhjh go lrmqumjtm,
rkrknmjtm fhjfhrgkjh. D‟ujofk fhsk fam
akjjh oj fhnujm á dk dhrh frotofk gmdd‟hr-
thghssok oj tuttm dm sum lhrnm, spmfokd-
nmjtm qumddk rmdo`ohsk. Jhj frmghjh jmo
norkfhdo m, qukjgh frmghjh oj Goh, dh
onnk`ojkjh fhnm uj nmffkjofh gmdd‟ujo-
vmrsh, uj hrhdh`okoh fhsnofh9 ghphtutth
á stkth Goh k fhstruorm dk strkhrgojkrok
nkffaojk gmd nhjgh, stkcodorm dm dm``o
gmddm sum nmffkjofam m pho so á rotorkth.
Umr vok go qumsth kttm``oknmjth, so frmgm
fam d‟ujofk
go Goh pkssovokkttrkvmrsh
pmr fhjhsfmrm dm ojtmjzohjo
dk sfomjzk, m jhj
pmr dk rmdo`ohjm2 jhj kttrkvmrsh gh`no
m rovmdkzohjo, nk trknotm hssmrvkzohjo
mg mspmronmjto. O ﬋dhsh﬋ akjjh quojgo
nhdth oj fhnujm fhj `do sfomjzokto.
F‟á ujk `rkjgm gosphjocodotå k pkrtmfo-
pkrm k foó fam á juhvh. O ﬋dhsh﬋ oddunojosto
ojsosthjh suddk jmfmssotå go shtthphrrm kg
kttmjth msknm dm kjtofam uskjzm. [umsth,
pmró, phrtk kjfam k uj‟hjgktk go spmfudk-
zohjo orrkzohjkdo m purk lrhgm. D‟Murhpk
á uj pkrkgosh pmr o vm``mjto fhj dm dhrh
vosohjo, o qukso-sfomjzokto m o fokrdktkjo2 msso
romsfhjh k fhjvojfmrm sok fao á ostruoth
sok fao á o`jhrkjtm go mssmrm oj `rkgh go
fhnpomrm ujk vkstk `knnk go norkfhdo.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  Vt rm`
 Vtr m`hj
hjmm rok m Vup
Dk pujozohjm pmr dk strm`hjmrok á
smvmrk m spomtktk, nk jï dk Faomsk fhj
dm sum nmssm jï dk sfomjzk fhj o suho
mrugoto trkttkto shjh stktm oj `rkgh go
onpmgorm fam vmj`k prktofktk. Dk supmr-
stozohjm ojstoddk pkurk jmddk phphdkzohjm
m dk tomjm shtth sfkffh. Wmjmrm cuhjo o
—lhddmtto„ á onphrtkjtm pmr mvotkrm fam
od dkttm so ojkfogosfk h od phzzh so smffao.
K Vthffhdnk, qukjgh f‟á dk jmccok,
dk `mjtm so faougm oj fksk, fhjvojtk
fam Vktkjk so jksfhjgk jmddk lhsfaok
prhjth k rkporm dm pmrshjm. Wrhdd m kdtrm
frmkturm so jksfhjghjh shtth `rhsso
nksso jmddm lhrmstm, prhjto k sfkncokrm o
ckncojo unkjo fhj o prhpro h k govhrkrdo.
Ojtmro voddk``o so rovmrskjh oj strkgk pmr
sfkffokrm o jmfb h `do audgmr gko dk`ao.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
upmm rststoo zozohj
hjmm
Vu`do hffao gmo nhrto vkjjh phstm gmddm
nhjmtm g‟kr`mjth, oj nhgh fam phsskjh
pk`krm Fkrhjtm, od trk`amttkthrm, mg
mssmrm oj `rkgh go pksskrm jmdd‟kdgodå.
Dk supmrstozohjm á knpoknmjtm goſtusk
oj tuttk Murhpk, m jmnnmjh o poÿ duj`ao
m fdknhrhso prhfmsso kddm strm`am shjh
rousfoto k lkr fkncokrm ogmk kddk `mjtm. Fo
shjh gmttk`dokto rmshfhjto go fhsk kffkgm
qukjgh jhj so lk foó fam so —gmvm„ lkrm,
dm fuo fhjsm`umjzm vkrokjh gk pkmsm k
pkmsm m gk prhvojfok k prhvojfok. Kdfujo
duh`ao shjh poÿ fkrofao go nk`ok rospmtth
kg kdtro, mskttknmjtm fhnm kdfujo mvmjto
akjjh poÿ onphrtkjzk go kdtro. Ckttmsono,
nktronhjo m nhrto, fhsä fhnm fonotmro,
faomsm m vokdo g‟oj`rmssh gmo fonotmro
shjh tutto forfhjgkto gk frmgmjzm supmr-
supmr-

60 
stozohsm. Od `ohvmgä jhttm nhdto rmstkjh oj
fksk, phofaï á fhjsogmrkth uj nhnmjth
pkrtofhdkrnmjtm pmrofhdhsh.
Dk supmrstozohjm á fhsä prhlhjgknmjtm
rkgofktk jmddk nmjtm gmddm pmrshjm fam
cmj phfam fhsm shjh oj `rkgh go fkncokrm
fkncokr m
dm dhrh uskjzm. O skfmrghto go shdoth
akjjh ujk lujzohjm go shddomvh, nk dk
`mjtm sm`um pmrdhpoÿ rotukdo m trkgozohjo
hrkdo fam ak ksfhdtkth gurkjtm d‟ojlkjzok.
Á fhjvojzohjm fhnujm fam ﬋jtkjth fam
`do mssmro då luhro vmj`hjh pdkfkto, msso
jhj fkusmrkjjh kdfuj gkjjh2 sm ojvmfm
shjh fhjtrkrokto, phtrmccmrh krrmfkrm
mjhrnm svmjturk. Jmddm fksm so trhvkjh
fhnujmnmjtm knudmto, tkdosnkjo phrtk-
lhrtujk m h``mtto rmdo`ohso fhnm prhtm-
zohjm fhjtrh od nkdm.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
D‟Murhpk á sfhssk gk `umrrm fam vkjjh
m vmj`hjh h fam pmrnkj`hjh, ojlmttkj-
ghso fhnm uj ksfmssh. Dk `umrrk á uj
prhfmssh go dh`hrknmjth2 od jmnofh vomjm
dmjtknmjtm s﬋joth, fam sok gurkjtm dk
pronkvmrk, d‟mstktm, d‟kutujjh h d‟ojvmrjh.
Dm truppm shjh mquopk``oktm shdtkjth
pmr dk stk`ohjm pmr dk qukdm shjh stktm
fhsfrottm, rmjgmjgh nhdto nkd prmpkrkto
k fknpk`jm fam so prhtrk``hjh poÿ k
duj`h gmd prmvosth,Dk
fam uj‟mffmzohjm. od fam
votká poÿ ujksoj`hdh
go uj rm`hdk
shdgkth ak phfaossonk onphrtkjzk, m
61 dh stmssh vkdm pmr o shdgkto go ujotå poÿ
`rkjgo. Á poutthsth dk pmrsostmjzk m dk
fkpkfotå go fhsfrovmrm fhjtojuknmjtm
juhvo rm``onmjto k gmtmrnojkrm d‟msoth
go ujk `umrrk. No`dokok m no`dokok go
shdgkto nuhohjh m svkjosfhjh suo fknpo
go ckttk`dok smjzk kppkrmjtm nhtovh.
Dk nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm `umrrm jhj
so fhncktthjh fhj `rkjgo ckttk`dom
vhdtm k gostru``mrm dm lhrzm jmnofam,
nk fhj sfamrnk`dom poÿ poffhdm pmr ksso-
furkrso dm roshrsm. Kddk ﬋jm, tuttkvok, dk
nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm `umrrm so vojfhjh
fhj dk gopdhnkzok, lktth fam spoj`m nhdto
shdgkto k gosmrtkrm h nmttmrm vohdmjtm-
nmjtm oj gosfussohjm od pmrfaï fhnckt-
tkjh. Umr phrrm ronmgoh k qumstk sotuk-
zohjm, nhdto shdgkto vmj`hjh rmso ustfokdo
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 @umrrk  
m dm fottå jm puddudkjh oj tmnpo go pkfm.
Dk nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm jkzohjo
murhpmm nkjtmj`hjh uj msmrfoth
rm`hdkrm, fhjsostmjtm projfopkdnmjtm
go nmrfmjkro rmfdutkto oj kdtro pkmso.
[umsth sostmnk á fhsthsh, spmfokd-
nmjtm sm sfhppok ujk `umrrk, dk qukdm
fhstroj`m k rmfdutkrm kjfhrk poÿ truppm.
]jk shduzohjm á go nhcodotkrm ujk
nodozok phphdkrm kttoj`mjgh ko dkvhrkthro
k`rofhdo
prhpromtåfam jhj ojakjjh
jï ujk ujk lktthrok go
dhfkzohjm.
O shdgkto strkjomro fhnphj`hjh poÿ
go uj tmrzh gmdd‟msmrfoth lrkjfmsm m dh
stmssh vkdm pmr dm lhrzm krnktm gmddk
Gkjonkrfk. Dk fkvkddmrok phdkffk á
fhjsogmrktk dk no`dohr lhrzk go fhnckt-
tonmjth oj ksshduth m jmddm krnktm go
Lmgmrofh OO go Urussok prmvkdm ujk gosfo-
pdojk go lmrrh. Ko gosmrthro so spkrk k vostk
m pmr﬋jh dm hſtmsm poÿ domvo vmj`hjh smvm-
rknmjtm pujotm. ]jk pujozohjm fhnujm
á go pksskrm shtth dm lhrfam fkugojm.
]jk juhvk `umrrk fhnojfok jhj
kppmjk ﬋josfm d‟udtonk. D‟mquodocroh go
phtmrm fkncok.
Dk @rkj Crmtk`jk, fhj Lrkjfok, onpmrh
kscur`ofh (fhrrosphjgmjtm kddm hgomrjm
Kustrok, Smpuccdofk Fmfk, Vdhvkffaok,
]j`amrok, Vdhvmjok, Frhkzok, pkrto gmddk
Shnkjok, Vmrcok, Otkdok smttmjtrohjkdm,
Dussmncur`h m qukso tutth od Cmd`oh),
Urussok, Sussok m Onpmrh Htthnkjh
rkpprmsmjtkjh dm `rkjgo phtmjzm murhpmm.
Dk Vpk`jk m d‟Hdkjgk jhj shjh poÿ fhjso-
fhjso-
gmrktm `rkjgo phtmjzm jhjhstkjtm dm dhrh
mjhrno rm`ohjo fhdhjokdo. Od Uhrth`kddh
á qukso ujh stkth lkjthffoh crotkjjofh m
d‟onpmrh svmgmsm ak pmrguth od suh stktus
ghph dk sfhj﬋ttk go Fkrdh QOO k Uhdtkvk
jmd ;05?.
sï Dm `rkjgo phtmjzm
od nk``ohr junmrhfmrfkjh go dm`krm
phssocodm go stkto,k
m spmfokdnmjtm dk Lrkjfok pk`k `rhssm
shnnm ko pkmso gosphsto k supphrtkrdk oj
`umrrk. [ukjgh uj trhjh rmstk vkfkjtm
fhnpmthjh pmr fhddhfkrvo uj dhrh
fkjgogkth m gum gmddm `rkjgo `umrrm go
qumst‟mphfk shjh `umrrm go suffmssohjm.
Dm sm`umjto shjh trk dm `umrrm poÿ
`rkjgo m onphrtkjto go qumsth smfhdh9
✬ Dk @rkjgm @umrrk gmd Jhrg (;055‖ 
;035)
✬ @umrrk go Vuffmssohjm Vpk`jhdk
(;05;‖;0;7)
✬ @umrrk go Vuffmssohjm Kustrokfk
(;075‖;071)
✬ @umrrk Sussh-Vvmgmsm (;07;‖;076)
✬ @umrrk Lrkjfh-Ojgokjk (;0=7‖;0<6)
✬ @umrrk g‟Ojgopmjgmjzk Knmrofkjk
(;00=‖;016)

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Umr smfhdo d‟mfhjhnok murhpmk so á lhjgktk
sudd‟k`rofhdturk, mg á stkth `rkzom kddm sum
vkstm prhpromtå fam dk jhcodtå tmrromrk á
stktk oj `rkgh go kffrmsfmrm dm prhprom
lhrtujm ojsomnm kddk prhprok ojffiumjzk
phdotofk. Jm`do udtono fmjth kjjo, tuttkvok,
od fhnnmrfoh á frmsfouth smnprm go poÿ.
Dk nktmrok pronk vomjm kfquostktk oj
tmrrm m fhjtojmjto dhjtkjo m dkvhrktk oj
prhghtto ﬋joto pmr mssmrm pho msphrtktk
kmfhjhnofk
uj prmzzhfhjsmjtm
nk``ohrkth. Dk frmsfotk
ko nmrfkjto go
nkjgkrm o dhrh ﬋`do kdd‟ujovmrsotå, kstjfaï
vmj`kjh ostruoto m phsskjh mdmvkrm dk
prhprok fhjgozohjm. Nmjtrm dm lkno`dom
rmkdo g‟Murhpk gmgofkjh od prhproh tmnph
k skdksskrm dm vkrom tmshrmrom fhj fhsthsm
`umrrm smjzk ﬋jm m dk jhcodtå spmrpmrk dm
sum lhrtujm oj dussh m gmfkgmjzk, od fmth
nmgoh lk gmd suh nm`doh pmr knnksskrm
fkpotkdm kttrkvmrsh od fhnnmrfoh m `do
ojvmstonmjto.
Od fhnnmrfoh poÿ dufrhsh á qumddh
go spmzom, phrfmddkjk, smtk m kdtrm nmrfo
prhvmjomjto gkddk Fojk m gk kdtrm pkrto
g‟hromjtm. Kdfujm hr`kjozzkzohjo
httmj`hjh nhjhphdo sud fhnnmrfoh fhj
kdtro fhjtojmjto gkd `hvmrjh, rofkvkj-
rofkvkj-
ghjm mjhrno prh﬋tto nk `ukgk`jkjghso
kjfam od rosmjtonmjth go nhdto.
[ukjgh, kdd‟ojozoh gmd smfhdh prmfm-
prmfm-
gmjtm, vmjjmrh lhjgktm dm fhnpk`jom
fhnnmrfokdo gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo, k`do
ojvmstothro provkto mrk fhjfmssh kfquo-
stkrm ujk quhtk go uj vok``oh, fam vmjovk
ropk`ktk fhj d‟k``oujtk gmo prh﬋tto gmddm
nmrfo vmjgutm. Voſtkttm fhnpk`jom, pmró,
mrkjh nhdth fhsthsm m o vok``o mrkjh
duj`ao fhsä, cmj prmsth, ojvmfm fam hſtrorm
uj rothrjh su`do ojvmstonmjto, mssm
ojozokrhjh k rodksfokrm uj fmrto﬋fkth fam
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 Fhnnmrfoh 
kttmstkvk d‟ojvmstonmjth jmddk fhnpk`jok.
Jhj fo vhddm nhdth pmrfaï `do ojvmstothro
fam vhdmvkjh ojgomtrh o dhrh shdgo pronk
fam dm jkvo lhssmrh thrjktm gkddk Fojk
ojozokssmrh k vmjgmrm dm prhprom quhtm.
Lu kttrkvmrsh qumsth fhnnmrfoh go quhtm
fam jkfqum ujk juhvk mfhjhnok.
Vuddk sfok gmddm fhnpk`jom fhnnmr-
fhnnmr-
fokdo, dk spmfudkzohjm smjzk rmstrozohjm ak
`mjmrkth junmrhso fhddksso mfhjhnofo.
Od poÿ jhth á qumddhujgmddk Nossossopo
Fhnpkjy  , fam kfquostó nhjhphdoh sud
fhnnmrfoh fhj dk Juhvk Lrkjfok gkddh
stkth lrkjfmsm. Dk rmsphjskcodotå gmddm
zmffam Lrkjfmso, gmd gmcoth jkzohjkdm
lrkjfmsm mg mssmjzokdnmjtm go tutth od
fhnnmrfoh jhj murhpmh lu kssm`jktk
kddh sfhzzmsm Ihaj Dkw, lhjgkthrm
gmddk fhnpk`jok m rojhnkth `ohfkthrm
g‟kzzkrgh jhjfaï mspktrokth crotkjjofh
fhstrmtth k sfkppkrm ghph kvmr uffosh uj
rovkdm oj gumddh. Kttrkvmrsh vkrom nkjo-
nkjo-
phdkzohjo gmo nmrfkto ﬋jkjzokro, shprkt-
tutth dksfokjgh fam dk Ckjqum Shykdm
stknpkssm mjhrno qukjtotå go ckjfhjhtm
fam vmjovkjh kttovknmjtm gktm oj
prmstoth kg kfquormjto gmddm quhtm gmddk
Nossossopo Fhnpkjy , Ihaj Dkw rousfä k
lkr lhrzhsknmjtm sfaozzkrm kddm stmddm o
prmzzo gmddm quhtm, fhjokjgh msprmssohjo
juhvm fhnm —onprmjgothrm„ m —nodoh- —nodoh-
jkroh„. D‟ojmvotkcodm fhddkssh mrk tuttkvok
onnojmjtm. Od prmzzh gmddm quhtm frhddó,
`do ojvmstothro gospmrkto prhvkrhjh k
ojfksskrm dm dhrh quhtm oj ckjfhjhtm, m
qukjgh kjfam dm ckjfhjhtm gonojuo-
rhjh go vkdhrm, prhvkrhjh k sfkncokrdm
fhj nhjmtm g‟hrh m g‟kr`mjth. Od sostmnk
mfhjhnofh fhddkssó, no`dokok go pmrshjm
pmrsmrh tutth m ﬋jorhjh oj rofhvmro pmr
smjzktmtth, nmjtrm jmd lrkttmnph od `oå
mjhrnm gmcoth jkzohjkdm lrkjfmsm fhjto-
jukvk kg kunmjtkrm.
[umstm truſtm mrkjh tuttkvok gmddm
mffmzohjo. Umr o fhrk``ohso (h pmr
`do sfohffao) f‟mrkjh hpphrtujotå go
`mjmrkrm mjhrno lhrtujm nmgokjtm ojvm-
stonmjto ojtmddo`mjto.
Vudd‟hjgk go qumsto suffmsso strkjomro,
jmd ;06; vmjjm lhjgktk dk Vvmjsbk Hstoj- 
gosbk Fhnpkjomt , dk Fhnpk`jok Vvmgmsm
gmddm
skdpkrmOjgom
vmrshHromjtkdo.
dk Fojk soDk pronk jkvm
faoknkvk k
Lrmgm- 
rofus Smx Vukmfokm  oj
 oj hjhrm go rm Lmgmrofh
O, fam ropk`ó d‟hjhrm ojvmstmjgh o suho 6?
stmsso shdgo jmddk fhnpk`jok. Dk VHOF
rosfhssm uj suffmssh smjzk prmfmgmjto.
Mjhrno qukjtotå go phrfmddkjk, smtk m
kdtrm nmrfo mshtofam vmjovkjh spmgotm
gkdd‟kdtrh fkph gmd nhjgh m vmjgutm fhj
`rhsso prh﬋tto. @htamjcur`, phrth gmo
nmrfkjto gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo, prhspm-
rkvk `rkzom kddm lhrtujm fhsä `mjmrktm
m, ktthrjh kg mssh, o nmrfkjto poÿ roffao
fhstruorhjh `rkjgohsm nk`ohjo. Kjfam
o roffao jhcodo Vbmppscrh go Vthffhdnk
govmjjmrh kjfhrk poÿ roffao. Jhj pkssó
nhdth pronk fam h`jo lkjfouddk phssm-phssm -
gmssm ujk tkzzk h qukdfam kdtrh h``mtth
go phrfmddkjk prhvmjomjtm gkddk Fojk.
Gkth fam h`jo rm`ostrh vmjovk crufokth
ghph od rmjgofhjth ﬋jkjzokroh, gmtmrno-
gmtmrno-
jkrm fhj prmfosohjm o prh﬋tto go qumstm
fhnpk`jom á gostfodm. Kdfujo ‑cmjmojlhr-
nkto‟ shstmj`hjh fam o `ukgk`jo nmgo
ffiuttukssmrh trk gm`do onprmssohjkjto
65 m 75 pmr fmjth, m gurkjtm dk pronk
fhjfmssohjm (;06;‖;07<) shdtkjth 7
jkvo su 33 kjgkrhjh pmrgutm. Foó rmsm dk
Fhnpk`jok Vvmgmsm gmddm Ojgm Hromjtkdo
d‟ojvmstonmjth poÿ sofurh m prh﬋fuh pmr
dk roffk chr`amsok oj Vvmzok.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

75
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 Fronojo m Uujozohjo  

H`jo pkmsm ak dm sum dm``o m dm sum Dm rmdkzohjo trk ujk pmrshjk sphsktk mg mrkjh pujocodo fhj dk nhrtm. Dk
pujozohjo spmfo﬋fam, jkturkdnmjtm, nk m ujk jhj sphsktk vmjovkjh faoknktm pujozohjm fkpotkdm vmjjm kppdofktk pmr
dm dm``o m dm tkssm msosthjh hvujqum kd kgudtmroh soj`hdh. Dk smjtmjzk mrk tutth od ;0µ smfhdh smjzk kdfujk pomtå, nk
﬋jm go nkjtmjmrm d‟hrgojm. go shdoth dk nhrtm, nk vmjovk spmssh gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh jhj so lu poÿ fhsä
Jhj vmjovk prmsk oj fhjsogmrk- trkslhrnktk oj ujk nudtk kppmddkj- ojffimssocodo. Kjfam d‟ojfmsth m dh stuprh
zohjm kdfujk forfhstkjzk kttmjukjtm m ghso k uj trocujkdm supmrohrm. Dk nudtk mrkjh pujocodo fhj dk nhrtm.
dm fhjgkjjm fhjgozohjkdo jhj msostm- knnhjtkvk k 7 gufkto pmr dk pmrshjk Jmddk nk``ohrkjzk gmo pkmso, dk nudtk
vkjh. Dm pujozohjo ghvmvkjh mssmrm sphsktk m 3 pmr qumddk jhj sphsktk. Umr dk pmr ujk rkpojk mrk go 6 gufkto. Dk qukrtk
mgufktovm m o fronojo mrkjh fdksso﬋fkto `mjtm fhnujm so trkttkvk go ujk shnnk hſtmsk prmvmgmvk ujk smjtmjzk go nhrtm
oj cksm kddk smvmrotå. Umr msmnpoh, ujk mjhrnm go gmjkrh, fam jhj smnprm onnmgoktk k prmsfojgmrm gkd vkdhrm
rkpojk
fhnm ujmrkksskssojoh
govmrsk gk uj lurtkrmddh,gkfhsä
so gostoj`umvk uj phtmvkjh pk`krm.
oj qumd fksh ujkDkpujozohjm
smjtmjzk fhrphrkdm.
govmjtkvk gmd nkdthdth.
govmjjm kjfhrkJmd
poÿ;075 dk dm`osdkzohjm
smvmrk9 dk skjzohjm
hnofogoh fhdphsh. Vo tmjmvk kjfam fhjth Dk lhrnk poÿ fhnujm, pmr dm ghjjm, pmr h`jo lhrnk go lurth govmjjm d‟on-
gmdd‟mvmjtukdm rmfogovk9 pmr msmnpoh, sm mrk dk ffik`mddkzohjm, pmr `do uhnojo, poffk`ohjm. Jmd ;07<, dk pujozohjm pmr 7;
so vmjovk fhdto k ruckrm pmr dk qukrtk ojvmfm, pksskrm shtth dm lhrfam fkugojm. od lurth gkddk fhrrosphjgmjzk govmjjm
vhdtk, dk smjtmjzk phtmvk kjfam mssmrm Dm rmdkzohjo trk gum pmrshjm sphsktm dk nhrtm, m jmd ;071 o dkgro go fkvkddo m
d‟onpoffk`ohjm. vmjovkjh faoknktm ghppoh kgudtmroh go cmstoknm vmjovkjh onpoffkto. Jmd
Oj hro`ojm f‟mrkjh shdtkjth gum
skjzohjo9 ujk nudtk h dk pmjk fkpotkdm, h oj
kdfujo fkso dk puccdofk unodokzohjm. D‟uno-
dokzohjm puccdofk
puccdofk fhjsostmvk jmd rmstkrm oj
pomgo h smguto oj ujk sotukzohjm unodokjtm
gkvkjto k ujk lhddk. Dk `h`jk mrk ujk
pujozohjm go qumsth toph9 dm `kncm gmddk
vottonk vmjovkjh cdhffktm oj gmo fkppo m o
pksskjto phtmvkjh sputkrm h urojkrm su go
mssk, hppurm urdkrdm hsfmjotå.
Od trocujkdm phtmvk pho gofaokrkrm d‟kf-
fuskth uj luhrodm``m h pmr﬋jh msodokrdh.
Dk pro`ohjok vmjjm ojtrhghttk jmd
;<55 mg mrk shprkttutth ujk lhrnk go
dkvhrh lhrzkth. Dm pro`ohjo fhstruotm
mrkjh puccdofam, fhj `rkjgo skdm oj fuo
vmjovkjh tmjuto tutto o pro`ohjomro. Dm
pro`ohjo fhj dm fdkssofam fmddm mrkjh
phfam m nhdth dhjtkjm dm ujm gkddm kdtrm.
Dm rmdkzohjo smssukdo trk gum pmrshjm
smjzk kstjotå h fhjskj`uojmotå mrkjh
fhjsogmrktm kgudtmroh h lhrjofkzohjm (oj
Vfkjgojkvok gm﬋jotk dmomrníd ) mg mrkjh
gm`do ktto fronojkdo.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
;0<< lu od turjh gmo chrsm``okthro
go sucorm d‟onpoffk`ohjm m jmd ;006
nuj`mrm dk nuffk go uj vofojh mrk kcck-
stkjzk pmr ﬋jorm kddk lhrfk.
Oj kdfujo fkso, spmfokdnmjtm ro`ukrgh ko
fronojo poÿ lmrkdo, phtmvkjh mssmrfo gmddm
fhjjmssohjo sonchdofam trk od fronojm m dk
pujozohjm, pmr mjlktozzkrjm d‟mjhrnotå.
Od fronojkdm vmjovk fhjgkjjkth k ujk
pujozohjm k``oujtovk, pmr msmnpoh sucovk
d‟knputkzohjm gmddk nkjh gmstrk pronk
go mssmrm gmfkpotkth, dk gmfkpotkzohjm
sm`uotk gkdd‟onpkdknmjth (pmr `do uhnojo)
h dk gmfkpotkzohjm sm`uotk gkd rh`h (pmr
dm ghjjm). Dk lhrnk poÿ smvmrk go qumstm
pmjm fkpotkdo vmjovk kppdofktk k fhdhrh
fam fhnnmttmvkjh fronojo prhvhfkjgh
jkulrk`o pmr gmruckrm o jkulrk`ao9 o dhrh
krto vmjovkjh sfaokffokto, oj puccdofh, gk
ujk ruhtk gmd suppdozoh.
Soshdvmrm gosputm pmrshjkdo, o fhsoggmtto
fkso fovodo, jmo trocujkdo á nhdth fhnujm.
Msso phsshjh fhjsostmrm oj qukdsokso fhsk
fhnprmsk
suddk trk ujk
`ukjfok, fkdujjok
gk ujk zuſtk kk ujh sfaokſth —fhnprkrso„
uj fkppmddh
phsshjh mssmrm
73
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
lktth fkgmrm. Á tuttk qumstohjm go hjhrm.
Vmjzk hjhrm, ujk pmrshjk vomjm ojlknktk
m pmrgm dk suk phsozohjm shfokdm2 d‟hjhrm
pmrguth vk rofhjquostkth. Oj trocujkdm
qumsth puó trkgurso oj ujk fhnpmj-
fhnpmj -
skzohjm mfhjhnofk, puccdofam sfusm m
uj roskrfonmjth shfokdm. O phvmro, provo
go prhpromtå m o fuo gorotto shjh prktofk-
nmjtm ojmsostmjto, vmj`hjh kjjhvmrkto
trk `do ojlknkto. Wrk `do ustfokdo gmddk
jhcodtå dm gosputm vmj`hjh spmssh roshdtm
gumddkjgh, kjfam sm nhdto pkmso akjjh
prhocoth tkdm prktofk.
Dk pujozohjm poÿ fhnujm pmr o fronojo
fhjsostm oj ujk nudtk, sm`umjgh od rk`oh-
jknmjth pmr fuo dk pkrtm fhdpmvhdm
gmvm fhnpmjskrm m lkrso pmrghjkrm gk
faoujqum kccok sucoth od thrth. [umsth
sostmnk pmró jksfhjgm ujk gmchdmzzk9
jhj tutto akjjh o nmzzo pmr pk`krm dm
nudtm m kg mssmrm `ougofkto fhdpmvhdo shjh
qukso smnprm o phvmro. [umsth so`jo﬋fk
fam dm fdksso poÿ kccomjto phsshjh
dk docmrtå.
pk`ktmVmpmr
dm nudtm
ojtmrh,jhj
dk
pujozohjm so trkslhrnk oj ujk pujozohjm
fhrphrkdm h jmdd‟onpro`ohjknmjth.
]j goth nhzzkth fhstk 6 gufkto, uj
hffaoh gkjjm``okth =, ujk `knck rhttk
3 gufkto.
Vm dm nudtm jhj phsshjh mssmrm
pk`ktm, ujk nudtk go 3 gufkto puó mssmrm
mssm rm
shstotuotk fhj od pkssk``oh shtth 7 lhrfam
fkugojm, 7 gufkto shtth < m fhsä vok.
Uksskrm shtth dm lhrfam fkugojm so`jo﬋fk
fam forfk =5 uhnojo, krnkto go cksthjo
h lrustm, so gosphj`hjh sum gum ﬋dm m od
fhjgkjjkth gmvm pksskrm k thrsh jugh
uj gmtmrnojkth junmrh go vhdtm kttrk-
vmrsh qumstm ﬋dm nmjtrm `do uhnojo dh
fhdposfhjh fhj qukdsokso fhsk kccokjh
trk dm nkjo. Dm smjtmjzm go nhrtm m
dm pujozohjo pkrtofhdkrnmjtm frugmdo
vmj`hjh rosmrvktm ko fronojo poÿ `rkvo.
Lojh kd tkrgh ;1µ smfhdh jmddk nk``oh-
rkjzk gmo pkmso Murhpmo jhj msostm uj‟o-
stotuzohjm pkrk`hjkcodm kddk nhgmrjk
phdozok. Dk `ukrgok fottkgojk á nhdh
spmssh hr`kjozzktk
mg á ﬋jkjzoktk gk`do oj nkjomrk
kcotkjto nodotkrm
gmddk fottå.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 \kjotå m Gmfkgmjzk  

Á qumstk d‟mrk gmddk vkjotå. Lkrm ujk

cuhjk onprmssohjm á lhrsm dk fhsk poÿ
onphrtkjtm oj ksshduth, ojsomnm ko
tothdo. Dm pkssm``oktm kd pkrfh, dm duj`am
fhjvmrskzohjo m gmgofkrso kddk prhprok
thmdmttk shjh fmronhjom ojtmrnojk-
ojtmrnojk-
codo fam trksnmtthjh phtmrm m suffmssh.
Od fhrtm``oknmjth sm`um ujh sfamnk
prmgm﬋joth m kvmrm knkjto á ujh gm`do
stktus synchd   poÿ onphrtkjto oj Murhpk2
kjzo, kdfujm gmddm
m rospmttktm pmrshjm
akjjh poÿ go suffmssh
dk smguzohjm fhnm
prhprok hffupkzohjm projfopkdm.
Dm ghto nusofkdo m go sfrotturk, ojsomnm 76
k uj cuhj smjsh gmddk nhgk, shjh qukdotå
nhdth kpprmzzktm. Kddm lmstm h gurkjtm
dm fmjm á onphrtkjtm mssmrm cmj vmrskto
oj tkdm krtm, m o rmthro m `do hrkthro kcodo
fam skjjh golmjgmrm dm prhprom phsozohjo
shjh rospmttkto m cmj pk`kto. Dm pmrshjm
pkrtmfopkjh k lmstovotå go prhphrzohjo
tkdo gk nojkrm dm ﬋jkjzm gmddh stkth.
Umr msocorm od prhproh stktus, o nmncro
gmdd‟kdtk shfomtå jhj so lmrnkjh gkvkjto
k juddk pur goodshrpksskrm
fhjquostkrso lkvhrm gmo orm`jkjto.
prhpro rovkdo h go ﬋hrorm fhnm
spujtkjh k vhdhjtå.
luj`ao,Dmgmvhtm
shfomtå sm`rmtm
kg kjtofam dkvhrkrm á dk nkssonk prhvk gmd suffmssh
go ujk pmrshjk.
]jk votk knphddhsk m gmfkgmjtm vk go govojotå go vojh, ckjfamtto m hr`m. ]jh ]j‟knnojostrkzohjm oj frmsfotk
nhgk2 fmgmrm kddm tmjtkzohjo m ko gmsogmro stodm go votk `rhttmsfh m gmchsfokth á uj so`jo﬋fk juhvo onphrtkjto ustfo m qukjgh
vomjm vosth fhnm rodksfoh gmdd‟kjonk m nhgh pmr mspronmrm dk prhprok phsozohjm od pkmsmddh go prhvojfok so trkslhrnk
kcckjghjh gmddk rk`ohjm2 ujk pmrshjk m fhdhrh fam phsshjh pmrnmttmrsmdh lkjjh oj ujk trkstfktk fottå, tutto vh`dohjh
puó trhvkrm sï stmssk shdtkjth jmd tutth foó qumd fam á oj dhrh phtmrm pmr fhjgovogmrm dm rofhnpmjsm gmddk votk. Dk
nkssonh pokfmrm. O skdhtto m kdtro duh`ao mfdosskrm `do kdtro. Vo trkttk shprkttutth strmttk lmrrmk gmo skfmrghto stk ojozokjgh
fam lkjjh gmd dhrh nm`doh pmr lkr sä
s ä fam `do gmd fhjsunh go cmjo go dusso, nk kjfam k fmgmrm. Oj pksskth dk Faomsk mgufkvk m
kcotkjto phsskjh frh`ohdkrso jmddk gmprk-
gmprk- gmddh stodm go votk. \mj`hjh spmsm m usktm `uogkvk, nk kgmssh á ojfkpkfm go lmrnkrm
vkzohjm kcchjgkjh2 ﬋jtkjth fam so á oj roshrsm k uj rotnh sfohffkjtm pmr gkrm od goduvoh go rhvojk nhrkdm fam fhdposfm
`rkgh go nkjtmjmrm ujk lkffoktk rospmt- kjonk m fhrph k tkdo pokfmro. Wrksfhrrmrm jhj shdtkjth dk jhcodtå, nk kjfam od fmth
tkcodm, kddk gmfkgmjzk vomjm pmrnmssh od tmnph jmo skdhtto m kddm lmstm ojvmfm go nmgoh gmo juhvo roffao.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
  Od Nh
 Od Nhjg
 Od `rkjgm hdtrm, od rmknm gmddm tmjmcrm, dk
 zhjk gmd frmpusfhdh, od vuhth. Vhjh nhdto
o jhno fhj fuo ah smjtoth faoknkrm od
 Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm gk nhdto uhnojo oddu- oddu-
nojkto m ostruoto. Nmjto supmrohro kddk nok
akjjh spmssh ojjunmrmvhdo votm prhvkjgh
k gmfolrkrm dm sum vmrotå m rosphjgmrm kddm
sum ghnkjgm, mppurm jm skppoknh kjfhrk
fhsä phfh. Wutth foó fam phssh gorvo fhj
fmrtmzzk á fam od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm á foó
fam so trhvk hdtrm. Hdtrm fhsk8 Mccmjm, sm
dh skpmsso skrmo d‟uhnh poÿ phtmjtm gmddk
77 sthrok. Uhssh gorvo shdh foó fam oh frmgh, m
foó fam frmgh á fam sok uj duh`h go nmzzh.
]j phsth jï go votk jï go nhrtm, jï go dufm
jï go hsfurotå, jï go `ohrjh jï go jhttm.
]j duh`h gmd `mjmrm d‟ah vosth jm`do
hffao gmo pkzzo m jmddk fkrjm gmo nkdkto.
 D‟ah
 D ‟ah smjtoth jmo lkrlu`doo gmo nktto m jmo
sussurro gm`do spmttro. \mgh fam skpmtm
go fhsk sth pkrdkjgh. Kjfam vho d‟kvmtm
vosth8 Jmo dhrh hffao dktto`ojhso m trosto
k nm kppkrm fhnm uj vmdh shttodm, fhnm
sm phtmsso thffkrdh sm shdh kdduj`ksso dk
nkjh. Fhsä phfh, nhdth phfh fo smpkrk
gk mssh. ]jk pu`jkdktk kd fuhrm, uj
 pkssh lkdsh su uj tmtth h smnpdofm
smnpdofmnmjtm
nmjtm
od nojonh shrsh gkd coffaomrm sck`dokth.
 Jmo nomo nhnmjto poÿ cuo ah vosth
kprorso uj vkrfh, kjfam sm shdh pmr uj
kttonh. \mgmtm, k vhdtm od Nhjgh gmddm
Hncrm rothrjk gk jho. K vhdtm vohdmjtm-
nmjtm m kdtrm vhdtm oj nhgh qukso smgu-
fmjtm. Lkjtksno, gmnhjo, gokvhdo8 Jhj
skprmo gordh. Uhofaï fhdhrh fam phssomghjh
dm rosphstm k tkdo qumstohjo jhj vovhjh
kcckstkjzkk gk phtmrdm rkffhjtkrm.
kcckstkjz
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
jghh gmddddmm Hnc
ncrm
rm 
Od —Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm„ á od rm`jh gmd
nostofh m gmd shprkjjkturkdm oj DmxHf-  o vovmjto m kjgkrm k fkffok gmo dhrh fuhro
fudtun . Vo trkttk, hvvoknmjtm, go uj
fhjfmtth supmrstozohsh. Dk nk``ohrkjzk
gmsfrovm od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm fhnm
uj shttodm vmdh trk od nhjgh gmo vovmjto
m qumddh gmo nhrto2 uj duh`h go hsfurotå
m juddk, oj fuo so kjjogkjh, oj k``ukth,
mssmro kjfmstrkdo. Vfrutkrm oj soſtktth
vuhth á sojhjonh go fmrfkrm dk lhddok h
go uj gmstojh
frmgm kjfhrkjksfhstm
fam dm vmrotå pm``ohrm,kdd‟ojtmrjh
phofaï so
go qumsth rmknm frmpusfhdkrm sokjh fhsä
`rkjgo m dunojhsm fam fhdhrh fam vo
kssosthjh pmrghjh h`jo fhnprmjsohjm
gmddk rmkdtå.
  Vmccmjm oj vmrotå so skppok gmfosk-
nmjtm phfh su qumsth rm`jh g‟hsfu-
rotå, jhj f‟á guccoh fam sok ojjkjzo-
tutth uj duh`h go nkdo`jotå m pmrofhdh,
fam gmsogmrk kprorso uj vkrfh, thffkrm m
fhjtknojkrm. Á od duh`h ghvm o gmnhjo
so kjjogkjh hdtrm ojjunmrmvhdo nhjgo,
ghvm rosomghjh `do sporoto fam vh`dohjh
phssmgmrm
qumsth rmknmdk nmjtm lrk`odm
go mtmrjk gmdd‟uhnh.
jhttm dm kjonmOj
so
pmrghjh, fkgmjgh pmr smnprm jmd `rkjgm
hdtrm, ghvm jmssuj so`jhrm rm`jk.
[ukjgh d‟unkjotå mjtrk oj fhnujohjm
fhj o phtmro supmrohro gmdd‟ujovmrsh m
sfrutk jmdd‟o`jhth, á jmd Nhjgh gmddm
Hncrm fam `ukrgk. Á od duh`h fam `okfm
kd go då gmo `dhco go frostkddh m fam msostm
kdd‟ojtmrjh gmd fmrfaoh ojfkjtkth go uj
pmjtk`rknnk lktth go fkjgmdm kffmsm.
[ukjgh ujk smgutk sporotofk h uj rotukdm
slu``hjh go nkjh á pmrfaï od vmdh fam
smpkrk od jhstrh nhjgh gk qumddh gmddm
hncrm vomjm sfhstkth m dm lhrzm gmd nkdm
pmjmtrkjh jmddk jhstrk gonmjsohjm
nhrtkdm. Á oj qumsth nhgh fam gokvhdo m

gmnhjo shjh oj `rkgh go fknnojkrm trk
m gmddm dhrh gmchdo nmjto. Vmnprm,
Vmn prm, ojlktto,
dm lhrzm go qumsth rmknm kstrkdm m kjtofh
gmsogmrkjh docmrkrso gko dhrh vojfhdo
fhsnofo m goſthjgmrso fhnm uj‟mpogmnok.
Kddk ﬋jm, fhdhrh fam gmsogmrkjh
mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhj od Nhjgh gmddm
Hncrm ghvrmccmrh skpmrm ujk fhsk9 fam
jhj skjjh juddk. Á uj duh`h vksth m stmr-
nojkth fhnmod odnkrm.
fohsh fhnm fomdh]jk
jhtturjh
vhdtk mfam
fkprof-
fo so
smpkrk gkd jhstrh nhjgh m so lk uj pkssh
jmd frmpusfhdh, jmssujh puó skpmrm fhj
fmrtmzzk fhsk trhvmrå.
Od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm
jmddk sthrok
Jmd fhrsh gmddk sthrok nhdtm fovodtå akjjh
tmjtkth go mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhj od
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm, h pmr﬋jh go mjtrkrfo
﬋sofknmjtm. Vo frmgm fam nhjunmjto
fhnm dm porknogo gmdd‟kjtofh M`otth sokjh
stktm fhstruotm
smjtomrh vmrsh odfhj dh sfhph
Nhjgh gmddmgoHncrm
frmkrm sud
uj
qukdm o nhrtkdo phtmssmrh fknnojkrm.
]hnojo m ghjjm go `rkjgm mrugozohjm
ophtozzkjh fam o nhrto kdd‟ojtmrjh go tkdo
porknogo sokjh stkto rotukdostofknmjtm
nunno﬋fkto pmr luj`mrm gk fhddm`k- fhddm`k -
nmjto trk od jhstrh nhjgh m qumddh gmddm
hncrm, h pmrfaï mrkjh fhdhrh o qukdo
vmjovkjh ojvokto k pmrfhrrmrm od smjtomrh
fam fhjgufm kdd‟ojtmrjh gmdd‟kdtrh rmknm.
]j‟kdtrk lknhsk fhstruzohjm rotmjutk
fhjjmssk kd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm á
Vthjmamj`m, oj Oj`aodtmrrk. Vo tmhrozzk
fam qumsth nhjunmjth sok stkth
fhstruoth gk gruogo m kghrkthro gmddk
jkturk oj uj tmjtktovh go mjtrkrm oj

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
fhnujohjm fhj `do sporoto gmd Nhjgh
gmddm Hncrm. [ukdm lhssm dh sfhph go
ujk tkdm fhnujofkzohjm jhj á jhth, nk
fo shjh tmhrom fhjtrkstkjto suddk suk
chjtå h nkdvk`otå. Kdfujo gofhjh fam
dm hssk rotrhvktm ktthrjh kd nhjunmjth
sokjh stktm nmssm dä pmr tmjmrm k ckgk `do
sporoto hsfuro gmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm
m pmrnmttmrm k`do sporoto cuhjo gmddk
jkturk go lkrso kvkjto. Kdtro gofhjh fam
dm hssk sokjh dk gonhstrkzohjm gmd lktth
fam quo so fhnpossmrh skfro﬋fo m rotukdo
skj`uojkro jmd jhnm go mssmro hsfuro.
Foó fam skppoknh pmr fmrth á fam
nhdtm fovodtå, smpkrktm sok `mh`rk﬋fk-
`mh`rk﬋fk -
nmjtm fam frhjhdh`ofknmjtm, akjjh
tmjtkth go mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhj od
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm pmr nhdth tmnph.
Kdfujm phtrmccmrh mssmrfo rousfotm k
prhproh cmjm﬋foh, h kjgkjgh ojfhjtrh k
ujk ﬋jm hrrocodm. Vo frmgm, pmr msmnpoh,
fam dk fkgutk go Ktdkjtogm sok stktk uj
mvmjth gmd `mjmrm, oj fuo uj `rkjgm
tmjtktovh go mjtrkrm
pmr﬋jh mvhfkrm mssmro oj
gkd fhnujohjm
Nhjgh gmddmh
Hncrm kjgó k ﬋jorm tmrrocodnmjtm nkdm.
O Vmjtomro pmr od
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm
Umr mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhj od Nhjgh
gmddm Hncrm h mjtrkrvo cosh`jk uskrm
uj —smjtomrh„, fhnm dh faoknkjh `do
mshtmrosto. ]j smjtomrh puó mssmrm uj
ojfkjtmsonh, uj rotukdm h qukdfhsk go
smnpdofm fhnm uj h``mtth kppkrtmjuth
k ujk pmrshjk gmlujtk. Fhn‟á jhth,
f‟á phfh
sud Nhjgh famgmddm
so phssk gormWutth
Hncrm. fhj fmrtmzzk
foó fam
phssoknh lkrm á rm`ostrkrm foó k fuo
kccoknh kssostoth h fam kccoknh smjtoth
m spmrkrm fam fo kvvofojo kddk vmrotå.
[umsto govmrso smjtomro shjh hvvok-
hvvok -
nmjtm ghtkto lhrzk mg mstfkfok goſtm-
rmjto. Umr pkrdkrm fhd gokvhdh cosh`jk
lkrm nhdth poÿ fam `ukrgkrm gmddm fkrtm.
[umsto nmthgo phtrmccmrh fhnujqum
pmrnmttmrm go httmjmrm kdfujm fhjh- fhjh -
sfmjzm mſtmttovknmjtm prhvmjomjto
gkdd‟ojtmrjh gmd vuhth. Fhdhrh fam akjjh
poÿ kttmjtknmjtm stugokth od Nhjgh gmddm
Hncrm dh gmsfrovhjh fhnm uj nhjgh
go fknmrm m phrtm faousm k faokvm. Umr
kprorm dm phrtm m httmjmrm dk fhjhsfmjzk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
jksfhstk hdtrm go mssm cosh`jk kvmrm dk
`oustk faokvm. [umstm faokvo shjh foó fam
faoknoknh smjtomro.
Sotukdo go Vkj`um
Cmdokd, Cmamnhta, Cmdzmcÿ, Ksnhgmus,
Vktkjk, Dufolmrh9 od gokvhdh ak nhdto
jhno, mg á k duo m ko suho gosfmphdo
gmnhjokfo fam so prhvk k pkrdkrm kttrk-
vmrsh o rotukdo go skj`um. [umsto rotukdo
spmssh ruhtkjh ktthrjh kddk nhrtm oj
uj nhgh h jmdd‟kdtrh, fam sok kttrkvmrsh
d‟ush go frmkturm `oå nhrtm h go frmkturm
gk uffogmrm fhnm pkrtm gmd rotukdm. Go
sm`uoth shjh mdmjfkto o rotukdo go skj`um
poÿ lknhso fam so shjh gonhstrkto mstfkfo
qukjgh so tmjtk go mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm
fhd gokvhdh h mvhfkrdh.
Vkfro﬋fo Kjonkdo
Vkfro﬋fkrm kjonkdo jmd jhnm go gáo m gmm
á ujk trkgozohjm kjtofk qukso qukjth
d‟unkjotå stmssk. [ukjgh so skfro﬋fkjh
kjonkdo oj fhjjmssohjm
gmddm Hncrm, fhj
spmssh dh so lk fhjodd‟ojtmjth
Nhjgh
d‟ojtm jth
go mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhd gokvhdh.
Dm pmfhrm shjh kjonkdo fhnujmnmjtm
skfro﬋fkto oj vortÿ gmddk dhrh rmdkzohjm
fhj od `rm``m m fhj `do ogmkdo frostokjo.
Cmrm skj`um go pmfhrk pmr nhstrkrm dk
prhprok gmvhzohjm k Vktkjk á fhnujm.
]j kdtrh rotukdm phphdkrm á go orrhrkrm
uj fkprh fhd skj`um go pmfhrk, gkth fam
od fkprh rkpprmsmjtk d‟ojgovoguh lhrtm m od
`umrromrh fam ak sfhj﬋tth o suho jmnofo
fhj d‟kouth go Vktkjk.
Vo frmgm fam od nmthgh poÿ mstfkfm pmr
skfro﬋fkrmgmdujrotukdm.
kdd‟ojozoh kjonkdm sok godkuffogmrdh
[ukjgh nhrtm á
poÿ rmfmjtm m od skj`um lrmsfh, od gokvhdh
dh kvvmrtorå fhj nk``ohrm ojtmjsotå m jm
skrå kttrktth.
Kttrkvmrsh o skfro﬋fo kjonkdo so puó
kd nkssonh spmrkrm go smjtorm dk vhfm go
Vktkjk, dm sum pkrhdm m o suho hrgojo kdd‟u-
kdd‟u-
nkjotå, nk jhj poÿ go qumsth. Jhj fo shjh
tmstonhjokjzm gmdd‟kppkrozohjm gmdd‟oj-
`kjjkthrm oj sm`uoth k skfro﬋fo kjonkdo.
Vkfro﬋fo ]nkjo
Vkfro﬋fkrm dm votm gm`do kdtro h pmr﬋jh dk
prhprok stmssk votk jmd jhnm gmd gokvhdh
á uj nhgh nhdth mstfkfm go mjtrkrm oj
fhnujohjm fhj `do kj`hdo poÿ hsfuro gmd
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm. Msosthjh tmsto-
nhjokjzm go skfro﬋fo unkjo fam akjjh
fhjfmssh k gmddm pmrshjm dk fkpkfotå
go mvhfkrm gmnhjo m gokvhdo jmd jhstrh
nhjgh, h fhnm prhomzohjo kstrkdo h
pmr﬋jh fhnm mssmro ﬋sofo m rmkdo. ]jk
votk unkjk á od prmzzh poÿ `rkjgm fam
puó mssmrm pk`kth m dm rofhnpmjsm pmr
uj tkdm skfro﬋foh shjh rodmvkjto.
Vhjh nhdto o nmthgo prktofkto pmr o
skfro﬋fo unkjo m kdfujo shjh poÿ mstfkfo
go kdtro. Vpmssh dk vottonk, pronk go
mssmrm uffosk, vomjm frhfo﬋ssk su ujk
frhfm do`jmk jhrnkdm hppurm su ujk
fkphvhdtk. Uho dm so rkffh`dom od skj`um
ghph kvmrjm tk`dokth o phdso m/h dk `hdk
fhj uj pu`jkdm h ujk spkgk fmronh-fmronh -
jokdo. Od skj`um gmddk pmrshjk skfro﬋-
fktk vomjm pho cmvuth gk fao fhnpom od
rotukdm h uskth pmr sfrovmrm gmddm dmttmrm
go skj`um. Cmrm od skj`um go ujk vottonk
unkjk gurkjtm uj rotukdm go qumsth toph
á fhjsogmrkth uj ktth mstrmnknmjtm
cdkslmnh m gosunkjh.
kdd‟ojgovoguh go rmfdknkrmLkrdh pmrnmttm
dh sporoth gmddk
pmrshjk nhrtk m govmjtkrm uj ojgovoguh
poÿ lhrtm jmd jhnm gmd gokvhdh. 7=
[ukjgh qukdfujh gå vhdhjtkroknmjtm
dk votk gurkjtm uj rotukdm, spmssh so
trkttk go uj tmjtktovh go mjtrkrm pmrnk-
jmjtmnmjtm jmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm.
Vudd‟mstfkfok go qumsth nmthgh jmssujh
puó prhjujfokrso fhj fmrtmzzk.
Dmttmrm go Vkj`um
Gmgofkrm tmsto m sfrotturm kd gokvhdh á
fhnujm oj nhdto fudto m fhjlrktmrjotm
sktkjostm. á Vfrovmrm
tuttkvok, dmttmrmdkgolhrnk
go `rkj duj`k skj`um,
poÿ
phtmjtm pmr mjtrkrm oj fhnujofkzohjm
fhd gokvhdh pmr vok tmstukdm.
Dm dmttmrm go skj`um vmj`hjh usktm pmr
trksfrovmrm ojfkjtmsono, ojfkjtknmjto m
kdtrm lhrnudm nk`ofam vhdtm kg kttorkrm
od phtmrm gmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm m/h
gmd gokvhdh.
gokvhdh. Vo frmgm fam d‟ush gmd skj`um
rmjgk od nmssk``oh gmddk dmttmrk nhdth
poÿ phtmjtm m nk`ofh rospmtth kd jhrnkdm
ojfaohstrh. K vhdtm od skj`um vomjm uskth
pmr trkffokrm sonchdo go phtmrm ojvmfm
go nmssk``o vmro m prhpro, m od pmjtk-
pmjtk -
`rknnk á od sonchdh poÿ fhnujmnmjtm
uskth qukjgh so ojvhfk od gokvhdh.
[ukdm skj`um vmrrå utodozzkth á gmddk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
nkssonk onphrtkjzk, phofaï gmtmrnojk
od phtmrm nk`ofh gmddk dmttmrk. Ghjkrm
skj`um á od nmzzh poÿ phtmjtm gk uskrm
pmr qumstk prktofk m fhjfmgm uj onnmjsh
phtmrm kddm lhrnudm sfrottm. Od skj`um go
pmfhrk h go fkprk á kjfa‟mssh ujk phtmjtm
lhjtm go phtmrm nk`ofh m sktkjofh.
Jhj á rkrh fhncojkrm dmttmrm go
skj`um fhj hssk m kdtro rmsto gmd ghjkthrm
pmr kunmjtkrm dk phtmjzk gmd nmssk``oh,
fhnm uj tmsfaoh go fkprk, ujk `kccok
thrkfofk unkjk h dm fhrjk go uj kromtm.
\osohjm
D‟ktth gmddk vosohjm á uj tmjtktovh go
fhnprmjgmrm od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm,
sfrutkrm kd suh ojtmrjh m quojgo gmgurrm
dm onpdofkzohjo fam phtrmccm kvmrm pmr dk
jhstrk rmkdtå. Fhj d‟kouth go tkrhffao, slmrm
go frostkddh m hssk, ujk pmrshjk ghtktk
gmddk —vostk„ puó scorfokrm hdtrm od vmdh fam
fo smpkrk gkd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm m, oj
fmrtk nosurk, mjtrkrm oj fhnujohjm fhj
mssh,
`mjtmtrkgurjm
fhnujm.o nmssk``o m rophrtkrdo
Wkdo nmssk``o kddk
phsshjh
mssmrm hrgojkro, kg msmnpoh rovmdkjgh sm
7< od tmnph skrå fkttovh hppurm go nk``ohr
onpktth, spmfo﬋fkjgh pmr msmnpoh dm
forfhstkjzm gmddk prhprok nhrtm.
Oj mſtmtto msosthjh fhdhrh fam akjjh dk
cmjmgozohjm gmddk —vostk„. [umsto ojgovoguo,
cmjmgmtto m nkdmgmtto, fhj phtmro shprkj-
shprkj-
jkturkdo m nostofo, akjjh dk fkpkfotå go
fhnprmjgmrm od doj`uk``oh (pmr fhsä
gorm) gmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm. [umsth
doj`uk``oh jhj á fhnm od jhstrh, lktth go
pkrhdm m suhjo. Á ojvmfm lktth go mjmr`om,
smjtonmjto
oj `rkgh go mgmfolrkrm
lrmqumjzm. O vm``mjto
qumsto shjh
sm`jkdo kttrk-
vmrsh vkro strunmjto m nmthgo, m quojgo go
fhnujofkrdo kddk `mjtm fhnujm. ]hnojo m
ghjjm ghtkto gmddk —vostk„ phsshjh spmssh
lkrm cuhjo `ukgk`jo `rkzom ko dhrh phtmro
m go lrmqumjtm so rotrhvkjh oj phsozohjo go
phtmrm, fhnm kg msmnpoh qumddk go fhjso-
`domrm go fhrtm h ﬋`urk fmjtrkdm go ujk
shfomtå poÿ poffhdk.
Fo shjh nhdto strunmjto m nmthgo
govmrso fam shjh phphdkro trk fhdhrh
fam akjjh od ghjh gmddk —vostk„. Kdfujo
shjh poÿ phtmjto go kdtro m pmrnmtthjh kd
vm``mjtm go fhnujofkrm poÿ h nmjh faok-
rknmjtm fhj od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm. O gum
nmthgo poÿ mstfkfo shjh od fknnojkrm trk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
`do sporoto m dk slmrk go frostkddh. Mjtrknco
qumsto nmthgo pmrnmtthjh kd vm``mjtm
go `ukrgkrm k tutto `do mſtmtto jmddk zhjk
frmpusfhdkrm m vmgmrm foó fam vo kffkgm.
Gum nmthgo nmjh mstfkfo, mppurm nhdth
phphdkro, shjh od dkjfoh gmddm hssk m
dk dmtturk gmo tkrhffao. [umsto nmthgo
fhjsmjthjh kd vm``mjtm smnpdofmnmjtm
go rofmvmrm sm`jkdo m nmssk``o gkd Nhjgh
gmddm Hncrm m go ojtmrprmtkrdo trknotm dm
fkrtm h dm hssk.
Vlmrk go Frostkddh
Od nktmrokdm poÿ rovmroth jmddm shfomtå
nostofam m gko prktofkjto oj tutth od
nhjgh á fmrtknmjtm od frostkddh. Fam
vmj`kjh uskto shtth lhrnk go lrknnmjto
h go slmrm rmkdozzktm krto`okjkdnmjtm, o
frostkddo akjjh ujk lhrtm fhjjmssohjm
fhj od vuhth, gkth fam shjh fhjsogmrkto
gmddm vmrm m prhprom ﬋jmstrm su go mssh.
Fao ak od ghjh gmddk —vostk„ ak dk fkpkfotå
go vmgmrm kttrkvmrsh qumstm ﬋jmstrm.
Fhnm pmr go
smnpdofmnmjtm h`jo ﬋jmstrk,
uj nhgh pmr so trkttk
`ukrgkrm
kdtrhvm kttrkvmrsh ujk ckrromrk. Foó fam
mſtmttovknmjtm so vmgrå h smjtorå jhj á
jhth jï `krkjtoth. Od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm
á oj fhjtojuh nhvonmjth m trkslhrnk-
zohjm m ujk ﬋jmstrk fam ak pmrnmssh
go vmgmrm no`dokok go nhjgo gurkjtm
uj rotukdm phtrmccm nhstrkrm shdtkjth
hsfurotå oj uj‟kdtrk hffksohjm. Uoÿ dk
﬋jmstrk á `rkjgm m nk``ohrm skrå dk
phrzohjm gmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm fam od
vm``mjtm phtrå vmgmrm kttrkvmrsh go mssk.
Fknnojkrm trk `do Vporoto
Kttrkvmrsh d‟ush go ojfmjsh m hppokfmo,
uj cuhj vm``mjtm puó kddmjtkrm dk suk
prmsk suddk rmkdtå m pmrnmttmrm kddk
prhprok nmjtm go fkptkrm lrmqumjzm
mg mjmr`om gmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm.
Fhj qumsth nmthgh, uj vm``mjtm á
oj `rkgh, oj uj fmrth smjsh, go mjtrkrm
mſtmttovknmjtm jmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm,
nk spmssh sfm`dom go jhj lkrdh pmr
jhj fhrrmrm od rosfaoh go jhj phtmr poÿ
thrjkrm jmd rmknm nhrtkdm.
[ukjgh od vm``mjtm so á krnhjoz-
zkth kddk rofmzohjm gmo sm`jkdo gk hdtrm
od vmdh, puó kddhrk prhvkrm k gmfolrkrdo m
fhnujofkrdo k uhnojo m ghjjm sprhvvosto
gmd suh ghjh, fam spmssh pk`kjh ujk
cmddk shnnk pmr tkdm smrvozoh. [ukjgh
pkssm``ok trk `do sporoto, uj vm``mjtm puó
pkrdkrm fhj o nhrto, vmgmrm jmd pksskth
m jmd luturh m pmr﬋jh sfrutkrm oj kdtrm
gonmjsohjo h gorknkzohjo tmnphrkdo.
Dmtturk go Hssk m Wkrhffao
]skjgh h``mtto oj qukdfam nhgh krnhjoz-
zkto fhnm o tkrhffao h dm hssk go uj gmlujth,
od vm``mjtm á oj `rkgh go fkptkrm sm`jkdo
gkd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm kttrkvmrsh `do
h``mtto m prhvkrm fhsä k gmfolrkrjm o so`jo-
﬋fkto. [umsto gum nmthgo (tkrhffao m hssk)
shjh poÿ h nmjh mquovkdmjto oj tmrnojo
go mstfkfok, oj cksm kd vm``mjtm, kjfam sm
uskrm o tkrhffao á fhjsogmrkth uj nmthgh
poÿ gormtth fam dm``mrm dm hssk.
[ukjgh dm``m dm hssk, od vm``mjtm
so fhjfmjtrk poÿ sudd‟ojtmrprmtkrm dm
mjmr`om m dm mnhzohjo ojvoktm kttrk-
vmrsh od Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm, nmjtrm
qukjgh dm``m gmo tkrhffao oj `mjmrm
stk rofmvmjgh gmo nmssk``o gormtto shtth
lhrnk go rmknm
`okfm jmd onnk`ojo gk uj nottmjtm
gmdd‟hncrk fam
hdtrm od vmdh.
Uhssmgmrm gmo tkrhffao mg mssmrm ghtkto
gmddk —vostk„ jhj shjh fhjgozohjo sustfomjto
gmddk fkrthnkjzok. Od vm``mjtm gmvm pmr
pronk fhsk krnhjozzkrso fhj dm fkrtm pmr
mssmrm oj `rkgh go rofmvmrm nmssk``o gkd
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm. Umr krnhjozzkrso k
uj nkzzh, od vm``mjtm gmvm fknnojkrm trk
`do sporoto jmd vuhth m phrtkrm nmjtkdnmjtm
fhj sï od nkzzh. Gmvm pho fhjfmjtrkrso su
h`jo soj`hdk fkrtk gmd nkzzh m kvvmrtorm
d‟mnhzohjm spmfo﬋fk go qumddk fkrtk. Od
vm``mjtm rothrjk quojgo jmd rmknm nhrtkdm
fhj od nkzzh
rofmvmrm krnhjozzkth
nmssk``o mg ágmddm
gkd Nhjgh oj `rkgh go
Hncrm.
Vhstkjzm
Vm dk vosohjm   á d‟ktth go `ukrgkrm jmd
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm, d‟ush go fmrtm
shstkjzm fhjsmjtm kddk psofam go uj
ojgovoguh go mjtrkrvo k tutto `do mſtmtto.
Fhjsunkjgh vkro hppokfmo m shstkjzm go
`rkjgm phtmjzk so puó kddmjtkrm dk prhprok
prmsk suddk rmkdtå m lkrm uj pkssh kd go då
gmd vmdh, mjtrkjgh jmd nhjgh nostofh.
Fao ak shstmjuth go mssmrm mjtrkth jmd
Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm kttrkvmrsh d‟ush go
shstkjzm, dk gmsfrovm fhnm uj‟mspmromjzk
sonodm kd dksfokrso gomtrh od prhproh fhrph,
fhsä fam dk nmjtm phssk docrkrso docmrk
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

oj ujk rmkdtå poÿ kdtk h govmrsk. O fhdhro
fkncokjh m dm lhrnm so trkslhrnkjh nmjtrm
od tmnph m dh spkzoh vok``okjh hdtrm od vmdh
fam vkro nostofo akjjh gmsfrotth fhnm od
fhj﬋jm gmddk zhjk frmpusfhdkrm. Oj rmkdtå
skppoknh nhdth phfh go qukjth kvvmj`k
qukjgh dk nmjtm hdtrmpkssk od vmdh. Kdfujo
shjh thrjkto jmddk jhstrk rmkdtå gmsfrovmjgh
pokjmto, stmddm m fhrpo fmdmsto kd go då gmddk
jhstrk Wmrrk2 kdtro akjjh gmsfrotth kcosso
smjzk lhjgh go uj nodohjm go fhdhro m lkufo
spkdkjfktm go no`dokok go hffao m oj﬋jotm
vmrotå fam so lkfmvkjh dhrh ojfhjtrh. Jhj
msosthjh gum sthrom sonodo m fhnprmjgmrm
gkvvmrh qumstm mspmromjzm á qukso onphsso-
onphsso-
codm. Jho phssoknh shdtkjth lkrm fhj`mtturm
m prhvkrm k gmfolrkrm o dhrh lkrlu`doknmjto.
Fo shjh pmrshjm fam akjjh uskth
uj‟mffmssovk qukjtotå go shstkjzm m
hppokfmo jmd gospmrkth (nk, oj ﬋j gmo
fhjto, sfohffh) tmjtktovh go vok``okrm
jmd vuhth. Nhdto hffudtosto frmghjh fam
nhdto pkzomjto nkdkto go nmjtm kccokjh
sucoth uj sonodm lkth. Gofhjh fam sonodo
pmrshjm akjjh pmrsh dm prhprom nmjto rkſthrzkrm od prhproh dm`knm fhj od nostofh
jmd Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm, smjzk phtmr poÿ Nhjgh gmddm Hncrm. Dk prktofk poÿ
rothrjkrm jmd dhrh fhrph. fhnujm fhjsostm jmdd‟utodozzkrm potturm m
kr`oddm fhdhrktm pmr sm`jkrm dk pmddm. Wkdo
Wktuk``o
Wktuk` `o m Vfkro﬋fkzohjo nkrfao jhj shjh tuttkvok pmrnkjmjto, m
Voj gkdd‟kdck gmdd‟unkjotå, tktuk``o m quojgo shjh nmjh phtmjto. Vo frmgm fam dk
sfkro﬋fkzohjo shjh stkto uskto gk phphdo jkturk pmrnkjmjtm go ujk fofktrofm h go
sok fovodozzkto fam smdvk``o jmd tmjtktovh uj tktuk``oh fmnmjto ujk lhrtm fhjjms-
go crkjgorm o phtmro gmd Nhjgh gmddm sohjm trk fao do phrtk m od nhjgh mtmrmh
Hncrm. Nkrfaokrm od fhrph go ujk gmd frmpusfhdh. Od ghdhrhsh prhfmssh
pmrshjk fhj ojfaohstrh h fofktrofo kttrkvmrsh fuo so httmj`hjh qumsto nkrfao
so`jo﬋fk phrtkrm dk lhrzk m dk sk``mzzk pmrnkjmjto vomjm rmputkth uj roth go
go kdtrm frmkturm h mssmro. O smdvk``o pkssk``oh onphrtkjtm, fam rkſthrzk od
prmosthrofo gmddm Mtå gmddk Uomtrk, gmd dm`knm gmd phrtkthrm fhj od nostofosnh.
Crhjzh m gmd Lmrrh sfkro﬋fkvkjh m Dk rmdo`ohjm frostokjk oj Murhpk ak gk
tktukvkjh o prhpro fhrpo pmr rkffhjtkrm duj`h tmnph fhjsogmrkth tktuk``o m sfkro-
sthrom go fhjquostk, votthrok m nhrtm, oj ﬋fkzohjo fhnm kdtknmjtm cdkslmno, kjfam
uj tmjtktovh go msmrfotkrm dk lhrzk go mrho sm msso vmj`hjh prktofkto oj kdfujm smttm
fkguto m cmstom uffosm. Uhrtkrm gmo nkrfao frostokjm mstrmnostm m zmdhtm h gk faomsm
sud fhrph mrk sojhjonh go phrtkrm phtmro frostokjm kd go luhro gmdd‟Murhpk, fam akjjh
nostofo m shprkjjkturkdo oj ckttk`dok. kvuth dm dhrh sthrom smpkrktm. Á jhth, kg
Jmo tmnpo nhgmrjo á fhnujm pmr msmnpoh, fam o fhpto so tktukjh frhfo suo
hffudtosto, strm`hjo m sfoknkjo fhprorso phdso pmr msocorm dk dhrh lmgm m gostoj`umrso
od fhrph fhj vkro nkrfao jmd tmjtktovh go gko nusdon fam vovhjh oj M`otth m Jucok.

70 
Ha, quojgo somtm quo pmr trhvkrm `do ojsm`jknmjto sm`rmto pmrguto jmd tmnph, o suho nostmro8
Onnk`ojh fam rotmjoktm go mssmrm ujk vmrsohjm nhgmrjk go Nkrsodoh Lofojh, jhj á fhsä8 H
go Mrnmtm, pmr﬋jh8 Dksfoktm fam vo gofk qumsth9 jhj rousformtm nko k rk``ouj`mrm d‟odduno-
jkzohjm go Mrnmtm Wrosnm`osth. Kvmtm dmtth o suho tmsto go kdfaonok, kstrhdh`ok m fhjhsfmjzk
govojk8 Nhdto gmo suho tmsto shjh kjfhrk jksfhsto oj fknmrm sm`rmtm m fhjsmrvkthrom hsfurm,
 prhtmt
 prhtmttm
tm gk`
gk`do
do ojoz
ojozokto
okto.. Fhnm
Fhnm skp
skpmtm
mtm,, ojfdu
ojfdughjh
ghjh ﬋d
﬋dhsh
hsh﬋k
﬋k jmhp
jmhpdkth
dkthjofk
jofk m nostm
nostmro
ro `rmf
`rmfh-r
h-rhnk
hnkjo,
jo,
jhjfaï od tkrgh pmjsomrh hr﬋fh m `jhstofh. Lk tutth pkrtm gmddk @rkjgm Gosfopdojk, hssok go foó

fam nhdto gm﬋jormccmrh dk pomtrk kj`hdkrm gmo nostmro sm`rmto. \mgmtm, á uj lrknnmjth gmddk
 `rkjgm dh
 `rkjgm dh`ofk
`ofk m dk
dk lhjt
lhjtmm gmddk
gmddk sk`
sk``mz
`mzzk,
zk, m so roto
rotomjm
mjm gosf
gosfmjgk
mjgk gkdd
gkddk
k Urosf
Urosfk
k Wamh
Wamhdh
dh`ofk
`ofk,, ujk
ujk
ghttrojk fam kſtmrnk d‟msostmjzk go ujk shdk vmrk tmhdh`ok. Vm jm somtm fhjskpmvhdo, trhvmrmtm
qumstk `rkjgm skpomjzk hvujqum vo trhvoktm9 vo ckstmrå fmrfkrm dk trojotå. Od fudth krfkgokjh
go Gmsphojk, od fudth go Wrhlhjoh, o nostmro gmddk Vknhtrkfok, o roto fathjoo m nhdth kdtrh, tutto
gmrovkjh gkddk stmssk lhjtm9 `do ojsm`jknmjto sm`rmto. Vm sm`uormtm dk strkgk gmo `rkjgo mspdh-
rkthro k hffogmjtm m hromjtm, trhvmrmtm o sm`jo go qumstk `rkjgm trojotå2 á shdtkjth gmsfrottk fhj
 pkrhdm
 pkr hdm,, sonc
sonchdo
hdo mg mvog
mvogmjz
mjzmm goſt
goſtmrm
mrmjto.
jto. Od nmss
nmssk`
k``oh
`oh pmr
pmró
ó á dh stms
stmssh
sh.. Vhjh
Vhjh trm dm ght
ghttroj
trojmm fam
fam
fhnphj`hjh dk skpomjzk jmdd‟ujovmrsh9 d‟kdfaonok, d‟kstrhdh`ok m dk tmhdh`ok. Fao fmrfk trhvk.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
71
Fo skrkjjh nossohjo fam so svhd`mrkjjh
oj vofhdo kj`usto h nk`kro oj rovmjgotm
oddmfotm go doquhro gmddk fottå. Httmjmrm
ujk nkppk gmddh spmfo﬋fh pkmsm oj fuo so
`ohfk puó rosudtkrm gostfodm m, qukjgh sm
jm ak ujk, nk`kro jhj á k``ohrjktk.
]j fhjso`doh kd @rkj Nkmstrh á
qumddh go lkrm kdnmjh pkrzokdnmjtm k
nmjh gmddm nkppm m gmsfrovmrm dm spmfo-
﬋fam krmmkrmm
kdfujm ko pmrshjk``o,
onphrtkjtohppurm sfm`domrm
m trksfhrrmrvo
poÿ tmnph. Vpmssh ujk gmsfrozohjm go uj
vofhdh cuoh fhj ujk sfkdk fam gosfmjgm
oj uj fhvh go `ohfkthro g‟kzzkrgh puó
trksnmttmrm ujk nk``ohrm smjskzohjm go
nostmrh m rmkdosnh ko `ohfkthro poutthsth
fam ojgofkrm ko `ohfkthro ghvm so trhvkjh
su ujk vkstk nkppk gostmsk sud tkvhdh.
Gmsfrovmtm dk fottå k dojmm `mjmrkdo2 d‟kt-
d‟kt-
nhslmrk á poÿ onphrtkjtm gmddk gostkjzk
prmfosk fam smpkrk ujk fmrtk strkgk gk ujk
fmrtk pokzzk2 prhproh fhnm dm pmrshjm m
`do ojfhjtro, kdfujo duh`ao mg mvmjto akjjh
uj‟onphrtkjzk nhdth nk``ohrm fam jhj
prhgurrm ujk nkppk fhrrmttk go Dhjgrk,
Ukro`o h Shnk gurkjtm od ;1µ smfhdh.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁯󰁤 󰁮󰁨󰁪󰁧󰁨
 @mh`rklok 
Vm somtm uj @rkj Nkmstrh fam sfrovm
dm sum kvvmjturm pmrshjkdnmjtm, puó
mssmrvo utodm svhd`mrm rofmrfam su kdfujo
mgo﬋fo m sud dhrh kspmtth jmd ;1µ smfhdh,
poutthsth fam uskrm ujk nkppk fhjtmn-
phrkjmk. Kjfam sm ghvmstm kvmrm k
gosphsozohjm ujk nkppk, jhj ghvmtm
jmfmsskroknmjtm nhstrkrdk, pmrfaï
phtrmccm spmzzkrm d‟onnmgmsonkzohjm.
Dm nkppm
fhnujm jhjshjh uj dussh famUoutthsth,
puó pmrnmttmrso. dk `mjtm
prhvktm k gmsfrovmrm dm pmrshjm, dk fottå
m dk fknpk`jk oj tmrnojo —vofojh kd
﬋unm„, —hdtrm dk nhjtk`jk„, —jmo prmsso
gmd fkstmddh„, h —gomtrh od pkrfh `rkjgm„
m fhsä vok.
Ukmso
K fkusk gmddk `umrrk m gmddk smtm go
phtmrm gmo rm`jkjto, dm nkppm gmdd‟Mu-
rhpk vmj`hjh fhstkjtmnmjtm rogosm-
`jktm jmd fhrsh gmd ;1µ smfhdh. Oj crmvm,
d‟Murhpk fhjsostm jmo sm`umjto pkmso m
phtmjzm9
Od Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh, fam so
mstmjgm gkddk fhstk gmd Nkr Ckdtofh k
jhrg ﬋jh kddk Smpuccdofk go \mjmzok k
sug, gko fhj﬋jo phdkffh-uj`amrmso k mst
kddk Lrkjfok kg hvmst. Od Vkfrh Shnkjh
Onpmrh ojfdugm o Ukmso Cksso ]joto m
projfopkto nojhro fhnm Amssm, Ckvkrok m
Urussok. Á ujk lmgmrkzohjm sfkrsknmjtm
fhjjmssk, `hvmrjktk gk uj onpmrkthrm
mdmtth gko goſtmrmjto gufkto m fam á shdotk-
shdotk -
nmjtm uj Kscur`h g‟Kustrok.
Dk Lrkjfok,
Chrchjo, `hvmrjktk
ak fhj﬋jo fam k gkd
mst fkskth gmo
so kprhjh
﬋jh kddk Vvozzmrk, kddk Vkvhok m kd Vkfrh
Shnkjh Onpmrh.
Dm oshdm crotkjjofam, `hvmrjktm gkddk
fhrhjk crotkjjofk fam gmtomjm od rm`jh
gmddk @rkj Crmtk`jk, od rm`jh go Ordkjgk
m od rm`jh go Nkjj. Jmd ;0;7 od fkskth
gmddk gojkstok Akjjhvmr ak shstotuoth `do
Vtukrt.
Dk Vfkjgojkvok, fhj od rm`jh go
Vvmzok, od rm`jh go Jhrvm`ok m od rm`jh go
Gkjonkrfk, foksfujk `hvmrjktk gk ujk
prhprok gojkstok.
Od ghnojoh gmddh zkr go Sussok, fam
so mstmjgm k mst mg á shtth od fkskth gmo
Shnkjhv.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Jmd ;1µ smfhdh, ghph od gmfdojh gm`do
onpmro fhdhjokdo go Vpk`jk m Hdkjgk,
d‟Oj`aodtmrrk govmjjm dk poÿ `rkjgm
phtmjzk nkrottonk g‟Murhpk m gmd
nhjgh. Gmjkrh m roshrsm kdonmjtkvkjh
ujk shfomtå oj fuo od fmth nmgoh kvmvk uj
ruhdh jhj fhnpkrkcodm k qumddh go kdtro
pkmso Murhpmo, fhnm gonhstrkth gkddk
@umrrk Fovodm Oj`dmsm gmd ;0µ smfhdh.
Oj Oj`aodtmrrk dk shttodm pktojk go
mdm`kjzk m rk`ohjm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh á
ujk fhpmrturk pmr d‟knhrm gmd fkncok-
fkncok -
nmjth. Jmddm junmrhsm tkvmrjm go
Dhjgrk fo shjh ojjunmrmvhdo ‑so`jhrm‟,
cmvothro m `ohfkthro g‟kzzkrgh. Oj qumsto
phsto spkrtkjo, od `oj sfhrrm oj qukjtotå
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Oj`aaododtmtmrrrk
 Oj` 
tkdo fam pmr﬋jh od Ukrdknmjth sm jm
dknmjtk. O prhpromtkro tmrromro m o roffao
krosthfrktofo gmvhjh fmgmrm od pkssh
k uj frmsfmjtm junmrh go chr`amso
dm fuo lhrtujm frmsfhjh rkpogknmjtm.
Dk prhspmrotå kunmjtk m, jmddk rovh- rovh-
duzohjm fhnnmrfokdm, d‟Oj`aodtmrrk á
gkvkjto k tutto. Dhjgrk rochddm go uj
fmth ckssh go ucrokfhjo fam onprhvvo-
sknmjtm govmjtkjh prhpromtkro go tmrrm
m `rkjgo roffamzzm2 á od pkrkgosh gmo
prh﬋tto vmdhfo m k vhdtm go pmrgotm kjfhr
poÿ vmdhfo.
]jk `rkj qukjtotå go pmrshjm m
fhnnmrfoh, tuttkvok, phrtkjh sphrfozok,
nkdkttom m fronojm. Dk votk ak nojhr
7?
vkdhrm gmo cmjo nktmrokdo m, jhjhstkjtm
dm pujozohjo pmr o fronojo sokjh smvmrm m
crutkdo, nhdto pmrghjh dk votk oj vofhdo
cuo m dhsfam tkvmrjm.
Jmd ;050, d‟ujohjm gmo rm`jo oj uj
shdh rm`jkjtm govmjtk phdotofk qukjgh
Oj`aodtmrrk m Vfhzok lhrnkjh dk @rkj
Crmtk`jk. Wmrrothro fhnm @kddms m
Ordkjgk jhj mrkjh stkto kdtrmttkjth
tmjkfo gm`do Vfhzzmso, mg mrkjh stkto
kjjmsso oj prmfmgmjzk gkdd‟Oj`aodtmrrk.
✬ Sm`jkjto gmddm Oshdm Crotkjjofam oj
qumst‟mphfk9
✬
@ohr`oh OO, ;030‖;0<5
✬ @ohr`oh OOO, ;0<5‖;135

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
=5
Dk Lrkjfok,kncomjto
nk`jo﬋fo uj rm`jh hr`h`dohsh
krtostofo m fhj o suho
rofhpmrto
g‟hrh m ojtmrnojkcodo skdm ckjfamtto, á dk
rhffklhrtm gmdd‟krosthfrkzok oj Murhpk. O
jhcodo poÿ onphrtkjto so rkgujkjh quo pmr
kssofurkrso go govogmrso ujk lmttk gmd phtmrm
m gmddk roffamzzk fam so shjh knnkssktm
ktthrjh kddk fkpotkdm Ukro`o. Dk Lrkjfok á
kjfam od fuhrm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, mg á quo
fam vmj`hjh lhr`oktm ogmm juhvm m rovhdu-
rovhdu-
zohjkrom. Uokjo m fhsporkzohjo so lhrnkjh
tkjth jmo fkstmddo qukjth jmddm ckrkffam.
Dm lmgmdtå fkncokjh rkpogknmjtm m dm
phdotofam vmj`hjh nhgmddktm kg uj dovmddh
go pmrlmzohjm ksshdutk. O phvmro vmj`hjh
uskto fhnm pmgojm oj uj `rkjgohsh `ohfh
phdotofh pmr lhrjorm shdgkto kddh stkth m
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Lrkj
 Lr kjffok  
romnporm
`ousto﬋fktmdmm oj`ousto﬋fktm.
fkssm jkzohjkdo fhj tkssm
Kddk ﬋jm gmd ?µ smfhdh m gurkjtm od ;5µ,
dk nhjkrfaok lrkjfmsm mrk prmfopotktk jmd
fkhs m dk Lrkjfok so mrk slkdgktk oj stkto
lmugkdo nojhro. Kdd‟ojozoh gmd ;6µ smfhdh,
tuttkvok, dk nhjkrfaok rokfquostó dk suk
lhrzk m rophrtó kdd‟hvodm tutto o suho fkpo
ujh pmr ujh. Nkj nkjh fam dk Lrkjfok
govmjtkvk smnprm poÿ lhrtm, kjjmttmvk
juhvm m `rkjgo krmm fam oj prmfmgmjzk
jhj dm kppkrtmjmvkjh, fhnm od rm`jh
go Chr`h`jk m foó fam rmstkvk gmddk
Dhtkroj`ok. Jmd ;0µ smfhdh `do spomtkto
fkrgojkdo Sofamdomu m Nkzzkrojh rkſthr-
zkrhjh dk nhjkrfaok lrkjfmsm. Vhtth
Duo`o QO\ (;<61‖;0;=), od fhsoggmtth
—Sho Vhdmod„,
od fmjtrh od Sm
ujofh Vhdm. od Sm
m ksshduth go govmjjm
tutth od
phtmrm. Á shtth go duo fam \mrskoddms so
trkslhrnó oj ujk fhrtm ojfrmgocodnmjtm
roffk m so onphsm fhnm nhgmddh pmr
tuttk Murhpk, fhj o jhcodo fam godkpogk-
vkjh mjhrno qukjtotå go gmjkrh jmd dhrh
lrovhdh stodm go votk. Dm nhgm, dk fudturk
m od doj`uk``oh gmddk Lrkjfok govmjjmrh
nhgmddo onotkto oj tuttk Murhpk, nk od
fhsth go qumsth prmsto`oh vmjjm pk`kth
gkddm fdksso ojlmrohro, nmttmjgh oj nhth o
prhfmsso rovhduzohjkro fam `ouj`mrkjjh
k fhnponmjth shdtkjth jmd ;1µ smfhdh.
✬ Sm`jkjtm oj qumst‟mphfk9
✬ Duo`o Q\, ;0;=‖;007
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Vk frh Sh
 Vkf Shnk
nkjh
jh On
Onpp mr
mrhh  

Od Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh so mstmjgm gkddk

fhstk gmd Nkr Ckdtofh k jhrg kddk rmpuc-
cdofk go \mjmzok k sug m gko fhj﬋jo phdkf-
fh-uj`amrmso k mst kddk Lrkjfok k hvmst.
Á ujk lmgmrkzohjm kcckstkjzk docmrk,
`hvmrjktk gk uj onpmrkthrm mdmtth gko
govmrso gufkto. Akjjhvmr, Vksshjok,
Crkjgmcur`h/Urussok, Pôrttmncmr` m
Kustrok shjh tutto stkto nojhro shtth od
fhjtrhddh gmdd‟onpmrkthrm. Umr tutth od ;1µ
smfhdh kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddk lmgmrkzohjm f‟á
fhstkjtmnmjtm ujk smrom go poffhdm `umrrm
pmr od tmrrothroh h pmr od crknkth tothdh go
onpmrkthrm. Vthrofknmjtm, dk nk``ohr
pkrtm gm`do
kd fkskth onpmrkthro
gm`do Kscur`h,shjh kppkrtmjuto
smccmjm d‟ksfmsk
kd trhjh onpmrokdm go Fkrdh \OO gmd fkskth
go Pottmdsckfa jmd ;073 kccok gonhstrkth =;
dk froso gmdd‟kjtofk gojkstok.
Nmjtrm Lrkjfok m Oj`aodtmrrk fhjto-
jukjh k lhjgkrso suddm ogmm rkgofkdo gmdd‟Od-
dunojosnh,, `do stkto gmddk @mrnkjok smttmj-
dunojosnh
trohjkdm so kffhjtmjtkjh gmddk rmdo`ohsotå
gmddk Solhrnk. Á tuttkvok oj @mrnkjok
fam od nhvonmjth kssunm ujk juhvk, @u`domdnh O fhnm rm go Urussok jmd nk jhj kppmjk dm shrto gmddk `umrrk oj
onphrtkjtm gormzohjm. Nhdtm pmrshjm ;075, mrmgotk uj msmrfoth `rkjgm m cmj Kustrok shjh fkncoktm m o suho kddmkto
shstmj`hjh fam d‟Oddunojosnh nostofam`-
nostofam`- gosfopdojkth fam duo, k goſtmrmjzk go suh akjjh `ukgk`jkth lkvhrm, Lmgmrofh
`okjtm gmddk @mrnkjok sok poÿ ujk lhrnk pkgrm, utodozzmrå godo`mjtmnmjtm. tmnm ujk vmjgmttk m quojgo sfm`dom,
go sfaokvotÿ
Dk fudturkdm
dhrh fudturk fam kttrkvmrsh
á lkvhrotk go Oddunojosnh.
dm``o Dh stmssh
@rkjgm vomjmkjjh oj fuo Lmgmrofh
ojfhrhjkth rm, Nkrokod fhnm nosurk prmvmjtovk,
juhvknmjtm go kttkffkrm
d‟Kustrok. Dk Vmfhjgk
rolhrnktm, ujk juhvk doj`uk m fknpo sfomj- Wmrmsk g‟Kustrok mrmgotk o pkmso gm`do @umrrk go Vdmsok (;077‖;07=) kssofurk
to﬋fo fam so kggofhjh kddk fudturk tmgmsfk, Kscur`h gkth fam suh pkgrm, Fkrdh \O, kddk Urussok od phssmssh gmddk Vdmsok,
nk á kddh stmssh tmnph strmttknmjtm kvmvk prhvkth smjzk suffmssh k `krkj- cmjfaï kd prmzzh go ujk prhduj`ktk
fhjtrhddktk gkddm kuthrotå. Dk nmgofojk, tordm dk suffmssohjm su tutth d‟onpmrh ojonofozok trk dm gum jkzohjo.
dk nmtk﬋sofk m dk dm``m shjh fknpo fam kscur`ofh. Lmgmrofh od @rkjgm á stkth
ghnojkjh d‟Oddunojosnh tmgmsfh. D‟Odduno- od pronh k ojlrkj`mrm dk pkfm dkjfokjgh ✬ Onpmrkthro gmd Vkfrh Shnkjh
josnh tmgmsfh á tuttkvok fhstruoth ktthrjh dk Uronk @umrrk go Vdmsok (;075‖  Onpmrh oj qumst‟mphfk9
k fhdhrh oj phssmssh oj uj‟mgufkzohjm ;073), jmddk qukdm govmrso stkto akjjh ✬ Fkrdh \O, ;0;;‖;075 (fkskth
kffkgmnofk m jhj shjh nhdto qumddo fam vo fhdth d‟hpphrtujotå go kttkffkrm k dhrh Kscur`h)
prmjghjh pkrtm. vhdtk d‟Kustrok, phrtkjgh kddh sfhppoh ✬ Fkrdh \OO, ;073‖;07= (fkskth Pottmd-
Dk Urussok á ujh stkth smttmjtrohjkdm gmddk @umrrk go Vuffmssohjm Kustrokfk sckfa)
dk fuo onphrtkjzk fhjtojuk k frmsfmrm, (;075‖;071). O suffmsso go Lmgmrofh od ✬ Lrkjfmsfh O, ;07=‖;0<= (fkskth go
shttojtmjgmjgh dk suk ﬋mrk ojgopmj- @rkjgm akjjh fhstrmtth Nkrok Wmrmsk Kscur`h-Dhrmjk)
gmjzk gk`do Kscur`h. [ukjgh Lmgmrofh k trkttkrm pmr dk pkfm fhj dk Urussok, ✬
@ousmppm OO, ;0<=‖;0?5 (fkskth go
od @rkjgm suffmgm k suh pkgrm Lmgmrofh fmgmjgh od suh ghnojoh gmddk Vdmsok, Kscur`h-Dhrmjk)

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
=3
D‟Otkdok fhnm jkzohjm ujofk jhj msostm,
nk á govosk oj govmrsm mjtotå phdotofam
m dh á stktk soj gkd nmgohmvh. Dk lrkn-
nmjtkzohjm jhj á shdh phdotofk, nk
kjfam fudturkdm. Dm goſtmrmjzm trk jkph-
dmtkjo, sofodokjo, vmjmzokjo m dhnckrgo
shjh nhdth nk``ohro go qumddm msostmjto
trk Urussokjo m Kustrokfo. D‟—otkdokjh„ á
shdtkjth ujk doj`uk dmttmrkrok usktk gko
phmto pmr rofaoknkrso k Gkjtm m kdtro
sfrotthro thsfkjo nmgomvkdo, nmjtrm
shjh o doj`uk``o dhfkdo, o gokdmtto, kg
mssmrm pkrdkto gkddk `mjtm. Dk pmjoshdk
ak ujk fhnpdofktk sthrok go no`rkzohjo
m ojvksohjo fam ak rmsh dk suk fudturk
ojfrmgocodnmjtm roffk m vkrom`ktk. Dm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Ot kdok
 Otkd ok  
ujofam ogmm fam ujosfhjh `do Otkdokjo
shjh od fktthdofmsonh m o rofhrgo gmddk
pmrgutk `rkjgmzzk go Shnk.
Od sug á stkth sthrofknmjtm ghnojkth
gkd Sm`jh go Vofodok, fam jmd ;1µ smfhdh
á govosh oj Sm`jh go Jkphdo (shtth od
fkskth gmo Chrchjo) m dk Vofodok (dk fuo
fhrhjk ak fkncokth phssmsshrm nhdtm
vhdtm jmd fhrsh gmd smfhdh). @do Otkdokjo
gmd sug shjh od rosudtkth go uj nosfu`doh
fhnpdmssh oj fuo so phsshjh rojtrkf-
rojtrkf-
fokrm ojffiumjzm gmddk fudturk rhnkjk,
`rmfk, krkck, dhj`hckrgk, cozkjtojk,
jhrnkjjk, kj`ohojk m spk`jhdk. Jkphdo,
dk poÿ `rkjgm fottå gmd sug, stk govmj-
tkjgh uj phsth nmrkvo`dohsh, fhj ujk
fhnpdmssk mfhjhnok fam ﬋hrosfm jmo suho
qukrtomro nudtofudturkdo. Od shtthsuhdh á
oj﬋jotknmjtm roffh go nostmro mshtmrofo
fam prhvmj`hjh gkd suh kjtofh pksskth
fhnm fhdhjok `rmfk, qukjgh dk vhfm gmddk
socoddk funkjk prhjujfokvk prhlmzom
jmdd‟hsfurotå.
Á jmd ;1µ smfhdh fam fhnojfokrhjh o
`rkjgo sfkvo go Uhnpmo mg Mrfhdkjh. O
vosotkthro jhrgMurhpmo gmd @rkjg Whur
rmstkjh nmrkvo`dokto gko tmshro rhnkjo
gossmppmddoto gkddm fmjmro vudfkjofam
gmd \msuvoh. Dm pmr`knmjm go pkporh
shjh pkrtofhdkrnmjtm rofmrfktm, phofaï
fhjtmj`hjh fhjhsfmjzm gonmjtofktm soj
gkdd‟kjtofaotå.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
D‟Otkdok smttmjtrohjkdm jhj ak kvuth
kdfujh stkth ghnojkjtm, nk uj fmrth
dovmddh go prmsto`oh vmrrå rk``oujth gkd
Gufkth go Vkvhok, fam gkd ;035 oj pho skrå
fhjhsfouth fhnm Sm`jh go Vkrgm`jk. Dk
vmjmrkcodm Smpuccdofk go \mjmzok msostm
kjfhrk, smccmjm oj ujh stkth go ghrktk
gmfkgmjzk dk fuo ﬋jm vmrrå prhvhfktk gk
Jkphdmhjm jmd ;0?0.
D‟Otkdok phrtk fhj sï ujk `rkjgm mrmgotå
sthrofk m dm mjhrno tmshrmrom gmddk Faomsk
jksfhjghjh poÿ fam hrh m kr`mjth. D‟Otkdok,
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
m Shnk oj pkrtofhdkrm, á ujk phtmjtm
rhffklhrtm go nostmro. [uo ojlhrnkzohjo m
sm`rmto, vmffao m juhvo, vmj`hjh sfkncokto
sfkncokto
pmr shnnm fhjsogmrmvhdo.
Gkd 0=7 od pkpk jhj á shdh od fkph
gmddk Faomsk nk kjfam od `hvmrjkthrm
gmddh Vtkth Uhjto﬋foh jmdd‟Otkdok fmjtrkdm.
Kdd‟ojozoh o pkpo jhj mrkjh `hvmrjkthro
shvrkjo, jhjhstkjtm kvmssmrh prhvkth k
rovmjgofkrm qumstk prmrh`ktovk fhj ktto
go ghjkzohjm lkdso﬋fkto, gkth fam dh Vtkth
Uhjto﬋foh mrk ujh stkth gm ourm gmd Vkfrh
=6
Shnkjh Onpmrh. Lu shdtkjth jmd ;307
fam, ghph uj prhduj`kth fhjffiotth trk
pkpo m onpmrkthro, qumsto udtono rofhjhc-
cmrh dk shvrkjotå gmddh Vtkth Uhjto﬋foh.
✬ Ukpo oj qumst‟mphfk9
✬ Ojjhfmjzh QOOO, ;03;‖;037
✬ Cmjmgmtth QOOO, ;037‖;065
✬ Fdmnmjtm QOO, ;065‖;075
✬ Cmjmgmtth QO\, ;075‖;0=1
✬
Fdmnmjtm QOO, ;0=1‖;0<?
✬ Fdmnmjtm QOO, ;0<?‖;007

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
=7
Dh stkth russh ak dm sum hro`ojo jmdd‟mj-
totå phdotofk Sus‟ go Bomv, lhjgktk gko
\ofaoj`ao Vvmgmso (fam so gm﬋jovkjh
rus ).
). Od rm`jh so govosm jmd ;5;? pmr
gorotth go suffmssohjm oj ujk smrom go
govmrso projfopkto, kjfam sm kd rm``mjtm
go Bomv (fam mrk gkd ;;<? k \dkgo-
nor-Vuzgkd m gkd ;631 k Nhsfk) vmjovk
kssm`jkth od tothdh go `rkj projfopm
m gmtmjmvk ujk shvrkjotå lhrnkdm su
tuttk dk Sussok. Dk smpkrkzohjm lkfodotó
dk fhjquostk gm`do stkto russo gk pkrtm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Sussok  
gmo Nhj`hdo jmd ;375, o qukdo trkslhr- (onpmrkthr oj russh) jmd ;03;. Onpmrk-
nkrhjh `do stkto russo oj trocutkro gmo thrm govmjjm fhsä od tothdh ustfokdm gmo
bakj nhj`hdo. Lu shdtkjth jmd ;715 shvrkjo go Sussok kjfam sm tskr rmstó oj
fam o Susso so docmrkrhjh gkd ghnojoh ush jmd doj`uk``oh quhtogokjh.
nhj`hdh shtth Ovkj od @rkjgm, od qukdm,
kddh stmssh tmnph, ujo﬋fó dk Sussok. ✬ Sm`jkjto oj qumst‟mphfk9
Ovkj od Wmrrocodm kssujsm od tothdh go ✬ Uomtrh OO, ;030‖;065
—tskr „,
„, dk pkrhdk russk pmr Fmskrm (onpm-
(onpm - ✬ Kjjk, ;065‖;075
rkthrm), jmd ;=702 kdd‟mstmrh, tuttkvok, ✬ Ovkj \O, ;075‖;07;
od tothdh vmjjm rotmjuth mquovkdmjtm k ✬ Mdoskcmttk, ;07;‖;0<3
qumddh go rm, od fam fhjgussm, , Uomtrh ✬ Uomtrh OOO, ;0<3
od @rkjgm k prhfdknkrso onpmrkthrm ✬ Fktmrojk OO, ;0<3‖;0?<

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Go `ohrjh dm strkgm shjh kjonktm gk
ujk lmrvmjtm kttovotå. Dm `rkjgo fottå
frmsfhjh oj lrmttk2 sok Dhjgrk fam
Ukro`o akjjh poÿ go =55.555 kcotkjto. Dm
fkpotkdo akjjh tkssm poÿ ckssm m fhjgo-
fhjgo -
zohjo lkvhrmvhdo kd fhnnmrfoh m kdd‟ojgu-
k dd‟ojgu-
strok, nk shprkttutth dm pmrshjm akjjh
pkurk gmddk fknpk`jk, gkd nhnmjth fam
á dä fam kjfhrk kvvmj`hjh dk nk``ohr
pkrtm gm`do mvmjto ojspom`kcodo.
Jmo phrto, dm jkvo gmddm fhnpk`jom
fhnnmrfokdo pkrthjh m krrovkjh gkdd‟K-
lrofk, gkdd‟Ojgok m gkdd‟Knmrofk. \mj`hjh
fhstruoto nhdto spdmjgogo pkdkzzo m
`okrgojo, nk dk nk``ohrkjzk gmddm
pmrshjm á fhj﬋jktk oj kj`usto qukrtomro
oj fksm spmssh gorhffktm smjzk kdfuj
`mjmrm go nosurk o`omjofk.
Jhj á sofurh gmddm
D‟oddunojkzohjm rmstkrmstrkgm
luhro ágolhrjotk
jhttm.
gk dknpkgm kg hdoh kffmsm m rokppmsm
h`jo jhttm. O dkgro phsshjh lkfodnmjtm
phrtkrm k fhnponmjth qukdsokso fhdph k
fuo vh`dokjh gmgofkrso oj qumstk smnoh-
smnoh-
sfurotå kppmjk rosfaokrktk.
Od fhnnmrfoh, jkturkdnmjtm, á ro`o-
gknmjtm rm`hdkth m puó mssmrm svhdth
shdtkjth jmddm fottå. Kdfujm fottå akjjh
od gorotth go fhnnmrfokrm fhj pkmso
strkjomro, nmjtrm dk nk``ohr pkrtm go
mssm so donotk kd fhnnmrfoh ghnmstofh2
jmddm fknpk`jm jhj á fhjfmssh kdfuj
toph go fhnnmrfoh. D‟mffmzohjm, tuttkvok,
á fhstotuotk gko nmrfkto. Cosh`jk pk`krm
uj pmgk``oh pmr onphrtkrm nmrfo jmddm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Fottå  
fottå m shdtkjth o chr`amso shjh oj `rkgh
go lkrdh, od fam so`jo﬋fk mssmrm oj phssmssh
go uj‟kstdokzohjm fhnnmrfokdm oj fottå.
@do krto`okjo kppkrtmj`hjh kddm dhrh
`odgm. Kg kdfujo krto`okjo fhnm skrto m
fkdzhdko vomjm pmrnmssh go dkvhrkrm oj
fknpk`jk, nk gmvhjh vmjor sfmdto gkddm
kuthrotå dhfkdo m rmkdo.
D‟knnojostrkzohjm gmd rm á fhojvhdtk
oj h`jo fhsk9 od prmzzh gmd `rkjh, dm
rm`hdm go vok``oh, o pmgk``o, dk `oustozok
m dm tkssm. D‟Murhpk á strmttk jmddk nhrsk
gmo nojostro, ujk juhvk fktm`hrok go
knnojostrkthro.
Dm fottå hſtrhjh kj`usto vofhdo puzzh-
puzzh-
dmjto, chrskohdo, prhstotutm m ustfokdo fam
lkjjh gmd dhrh nm`doh pmr kffouſtkrm
h spmjjkrm o phvmrkffo fam fo kcotkjh.
Dk nk``ohrkjzk
fhjgozohjo gmddmnosmrok
go `rkjgm pmrshjm vovm oj
m phvmrtå,
dm nkdkttom ojlurokjh m o rktto kttkffkjh
m ckjfamttkjh go fhdhrh fam nuhohjh
gurkjtm dk jhttm. ]jk rostrmttk fmrfaok
go ojgovoguo so `hgm pkdkzzo stupmjgo
m rosthrkjto go dussh. O skfmrghto so
rotrhvkjh fhj faomsm `rkjgohsm m sfomj-
zokto, kffkgmnofo m ﬋dhsh﬋ fhj cocdoh-
tmfam gkddm mjhrno fhddmzohjo go docro.
Nhdto vok``okjh go pkmsm oj pkmsm
m pkrdkjh gmd @rkjg Whur , uj vok``oh
kttrkvmrsh dm poÿ `rkjgo m strkjm fottå
g‟Murhpk. Kjgkrm gk Dhjgrk pksskjgh
pmr Ukro`o ﬋jh k Dohjm, Whrojh, Lormjzm
m Shnk á ujk fhjgozohjm onprmsfojgocodm
pmr faoujqum vh`dok mjtrkrm k lkr pkrtm
gmo rkj`ao gmdd‟ïdotm fam ak vok``okth
mstmjsovknmjtm. Kdfujo pmró vosotkjh
poÿ duh`ao rospmtth k qumddo nmjzohjkto
m od @rkjg Whur ojfdugm kjfam Jkphdo,
\mjmzok, Nhjkfh, \omjjk, Lrkjfhlhrtm,
Fhdhjok, Cruxmddms m Knstmrgkn. Kddk
`mjtm pokfm sm`uorm dmzohjo go sfamrnk,
mquotkzohjm m fhjvmrskzohjm gurkjtm od ==
vok``oh, nk gmvhjh kjfam `ukrgkrso gk
chrskohdo m nmjgofkjto.
Umr fao vuhdm `hgmrso `do mvmjto
nhjgkjo m o fkrjmvkdm, \mjmzok á dk
sfmdtk `oustk. Dk fottå á kjfam rojhnktk
pmr dm sum ghjjm lkfodo mg á roskputh fam
o `ohvkjhtto fam vo so rmfkjh dh lkjjh
pmr qumstm, m jhj pmr o fkjkdo. Vpom m
ksskssojo tuttkvok so jksfhjghjh gomtrh
nksfamrm jmrm m pounm cokjfam, prhjto
kchjh
fhdporm dm dhrh vottonm
ko gmsogmro nmjtrm
gmddk fkrjm shffhn
shffhn-
h kddm rosktm-
m kdd‟ucrokfamzzk gmd Fkrjmvkdm.
Shnk, ojsomnm k Ukro`o, á od fudnojm
gmd @rkjg Whur . Nhdto vo so rmfkjh pmr
vmgmrm dm rhvojm gmdd‟kjtofaotå h pmr
hssmrvkrm go pmrshjk od phtmrm gmddk
Faomsk. Jmddm fktkfhncm kd go shtth
gmddk fottå so jksfhjghjh junmrhsm
shfomtå sm`rmtm. K Shnk so rkgujkjh
kjfam sfomjzokto, rofmrfkthro m skfmrghto
fam vh`dohjh prmjgmr pkrtm kddk
ghdfmzzk gmddk fhjhsfmjzk. Á knpok-
nmjtm roskputh fam ojtmrnojkcodo tujjmd
onnmrso jmddm tmjmcrm strosfokjh shtth dk
Cksodofk go Vkj Uomtrh, stopkto go docro m
sfrotto fam fmdkjh nhdto sm`rmto.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
=<
Voj gkddk pronk mtå nmgomvkdm, od vmffaoh
voddk``oh go pmsfkthro vofojh kd ﬋unm
Knstmd ak fhjtojukth k frmsfmrm.
Dm nhjmtm shjkjto m o nmrfkjto fam
dm sm`uovkjh shjh smnprm stkto uj
pujth fmjtrkdm m dk fottå ak prhspmrkth
gk qukjgh Lohrmjzh \ fhjfmssm kg
Knstmrgkn o suho gorotto fottkgojo. Kddk
﬋jm gmd ;<µ smfhdh, ghph dk fhjquostk
spk`jhdk go Kjvmrsk, nhdto nmrfkjto
lu``orhjh kg Knstmrgkn phrtkjgh fhj
sï sok fkpotkdo fam fhjhsfmjzm su fhnm
fhjgurrm o fhnnmrfo. \mjjmrh fhstruoto
govmrso phrto m dk phtmjtm Akjsk (Dm`k
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Kn stmr
 Knst mrggk n 
~ Dk fottå gmddk nhjmtk shjkjtm ~
Kjsmktofk) so svoduppó k pkrtorm gk
Knstmrgkn fhnm uj ksfmssh `o`kjtm.
\mrsh dk ﬋jm gmd ;0µ smfhdh dk fottå
mrk dk poÿ roffk g‟Murhpk m o nmrfkjto
govmjjmrh kjfhrk poÿ kugkfo jmddk dhrh
rofmrfk go `ukgk`jkrm smnprm go poÿ.
Ojvokvkjh jkvo su rhttm m nossohjo
onphssocodo, m qumsth phrtó kdd‟kſthj-
kdd‟kſthj-
gknmjth h kddk sfhnpkrsk go ojjunm-
rmvhdo jkvo fam jhj lmfmrh poÿ rothrjh.
Fao romjtrkvk dh lkfmvk fhj stovm trkchf-
fkjto go spmzom, smtk, nmtkddo m pomtrm
prmzohsm jhjfaï strkjo h``mtto gk h`jo
kj`hdh gmddk Wmrrk. Knstmrgkn mrk od
fmjtrh jmvrkd`ofh go ujk rmtm fhnnmr-
fokdm nhjgokdm fam jmnnmjh dm nhdtm
`umrrm rousforhjh k snuhvmrm. O roffao
govmjtkrhjh poÿ roffao m o phvmro poÿ
phvmro, nk so gofmvk fam d‟hpphrtujotå
pmr frmkrm qukdfhsk gkd juddk mrk pur
smnprm dä, sm so mrk sustfomjtmnmjtm
ojgustrohso. Jmo vofhdo cuo vmjovkjh
vmjguto h``mtto hffudto mg mdosor nostm-
rohso, trhpph sm`rmto h pmrofhdhso pmr od
puccdofh.. Vok d‟Oj`aodtmrrk
puccdofh d‟Oj`aodtmrr k fam dk Lrkjfok
kttkffkrhjh dk rmpuccdofk hdkjgmsm jmd
;<03 m so gossm fam dk suk mtå gmdd‟hrh
lhssm ﬋jotk. Dk tmnutk Dm`k Kjsmktofk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
vmjovk s﬋gktk gk svkroktm shfomtå sm`rmtm
m `ruppo fhnnmrfokdo fhnm —O Ghgofo„ m
—D‟Kjmddh g‟Kr`mjth„ fam kfquosorhjh od
phtmrm nk``ohrm. Dk projfopkdm nmrfm
go sfkncoh gmdd‟Kjmddh g‟Kr`mjth mrkjh
dm ojlhrnkzohjo sm`rmtm m so gofmvk fam
o suho nmncro kvmssmrh smjtoth fhsm
fam kvrmccmrh lktth onpkzzorm dk `mjtm
fhnujm. K nmtå gmd ;1µ smfhdh smnprm
poÿ pmrshjm nhrnhrkjh gmo —Ghgofo„,
ujk shfomtå nmrfkjtodm fam so gofm sok
kttovk soj gkd nmgohmvh m dk fuo ojffiumjzk
so mstmjgmrmccm gkdd‟Knmrofk kdd‟Mu-
kdd‟Mu-
rhpk, ﬋jh kdd‟Ksok. Kdtro gofhjh fam O
Ghgofo sokjh ojvmfm uj‟hr`kjozzkzohjm
go Wmnpdkro, lhjgktk gk ghgofo nmncro
g‟kdth rkj`h gmdd‟hrgojm fam lu``orhjh
fhj o suho tmshro qukjgh o Fkvkdomro
Wmnpdkro vmjjmrh kffuskto go mrmsok m
sfaokffokto gk rm Lodopph O\ go Lrkjfok
jmd ;6;7. Vtkjgh kddm dm``mjgm, o ghgofo
Wmnpdkro lu``orhjh kg Knstmrgkn, so
govosmrh o tmshro (fam vmjjmrh pho spmgoto
oj govmrsm pkrto gmd nhjgh) m soj gk kddhrk
akjjh lktth go Knstmrgkn od prhproh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
qukrtomr `mjmrkdm. Á fhnujm vmgmrm
od dhrh sonchdh (—QOO„ fhnm uj knco- knco-
`rknnk, uj gosm`jh fkddo`rk﬋fh fam so
puó pm``mrm oj govmrso nhgo k smfhjgk go
fhnm dh so `ukrgk) su jkvo m hvujqum oj
`orh pmr Knstmrgkn. Kdfujo shstmj`hjh
fam d‟Kjmddh g‟Kr`mjth m O Ghgofo sokjh
dk stmssk fhsk, hssok o Fkvkdomro Wmnpdkro,
m fam prmsth kssunmrkjjh od fhjtrhddh go
Knstmrgkn. Fhnm prhvk á stktk kgghttk
dk Umr`knmjk go Faojhj gmd ;651, dk
qukdm mdmjfk o jhno go ghgofo Wmnpdkro
lu``oto gkddk Lrkjfok. Go sofurh, nhdto
Wmnpdkro rousforhjh k lu``orm kdd‟Ojquo-
sozohjm m kd rm lrkjfmsm, nk qumsto ghgofo
uhnojo fhnpkohjh poÿ m poÿ vhdtm jmddk
sthrok m jhj á uj sm`rmth fam Lodopph O\
spmsm nhdtm roshrsm pmr trhvkrdo. Vo frmgm
sokjh lu``oto oj gormzohjm go Knstmrgkn,
`uogkto gk Auncmrt Cdkjf, uj vmffaoh
Wmnpdkrm fam kvmvk smrvoth d‟hrgojm
pmr hdtrm qukrkjt‟kjjo. M`do mrk fhjso-
gmrkth pkrtm gmddk —fmrfaok rostrmttk„
m k fhjhsfmjzk gmo sm`rmto gmdd‟hrgojm.
Lodopph O\ kddk ﬋jm rousfä k fktturkrdh
m onpro`ohjkrdh, nk Auncmrt kvmvk
`oå trknkjgkth o sm`rmto kd suh lrktmddh
tmnpdkrm @uoddknm gm Dojs.
Dm vhfo suddk rojksfotk gmo Wmnpdkro
shjh susfotktm gkd nostmrohsh sonchdh
QOO trhvkth su fksm m lkffoktm jmd vmffaoh
gostrmtth tmnpdkrm go Ukro`o.
Kdd‟mstmrjh, Knstmrgkn á sudd‟hrdh gmd
fhddkssh, uj lrknnmjth nhrmjtm go foó
fam mrk, nk phfh vmghjh foó fam kvvomjm
shtth dk supmr﬋fom. [ukdfhsk stk pmr
suffmgmrm2 dm shfomtå sm`rmtm fhsporkjh
m tmsshjh ojtro`ao. @do hdo`krfao pktrozo
gmvhjh fkgmrm, dk rmpuccdofk gmvm fmsskrm
go msostmrm m kd suh phsth Knstmrgkn
fkgrå jmddm nkjo go… fao8 Gmo rmgovovo
fkvkdomro Wmnpdkro8 Fao smrvhjh m pmr
qukdm sfhph8 D‟hrgojm á rojhnkth pmr
dm sum lhrtujm m od suh sostmnk ckjfkroh
kuthjhnh. O vmffao ogmkdo m ojtmjto
rmdo`ohso akjjh ojozokth kg kvvozzorm,
trkslhrnkjghso oj uj frmgh lhjgkth sud
fkpotkdm m od gmsogmroh go fhstruorm uj
juhvh stkth8 Jmssujh dh sk, m jmssujh
hsk sfkvkrm poÿ k lhjgh.
=0 
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Cmrdojh  

~ Dk lhr`ok gmddm krno ~

Dk fkpotkdm prussokjk Cmrdojh á oj rkpogk

mspkjsohjm9 jmd ;05? fo vovmvkjh ==.555
=1 pmrshjm m `oå ktthrjh kddk nmtå gmd smfhdh
qumd junmrh á rkgghppokth. @rkj pkrtm
gmddk phphdkzohjm á fhnphstk gk shdgkto h
pmrshjm fam oj qukdfam nhgh supphrtkjh
uj phtmrm nodotkrm frmsfmjtm. Od gmsogmroh
gmd rm prussokjh go frmkrm uj phtmjtm
msmrfoth á ujk fkrkttmrostofk fhstkjtm sok
jmdd‟hr`kjozzkzohjm gmddh stkth fam gmddk
suk fkpotkdm. D‟Oddunojosnh, uj tmnph
lmrvmjtmnmjtm supphrtkth, so krrmstk
crusfknmjtm ktthrjh kddk nmtå gmd smfhdh
fhjjmssuj‟kdtrk
oj d‟ojtrhguzohjm go ujk
pkrtm smvmrkdmfmjsurk
g‟Murhpk `ukrgomm
fottkgojm shjh kdtrmttkjth gosfopdojktm m
hr`kjozzktm. Dm nkdmdoj`um pkrdkjh go uj
phtmrm nodotkrm fam stkrmccm pokjo﬋fkjgh
qukdfhsk go `rhssh, oj qumsth smfhdh h
jmd prhssonh2 kdtro gofhjh fam od Gokvhdh
kccok pokjtkth od prhproh smnm kd fmjtrh
go Cmrdojh m fam gk mssh o nkdo g‟Murhpk
govmjtmrkjjh poÿ lhrto. Dk fottå, ujk
tkppk jkturkdm gmd @rkjg Whur , fhnpmtm
fhj Dhjgrk fhnm fmjtrh ojgustrokdm, nk Fhnm Ukro`o, Cmrdojh á pomjk go skdhtto, k Cmrdojh dm gosfussohjo vmrthjh su fhnm
tutth `ork ktthrjh k ujk `rkjgm
` rkjgm nkffaojk pmjskthro m fhjhsfmjzk supmrohrm. Vo dk `rkjgm nkffaojk lujzohjmrå, fhnm
gk `umrrk, jhj kg ujh stkth kvkjzkth. Oj trkttk pmró projfopkdnmjtm go uj Oddu- so sostmnmrå jmd nhgmddh hr`kjozzkth
dkchrkthro sm`rmto fo shjh ojvmjzohjo m nojosnh go toph govmrsh gk qumddh fam m strutturkth go ujh stkth cmj svodup-
juhvo nhgmddo go krno fam stuposfhjh ojvmstm Ukro`o. Uoutthsth fam suddk pkth fmjtrkth su uj gosfopdojkth phtmrm
kjfam `do krnkohdo poÿ mspmrto. rk`ohjm, dk gmtmrnojkzohjm m dk docmrtå, nodotkrm.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Chsthj  

~ Od juhvh nhjgh ~

=?

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
<5
Fhpmjk`amj frmccm rkpogknmjtm
gurkjtm od tkrgh ;0µ smfhdh m kdd‟ojozoh
gmd ;1µ kvmvk forfk <5.555 kcotkjto.
Wutth
fkpotkdmsmncrkvk
gkjmsm2 prhnmttmrm
d‟Oddunojosnhcmjmkvrmccm
pmr dk
phrtkth dk rmputkzohjm go Fhpmjk`amj kd
rmsth g‟Murhpk kstjfaï phtmssm prmjgmrm
phsth trk dm `rkjgo fottå oddunojktm.
Dk nhrtm pmró krrovó pmr pronk.
Jmd ;0;; Fhpmjk`amj lu fhdpotk gkddk
Nhrtm Jmrk, fam rmfdknó dm votm go
33.555 suo <5.555 kcotkjto gmddk fottå.
@do kcotkjto go Fhpmjk`amj, tuttkvok,
jhj so dksfokrhjh sfhj﬋``mrm fhsä lkfod-
lkfod -
nmjtm2 o gum tmrzo go dhrh fam shprkv-
vossmrh so rokdzkrhjh oj lrmttk m ojsomnm
so kghpmrkrhjh pmr dh svodupph gmddk
fottå. Dk fktkstrhlm prmsth fhdpä kjfhrk,
smncrkjgh gmfosk kg krrmstkrm dk
frmsfotk gmddk fottå9 od 35 jhvmncrm ;031
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Fhpmjak`mj  
~ Dk fottå gmo sm`rmto pmrguto ~
uj `rkjgm ojfmjgoh onpmrvmrsó pmr trm
duj`ao `ohrjo. Od luhfh rogussm oj fmjmrm
qukso uj tmrzh gmddk fottå, dksfokjgh poÿ
go ;=.555
smjzk kcotkjto (suo 05.555 thtkdo)
ujk fksk.
Dk poÿ `rkjgm pmrgotk go qumsth
goskstrh jhj lurhjh tuttkvok `do mgo﬋fo,
nk foó fam msso fhjtmjmvkjh. Wrk dm
fhstruzohjo crufoktm f‟mrk d‟ujovmrsotå,
fhj o suho 65.555 docro rodm`kto m sfrotturm
ojmstonkcodo. Jmd Chrfas Bhddm`oun
vmjjmrh gostruttm 6.=55 hpmrm zhhdh-
`ofam m chtkjofam fhjtmjmjto dm pmfudok-
rotå gmddk jkturk, fhsä fhnm `do ojmstonk-
codo strunmjto go nosurkzohjm, rmkdozzkto
gk Wyfah Crkam m Hdm Sünmr, fam so
trhvkvkjh oj qumddh fam mrk faoknkth od
Nusmh Skrorhrun m jmdd‟hssmrvkthroh oj
rhvojk go Sujgmtírj.
Ghph dk pmstm m od tmrrocodm ojfmjgoh,
dk Faomsk dutmrkjk so rokdzó gkddm fmjmro m
fhprä dk fottå fhj uj nkjth jmrh fhrvojh.
fhr vojh.
Gkth fam dm skdm go stugoh m dm ostotu-
zohjo
sfhssm,sfomjto﬋fam mrkjhgm`do
d‟ojffiumjzk stktm gurknmjtm
sfomjzokto
gonojuä jhtmvhdnmjtm. D‟Oddunojosnh
m dk sfomjzk vmjjmrh prmsth fhnpdmtk-
nmjtm shstotuoto gko vkdhro gmddk Faomsk.
@do sfomjzokto m o ﬋dhsh﬋ oddunojkto fhj
ogmm kdtmrjktovm so trhvkrhjh kg mssmrm
pmrsm`uotkto m prmso go nork gk uhnojo
go Faomsk. Fhdhrh fam vhdmvkjh lkrm
rofmrfk h stugokrm fknpo fhnm dm sfomjzm
jkturkdo, dk tmfjhdh`ok, d‟kstrhdh`ok, m
kdtrm gosfopdojm gmrovktm gkdd‟Oddunojosnh
ghvmvkjh faomgmrm od pmrnmssh kdd‟kn-
nojostrkzohjm mffdmsokstofk, fam kgmssh
foj`mvk dk fottå oj ujk prmsk lmrrmk.
lmr rmk. Gkth
fam ? su ;5 go qumsto pmrnmsso vmjovkjh
jm`kto, `do sfomjzokto so trhvkvkjh go
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

<;
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

lrhjtm kddk gmfosohjm go dksfokrm Fhpm-
jk`amj hppurm go fhjgurrm dm prhprom
rofmrfam oj sm`rmth. Dk nk``ohr pkrtm go
dhrh gmfosm go kjgkrsmjm.
Dm lhjgknmjtk go qumsth sfosnk trk
Faomsk m sfomjzk mrkjh lhrsm `oå stktm
`mttktm jmd ;<73, qukjgh vmjjm phrtkth
k tmrnojm od Sujgmtírj go Frostokjh O\,
ujk thrrm go 6< nmtro. Fhnm nhdto kdtro
jmddk suk mphfk, od rm mrk ksshdutknmjtm
fmrth fam dm stmddm m o pokjmto kvmssmrh
ujk `rkjgm ojffiumjzk su`do mvmjto gmddk
Wmrrk m qumstk thrrm lu mrmttk kstjfaï `do
sfomjzokto phtmssmrh uskrdk pmr hssmrvkrm
dm phsozohjo go stmddm m pokjmto. Umr
pdkfkrm dk Faomsk, od rm dksfoó fam kjfam
dk Faomsk gmddk Wrojotå uskssm dk thrrm
fhnm fknpkjodm, m dk suk fhstruzohjm
vmjjm udtonktk jmd ;<=<. @do mvmjto
suffmssovo vmj`hjh rotmjuto `ousto﬋fkto
gkd lktth fam dk thrrm jhj lhssm stktk
fhstruotk hro`ojkroknmjtm pmr dk Faomsk,
nk pmr qukdfhsk go prhlkjh fhnm d‟kstrh-
d‟kstrh-
dh`ok m d‟kstrhjhnok.
Urmsth dm vhfo sudd‟knnojostrkzohjm
mffdmsokstofk go Fhpmjk`amj ojozokrhjh k
goſthjgmrso trk `do stugohso m jmo fhrrogho
m jmddm cocdohtmfam gmddm ujovmrsotå
murhpmm. Kdd‟ojozoh o tmhrofo gmddm fhspo-
rkzohjo kffuskrhjh dk Faomsk gmd `rkjgm
ojfmjgoh, pho kdtro shstmjjmrh fam dk
Faomsk kvmssm jksfhsth dm hpmrm m `do
strunmjto gkto pmr gostrutto. Uoÿ tkrgo,
gmddm vhfo nkdo`jm krrovkjh pmr﬋jh kg
kffuskrm dk Faomsk pmr dk pmstodmjzk,
fam skrmccm stktk ojffiottk kddk fottå fhnm
lhrnk go puro﬋fkzohjm.
Jhjhstkjtm qumstk dhttk go phtmrm
ghph d‟ojfmjgoh, mjtrh od ;060 Fhpm-
jk`amj mrk stktk fhnpdmtknmjtm rofh-
struotk. Sm Frostokjh \O vmjjm ojfhrh-
jkth jmd ;065 m `hvmrjó smjzk ojlknok
jï dhgm. @do sfomjzokto go tuttk Murhpk
fam kvmvkjh smjtoth dm vhfo go fhrroghoh,
kgmssh fkporhjh fam dk Faomsk kvmvk
jmddm prhprom `roj﬋m kjfam od rm, fhsk
fam govmjjm kjfhrk poÿ mvogmjtm qukjgh
so jhtó fam od prmgofkthrm go fhrtm, od
pomtostk Cduanm, jhj smncrkvk nko
dksfokrm od ﬋kjfh gmd rm. Frostokjh \O jhj
rm`jó tuttkvok nhdth k duj`h2 m`do nhrä
jmd ;07< m suh ﬋`doh Lmgmrofh govmjjm
Lmgmrofh \. Fam qumstk skrå h nmjh ujk
ckttutk g‟krrmsth pmr d‟knnojostrkzohjm
mffdmsokstofk, h sm sfm`dområ uj‟kdtrk
gormzohjm, á kgmssh h``mtth go vovkfm
gockttoth. Kdfujo gofhjh fam Frostokjh \O
sok stkth uffosh pmr krrmstkrm d‟ojffiumjzk
gmddk Faomsk, nmjtrm kdtro rotmj`hjh
fam dk Faomsk kccok kjfhrk phtmrm suddk
Fhrhjk, nk k`osfk hrk oj nhgh poÿ
fkuth. Wutth shnnkth, rm Lmgmrofh \
prmsth á govmjuth od rm gmd phphdh.

Mrk ujk frhfm gk prhfmssohjm uj tmnph kppkrtmjutk kdd‟hrgojm gmo

<3
Fkvkdomro
Fkv kdomro Wmnpdkro.
Wmnpdkro. Hgh gm Vkojt Knkjg dk kppmsm shprk d‟oj`rmssh
kddk froptk shttmrrkjmk ghvm dk shfomtå
s hfomtå so mrk roujotk. Wutto skpmvkjh fam
dk froptk mrk stktk uj duh`h go rotrhvh gm`do mshrfosto gmd pksskth, fam
vo so rkgujkvkjh oj ojfhjtro sm`rmto pmr fhjgovogmrm dm prhprom kcodotå.
Lhrsm dk frhfm mrk uj trhlmh fam kvmvkjh rmfdknkth jmd duh`h gmd rh`h
gmdd‟udtonh @rkj Nkmstrh, Ikfqums gm Nhdky, mg mrkjh stkto prhproh qumo
fhjlrktmddo fam hpmrkvkjh quo. Foó fam jhj tutto skpmvkjh, pmró, mrk fam dk

shfomtå
sfouth kgmssh kvmvk
ghjkthrm kssujth
so mrk od fhjtrhddh
kssofurkth gmddkhſtmrtk
fam vmjossm froptk. nhjmtk
]j roffhshjkjtm
nk sfhjh-
oj
fkncoh go sodmjzoh m kstjfaï `do s`ukrgo vmjossmrh rovhdto kdtrhvm.kdtrhvm. Kgmssh
 phtmvkjh tmjmrm
tmj mrm o dhrh ojfhjtr
o jfhjtroo smjzk onpmgon
onpmgonmjto
mjto oj
o j uj duh`h fam
fa m
smncrkvk
smncrkv k trksugkrm phtmrm m kuthrotå. Jmddm pkrto poÿ ojtmrjm
ojtmr jm gmddk froptk
 lrknnmjto go knkrmzzk
knk rmzzk m gmsogmr
g msogmroh
oh kjfhrk dkj`uovkjh suddk
s uddk pkrmto,
pkrmto ,
ojsomnm kddk smjskzohjm go kvmr sfhj﬋tth od dhrh jmnofh nk go jhj mssmrm
kjfhrk oj `rkgh go `hgmrso dk votthrok, gkth fam od jmnofh mrk nhrth h
gostrutth gkd ghdhrm m sudd‟hrdh gmddk lhddok fam pmr duo dk nhrtm skrmccm
stkth uj shddomvh cmj kffhdth.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Vmccmjm fo sokjh stkto junmrhso ojsmgok-
nmjto ktthrjh kddh schffh gmd @ütk Çdv,
fhnm Juhvk Dügüsm, @ütkahdn m od pkmsm
go Çdvschr`, lu shdtkjth ko tmnpo go Fkrdh
O\ fam @ütmchr` httmjjm od suh jhnm.
Dk fottå vmjjm lhjgktk pmr gmfrmth rmkdm
suddk sphjgk gmd ﬋unm, k sug gmd podkstrh
smttmjtrohjkdm gmd Uhjtm go Çdvschr`,
nk vmjjm suffmssovknmjtm gostruttk jmd
;<;;, dksfokjgh shdh ujk faomsk oj rhvojk
m qukdfam kdtrh rmsth. ]stfokdnmjtm lurhjh
o Gkjmso k crufokrm dk fottå, nk kdtrm lhjto
shstmj`hjh qukdfhsk go fhnpdmtknmjtm
govmrsh. Vo gofm fam sokjh vmjuto gkd nkrm
su kjtofam jkvo jmrm, k nkdkpmjk vmstoto m
smjzk prhjujfokrm jmnnmjh ujk pkrhdk.
Fohjhjhstkjtm, mrk fhnm sm so pkrdkssmrh
`do ujo fhj `do kdtro. Lu ﬋jotk jmd `orh go
qukdfam hrk m qukjgh
stkthro dksfokrhjh qumo sodmjto fhjquo-
dk rmfmjtmnmjtm lhjgktk
@ütmchr` mrkjh ronksto oj phfao k phtmr
rkffhjtkrm foó fam mrk suffmssh. Fao ak
svhdth rofmrfam oj nmroth ak sfhpmrth
phfam sthrom m kjfhrk nmjh frhjkfam fam
phsskjh `mttkr dufm su fhsk kttkffó dk fottå,
nk dm sthrom suo sodmjto roskd`hjh k nhdth
tmnph lk. O prono rmshfhjto sfrotto suo sodmjto
roskd`hjh kddk smfhjgk nmtå gmd ;3µ smfhdh,
qukjgh msso kttkffkvkjh poffhdo ojsmgok-
ojsmgok-
nmjto ktthrjh kddh schffh ffiuvokdm. Kdfujm
frhjkfam rkffhjtkjh sthrok go tmnpo rmnhto
oj fuo o \ofaoj`ao ghnojkvkjh od jhrg.
[ukjgh od ﬋`doh go Fkrdh OQ, @ustkvh
Kghdlh, prmsm dk fhrhjk ghph dk nhrtm gmd
pkgrm oj qumddh stmssh kjjh, m`do gmfosm go
sphstkrm dk fottå jmo prmsso go ]trmddk. Jmd
;<3; dk fottå vmjjm rolhjgktk fhj hpmrm go
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 @ütmchr`  
~ Od phrth gmd sodmjzoh ~
oj`m`jmrok strutturkdm hdkjgmsm, gkth fam
`do Hdkjgmso kvmvkjh `rkjgm mspmromjzk
jmd lhjgkrm fottå oj zhjm unogm. Fhsä, dk
phphdkzohjm go @ütmchr` fhjsostmvk proj-
fopkdnmjtm go Hdkjgmso, od fam lmfm sä fam
od `hvmrjh vo trkslmrossm fhj dk lhrzk gm`do
Vvmgmso. Gurkjtm dk nmtå gmd ;0µ smfhdh
dk lhrtmzzk go Mdlschr` vmjjm kcckttutk m
shstotuotk gkddk lhrtmzzk go Juhvk Mdlschr`
vofojh kdd‟oj`rmssh gmd phrth, oj nhgh gk
prhtm``mrm nm`doh dk fottå.
O sodmjto vmjjmrh prmsth gonmjtofkto
m shdtkjth oj phfao jm kvmvkjh smjtoth
pkrdkrm h dmtth qukdfhsk su go dhrh. Dk
phphdkzohjm frmccm dmjtknmjtm nk
fhstkjtmnmjtm, m kddk nmtå gmd ;1µ smfhdh
dk fottå kvmvk ujk phphdkzohjm go hdtrm
;5.555 pmrshjm mg mrk govmjtktk ujh sjhgh
fhnnmrfokdm pmr @ütmchr`
Urojfopkdnmjtm, d‟Murhpk smttmjtrohjkdm.
mrk ujk fottå
go pmsfkthro. [ukjgh jmd ;06; vmjjm
lhjgktk dk pronk fhnpk`jok fhnnmrfokdm
ojtmrjkzohjkdm svmgmsm (dk Fhnpk`jok
Vvmgmsm gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo), @ütmchr`
govmjjm uj fmjtrh go fhnnmrfoh murhpmh
fhj dk Fojk m od dhjtkjh hromjtm. Cmjo
fhnm tá, phrfmddkjk, spmzom m smtk
vmjovkjh rm`hdkrnmjtm sfkncokto jmo
nk`kzzojo gmddk fhnpk`jok, nk pmr vok
gmddm pmskjto rm`hdknmjtkzohjo, f‟mrkjh
kjfam gmo fknco jhj ustfokdo go prhpromtå.
Gkth fam d‟mfhjhnok gmddk Vvmzok kvmvk
sucoth pmskjtmnmjtm dk @rkjgm @umrrk
gmd Jhrg, nhdto nmrfkjto strkjomro vok`-
vok`-
`okvkjh k @ütmchr`. Dk fottå prhspmrkvk,
tutth `rkzom kddk Fhnpk`jok Vvmgmsm
gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo. Dk fhnpk`jok mrk
pkrtm gmddk fottå m rmsphjskcodm gmd `rkj
junmrh go fottkgojo Hdkjgmso m crotkjjofo.
Uho, oj ujk jhttm fhnm tkjtm kdtrm, k
gomfo, vmjt‟kjjo gkddk lhjgkzohjm gmddk
Fhnpk`jok Vvmgmsm gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo,
jmddk tkvmrjk Akdtk Dhttk o nkrojko
hdkjgmso ojozokrhjh k pkrdkrm go strkjm
fhsm oj nkrm. ]jk vmffaok jkvm jmrk <6
smjzk mquopk``oh mrk stktk kvvostktk jmddk
jmccok suddk rhttk pmr od nkrm kpmrth. Mrk
dk pronk vhdtk fam o sodmjto fhnpkrovkjh
oj uj smfhdh. Urmsth fo lurhjh kdtro kvvo-
stknmjto gmddk jkvm, tutto k gostkjzk m
jmddk jmccok, m dm vhfo suddk jkvm lkjtksnk
so goſtusmrh trk o nkrojko supmrstozohso.
Fo vhddmrh uj kdtrh pkoh g‟kjjo pronk
fam vmjossm rophrtkth uj kdtrh fhjtktth,
qukjgh uj pmsfkthrm faoknkth Akrkdg
smgmvk jmddkDksukjkvm
k pmsfkrm. ckrfk
jmrkk rmno,
sfovhdóojtmjth
luhro
gkddm jmccom kdd‟onprhvvosh, lkfmjgh
rhttk vmrsh go duo. Jhjhstkjtm od tmnph
smrmjh, dm vmdm gmddk jkvm mrkjh `hj﬋ktm
gkd vmjth. Dk jkvm pkssó hdtrm dk ckrfk go
Akrkdg, s﬋hrkjghdk shdtkjth go qukdfam
nmtrh, od fam `do pmrnosm go hssmrvkrm pmr
ojtmrh od phjtm. Dhrh mrkjh dä, fhnpdmtk-
nmjtm onnhcodo, fhj `do hffao vuhto fam
﬋sskvkjh dk pruk, ghvm spujtkvk ujk
phssmjtm m tmrro﬋fkjtm tmstk go grk`h.
[ukjgh poÿ tkrgo, oj﬋jm, rousfä k thrjkrm
k @ütmchr`, qumddk stmssk smrk, mrk k
nkdkpmjk oj `rkgh go pkrdkrm, ckdcmttkvk
fhsä lhrtm fam oj phfao rousforhjh gkvvmrh
k fkporm foó fam gofmvk. Foó fam jmssujh
skpmvk mrk fam Akrkdg mrk stkth od pronh,
m d‟ujofh, kg kvmr vosth o sodmjto gk vofojh.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
<7
Dhjgrk á dk poÿ `rkjgm fottå gmd nhjgh.
Frmsfm oj nhgh ojfhjtrhddkcodm fhnm ujk
lhrjkfm go fhnnmrfoh, phphdo, ojfhjtro
m nosmrok. [ukso d‟ojtmrk fottå á stktk
crufoktk gurkjtm od @rkjgm Ojfmjgoh go
Dhjgrk jmdd‟kjjh gmd Gokvhdh (;<<<). ]jk
juhvk fottå vmjjm
m od pmskjtm k﬇usshrkpogknmjtm fhstruotk
gmddm pmrshjm lmfm sä
fam dm juhvm fksm sokjh vmjossmrh fhstruotm
oj tuttk lrmttk, fhsä h``o tutth á prmfkroh
m dm fksm pmrofhdkjto so rm``hjh d‟ujk
sudd‟kdtrk2 sm ghvmssm fkgmrjm ujk, d‟ojtmrk
fottå ﬋jormccm pmr frhddkrm. Wrhvkrso jmd
cmd nmzzh go qumstk fhjlusohjm go fksm
rkppmzzktm m strkgm nkdmhghrkjtm ghph
od trknhjth á mstrmnknmjtm rosfaohsh.
Oj jmssuj‟kdtrk pkrtm gmd nhjgh od tkssh
go ksskssojo á kdth qukjth k Dhjgrk. Dk
phvmrtå á knpoknmjtm goſtusk m dk phph-phph -
dkzohjm sm dk fkvk fhnm puó. O prhcdmno
jmo smrvozo o`omjofo lkjjh sä fam nhdto
trkdksfojh fhnpdmtknmjtm dk prhprok
o`omjm pmrshjkdm ojsomnm kddk spmrkjzk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Dhjggrk 
 Dhj 
~ D‟hllofojk nmffkjofk ~
go cmrm kfquk phtkcodm. Jhj msosthjh
jmnnmjh o poÿ smnpdofo gmo `kcojmtto, dm
pmrshjm lkjjh o cosh`jo pmr strkgk fhnm
`do kjonkdo. @ktto fkjo m pmr﬋jh nuffam m
fkvkddo nhrto vmj`hjh dksfokto k nkrform
jmo fkjkdo go sfhdh. O nkfmddko kppmjghjh o
dhrh
pkrmtoprhghtto su fuhfohjh
m o lhrjko ujfojo gk odfkrjm
dhrh duj`h dm
pkjm su
supmr﬋fo go tmrrkfhttk.
Mppurm qumsth jhj á foó fam nk``ohr-
nmjtm fkrkttmrozzk Dhjgrk. Uoÿ go h`jo
kdtrk fhsk, Dhjgrk á dk fkpotkdm ojgu-
strokdm gmd nhjgh. Dm ojgustrom sputkjh
mnpoh lunh jmrh, dm faokttm go fkrchjm
roskd`hjh od Wkno`o fhjthrfmjghso oj ujk
﬋dk ojtmrnojkcodm. Od —lunh go Dhjgrk„, dk
lkno`mrktk jmccok, so nosfaok fhj od lunh
jmrh m so gofm sok vmdmjhsk sm ojkdktk oj
`rhssm qukjtotå. K goſtmrmjzk go nhdtm
kdtrm fottå murhpmm, Dhjgrk á rosfkdgktk
gkd fkrchjm poutthsth fam gkd dm`jknm.
Fksm m lkccrofam utodozzkjh `rkjgo
qukjtotå go fkrchjm m od lunh jmrh fhprm
dk fottå fhnm ujh spmssh vmdh. K Dhjgrk
jhj f‟á spkzoh pmr d‟Oddunojosnh m pmr
dk ﬋dhsh﬋k spoffohdk2 dk gmfkgmjzk jhj
á fam uj sh`jh, fuddkth gkdd‟kdtk krosth-
frkzok fam `ukrgk fhj ojvogok k Ukro`o m
Shnk. Dk fottå á ujk gokchdofk nkffaojk
vovmjtm fam mruttk
phphdkzohjm. o suho vmdmjo
@do kdfaonosto suddk
prhspmrkjh
jm`do hsfuro dkchrkthro shttmrrkjmo m `do
oj`mjmro fhstruosfhjh o dhrh nkrfaoj-
`m`jo hffudto, fam so gofm sokjh oj `rkgh
go frmkrm dk votk. @do oj`m`jmro, ostruoto
oj juhvo fknpo sfomjto﬋fo, svoduppkjh
m fhstruosfhjh nkffaojm fam supmrkjh
go `rkj duj`k dm prmfmgmjto fkpkfotå
gmddm pmrshjm. Fo shjh vhfo go ojvmj-
zohjo nmffkjofam fkpkfo go pmrnmttmrm
kdd‟uhnh go vhdkrm, h kjfhr pm``oh, go
fuhro lktto go oj`rkjk``o nmtkddofo fam
cktthjh fhnm qumddo vmro. Uuccdofkzohjo
oj forfhdkzohjm jmd nhjgh fronojkdm
pkrdkjh go kuthno k gonmjsohjo
gonm jsohjo g‟uhnh.
Dk phphdkzohjm gmddk fottå á pmrsk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
jmd  `oj frkzm 
frkzm  (dk
  (dk nkjok gmd `oj) m nhdto
ojgovoguo vovhjh oj ujh stkth go ucrok-
ucrok-
famzzk fhstkjtm. Dm kuthrotå lkjjh tutth
foó fam á oj dhrh phtmr pmr lmrnkrm dk
phphdkzohjm ucrokfk, nk smjzk suffmssh.
Vkfmrghto m prmgofkthro shstmj`hjh
fam qumsth sok od vmdmjh gmdd‟uhnh
nhgmrjh m fam od Gokvhdh sok suddk
cuhjk strkgk pmr rogurrm oj `ojhffaoh
dk fottå2 kffuskjh `do mnpo prhpromtkro
gmddm lkccrofam m kſtmrnkjh fam dm gostod-
dmrom sokjh fhstruotm gk`do sfk`jhzzo go
Vktkjk. Dk nkjok ak nmssh kd tkppmth
ojtmro qukrtomro m suddk suk sfok sm`uhjh
fronojo m gurm pujozohjo.
Jmo vofhdo, fhdhrh fam jhj akjjh
kjfhrk trhvkth uj kdtrh phsth oj fuo
vovmrm so kffkdfkjh ojsomnm k smjzk-
tmtth m dkgro. Á mvogmjtm fao ak o shdgo.
Dm fhsthsm lkccrofam vmj`hjh oj`rkj-
gotm m `do mgo﬋fo puccdofo fkghjh oj
rhvojk. Od phtmrm á jmddm nkjo go fao frmk
frmsfotk mfhjhnofk. Vphrfozok m gmfhn-
phsozohjm phrtkjh fhj sï nkdkttom m
ojlmzohjo. O poghffao akjjh dm gonmj-
sohjo go uj`aom gmd phddofm m so trhvkjh
hvujqum suo vmstoto. O fottkgojo go Dhjgrk
akjjh kssujth uj pkddhrm nkdktoffoh m
go qukjgh oj qukjth d‟krmk ktthrjh kddk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
dhrh chffk so fhprm go chddm, frhstm mg
mfzmno go vkroh toph. Nmtå gmo ckncojo
nuhrm mjtrh o gum kjjo go votk. O phfao
fam shprkvvovhjh shjh gmstojkto k uj‟oj-
uj‟oj-
lkjzok go gurh dkvhrh jhj pk`kth fhnm
koutkjto go skrto, fkdzhdko, lhrjko h jmddm
lkccrofam. Uhfao ckncojo rk``ouj`hjh
d‟mtå kgudtk. Od tkssh go nhrtkdotå á fhsä
kdth fam jhj fo shjh poÿ thncm pmr tutto.
O fhrpo vmj`hjh knnksskto jmddm fhsog-
gmttm  lhssm fhnujo gmo phvmro , prhlhjgm
kcckstkjzk gk hspotkrm smttm ckrm d‟ujk
sudd‟kdtrk. Fhdhrh fam jhj nuhohjh go
gossmjtmrok, tolh h qukdfam kdtrk ojlmzohjm
akjjh `rkjgo prhckcodotå go dkvhrkrm
﬋jh k uffogmrso, pmr uj skdkroh nojonh.
]jk fottå fhsä `rkvktk gkddk phvmrtå m
gkddk gmlhrnotå ak hvvoknmjtm frmkth dm
sum lhrnm go pokfmrm, govmrsm gk qumddm
gmd rmsth gmddm fottå murhpmm. K Dhjgrk,
o vosotkthro pk`kjto phsshjh hssmrvkrm
lmjhnmjo gk ckrkffhjm fhnm mrnklrh-
goto, nutkjto gmlhrno, sfonnom knnk-
mstrktm m uj ksshrtonmjth go frmkturm
m h``mtto rkffhdto gk h`jo pkrtm gmd
nhjgh. Nmgofo fokrdktkjo so msocosfhjh oj
spmttkfhdo tmktrkdo fam rovmdkjh dm udtonm
sfhpmrtm m dk `mjtm so rkgujk jmddm strkgm
pmr `ukrgkrm o fhnckttonmjto gmo `kddo
h `do spmttkfhdo go nkrohjmttm. [ukso
tutto qumsto svk`ao ﬋josfhjh oj rovhdtm
vohdmjtm. @do kcotkjto go Dhjgrk knkjh
lkrm k chttm m qukjgh o shdgo ﬋josfhjh
shjh o pu`jo k prmjgmrm dk sfmjk.
Od Cmtadmamn Shykd Ahspotkd, kjfam
jhth fhnm Cmgdkn, soj gkd ;005 fhjsmjtm
ko vosotkthro go mjtrkrm pmr hssmrvkrm
hssmr vkrm o suho
pkzomjto, qukso lhssm ujh zhh. Cmgdkn á
ujh gmo poÿ `rkjgo skjkthro g‟Murhpk
pmr fao shſtrm go pkzzok, po`rozok ojvhdhj-
tkrok, nmdkjfhdok h kdtrm nkdskjm nkdkttom
nmjtkdo. Od nkjofhnoh kffh`dom no`dokok
go vosotkthro h`jo kjjh m o pkzomjto shjh
h``mtth go gmrosohjm m cmrsk`doh go sputo
pmr od `rkjgm dugocroh gmo dhjgojmso. Oj
kdtmrjktovk, od poÿ `rkjgm govmrtonmjth
fhjsostm jmddk pujozohjm gmo fronojkdo.
@h`jm, ffik`mddkzohjo m `ukrgkrm qukdfujh
fam vomjm ojfktmjkth m poffaokth á uj
mvmjth mffotkjtm fam phfao dhjgojmso
vhrrmccmrh pmrgmrso. Jmddm msmfuzohjo go
`rkjgm onphrtkjzk dm kuthrotå ojvokjh
pmr﬋jh ojvoto spmfokdo ko fottkgojo poÿ
prhnojmjto. Gkddm 65 kddm 75 pmrshjm
vmj`hjh onpoffktm h`jo kjjh k Wycurj
Wrmm, m poÿ tkrgo kddk pro`ohjm go Jmw`ktm. <=
Dm msmfuzohjo kttorkjh `rkjgo lhddm, gkddm
65 kddm 75 nodk pmrshjm kddk vhdtk.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
<<
Ukro`o á od `ohomddh g‟Murhpk9 á dk fottå
gmddm fottå. Á gk quo fam ffiuosfhjh nhgk,
krfaotmtturk,
gmo projfopkdo ogmm m Oddunojosnh.
pmjskthro Nhdto
Murhpmo vovhjh
k Ukro`o pmr prhvkrm k rk``ouj`mrm ujk
phsozohjm go onphrtkjzk. Vmccmjm dk
`mjtm vovk oj phvmrtå, o jhcodo, o roffao
nmrfkjto, o ﬋dhsh﬋ m `do mspdhrkthro so
kccuſtkjh go dusso m gmfkgmjzk. Msso
jhj so jm`kjh juddk m tutth puó mssmrm
fhnprkth fhj gmjkrh h lkvhro.
Fhnm dm kdtrm fottå murhpmm, Ukro`o á
pomjk go strkgm m thrro, dm sum fksm shjh
dh`hrm m oj pmssonh stkth. ]j juhvh pokjh
gmddk fottå ghvrmccm tuttkvok rmjgmrm
Ukro`o dk poÿ nhgmrjk fottå gmd nhjgh9 od
qukrtomrm gmd Nkrkos vmrrå shstotuoth gk
lruttmto m `okrgojo go vmrgurm m shjh ojozokto
dh svodupph k`rkroh jhjfaï dk fhstru-fhstru-
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Ukro`o 
~ O skdhtto onprm`jkto go prhlunh ~
zohjm gmddk fottå. Uhjt Jmul, fam fhddm`k juhvh hrgojm nhjgokdm ghvrå gkrm ojozoh
dm sphjgm gmddk Vmjjk kttrkvmrsh Êdm gm k ujk rovhduzohjm fam so goſthjgmrå jmd
dk Fotï,
gmddk koutk
fottå k fhjjmttmrm
m Ukro`o govmjtk dm govmrsm
smnprm poÿpkrto
ujk rmsth gmd nhjghqumddk
mrk ronpokzzmrå m d‟kdck go ujkDkjuhvk
vmffaok. fottå
nmtrhphdo. Dm krmm ktthrjh kd Dhuvrm m k á fhnm uj kdvmkrm go ogmm m ogmkdo. ]j
Vkojt @mrnkoj, gkdd‟kdtrh dkth gmd ﬋unm, ojfmsskjtm ffiussh go pmrshjm so rmfk k
fhnpmthjh fhd Nkrkos jmdd‟kttrkrrm Ukro`o oj fmrfk gmdd‟oddunojkzohjm2 kdfujo
fottkgojo k`okto, m jmo dhrh ahtmd hr`kjoz-
hr`kjoz - rmstkjh pmr uj ph‟ pronk go kjgkrsmjm.
zkjh ujk votk shfokdm fam rmjgm `do kdtro @do kffknpknmjto gmo vk`kchjgo
vmrgo g‟ojvogok. O juhvo mgo﬋fo skrkjjh cmj luhro gk Ukro`o shjh trk o poÿ `rkjgo
pokjo﬋fkto m phnphso tkjth jmdd‟krfaotmt- g‟Murhpk. O vok``okthro vkjjh oj fmrfk
turk qukjth jmddm gmfhrkzohjo, fhstruzohjo gmddm dhfkjgm fottkgojm. Vfomjzokto,
go pomtrk duj`h strkgm knpom kdnmjh trm pmjskthro m shprkttutth mspdhrkthro so
nmtro. D‟ Kjfomj
 Kjfomj Sï` onm , od vmffaoh hrgojm,
Sï`onm  ojfhjtrkjh jmo skdhtto poÿ jhto pmr sfkn-
vmrrå shppokjtkth gk ujh juhvh. cokrso ogmm mg mspmromjzm, fhjhsfmjzm
Dm shfomtå m dm ksshfokzohjo sm`rmtm prhvmjomjto gk tutth od nhjgh pksskjh
akjjh foksfujk o prhpro pokjo su fhnm gk quo. @do mspdhrkthro rkffhjtkjh sthrom
rmjgmrm Ukro`o od fmjtrh gmd nhjgh, gk go kjonkdo m cmstom hrrmjgm jmddm `ouj`dm
fuo tutth od phtmrm ghvrå orrkgokrso. Od g‟Klrofk m `do sfomjzokto msphj`hjh `do

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
onphrtkjto pksso kvkjto oj nmgofojk,
kdfaonok m sfomjzm jkturkdo. Kd fmjtrh go
tutth
gmddk fo shjh od fhrtm``oknmjth
smguzohjm. m d‟krtmm
Ukro`o á dk Vhghnk
dk @hnhrrk g‟Murhpk. Kvmrm knkjto á
fhjsogmrkth jhrnkdm qukjgh pkrtmfopkrm
k ujk fmjk m od phtmrm gmddk smguzohjm á
onphrtkjtm pmr faoujqum gmtmj`k ujk
phsozohjm h uj ustfoh. O skdhtto shjh uj
fhddm`knmjth trk dk fhrtm go \mrskoddms
m dk Ukro`o ojtmddmttukdm, oj fuo prhspm-
prhspm-
rkjh juhvm ogmm. Od fhrtm``oknmjth á od
fmnmjth fam tomjm ojsomnm tuttm qumstm
fhsm. O pokfmro sporotukdo vmj`hjh fhjso-
gmrkto tkjth onphrtkjto qukjth qumddo
gmd fhrph. Nusofk m dmtturm, gockttoto m
dmzohjo shjh prmfmguto gk kpmrto fhrtm`-
`oknmjto. Dm rmdkzohjo fkncokjh oj
cksm kddm prmlmrmjzm gmdd‟hspotm m shjh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
nhgmddktm gko gmsogmro m gkddm ojfdo-
ojfdo-
jkzohjo gmo pkrtmfopkjto. Nhdto hspoto
shjh
thro h gopdhnktofo, phdotofo, knnojostrk-
kdtrm ﬋`urm onphrtkjto fam akjjh
vok``okth soj quo pmr fhjgovogmrm qumstk
gmfkgmjzk. Mssmrm vosto jmo skdhtto `ousto
á gmddk nkssonk onphrtkjzk, nmjtrm
kd tmnph stmssh dk qukdotå gm`do hspoto
gm﬋josfm od skdhtth. Á smnprm jmo skdhtto
fam prmjghjh lhrnk `do ojtro`ao m dm
trknm poÿ fhnpdmsso. Nksshjo, `jhstofo,
fkckdosto m kdtrm shfomtå gkdd‟hr`kjozzk-
gkdd‟hr`kjozzk-
zohjm poÿ docmrk uskjh o skdhtto sok fhnm
tmrrmjh go fkffok fam fhnm rolu`oh.
O lkccrofkjto go pkrruffam, o prhlunomro
m o skrto fam dkvhrkjh dm smtm forfhdkjh oj
`rkj junmrh ktthrjh ko skdhtto, ojtmjto
k ckttmrso pmr kffkpkrrkrso o fdomjto. Od
nhgh oj fuo dm pmrshjm so vmsthjh, so
<0 
prhlunkjh m so truffkjh shjh uj faokrh
ojgofkthrm go stktus m phtmrm.
Krtm,kpprmzzkto.
nhdth nhgk m ojtrkttmjonmjth shjhk
O roffao so rmfkjh
tmktrh m kdd‟hpmrk quhtogokjknmjtm,
nmjtrm fhdhrh fam akjjh nmzzo ojlmrohro
so rkgujkjh k`do spmttkfhdo go vkromtå m ko
tmktro vku-gm-voddm .
Kddh stmssh tmnph dk `mjtm fhnujm
fhvk od gosfhjtmjth9 `ukrgkjh o roffao
rhthdkrso jmddk dussurok m jmddk roffamzzk
nmjtrm dhrh nuhohjh go lknm m dkvhrkjh
gurh. Go qukjgh oj qukjgh oj fottå
sfhppokjh gmddm poffhdm rovhdtm, fam
vmj`hjh rkpogknmjtm smgktm gk uj
fhrph go `ukrgom fottkgojm cmj kggm- kggm -
strktm. Dm pujozohjo pmr dk smgozohjm m
d‟osto`kzohjm kddk rocmddohjm shjh smvmrm,
kstjfaï kccokjh uj mſtmtth gmtmrrmjtm.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Urk`k vmjjm lhjgktk `oå jmd ?µ smfhdh
<1 m h``o fhjsostm go qukttrh qukrtomro su
mjtrkncm dm sphjgm gmd ﬋unm Nhdgkvk.
Dk fottå prmsth govmjjm od sm``oh gmo rm
chmno, kdfujo gmo qukdo govmjjmrh kjfam
onpmrkthro gmd Vkfrh Shnkjh Onpmrh.
Jmd ;5µ smfhdh Urk`k vmjovk gmsfrottk
fhnm uj vovkfm fmjtrh go sfkncoh m
jmd ?06 govmjjm ujk gohfmso. Dk fottå
prhspmró shtth od rm`jh go Fkrdh O\, fam
jmd ;7µ smfhdh gmfrmtó dk lhjgkzohjm gmddk
fottå juhvk, Jhvï Nmsth (Fottå Juhvk).
Vuddk sphjgk
qukrtomrm sojostrk
Arkgfkjy ghnojkgmddk fottå,
﬋unm,fhjod
od Fkstmddh go Urk`k m od suh fhnpdmssh
go pkdkzzo m faomsm su fuo thrrm``ok
dk nkmsthsk Fkttmgrkdm go Vkj \oth.
Fhstruotk jmd ;7µ smfhdh, á dk poÿ kjtofk
fkttmgrkdm `htofk gmdd‟Murhpk fmjtrkdm.
K mst go Arkgfkjy f‟á Nkdë Vtrkjk,
dk Fottå Ckssk. Kjfam qumsth qukrtomrm
vkjtk pkdkzzo mdm`kjto, fhnm dk rmsogmjzk
rmkdm gmd Cmdvmgmrm m od nhjkstmrh go
Vtrkahv fhj dk suk docrmrok ujofk.
Gkdd‟kdtrh dkth gmddk Nhdgkvk, k mst
gmddk Fottå Ckssk, so trhvk od fmjtrh go
Urk`k, dk Fottå \mffaok, Vtkrï Nmsth, fhj
dm sum strkgm strmttm m thrtuhsm, lhjgktk
jmdd‟;;µ smfhdh. [uo so trhvk ujk gmddm poÿ
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Urk`k 
~ Dk fottå gmo `o`kjto go pomtrk ~
kjtofam ujovmrsotå g‟Murhpk, d‟]jovmr-
sotå Fkrhdojk, lhjgktk jmd ;670 fhj chddk
pkpkdm mnkjktk gk pkpk Fdmnmjtm \O.
Voj gkd ;7µ smfhdh, dk Fottå Ckssk m dk
Fottå \mffaok shjh fhjjmssm gkd Uhjtm
Fkrhdojh, ojfhrjofokth gk thrro `htofam
m kghrjkth gk stktum go skjto oj stodm
ckrhffh. Jmddm pkrto smttmjtrohjkdo gmddk
Fottå \mffaok shr`hjh o gostrmtto mcrkofo.
K sug gmddk Fottå \mffaok rotrhvoknh
dk Fottå Juhvk, Jhvï Nmsth, fam jhj
á mskttknmjtm —juhvk„, mssmjgh stktk
kjfa‟mssk
Gurkjtmlhjgktk
od ;7µjmd ;7µ smfhdh.
smfhdh Urk`k mrk dk
tmrzk fottå poÿ `rkjgm g‟Murhpk m uj
onphrtkjtm fmjtrh go fhnnmrfoh m
fudturk. Dk fottå vmjjm pmró nkdmgmttk
gkddk slhrtujk, fhsk fam vmjjm rotmjutk
fkusk go govmrsm `umrrm. Wutth fhnojfoó
jmd nk``oh gmd ;<;1, qukjgh o jhcodo
prhtmstkjto rotmjjmrh go sfkrkvmjtkrm
luhro gk ujk gkddm ﬋jmstrm gmd Fkstmddh go
Urk`k gum `hvmrjkthro fktthdofo m o dhrh
sm`rmtkro. Vo frmgm fam ujk gmddm rk`ohjo
go qumsth ktth sok stktk fam o rkpprmsmj-
rkpprmsmj-
tkjto gmddk Chmnok kvmvkjh pkurk fam
o fktthdofo vhdmssmrh kchdorm dk docmrtå
rmdo`ohsk. O `hvmrjkthro kſtrhjtkrhjh uj
prhfmssh shnnkroh m vmjjmrh fhjgkj-
jkto k nhrtm pmr gmlmjmstrkzohjm. Lhrtu-
jktknmjtm, o `hvmrjkthro shprkvvossmrh
kddk fkgutk go quojgofo nmtro kttmrrkjgh
oj uj `rhssh funudh go msfrmnmjto.
Nhdto gofhjh fam o phtmro hsfuro
vmjjmrh nmsso fhsä oj nhth m kdfujo so
spojsmrh kggorotturk kg kffuskrm `do
mcrmo, fam fhj dk dhrh kjtofk fkcckdk
kvrmccmrh lktth k`orm o prhtmstkjto
smfhjgh od dhrh vhdmrm.
Od pmrohgh suffmssovh kddk gmlmjmstrk-
gmlmjmstrk -
zohjm lu tunudtuhsh. @do mcrmo vmjjmrh
kffuskto go qukdsokso
fottå, nostmrohsk fhsk\hfo
h nmjh. kffkgmssm oj
sud nosto-
fosnh mcrkofh m su foó go fuo mrk fkpkfm
ojozokrhjh k goſthjgmrso k nkffaok g‟hdoh
pmr o qukrtomro go Urk`k. Od nojonh
ojfhjvmjomjtm h mvmjth fksukdm vmjovk
kgghsskth k`do mcrmo.
Dk `hffok fam lmfm trkchffkrm od vksh
krrovó smnprm jmddh stmssh kjjh, qukjgh
ujk nojkffohsk fhnmtk rhssk oddunojó
od fomdh m tmrrhrozzó d‟ojtmrk phphdk-
phphdk-
zohjm murhpmk. Hvujqum so gofmvk fam dk
fhnmtk prmkjjujfokvk nkdkttok m `umrrk.
K Urk`k `do mcrmo vmjjmrh kffuskto go kvmr
mvhfkth dk @rkjgm Fhnmtk m nhdto go msso
uffoso  smjzk kdfujk kppkrmjtm
vmjjmrh uffoso 
rk`ohjm. Uhfao mcrmo hskvkjh nhstrkrso

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
luhro gko dhrh qukrtomro oj qumsth pmrohgh2
kjfhrk nmjh jhj mcrmo hskvkjh mjtrkrvo.
Umr trmjtk tmrrocodo jhtto dk fhnmtk
oddunojó od fomdh jhtturjh m dk `mjtm go
tuttk Murhpk vhdsm od suh s`ukrgh vmrsh
go mssk, tmnmjgh od pm``oh. Mrk mvogmjtm
fam d‟unkjotå kvmssm lktth ojlurokrm Goh
m fam kgmssh ghvmssm pk`krm pmr o prhpro
pmffkto. Dk `mjtm pkrdkvk go pok`am m
`umrrm, m `umrrk lu foó fam mccm. Vucoth
ghph dk sfhnpkrsk gmddk fhnmtk gko
fomdo sfhppoó ujk tmrrocodm `umrrk dk fuo
sfojtoddk,
strkzohjmsogmo
gofmvk, skrmccm stktkkgdk mssmrjm
gum `hvmrjkthro2 gmlmjm-
ojfhdpkto lurhjh `do mcrmo. Dk `umrrk guró
pmr trmjt‟kjjo, phrtkjgh kfquk kd nudojh
go fao kvmvk stugokth o lmjhnmjo gmd fomdh
jhtturjh, m fhojvhdsm dm nk``ohro pkrto
gmdd‟Murhpk.
[ukjgh dk `umrrk ﬋jä, dk phphdkzohjm
mcrkofk `hgmttm go uj crmvm nhnmjth go
trm`uk. Jmd ;<1?, tuttkvok, sucä uj kdtrh
gurh fhdph qukjgh o qukrtomro mcrkofo
vmjjmrh gkto kddm ﬋knnm. D‟ojfmjgoh, fam
jmddm ojtmjzohjo kvrmccm ghvuth fhdporm
msfdusovknmjtm o qukrtomro mcrkofo,
gmvkstó vkstm krmm go Urk`k. Umrfaï
o Lrkjfmso kccokjh kppoffkth od luhfh
jhj dh sk jmssujh2 o trm fam vmjjmrh
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
krrmstkto pmr od fronojm jhj rovmdkrhjh
juddk ro`ukrgh kddm prhprom ojtmjzohjo k
gospmtth go ujk spomtktk thrturk. Nhdto
spmrkvkjh fam `do mcrmo skrmccmrh stkto
ckjgoto k fkusk gmdd‟ojfmjgoh, nk msso
roshrsmrh gkddm fmjmro m prmsth lurhjh
poÿ lhrto fam nko. Dk fottå ﬋hrä juhvk-
juhvk -
nmjtm qukjgh o roffao nmrfkjto dk rofh-
struorhjh, rmjgmjghdk poÿ cmddk fam nko.
Dk pkfm pmró jhj gurkvk nko k duj`h
k Urk`k. Dk @umrrk go Vuffmssohjm
Kustrokfk sfhppoó jmd ;075 m Urk`k so
trhvó
﬋jm gmdmskttknmjtm
jhvmncrm kd fmjtrh
;07;, go mssk.
Urk`k Kddk
mrk stktk
fhjquostktk gk uj msmrfoth fhnphsth gk
truppm ckvkrmso, sksshjo m lrkjfmso fam
mrk kvkjzkth kttrkvmrsh dk Chamnok, nk
lu docmrktk d‟kjjh sm`umjtm gkddk rm`ojk
kscur`ofk Nkrok Wmrmsk.
Jmd ;07=, ghph kvmr ugoth vhfo suddh
sfaomrknmjth gm`do mcrmo fhj o Urussokjo,
dk rm`ojk do ckjgä gkddk fottå. Forfk od 65
pmrfmjth gmo <=.555 kcotkjto vmjjmrh
gmphrtkto m fhstrmtto k dksfokrm dm dhrh
fksm m Urk`k.
Uhfh ghph dk gmphrtkzohjm fo lu uj‟o-
uj‟o-
jhjgkzohjm go rmshfhjto su mvmjto nostm-
rohso m hrrocodo jmo vofhdo gmo qukrtomro
mcrkofo. Vo gofmvk fam ujk `o`kjtmsfk
frmkturk go pomtrk vk`kssm pmr od
qukrtomrm, kttkffkjgh fhj vohdmjzk <?
faoujqum jhj kppkrtmjmssm kd phphdh
mcrkofh. Foó rmsm roduttkjtm od rmsth
gmddk phphdkzohjm kdd‟ogmk go sphstkrso oj
qumddk zhjk, tkjth nmjh go trkslmrorfoso.
O qukrtomro jhj vmjjmrh thffkto ﬋jh kd
;071, qukjgh dk rm`ojk rmvhfó onprhv-
vosknmjtm dk gmphrtkzohjm m dksfoó fam
`do mcrmo thrjkssmrh k Urk`k. Fam qumsth
kvmssm k fam lkrm fhj d‟mjhrnm @hdmn
(fhnm dk frmkturk vmjovk faoknktk) h
nmjh
Kdfujo ánostofo
kjfhrk h``mtth fam
shstmj`hjh go odgockttoth.
`o`kjtm
gmd qukrtomrm mcrkofh jhj mrk d‟ujofh
gmddk suk spmfom. Vo gofmvk fam kdtrm
frmkturm go pomtrk, poÿ poffhdm m k`odo,
kvmssmrh cmstokdnmjtm uffosh `do knno-
jostrkthro kscur`ofo m fam lhssmrh stkto
qumsto hnofogo k lkr sä fam dk rm`ojk
pmrnmttmssm k`do mcrmo go thrjkrm.
Jhj kppmjk `do mcrmo thrjkrhjh
`do hnofogo fmsskrhjh, m o rkpphrto su
frmkturm go pomtrk govmjjmrh smnprm
nmjh, ﬋jh k lmrnkrso gmd tutth. Kjfhrk
h``o, phfam pmrshjm hskjh mjtrkrm jmo
qukrtomro mcrkofo fhj fkttovo prhphsoto,
pmrfaï so frmgm fam dm frmkturm go pomtrk
vm`dojh kjfhrk sud dhrh phphdh.
 

 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Shnk  

~ O shttmrrkjmo gmddk fhjhsfmjzk ~

Shnk á ujk fottå fam á stktk kcotuktk

kg mssmrm kd fmjtrh gmd nhjgh pmr poÿ
go uj noddmjjoh. Gk fkpotkdm gmdd‟kjtofh
Onpmrh Shnkjh á govmjutk od fmjtrh
nhjgokdm gmddk lmgm frostokjk, fhj dk
Fkttmgrkdm go Vkj Uomtrh, —od trhjh go
Uomtrh„ fam lhrjosfm kuthrotå ko pkpo.
Shnk á ujk nmtrhphdo tmjtkfhdkrm, oj fuo
qukrtomro kſthddkto shr`hjh kd ﬋kjfh go
kdtro kcckjghjktm. Nhgmrjm kffhzzk`dom
go stodo so nmsfhdkjh k nk`jo﬋fam rhvojm
kjtofam m ko rkstjkto pkdkzzo go jhcodo m
fkrgojkdo. Vfudturm `rmfh-rhnkjm shjh
05 gosphstm kffkjth ko fkphdkvhro gmdd‟krfao-
gmdd‟krfao-
tmtturk gmd Sojksfonmjth m ckrhffk. ]jk
tkdm fhjfmjtrkzohjm go spdmjgogo h``mtto,
sfhjhsfoutk kd rmsth g‟Murhpk, gmfhrk
dm fksm gmdd‟ïdotm rhnkjk, pmró lrk tutth
qumsth so vmghjh kjfam ojtmro `rm``o go
pmfhrm, hrlkjo vk`kchjgo m gumddo kdd‟ud-
tonh skj`um. [uo so phsshjh vmgmrm dm
sfmjm poÿ vhd`kro m poÿ sucdono, ojtrmf-
foktm kddm vmgutm rhnkjm.
Shnk á kjfam od fudnojm gmd @rkjg
Whur ,
jhcodo fhj ujk nhdtotugojm
m pmrshjm ostruotm famgo krrovkjh
`ohvkjo
gk tuttk Murhpk pmr ugorm d‟mfh gmddk
sthrok. Vo lkjjh gopoj`mrm oj phsk kd
﬋kjfh go fhdhjjm m stktum roskdmjto ko
tmnpo go Frosth, vosotkjh dm fktkfhncm
ghvm shjh smphdto o skjto nkrtoro2 o poÿ
roffao fhnprkjh krtmlktto gkddm krmm go
sfkvh m do spmgosfhjh jmo dhrh pkmso fhnm shjh pomjm go noto m vhfo su qumsto fhsm fam sm ﬋jossmrh jmddm nkjo gmddk
prhvk gmd dhrh vok``oh. Od noth gmdd‟kj-
gmdd‟kj- sm`rmto. Uhtmrm, fhjhsfmjzk m h``mtto `mjtm fhnujm nkjgmrmccmrh oj rhvojk
tofk Shnk so á rkgofkth oj Oj`aodtmrrk m rmfupmrkto vmj`hjh tmjuto kd sofurh gko od nhjgh ojtmrh. Dm faomsm shjh roffam m
nhdto gmo vosotkthro shjh crotkjjofo. skfmrghto, fam ro﬋utkjh go fhjgovogmrm o dhrh lhrzomro trkchffkjh go roffamzzm, dk
Dk Faomsk ak poÿ phtmrm, quo, fam o dhrh tmshro. Dk `mjtm nhrnhrk gmddm phphdkzohjm á supmrstozohsk m rmdo`ohsk.
oj qukdsokso kdtrk pkrtm g‟Murhpk. Jmo dkfronm gm`do kj`mdo, gmddk frhfm go @msÿ, [uo á nm`doh jhj s﬋gkrm od phtmrm gmddk
fkvmkux sm`rmto gmddm skjtm faomsm go rmdoquom m sfrotturm skfrm, nk kjfam Faomsk m dk suk prmgofkzohjm9 gmo phfao
`okffohjh sm`rmto trhpph `rkjgo pmrfaï go gmnhjo onckdsknkto, nkjukdo gmd fam fo akjjh prhvkth jhj so shjh poÿ
d‟unkjotå phssk fhnprmjgmrdo. Dm strkgm Gokvhdh m nkffaojm rotukdostofam, tuttm kvutm jhtozom.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn

]jk juhvk mrk rofaomgm ujk juhvk fottå9
qumsth lu od rk`ohjknmjth gmddh tskr  russh
 russh
qukjgh, jmd ;056, lhjgó Vkj Uomtrhcur`h
vofojh kd pujth oj fuo d‟mrhm jkzohjkdm
Kdmxkjgmr Jmvsby kvmvk uj tmnph
sfhj﬋tth ujk `rkjgm krnktk svmgmsm.
Dk fottå, go juhvk
uj onphrtkjtm lhjgkzohjm,
phrth, govmjjm dkghtktk go
﬋jmstrk
gmddk Sussok sudd‟hffogmjtm. Dk suk onphr-
onphr -
tkjzk govmjjm tkdm gk rmjgmrdk, jmd ;0;3,
dk juhvk fkpotkdm. Vo trkttk, prhckcod-
nmjtm, gmddk fottå poÿ nhgmrjk gmd nhjgh
m od rmsphjskcodm gmddk suk prh`mttkzohjm
á stkth d‟krfaotmtth lrkjfmsm Imkj-Ckp-
tostm Dm Cdhjg. Urmsth d‟krmk pkssó
gkdd‟mssmrm uj nkdmhghrkjtm pkjtkjh k
ujk gmddm fottå poÿ cmddm m nhgmrjm nko
vostm2 vmjjmrh rkpogknmjtm fhstruotm ujk
`rkjgohsk fottkgmddk m kjjmssm lhrto﬋fk-
zohjo, ojsomnm k uj phssmjtm nhdh. @do
krto`okjo
pkrm lmfmrh dk ﬋dk
kdd‟mgo﬋fkzohjm pmr phtmr
go qumstk nmrkvo`dok. pmr sfhprorm,
pkrtmfo- `rhssm shnnm)vmgmrm m lhrsmm fhnprkrm
Uhfh ghph dk nhrtm gmddh tskr , dk fhrtm so O vosotkthro prmsth sfhprhjh fam qukso fottå sok dm`kth k qumddh go Kdmx Yghrhv.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 Vkj Uo mtmtrrhc
 Vkj hcur
ur`` h 
~ Od fkdgmrhjm nostmrohsh ~
trkslmrä juhvknmjtm k Nhsfk, jmd ;035,
nk prmsth kvrmccm lktth rothrjh.
D‟ojtmrmssm jmdd‟hffudth sok gmddh
tskr  fam
  fam go suk ﬋`dok ak lktth sä fam Vkj
Uomtrhcur`h kccok kttrktth nostofo m
hffudtosto fhnm nhsfam fhd dmtknm. Vhtth
dk suk supmr﬋fom,
sporotofam, dk fottåm rochddm
gokchdosnh rotukdo gosktkjofo,
smgutm
m pmr﬋jh o skfmrghto hrthghsso vmj`hjh
trksfojkto oj qumsth kdhjm go nostmrh,
tkjth fam k Vkj Uomtrhcur`h jhj á poÿ
phssocodm gostoj`umrm od skfrh gkd prhlkjh.
Á tutth uj nosfu`doh go prm`aomrm, kghrk- kghrk-
zohjm m skfro﬋fo ko phtmro supmrohro.
Dkgghvm so rkgujkjh `do hffudtosto á
phssocodm trhvkrm h``mtto notofo m nostm-
rohso. Dm fhddmzohjo poÿ fhnpdmtm go dmttm-
rkturk m h``mtto hffudto g‟Murhpk so
trhvkjh lhrsm prhproh k Vkj Uomtrhcur`h.
Kdfaonosto m fhddmzohjosto kffhrrhjh quo
h``mtto sfrotto sonodo. sm`ukfo kunmjtk
(pmr pmrshjm
0;
d‟ojtmrk fhrtm á oj qukdfam nhgh fhojvhdtk
jmdd‟hffudth. O skfmrghto shjh nhdth
phtmjto m vmj`hjh vosto poÿ fhnm nostofo
fam fhnm prmgofkthro. Dk `mjtm so ﬋gk
gmo dhrh sussurro m dm smttm fam nmtthjh
oj prktofk dm dhrh pkrhdm shjh nhdtm. ]jh
gmo nostofo
á Kdmx poÿ phtmjto
Yghrhv9 jkth ojgouj
Vkjvoddk``oh
Uomtrhcur`h
k mst
gmo nhjto ]rkdo, jmddk vmjthsk m spomtktk
Vocmrok, Kdmx krrovk k Vkj Uomtrhcur`h
oj uj nhnmjth onprmfoskth vmrsh dk ﬋jm
gm`do kjjo 35 gmd ;1µ smfhdh. [uo m`do frmk
dk suk crkjfk gmddk smttk mghjostofk Chzaoy
Dyugo   (od phphdh go Goh), jhtk ko pomtrh-
cur`amso fhnm Badysty . Urmgofk fam dk
skdvmzzk so fhjquostk kttrkvmrsh ujk votk
go thtkdm pmffkth. Mjtrh qukdfam kjjh, dk
smttk kfquososfm nhdth phtmrm m ojffiumjzk
suddk fottå. Vo rotomjm fam Kdmx phssomgk
govmrso phtmro hffudto m od junmrh gmo suho
fhstkjtmnmjtm.
shstmj`hjh fam od luturhNhdtm
gmddk

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Vo gofm fam dk fkpotkdm go uj pkmsm sok od
suh spmffaoh m jomjtm phtrmccm mssmrm
poÿ vmrh pmr Vthffhdnk. Dk Vvmzok á uj
onpmrh onphvmroth ko nkr`ojo g‟Murhpk.
O suho `ohrjo go `dhrok shjh pksskto m
d‟ujofh trhlmh fam jm ronkjm á od skphrm
knkrh gmddk sfhj﬋ttk. K Vthffhdnk so
rofhnphj`hjh o fhffo, ustfokdo nmsso gk
pkrtm m ucrokfao sputkjh dk rkccok gmddk
dhrh hcshdmsfmjzk m od gosfhjtmjth frmsfm
jmddm strkgm m jmo nmrfkto. Od phphdh kjmdk
k uj‟kdtrk `umrrk, uj juhvh jmnofh, nk
dk tmshrmrok jkzohjkdm á tkdnmjtm vuhtk
fam pmr﬋jh o thpo nuhohjh go lknm. O
phdotofo m `do knnojostrkthro gofhjh fam á
03 tmnph go `ukrgkrm kvkjto, fam dk Vvmzok
gmvm gonmjtofkrm o suho `ohrjo gk `rkjgm
phtmjzk m frmkrso ujk juhvk ogmjtotå. O
phfao shdgo fam ronkj`hjh vmj`hjh spmso
pmr rofhstruorm d‟knnojostrkzohjm stktkdm
m Vthffhdnk á od duh`h ghvm so rkgujkjh
ustfokdo, lujzohjkro, knnojostrkthro m
phdotofo. Nhdtm shjh dm fhj`mtturm sud
pmrfaï o gopkrtonmjto m o fhddm`o gmcckjh
mssmrm fhsä `rkjgo m dk `mjtm gofm fam foó
jhj ak juddk fam lkrm fhj d‟knnojostrk-
d‟knnojostrk -
zohjm, qukjth fam
cokrm sm`rmto fhd fhprorm trkffm rk``ouj-
jhj phsshjh m ojskc-
`mrm dk phphdkzohjm fottkgojk. [ukdo sokjh
qumsto sm`rmto á ujk ghnkjgk rofhrrmjtm2
kg kdtro jhj onphrtk, mssmjgh fhsä phvmro
fam d‟ujofh pmjsomrh, pmr dhrh, á fhnm
shprkvvovmrm kd prhssonh ojvmrjh. O lrmggo
vmjto gmd fkncoknmjth shstkjh jmo vofhdo
m dk `mjtm rkffh`dom
r kffh`dom dm phfam lhrzm rmsogum.
rmsogum.
]stfokdo m shdgkto oj fhj`mgh fhsporkjh pmr
prmjgmrm od phtmrm9 vh`dohjh roprostojkrm
od prmsto`oh gmddk Vvmzok mg mspkjgmrjm o
tmrrothro, jhj vh`dohjh mssmrm hstkfhdkto gk
uj crkjfh go knnojostrkthro m phdotofo.
Ukrkddmdknmjtm
phtmrm, k qumsto `ohfao
o nmrfkjto rmfmjtmnmjtm krroffao- Jkzohjkdm
go fam `mjmrkVvmgmsm. [umst‟udtonhfhs‟á
toso m o fhnnmrfokjto gmddm Ojgom Hromjtkdo vomjm rodmvkth m pmrfaï8 \mstoto go jmrh, `do knnojostrkthro8
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Vthfff hdhdnk
 Vth nk  
~ Dk fottå gmo sh`jo ojlrkjto ~
so rkgujkjh sud nhdh go Vbmppscrh. H`jo
`ohrjh krrovkjh jkvo fam phrtkjh juhvo
fkrofao gk vmjgmrm h onckddkrm m spmgorm
kdtrhvm. Od lmrrh á uj cmjm nhdth prmzohsh. Od
nojmrkdm lmrrhsh svmgmsm vomjm trksphrtkth
k Vthffhdnk m spmgoth oj Oj`aodtmrrk, ghvm
vomjm trkslhrnkth oj strunmjto m stkcodo-
nmjto, m o nmrfkjto Vvmgmso jm trk``hjh uj
cuhj prh﬋tth. Dk fhrhjk ak nmssh `do hffao
suo dhrh cmjo m lk tutth foó fam puó pmr nksso
nksso--
nozzkrm tkssm m fhnpmjso, nk á ujk dhttk
onpkro9 o juhvo roffao go Vthffhdnk nojkf-
fokjh prhjtknmjtm go trkslmrorso oj Oj`aod-
tmrrk h Lrkjfok, h go fmsskrm dm dhrh kttovotå
sm dh stkth jhj fhddkchrk fhj dhrh kd ﬋jm go
kunmjtkrjm udtmrohrnmjtm dm roffamzzm. Dk
rosphstk fhjsostm oj uj nk``ohr junmrh go
knnojostrkthro m ospmtthro, poÿ ghfunmjto
fam jmfmssotkjh go toncro m so`oddo, poÿ
ospmzohjo go nmrfo m fkrofao. @do kcotkjto go
Vthffhdnk dk faoknkjh —dk gkjzk pmrpmtuk„.
Umrfaï o junmro fovofo ojozokjh gkd
Ukdkzzh Smkdm m skd`hjh go dä oj pho8
Umrfaï tutto `do mgo﬋fo puccdofo gmvhjh
mssmrm `okddo8 M pmrfaï d‟Krfaovoh Smkdm
jhj á roujoth oj uj ujofh phsth8 Dm
ghnkjgm
rkzohjostm shjh nhdtm m odm shspmtto
kdonmjtkjh tmhrom fhspo-
fam `do
fhskospmtthro k`osfhjhvomjm
gk dhrh rodmvktk oj sm`rmth
rkffhdtkm ojh`jo
uj
gomtrh dm sfmjm stok suffmgmjgh qukdfhsk. `rkjgm krfaovoh.
Fao á dk nkrohjmttk m fao od curkttojkoh8 Jmd tmjtktovh go frmkrm ujk juhvk mtå
Jmssujh dh sk, jmssujh hsk faomgmrdh. gmdd‟hrh, dk fottå ojvmstm oj juhvm hpmrm
Vthffhdnk jhj á poÿ od ludfrh gmdd‟ojtm- krfaotmtthjofam, skdhtto, fudturk, ojtrkt-
rmssm gm`do kdtro phtmro Murhpmo, nk dk tmjonmjth m qukdsokso kdtrk strkvk`kjzk
fottå jhj ghvrmccm fhnujqum kvmrm ujk pmrnmttk go nkjtmjmrm ujk cmddk lkffoktk.
suk onphrtkjzk8 Vm jhj kdtrh d‟knnojo- Vh`jkjgh go tmnpo hrnko kjgkto, dk `mjtm
strkzohjm stktkdm, oj frmsfotk, á kdd‟kvkj- spmrk fam d‟Oddunojosnh m d‟hr`kjozzk-
`ukrgok oj tmrnojo go hr`kjozzkzohjm mg zohjm rmjgmrkjjh go juhvh dk Vvmzok uj
mstfomjzk. Vuddk suk sfok fhnpkohjh nhdtm pkmsm go pronh pokjh. Dk nk``ohrkjzk
ostotuzohjo, fhnm uj sostmnk ckjfkroh, frmgm, tuttkvok, fam od tmnph pmr o sh`jo
skdm g‟kstk m od Sovmdknmjth Whph`rk﬋fh sok pksskth m fam sok hrk go pksskrm kdd‟k-
poÿ fhjlusohjm9 á qumddh zohjm. kssunmrm
fam gmcck Sonkjm pmró dk ghnkjgk
od fhjtrhddh9 su faoh
o nodotkro

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
O roffao pkdkzzo gmdd‟ïdotm m dm `hjghdm sud
Fkjkd @rkjgm shjh kjfhrk ujk sfmjk
`rkgmvhdm k \mjmzok, smccmjm dk fottå
sok stktk oj gmfdojh pmr qukso 355 kjjo.
[ukjgh \mjmzok vmjjm fhdpotk gkddk
pmstm jmd ;671 m pho go juhvh jmd ;=00,
lu fhnm rofmvmrm pronk ujk pu`jkdktk
kddk sfaomjk m pho lkrso tk`dokrm dk `hdk,
m d‟mpogmnok gmd ;<65 uffosm poÿ go
;55.555 pmrshjm. Juhvm rhttm fhnnmr-
fokdo m kddmkjzm oj nutknmjth akjjh
lktth pmrgmrm sdkjfoh m phtmrm k \mjmzok.
D‟kjtofk uj
phdotofk m tmnph
`dhrohskojffiumjzkvk
rmpuccdofk,o rm`jo
dk fuom
fkncokvk `do hcomttovo gmo frhfokto, jmd
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 \mjmzok  
~ Dk fottå gmo pu`jkdo ~
;1µ smfhdh á oj pomjk gmfkgmjzk. Nk á
uj frmpusfhdh g‟hrh pmr dk Vmrmjossonk9
qumstk á d‟mtå gmd lknhsh fhnnmgoh-
fhnnmgoh-
`rklh Fkrdh @hdghjo, gmd tkdmjtuhsh
potthrm @oknckttostk Womphdh m gmddh
strkhrgojkroh kvvmjturomrh m smgutthrm
@okfhnh Fkskjhvk. Dk fottå á pomjk
go skdhtto krosthfrktofo mg mdm`kjto
fkſtá ghvm `do ojtmddmttukdo so ojfhj-
ojfhj-
trkjh pmr gosfutmrm qumstohjo mrugotm.
O vmjmzokjo roffao trksfhrrhjh o dhrh
`ohrjo oj nmdkjfhdofk `rkjgmzzk. Dm
odlmstm oj nksfamrk,
Fkrjmvkdm, vkjjhshprkttutth gurkjtm
ojfrmgocodnmjtm go
nhgk k \mjmzok.
06
F‟á qukdfhsk fam jï dk pmstm jï o rm
akjjh phtuth th`domrdm9 od suh pksskth
nostmrohsh pomjh go nksfamrktm m
sm`rmto. O fottkgojo fhsporkjh gk smnprm2
o fhjquostkthro htthnkjo, jhjfaï `do
Vpk`jhdo m o Shnkjo, akjjh ksskphrkth
d‟knkrmzzk gmddm hncrm m gmo pu`jkdo.
Dm nksfamrktm shjh smnprm stktm shdh
uj prmtmsth pmr rkgujkrso m fhsporkrm
fhjtrh qukdsokso fhsk h pmrshjk fam
fmrfkssm go rovmjgofkrm \mjmzok. Umr dk
stmssk rk`ohjm jhj á ujk fhojfogmjzk
famprhprok
dk govmrsmcksm
`odgm go ksskssojo
k \mjmzok, kccokjh
jï fam nhdto
sfrotto hffudto kccokjh dä dk dhrh hro`ojm.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
 \omjjk  

~ Dm skdm gmo thjo fmdmsto ~

07

\omjjk, od fmjtrh gmd phtmrm gm`do no`dohro, nk shprkttutth o poÿ tkdmj- tkdmj- fhstruzohjm pmr ksfhdtkrm dm udtonm
Kscur`h, ak kttrkvmrsh so`jo﬋fktovo tuhso nusofosto m krtosto. Dk fottå rosuhjk fhnphsozohjo. Kddk ﬋jm gmd smfhdh,
fkncoknmjto jm`do udtono fmjth kjjo. gmo thjo go fhrgm, tonpkjo m fdkrojmtto. O \omjjk govomjm dk rmsogmjzk pmrnkjmjtm
Vhjh stkto fhnpdmtkto juhvo mgo﬋fo, fhjfmrto phrtkjh kddm dkfronm `do hffao go Phdl`kj` Knkgmus Nhzkrt, od qukdm
fhsthso m gmfhrkto9
puccdofam, fkstmddo,
skdm nusofk strutturm
m tmktro gmdd‟h- gmddm `ohvkjo
`ojhffaok so`jhrm
gm`do m lkjjh
uhnojo. trmnkrm
O jhcodo dm
Murhpmo kvmvk
nmjtrmstupoth
Ihsmpapmr kjjoádmujfhrto
Akygj mrhmmurhpmm,
dhfkdm m
pmrk. Msso akjjh kttrktth `do krfaotmtto vosotkjh dm skdm gmo fhjfmrto go rmfmjtm tutto vh`dohjh ksfhdtkrm dm sum sojlhjom.
 
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

󰁠󰁭󰁨󰁠󰁳󰁫󰁬󰁯󰁫
  Kr mm Wo
 Krm Wopo
poffam 

O Ckssolhjgo
Jmddk nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm `rkjgo
fottå fo shjh gostrmtto fam, pmr vkrom
rk`ohjo, shjh fkguto oj rhvojk m oj fuo
go jhttm nmjgofkjto, dkgro m prhsto-prhsto -
tutm so rkgujkjh pmr sfkdgkrso vofojh kd
luhfh. Dm fksm shjh gmo nkrfo tu`uro, `do
strmtto vofhdo shjh pomjo go onnhjgozok,
poghffao m rktto. Dm tkvmrjm hspotkjh
rofmttkthro m ksskssojo. Jmssujk pmrshjk
rospmttkcodm pmjsmrmccm nko go vosotkrm
qumsto gostrmtto, jmnnmjh kddk dufm gmd
shdm. Go qukjgh oj qukjgh, dm kuthrotå
fhnpohjh gmddm rmtktm m roujosfhjh dk
lmffok, ojvokjghdo oj hspmgkdm, oj pro`ohjm 0=
h kddk lhrfk. Nk, jhjhstkjtm `do k`mjto
zmdkjto m dm `ukrgom jhtturjm, dk `mjtm
fhjtojuk kg krrovkrm k `rkjgo hjgktm
gkddm fknpk`jm. Fhjtkgojo gospmrkto fam
akjjh pmrsh dk tmrrk k lkvhrm go roffao
prhpromtkro tmrromro no`rkjh oj fottå oj
fmrfk go lhrtujk, nk foó fam trhvkjh
á shdh poÿ phvmrtå m gm`rkgh. Vhjh
smnpdofmnmjtm gmo nmffkjosno go `rkgh
ojlmrohrm gmddk —Sovhduzohjm Ojgustrokdm„
fam, ojozoktk
fkncokrm oj Oj`aodtmrrk,
o pkjhrkno urckjoág‟Murhpk.
gmstojktk k
Govmrsm ckjgm go dkgro ghnojkjh sfkffokto k turjh gkddm fottå poÿ `rkjgo rkrso gmddk lhrzk dkvhrh k ckssh fhsth, m
qumstm shfomtå fronojkdo, ojsm`jkjgh oj tuttk Murhpk. Vhdtkjth vmrsh dk nmtå akjjh fhsä ojku`urkth ostotuzohjo sonodo,
ko ckncojo d‟krtm gmd lurth m s`hzzkjgh gmdd‟udtonh smfhdh dk Lrkjfok ak trhvkth nhgmddktm sud `rkjgm a÷potkd  go
 go Ukro`o.
dk `mjtm rospmttkcodm fam ﬋josfm pmr ujk shduzohjm poÿ —pmrnkjmjtm„9 ojvmfm Oj qumstm tmtrm ostotuzohjo dk votk
pmrgmrso jmo vofhdo. Go tkjth oj tkjth o go sfkffokrm strkffohjo m prhstotutm jmddm á pokjo﬋fktk jmo nojono gmttk`do, gkd
ckssolhjgo vmj`hjh sfhsso gk skj`uojhsm fknpk`jm, Duo`o QO\ ak gmfosh fam h`jo pronh nkttojh sojh kddk tkrgk smrk, fhj
gosputm, fhj sfhjtro trk vkrom ckjgm oj nmjgofkjtm, vk`kchjgh, ojvkdogh, nktth smrnhjo m dkvhro lhrzkto. Od shvrkſthddk-
vmrm m prhprom ckttk`dom fam gmfoghjh fao m tmppostk go strkgk ghvrå mssmrm kffoul - nmjth `mjmrk uj kncomjtm fkrkttmroz-
fhnkjgmrå qukdm strkgk h pokzzk. Hdtrm lkth m nmssh oj uj ostotuth oj fuo ghvrå zkth gk nkdkttom, ojmgok m vohdmjzk, mskt-
k cksthjo, pu`jkdo m pu`jo, dm ckjgm ksfhdtkrm dk pkrhdk go Goh mg mssmrm nmssh tknmjtm fhnm dk votk jmo ckssolhjgo.
so krnkjh go uj knpoh ksshrtonmjth k dkvhrh, pmr rmgonmrm dm prhprom nkdvk`om Jmddk nk``ohr pkrtm gmo fkso pmr
go krno onprhvvosktm, mfhjhnofam gk kcotugojo. O rmkdo gm`do kdtro pkmso akjjh nmttmrm qukdfujh oj uj hspmgkdm puccdofh
rmkdozzkrm
Ckrchjo,nk fhnujqumm dmtkdo.
nmjgofkjto fronojkdo shjh fhnprmsh
gojkroh go fam qumsth dk
rkſthrzkrm á uj
dhrhnhgh
prmskstrkhr-
suddk jhj á jmfmsskroh
smnpdofo rmquosoto9ujmssmrm
prhfmssh. Fo shjhjhj
smjzktmtth, gmo
smnprm stkto uj prhcdmnk m shjh stkto phphdkzohjm m kd fhjtmnph go kffkpkr- kvmrm uj dkvhrh m kvmrm dk slhrtujk go

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
kttorkrm d‟kttmjzohjm gmddm kuthrotå. Jmddm
lkno`dom k`oktm á fhnujm fhnprkrm dmttrms
gm fkfamt  pmr
  pmr lkr rojfaougmrm ﬋`do m ﬋`dom
pkrtofhdkrnmjtm sfhjvmjomjto.
Vt @odms m Vmvmj Gokds, Dhjgrk
Od pm``ohr cksshlhjgh g‟Oj`aodtmrrk, m
lhrsm go tuttk Murhpk, á Vt @odms, jmddk
pkrtm
fogmjzksmttmjtrohjkdm
vuhdm fam msshgo prmjgk
Dhjgrk2od jhnm
fhoj-
gkd skjth pktrhjh gmo nmjgofkjto m gm`do
ojvkdogo. Jmd nmgohmvh dm lhrfam gmddk
fottå so trhvkvkjh quo, fhj dk faomsk go
Vt @odms oj tam Lomdgs m od suh nhjkstmrh
fam luj`mvkjh gk hspmgkdm pmr o dmccrhso.
Jmo smfhdo `do mgo﬋fo fottkgojo strosfok-
rhjh smnprm poÿ vofojo m jmd ;<µ smfhdh so
phtmvkjh trhvkrm fksm nkdnmssm hffupktm
gk nmjgofkjto, dkgro m prhstotutm. D‟krmk
á `rkvmnmjtm shvrkpphphdktk, m jm`do
sphrfao m strmtto qukrtomro dm nkdkttom m
dm mpogmnom prhspmrkjh. Lu jmd fonotmrh
go Vt @odms fam vmjjmrh smphdtm dm pronm
vottonm gmddk `rkjgm mpogmnok gmd ;<== m
oj nhdtm hffksohjo d‟krmk á stktk dk lhjtm go
mpogmnom fam so shjh pho mstmsm kdd‟ojtmrk
0< Dhjgrk. Dm lhrfam shjh stktm sphstktm k
Wycurj, nk od fkrrh fam prhvomjm gkddk
pro`ohjm go Jmw`ktm so lmrnk kjfhrk
quo, pmr fhjsmjtorm ko fhjgkjjkto go lkrso
uj‟udtonk cmvutk kd Wam Kj`md. Oj sonodo
mvmjto, dm pmrshjm so rkgujkjh jmddm
strkgm pmr `rogkrm hsfmjotå m dkjfokrm
pomtrm ko pro`ohjomro, m pho fhrrhjh ﬋jh
k Wycurj, luhro gko fhj﬋jo fottkgojo, pmr
kssostmrm kdd‟msmfuzohjm.
Dm `odgm go dkgro gmd gostrmtth pkrdkjh
odpomjh
—`rmfh go Vt @odms„,
go pkrhdm ujprmstoth
prmsm oj `mr`h dkgrmsfh
gk kdtrm
doj`um m kssurgo `ohfao go pkrhdm, m shjh
jhto oj tuttk Dhjgrk pmr fkvkrm `do hffao
k fao prhvk k rmsostmrm k ujk rkpojk. ]j
qukrth gmddm kttovotå fhnpdmssovm shjh
fhnprkvmjgotm go `oj, fam jmddk nk``ohr
pkrtm gmo fkso luj`hjh kjfam gk pujto go
rkffhdtk pmr cmjo ruckto m prhstotutm.
Dk vofojk Vmvmj Gokds á stktk lhjgktk
kddk ﬋jm gmd smfhdh sfhrsh fhj d‟kn- d‟kn -
cozohjm go govmjtkrm uj‟krmk rospmt-
tkcodm. @do ojvmstothro akjjh tuttkvok
prmsth pmrsh ojtmrmssm m od gostrmtth á
govmjuth
nkj nkjhrmsogmjzk go dkgro odm nkrfounm
fam, dmjtknmjtm, strkffohjo
go Vt @odms so goſthjgmvk. Od gostrmtth á
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
fhstruoth ktthrjh k ujk pokzzk jmddk
qukdm so mr`m uj `o`kjtmsfh hrhdh`oh.
Od pokjh hro`ojkdm mrk fam gkddk pokzzk
so skrmccmrh ghvutm orrkgokrm qukttrh
strkgm m fam o prhpromtkro kvrmccmrh
phtuth kstttkrm `do mgo﬋fo kd fmjtrh kd
prmzzh nkssonh. Jmddk dhrh kvogotå, msso
pokjo﬋fkrhjh kjfam ujk smttonk strkgk.
@do ksttto kddm
ojvmstothro, stmddmfkggmrh
dm fksm sfhrk``okrhjh
oj rhvojk`dom
dk pokzzk kgmssh á ﬋kjfam``oktk gk puc
ojvmfm fam gk kttovotå rospmttkcodo.
Dk nkrnk`dok go Vt @odms m Vmvmj
Gokds jhj rmstk fhj﬋jktk jmo prhpro
gostrmtto m spmssh so kvvmjturk k sug,
jmo nmrfkto go Fhvmjt @krgmj, ghvm
chrsm``okjh `mjtoduhnojo m smrvothro
fam kssosthjh k spmttkfhdo go nkroh- nkroh-
jmttm fhnm —Uujfa kjg Iugy„, ruckjh
vmrgurm gkddm ckjfkrmddm m uffoghjh fao
pkssm``ok ojfkutknmjtm jmo vofhdo.
Dm Nkrkos, Ukro`o
Vhdtkjth dm vmffaom pkdugo go Ukro`o,
fhddmttovknmjtm jhtm fhj od jhnm go
Nkrkos, phsshjh mssmrm pkrk`hjktm kd
Vt @odms go Dhjgrk. Foó fam qukttrh-
fmjth kjjo lk mrk fhnojfokth fhnm uj
kncozohsh prh`mtth á kgmssh uj rolu`oh
pmr nmjgofkjto, dkgro m vk`kchjgo.
[ukjgh o lrmqumjtkthro gmo skdhtto m gmddk
fhrtm gmfosmrh go trkslmrorso k Lkuchur`
Vkojt-@mrnkoj, od gostrmtth gmfkggm,
govmjtkjgh prmsth od poÿ `rkjgm `amtth
mcrkofh g‟Murhpk m hrk dk Udkfm gms
\hs`ms á nkdnmssk m hffupktk. D‟krmk
hſtrm uj vksth ksshrtonmjth go jm`hzo
go `oj,go lunmrom
pomjm pudfo, nkg‟hppoh, ckrnhdtk
f‟á kjfam m tkvmrjm
`ohok
gk trhvkrm oj poffhdo tmktro go vkromtå m
`ohstrm fam ﬋kjfam``okjh dm strkgm ujk
gomtrh d‟kdtrk. Dm lmstovotå shjh uj nhgh
pmr kttrkrrm k Dm Nkrkos od fmth nmgoh,
shdh pmrfaï pho o nkdfkpotkto vmj`kjh
gmruckto gk`do kcotkjto dhfkdo.
]j tonogh tmjtktovh go fhstruorm
kdtrm kcotkzojo oj Sum Lrkjàhos Norhj
fhnojfok jmd ;067. D‟ogmk kddk cksm á fam
o nmjh lhrtujkto ghvrmccmrh mssmrm oj
`rkgh go pmrnmttmrso go vovmrm oj qumstm
fksm, nk d‟knnojostrkzohjm á fhrrhttk
m jhjgmokppmjk
nkjo `do mgo﬋fo
prhpromtkro ﬋josfhjhkstttkto
msso vmj`hjh jmddm
oj soj`hdm stkjzm k prmzzo mshrcotkjto. ]j
noth prhlhjgknmjtm rkgofkth á fam shtth
Sum Lrkjàhos Norhj fo sok uj‟mjhrnm
froptk ghvm ghrnhjh o vknporo gmddk fottå.
—Nhufakrg Sho„, od rm gmo rktto, tomjm
oj ro`k od gostrmtth fhj dk suk ckjgk go
dkgro. Dk nk``ohr pkrtm go dhrh prhvmj-
`hjh gk Ukro`o, nk Nhufakrg Sho, kjfam
jhth fhnm Nhjsomur Fhutmku, á jkth
jmd Juhvh
Fhdhrh famNhjgh m ak Nhufakrg
sm`uhjh rkgofo Hdkjgmso.
Sho
phrtkjh ujk pounk h ujk fhgk go rktth
jmo fkpmddo. Dm ckjgm rovkdo so nkjtmj-
`hjh ko nkr`ojo gmd gostrmtth m kppkr-
tmj`hjh ko nostmrohso Dms Fhutmkux , fam
phrtkjh duj`ao fhdtmddo, h ko Dms Dupojs ,
fam ojghsskjh fkppmddo go fhjo`doh.
Shvojm
Shnk á pomjk go kjtofam rhvojm. F‟á
tuttkvok uj phsth smjzk jhnm gmd
qukdm shdtkjth phfao kcotkjto go Shnk
shjh k fhjhsfmjzm9 qumstm rhvojm shjh
fhddhfktm k nmjh go ujk `ohrjktk k
fkvkddh k jhrgmst go Shnk m shjh kffms-
socodo trknotm smjtomro chsfaovo m smdvm.
Vtkjgh kddm vhfo, dm rhvojm uj tmnph
mrkjh ujk ﬋hrmjtm fottå fam so krrmsm kddm
tmjmcrm, hppurm jkfqumrh gkddk tmrrk
fhnm uj ﬋`doh nkdvk`oh fam fmdk sm`rmto
poÿ hsfuro gmdd‟ojlmrjh stmssh. ]jk
fhsk, tuttkvok, á fmrtk9 phfao go fhdhrh
fam vosotkjh dm rhvojm lkjjh rothrjh
m fhdhrh fam dh lkjjh shjh sm`jkto gk
pkurk m kjsomtå. Kdfujo shstmj`hjh fam
dm rhvojm sokjh o rmsto gmdd‟kjtofk fottå go
Logmjm, smvmrknmjtm pujotk pmr mssmrso
hpphstk kdd‟Onpmrh Shnkjh. Dk fottå
lu fhpmrtk
nk`ok jmrk mgkdd‟hsfurotå
rotukdo m nhrämvhfktk fhj
dmjtknmjtm.
Jmssujh sk fhsk jksfhjgkjh dm rhvojm h
qukdo sm`rmto vo `okffokjh smphdto2 lhrsm
o fottkgojo knnksskrhjh mjhrno tmshro
h lhrsm lurhjh dhrh stmsso k phrtkrm su
go sï d‟hsfurotå, fmgmjgh kddm tmjmcrm jmd
gospmrkth tmjtktovh go prhtm``mrm dk fottå
m fhsä docmrkjgh `do mssmro poÿ tmrrocodo
fam od nhjgh kvmssm nko vosth. ]jk fhsk
pmró rmstk fmrtk9 dm rhvojm jhj shjh pmr
o gmchdo go fuhrm. Vhjh onnmjsm m knpom,
m poÿ fo so kvvofojk kd dhrh fuhrm, poÿ cuom
govmjtkjh. Jmd dhrh jufdmh poÿ ojtmrjm
pmr﬋jh
D‟krmkdmádkjtmrjm shjhgkgockssolhjgo
forfhjgktk phfh kouth.fam
gmvhjh mssmrm kttrkvmrskto pmr krrovkrm
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

kddm rhvojm. [uo so rkgujkjh `do mnkr`o-

jkto, o phvmro m o luhrodm``m,
luhrodm``m, jmddk spmrkjzk
fam dk rmputkzohjm gmddm rhvojm spkvmjto
dm kuthrotå, tmjmjghdm kddk dkr`k. [uo so
trhvkjh kjfam vk`kchjgo m forfmjso go tuttk
Murhpk, ojsomnm k gosmrthro fam fmrfkjh go
mvotkrm od duj`h crkffoh gmddk dm``m.

Dk Vkdpétroárm
Od nhgmddh msmnpdkrm pmr `do hspozo
g‟Murhpk lu stkcodoth gk Duo`o QO\ k
Ukro`o jmd ;<=<. \mjjm rostrutturktk
k tkdm sfhph ujk lkccrofk go phdvmrm
gk spkrh kcckjghjktk, fam govmjjm
ujh gmo poÿ onphrtkjto mgo﬋fo gmd
ckrhffh lrkjfmsm, fhj od suh `o`kjtmsfh
fhnpdmssh forfhjgkth gk ujk `rkjgm
fkppmddk k htth pujtm fhnm prhnmnhrok
gmddk nosmrofhrgok gmd rm frostokjh. Oj
rmkdtå od Sm Vhdm vhdmvk shdtkjth fam dk
nkrnk`dok vmjossm thdtk gkddm strkgm,
gkth fam nkffaokvk dk suk rkgohsotå2 mrk
ojhdtrm uj nhgh, pmr od nhjkrfk ksshdu-
tostk, go rkſthrzkrm udtmrohrnmjtm od suh
phtmrm. M`do dh kffhnpk`jó fhj ojtmr-
vmjto gmddk suk rmtm go fhjtktto m dm sum
dmttrms gm fksamt , hrgojo g‟krrmsth gmfrmtkto
gk duo h gko suho nojostro, fam pmrnmt-
tmvkjh go ojfkrfmrkrm pmrshjm smjzk
prhfmsso h nhtovkzohjo.
Forfk smonodk pmrshjm, forfk d‟;% gmo
fottkgojo go Ukro`o, kgmssh so kſthddkjh
kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddm sum nurk. Wmpposto go
strkgk, nmjgofkjto, ojvkdogo, prhstotutm,
nktto mg mpodmttofo vmj`hjh tmjuto ojfktm-
jkto oj poffhdm kdfhvm h vk`kjh smjzk nmtk
jmo jugo fhrrogho m pmr o fknpo rmfojtkto. Od
pujth á nmttmrdo
kddm prmgofam kd dkvhrh
shtth m lkrdo kssostmrm
dk `o`kjtmsfk fuphdk
gmddk fkppmddk. Oj rmkdtå, dk nosmrok á
pm``ohrm kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddm nurk fam jmd
poÿ oj﬋nh gmo ckssolhjgo.
Ukrkssoto, mpogmnom m hnofogo shjh
kdd‟hrgojm gmd `ohrjh. Dm pmrshjm
nuhohjh fhnm nhsfam m o fhrpo jhj
lkjjh jmnnmjh oj tmnph k mssmrm `mttkto
suo fkrro kstjfaï vmj`kjh smppmddoto
oj thncm smjzk jhnm kd Fonmtoárm gms
Ojjhfmjts, fam `oå gmo juhvo gmtmjuto
akjjh prmsh od dhrh phsth. D‟hspozoh á
ujk poffhdk fhnujotå k sï, fhj dm sum
dm``o, `mrkrfaom
nhrtkdotå m fkpo.
lk sä fam o vkroD‟kdth
rm gmotkssh go
nmjgo-
fkjto ksfmjgkjh m fkgkjh jmd `orh go
smttonkjm. D‟hspozoh puccdofh á kjfam
jhth pmr dm sum `o`kjtmsfam hrgm go rktto
fam ruckjh foch, strosfokjh suo o dmtto m so
fockjh slkffoktknmjtm gmo nhrto h go fao
á trhpph gmchdm pmr golmjgmrso.
Dk nk``ohrkjzk gmo gmtmjuto gm Dk
Vkdpétroárm shjh ghjjm. Foó á ghvuth proj-
fopkdnmjtm kd lktth fam vmj`hjh krrmstktm
poÿ ghjjm fam uhnojo m fam `do uhnojo
vmj`hjh
Ojhdtrm, ujkpoÿ `rhssk
spmsshlmttk
fhjghtto kddk nmjh
go ghjjm lhrfk.
tmnprktm vomjm ojvoktk, ghph uj crmvm
sh``ohrjh k Dk Vkdpétroárm, jmddm fhdhjom
Lrkjfmso gmddk Dhusokjk pmr phphdkrm krmm
oj fuo ko fhdhjo —nkjfkjh„ ghjjm.
O Fknpo m dm Lkccrofam
D‟1=% forfk gmddk phphdkzohjm murhpmk
vovm oj poffhdo voddk``o go fknpk`jk,
ghvm dk nk``ohrkjzk so `ukgk`jk gk
vovmrm fhj vkro topo go k`rofhdturk. Oj
fhjtrksth fhj dm sfmjm ogoddokfam gopojtm
fhj gmdofkto pkstmddo, dm rhnkjtofam
jhvmddm
fam gmo pksthro
dk fdkssm supmrohrmm ak
kdtrm onprmssohjo
gmddk jkturk, dk
votk oj fknpk`jk á tutt‟kdtrh fam dussu-
00 
rm``okjtm m spmjsomrktk. [ukso tuttk dk
tmrrk á go prhpromtå gmddk jhcodtå m gmddk
fhrhjk, od fam so`jo﬋fk fam o fhjtkgojo
gmvhjh pk`krm kdto ksttto pmr fhdtovkrdk.
Od surpdus vomjm ojvokth suo nmrfkto m
qukjgh o fhjtkgojo krrovkjh k nkj`okrm
vmrgurm h fkrjm á pmrfaï, shdotknmjtm,
shjh nkrfotm, ojlmstktm gko pkrkssoto
hppurm oj kdtrh nhgh trhpph fhnprh-
nmssm
fhstkjtopmr mssmrm
`umrrm vmjgutm.
mso`hjh Kjfam gko
od dhrh prmzzh dm
fhjtkgojo, fhj `do msmrfoto fam nkrfokjh
kttrkvmrsh dm prhvojfom skffam``okjgh
tutth foó fam ojfhjtrkjh. Jmd ;1µ smfhdh
d‟k`rofhdturk á ksshdutknmjtm mssmjzokdm
pmr uj pkmsm m dk phphdkzohjm g‟Murhpk
vkrok oj rmdkzohjm gormttk fhj dk lmrtodotå
gmddk tmrrk, dk tmfjhdh`ok k`rofhdk h dk
fkpkfotå go onphrtkrm `rkjh. Fohjhjh-
Fohjhjh-
stkjtm, dh svodupph mfhjhnofh m tmfjh-
dh`ofh go nhdto pkmso Murhpmo á hstkfh-
dkth gkddk fhrhjk m gkddk jhcodtå, fam so
sudd‟k`rofhdturk 
fhjfmjtrkjh trhpph sudd‟k`rofhdturk 
o`jhrkjgh
Dk `mjtmh`jo kdtrh smtthrm
go fknpk`jk prhguttovh.
prhguttovh
gopmjgm oj tutth.
m pmr tutth gkdd‟k`rofhdturk m gko cuhjo

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
rkffhdto. Fkttovo rkffhdto phsshjh rogurrm
kddk lknm m lkr nhrorm ojtmro voddk``o.
\mrsh dk ﬋jm gmd pronh gmfmjjoh gmd ;0µ
smfhdh o fkttovo rkffhdto, dm fkrmstom m dm
mpogmnom gmvkstkrhjh d‟Murhpk ojtmrk.
Oj Lrkjfok nhrorhjh gum nodohjo go
pmrshjm, oj Vvmzok fmjthnodk, uj quojth
gmddk phphdkzohjm msthjm nhrä go lknm
fhsä fhnm
gmsm. Kjfam uj tmrzh
od ;1µ go áqumddk
smfhdh sm﬋jdkj-
﬋jdkj
`jkth-
stkth sm`jkth
gk pronkvmrm `mdogm, fkttovo rkffhdto m
fkrmstok. Vo sussurrk go fhnm d‟ojmgok
kccok lktth onpkzzorm d‟ojtmrk phphdk-
zohjm go kdfujo voddk``o, trkslhrnkj-
ghjm `do kcotkjto oj dupo kſtknkto vmstoto
gk uhnojo prhjto k spkffkrm od frkjoh
gmo prhpro vofojo pmr uj pmzzh go pkjm
knnustth h k nhrgoffaokrm fhnm rktto
dm hssk gmo dhrh fhnpk`jo fkguto.
Mssmjzokdnmjtm, o fhjtkgojo shjh
kddk fhnpdmtk nmrfï gmo jhcodo dhfkdo.
Dk jhcodtå jhj shdtkjth phssomgm tmrrm
k`rofhdm fam o fhjtkgojo kstttkjh oj
fkncoh go shnnm shstkjzohsm, nk
kjfam o nudojo spmssh kppkrtmj`hjh ko
prhpromtkro tmrromro h ko dhfkjgomro fam
01 o fhjtkgojo gmvhjh kjfam pk`krm pmr
rkstjkrm sm`kdm m `rkjh. Oj Sussok m
jmdd‟Murhpk hromjtkdm, o fhjtkgojo shjh
`mjmrkdnmjtm gmo smrvo m jhj phsshjh
dksfokrm d‟kppmzzknmjth go tmrrk fam
dkvhrkjh smjzk od pmrnmssh gmd prhprom-
prhprom-
tkroh tmrromrh h gmdd‟kuthrotå. Dm vohdk-
zohjo vmj`hjh pujotm fhj pmskjto nudtm,
lusto`kzohjm h pmjk go nhrtm.
O fhjtkgojo spmssh vovhjh oj poffhdo
fhttk`m smjzk ﬋jmstrm m fhj pkrmto
g‟kr`oddk, tmtto mgo`dopk`dok
tmrrk. Od `rkjh m pkvonmjto
kdtro fmrmkdo go
vmj`hjh
tmjuto kdd‟ojtmrjh, fhsä fhnm `do kjonkdo
gk lktthrok poÿ poffhdo. D‟ojtmrk lkno`dok
ghrnm jmddh stmssh dmtth, od fam á ksshdutk-
nmjtm jmfmsskroh pmr jhj nhrorm fhj`mdkto
qukjgh od lrmggh gmdd‟ojvmrjh
gmdd‟ojvmrjh á ro`ogh m dk
dm`jk gk krgmrm trhpph fhsthsk. \ok``ok-
thro m kdtro hspoto fam fmrfkjh ropkrh pmr
dk jhttm vmj`hjh lktto rkjjoffaokrm kjfam
dhrh shtth dm sugofm fhpmrtm.
Dk fknpk`jk á kjfam tmrrmjh lmrtodm
pmr noto m sthrom sudd‟hsfurotå. Kdd‟oj-
tmrjh gmddm fksuphdm so phsshjh smjtorm
dm``mjgm
sporoto go dupo
nkdo`jo nkjjkro, lkjtksno
fam tmrrhrozzkjh dk phph-m
dkzohjm. Fao rkffhjtk dm sthrom gmvm pmró
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
stkrm kttmjth k fao phtrmccm mssmrm oj
ksfhdth2 pkrdkrm docmrknmjtm go qumstm
fhsm tmrrocodo puó kttorkrm d‟kttmjzohjm
gmddm kuthrotå, h pm``oh, qumddk gmddk
Faomsk, fam phtrmccmrh sfm`domrm go
mdonojkrm qumsto ojstoddkthro go pkurk.
Wrkgozohjkdnmjtm, dk nk``ohr pkrtm
gmddk prhguzohjm go nmrfo m cmjo á stktk
`mstotk
zkto oj gk krto`okjo
`odgm spmfokdozzkto,
fam roskd`hjh hr`kjoz-
hr`kjoz-
kd nmgohmvh.
Gurkjtm `do udtono smfhdh mrk prktofk
fhnujm smrvorso gmd sostmnk ghnmstofh,
jmd qukdm uj nmrfkjtm kssm`jk kdfujm
lkso gmddk fktmjk prhguttovk k lkno`dom fam
dkvhrkjh k fksk. O nmrfkjto rotorkrhjh dm
nmrfo qukjgh shjh prhjtm m dm phrtkjh
kddk suffmssovk squkgrk go dkvhrkthro,
﬋jfaï od prhghtth jhj á ﬋joth m prhjth
pmr od nmrfkth. Od sostmnk ghnmstofh,
tuttkvok, rofaomgm nhdth tmnph mg á ojml -
﬋fomjtm, lruttkjgh phfao prh﬋tto. Dm
lkccrofam shjh uj‟mstmjsohjm gmd sostmnk
ghnmstofh fam roujosfm shtth dh stmssh
tmtth tutto o dkvhrkthro, qukdfhsk fam ojfrm-
nmjtk grkstofknmjtm dk prhguzohjm m dm
rmjgotm. Vmnprm poÿ onprmjgothro gmd fmth
nmgoh m kdth skjjh ojozokjgh k rmkdozzkrm
dk rmggotovotå go qumsth sostmnk m, fhj d‟oj-
gustrok tmssodm oj`dmsm oj pronk dojmk, dm
lkccrofam vmj`hjh fhstruotm fhj ojfrm-
gocodm rkpogotå oj tuttk Murhpk. Dk rkzoh-
jkdozzkzohjm k`rofhdk jm`do udtono gum
gmfmjjo ak provkth gmd dkvhrh nhdto poffhdo
k`rofhdthro, fhstroj`mjghdo k trkslmrorso oj
fottå pmr fmrfkrm uj onpom`h oj lkccrofk.
Á fhnujm fam ojtmrm lkno`dom gmo fmto
ojlmrohro dkvhrojh jmddh stmssh duh`h, m
kjfam dm fhnm
vovmvkjh ghjjmghnmstofam
shdm, fam oj prmfmgmjzk
slruttktm jmddm
fksm gmddm fdksso shfokdo poÿ mdmvktm h mrkjh
fhstrmttm k prhstotuorso, kgmssh phsshjh
trhvkrm dkvhrh m uj crofohdh go ojgopmj-
gmjzk jmddm lkccrofam. Od dkvhrh á gurh
mg mstmjukjtm, fhj duj`ao turjo oj skdm
kj`ustm m runhrhsm m nhdto dkvhrkthro
govmjtkjh sthrpo k fkusk gmddm gosunkjm
fhjgozohjo dkvhrktovm. Kddh stmssh tmnph,
`do krto`okjo spmfokdozzkto shjh nhdth
rofmrfkto m uj dkvhrkthrm mspmrth spmssh á
rmdktovknmjtm cmj pk`kth.
Dm poÿ `rkjgo ojgustrom gmd ;1µ smfhdh
shjh qumddk
tmssothrom tmssodm, fhj
m fhdhro﬋fo, fhsädmfhnm
sum ﬋dkjgm,
govmrso
topo go vksmddknm fhnm phrfmddkjk m
nkohdofk osporkto gkddk Fojk. Wrk o duh`ao
go dkvhrh poÿ `rkjgo fo shjh dm lkccrofam
go nkohdofk go [uonpmr oj Lrkjfok,
Hmttoj`mj oj Ckvkrok m Gmdlt oj Hdkjgk.
Doj`ukghfk
Jmddk Lrkjfok nmrogohjkdm shr`m dk
Doj`ukghfk, ujh gmo poÿ `rkjgo tmrrothro
k`rofhdo
lkttk gmd pkmsm,
go fkvkdomro fhj ujksmttm
Wmnpdkro, roffkmrmtofam
sthrok
m u`hjhtto rocmddo. Dk tmrrk á lmrtodm `rkzom
kd fdonk tmnpmrkth m kd tmrrmjh fkdfkrmh,
m od pkmsk``oh á kccmddoth gk udovo, fknpo
go sm`kdm m `rkjh, lruttuhso vo`jmto m
fhdhrkth nkos onphrtkth gkd Juhvh
Nhjgh. Nhdtm fottå gmvhjh roj`rkzokrm
od gurh dkvhrh gmo fhjtkgojo pmr dk dhrh
prhspmrotå, fhnm Fkrfksshjjm fhj dk suk
ojgustrok tmssodm dkjomrk2 Whdhsk, ghvm so
ojfhjtrkjh dm rhttm fhnnmrfokdo prhvm-prhvm -
jomjto gkd Nmgotmrrkjmh m gkdd‟Ktdkjtofh2
m dk fkpotkdm prhvojfokdm go Nhjtpmddomr
fhj dm sum `rkjgohsm voddm vmjmzokjm.
Umr dk `mjtm fam vovm jmddk fknpk`jk
gmddk Doj`ukghfk dk votk ruhtk ktthrjh
kddk dkvhrkzohjm gmddk tmrrk m kd fkncoh
gmddm stk`ohjo. Kdd‟ojozoh gmdd‟kjjh krkjh
o fknpo m k lmccrkoh m nkrzh smnojkjh
kvmjk m `rkjh, phtkjh dm voto m pudosfhjh
o vo`jmto. Ghph kvmr smnojkth od nkos
kg kprodm o fhjtkgojo pksskjh oj prhfms-
sohjm trk o vo`jmto phrtkjgh onnk`ojo go
skjto, prm`kjgh skj Nkrfh, skj @ohr`oh
m `do kdtro skjto pktrhjo gmd vojh pmr uj
roffh rkffhdth. ]j fkncoh onprhvvosh
gmd fdonk puó so`jo﬋fkrm fam d‟uvk fam
stk `mrnh`dokjgh so fhj`mdk m kdfujo
shstmj`hjh fam o fhjtkgojo
govojotå fhnpdmtknmjtm prm`aojh
govmrsm sm dk
pronkvmrk ghvmssm mssmrm pkrtofhdkr-
pkrtofhdkr-
nmjtm lrmggk, pmr mvotkrm dk fktkstrhlm.
[ukjgh krrovk dk pronkvmrk, `do kggmtto
kddk rkffhdtk gmd ﬋mjh so rmfkjh ko fknpo
sfmjgmjgh gk jhrg, pmr koutkrm fhj dk
nomtoturk. Nk``oh m `ou`jh vmj`hjh
spmso k hffupkrso gmo fknpo go `rkjh
m nkos. Vhtth od shdm fhfmjtm go du`doh
vmj`hjh rkffhdto kvmjk m `rkjh, nmjtrm
od ﬋mjh ghph dk nomtoturk, vomjm rkstrmd-
dkth m dksfokth k mssoffkrm. Kg k`hsth
vmj`hjh lmrtodozzkto o fknpo, so phtk od
k`rkjturfh
smttmncrmm soso rkffh`dom
rkffh`domod dknkos
fkjkpk,
m fo som
hffupk gmo fknpo oj fuo kg htthcrm vmrrå

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pokjtktk sm`kdm, `rkjh, kvmjk m lk`ohdo.
Uho krrovk jhvmncrm, od nmsm gmdd‟kjjh
oj fuo dm sfaomjm ghdmjto m dm dh`hrm nkjo
gmo fhjtkgojo ﬋jkdnmjtm so rophskjh, m
pho k gofmncrm so roprmjgm k dkvhrkrm fhj
o fknpo go nkos m pokjtkjgh kdcmro.
]j kjjh trksfhrrm fhsä, m od vojh m od
`rkjh vmj`hjh
gu Nogo, spmgoto
rmjgmjgh trknotm od Fkjkd
o `mjtoduhnojo m o
nmrfkjto go Whdhsk dm``mrnmjtm poÿ
roffao m dm``mrnmjtm poÿ `rksso.
Fhnpk`jom gm Vkojt-@hckoj
Vkojt-@hckoj á ujk gmddm lkccrofam poÿ
`rkjgo gmddk Lrkjfok, sotuktk k jhrg go
Ukro`o, vofojh kd fhj﬋jm fhj d‟Hdkjgk
kustrokfk. Dk fhnpk`jok vmjjm lhjgktk jmd
;<<= gk Duo`o QO\ m Fhdcmrt, od nojostrh
gmddm ﬋jkjzm, pmr gkrm uj onpudsh kdd‟m-
fhjhnok lrkjfmsm m pmr s﬋gkrm \mjmzok,
fam mrk dk projfopkdm prhguttrofm go vmtrh
mkvmvk
spmffao ko qukdo
pk`kth ujk odlhrtujk
nhjkrfk lrkjfmsm
gurkjtm dk
fhstruzohjm gmddk Vkdk gm`do Vpmffao go
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
\mrskoddms. ]j smfhdh ghph, Vkojt-@hckoj
ak shrpksskth o vmjmzokjo mg á vofojk k
httmjmrm od nhjhphdoh suddk prhguzohjm
murhpmk gmd vmtrh.
Forfk uj no`dokoh go pmrshjm dkvhrkjh
oj qumsth `o`kjtmsfh
`o`kjtmsfh fhnpdmssh, pkrtmjgh
gk `ukrgom, lujzohjkro m skfmrghto go
lkccrofk
dkvhrkjh ﬋jh k shstkthro fkdhrm
jmdd‟ojlmrjkdm go vmtrh gmddm
fam
lhrjkfo, ko dkvhrkthro jmo fknpo fam spkdkjh
dk skccok m dk fmjmrm m ko fkrpmjtomro fam
tk`dokjh dk dm`jk m pokjtkjh `do kdcmro. ]jk
squkgrk dkvhrk ujk smttonkjk kddk vhdtk m
trksfhrrm h`jo hrk go vm`dok jmo prmsso
gmddm lhrjkfo, ghvm ghrnm su nktmrksso go
pk`dok stmso sud pkvonmjth jmd fkdhrm ustoh-
ustoh-
jkjtm. Dkvhrkjh `ohrjh m jhttm, shstkjgh
chtto`dom, rmkdozzkjgh spmffao m ﬋jmstrm
nmjtrm gmvhjh fhstkjtmnmjtm tmjmrm
dm lhrjkfo kddk `oustk tmnpmrkturk. Á uj
dkvhrh pmskjtm m pmrofhdhsh fam rofaomgm
mspmromjzk, od famKdso`jo﬋fk
dk pk`k á cuhjk. fam kjfam
go då go `ukjto fam
`rktuoto
m kdtro kttrmzzo gk dkvhrh, h`jo kjjh o dkvh-
0?
rkthro gmd vmtrh rofmvhjh kjfam ujk poffhdk
lmttk gmo prh﬋tto gmddk fhnpk`jok. ]j dkvh-
rkthrm gmddk lkccrofk ﬋rnk uj fhjtrktth
pmr ujh h gum kjjo kddk vhdtk, m ojlrkj`mrdh
fhnphrtk mssmrm lrustkto, pk`krm nudtm
skdktm h ﬋jorm oj pro`ohjm. Uoÿ fhnujo,
tuttkvok, shjh dm pmrshjm fam trksfhrrhjh
dk dhrhDmojtmrk
ckoj. nh`dovotk dkvhrkjgh
koutkjh k Vkojt-@h-m,
jmo nk`kzzojo
jhj kppmjk o ckncojo govmjtkjh kcck-
stkjzk `rkjgo, vmj`hjh nmsso k dkvhrkrm
jmo fknpo h jm`do stkcodonmjto, onpkrkjgh
od nmstomrm oj nhgh fam uj `ohrjh phsskjh
prmjgmrm od phsth gmo pkgro.
Wmrrmjo go Fkffok m Jkturk
Wmrrmjo
Dk fkffok á pmskjtmnmjtm rm`hdknmjtktk
mg á uj provodm`oh go fuo shdh oj phfao
`hghjh, gkth fam dk fhrhjk phssomgm dk
nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm tmrrm m kdfujo roffao
jhcodo shjh prhpromtkro go qumd fam rmstk.
Kjfam
uskjh osmdhrh
o prhpromtkro
tmrrmjo gotmrrmjo
fkffok,rkrknmjtm
á strmttk-
nmjtm vomtkth kddm pmrshjm oj `mjmrkdm go
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

mjtrkrm oj qumstm krmm smjzk pmrnmssh.
Kdfujo `ukrgkchsfao m knnojostrk-
knnojostrk-
thro `mstosfhjh dm lhrmstm m o tmrrmjo go
fkffok qukjgh o so`jhro shjh kdtrhvm. O
gorotto go fkffok phsshjh mssmrm fhnprkto
h gkto oj ghjh2 shdotknmjtm, msso vkjjh
kddk jhcodtå h k uj ostotuzohjm m dk `mjtm
fam hffupk phsozohjo onphrtkjto rofmvm
gorotto pmr krmm
@ruppo nhdth `rkjgo.
go pmrshjm go shstkjzk so
ojfhjtrkjh jmddm tmjutm m vo trksfhr-
rhjh smttonkjm, fkffokjgh vhdpo, fmrvo,
foj`aokdo m vhdktodo. Nhdtk gmddk fkrjm vk
sprmfktk, gkth fam o pkrtmfopkjto k poffhdo
lmstojo msfdusovo jhj shjh oj `rkgh go
fhjsunkrm dm qukjtotå fam uffoghjh.
Urmsmrvkrm dm tmstm fhnm trhlmo á nhdth
kpprmzzkth m luj`m fhnm gofaokrkzohjm
gmddk qukdotå gmo tmrrmjo. Uoÿ `rkjgo shjh
o trhlmo h dm fhrjk, poÿ kdtk skrå dk prhck-
prhck-
codotå go kttrkrrm jmdd‟krmk o pmsfo `rhsso,
vkdm k gorm d‟kdtk jhcodtå.
D‟Oj`aodtmrrk, fhsä fhnm dk Lrkjfok,
ak nhdto `rkjgo tmrrmjo go fkffok tmjuto
oj kdtk fhjsogmrkzohjm m nhdth gmsogmrkto,
nk fam rmstkjh cmj duj`o gkdd‟msfduso-
15 votå gmddm skvkjm gmdd‟Klrofk h gmddm tmrrm
smdvk``m knmrofkjm. Fao thrjk gk msfur-
sohjo go fkffok mshtofam oj ujh go qumsto
fhjtojmjto smdvk``o ak nhdtm sthrom gk
rkffhjtkrm jmo skdhtto m k vhdtm ujh stktus
ojlmrohrm h ujk nkjfkjzk go mtofamttk
phsshjh mssmrm fhnpmjskto gk ujk
`rkjgohsk sthrok su ujk fkffok kd dmhjm.
[uhrjghj,
[uhrjghj, Dmofmstmrsaorm
[uhrjghj, luhro gkd Dmofmstmrsaorm, á uj
lknhsh
`rkjgm tmrrmjh go fkffok
m poffhdk pmr dk jhcodtå
g‟Oj`aodtmrrk m uj
fmjtrh pmr d‟kffhppoknmjth gmo fkjo gk
fkffok. D‟krmk á rojhnktk pmr dm sum fkffm
kddk vhdpm m dk fkffok quo á stktk rkstjktk
oj ujk lhrnk g‟krtm9 o `ruppo vmj`hjh
m vkjjh ujh ghph d‟kdtrh m uj fhstkjtm
ffiussh go fmdmcrotå Oj`dmso trksfhrrm quo
kdnmjh ujk smttonkjk kdd‟kjjh. [ukjgh
dk fkffok kddm vhdpo á ﬋jotk, so pkssk k dmpro
h fmrvo. Umr dk fhnhgotå gmo `ruppo shjh
gosphjocodo junmrhsm tmjutm, `mstotm gk
uj `rkj junmrh go smrvothro fam lkjjh
gmd dhrh nm`doh pmr smrvorm o dhrh so`jhro
qukjgh krrovkjh
]j junmrh pmr dk fkffokgokjjukdm.
ojfkdfhdkcodm ckttothro,
`uogm m smrvothro shjh k gosphsozohjm
pmr koutkrm jmddm ckttutm go fkffok, nk
fo shjh kjfam dm hffksohjkdo fkrhvkjm
go ojtrkttmjothro m forfao poÿ poffhdo pmr
govmrtorm mg kſtksfojkrm. Dm so`jhrm
kspmttkjh jmddm tmjutm m prmpkrkjh strk-
strk-
ropkjto fmjm nmjtrm `do uhnojo fkffokjh,
gosfuthjh go phdotofk m jm`hzokjh k ghrsh
go fkvkddh gurkjtm od `ohrjh.
`ohr jh.
Wmktro gmdd‟hpmrk m kdtro tmktro
Ojtrkttmjonmjth m tmktrh shjh oj ksfmsk
jmd ;1µ smfhdh. Gkd rm poÿ roffh kd poÿ
phvmrh gmo nmjgofkjto dm fhnnmgom shjh
h``mtth go kpprmzzknmjth sok suo pkdfao
go strkgk fam jmo tmktro ﬋jkjzokto gkddk
fhrhjk. Vpmssh o pkdfhsfmjofo shjh ujk
pokzzk pmr dk frotofk jksfhstk m dk sktork,
nk kjfam uj nhgh pmr o `ohvkjo krtosto,
nusofosto m ktthro go `ukgk`jkrm vmdhfm-
nmjtm stktus m phtmrm.
O tmktro gmdd‟hpmrk shjh qukso smnprm
pomjo, fhj jhcodo, phdotofo m knnojostrk-
thro fam prhvkjh kg kfquosorm m furkrm
o fhjtktto. Jhj pkrtmfopkrm kd forfhdh
gmdd‟ojtrkttmjonmjth vuhd gorm rmstkrm
luhro gkd fmjtrh gmd phtmrm.
Fkſtá m Sovmjgotm go Doquhro
Oddmfoto
Vo gofm fam od fkſtá sok krrovkth oj Murhpk od suh fhnnmrfoh pkssk kttrkvmrsh o
jmd ;<16, qukjgh uj shdgkth kustrokfh, nmrfkjto krkco m jhj Oj`dmso.
ghph d‟hffupkzohjm turfk go \omjjk, trhvó
ujk skffk kcckjghjktk fam fhjtmjmvk fkſtá m Ukro`o qukso kdtrmttkjto. Umr﬋jh
gm`do strkjo  lk`ohdo   vmrgo. Á tuttkvok poÿ uj kj`hdh rmnhth g‟Murhpk fhnm
 lk`ohdo 
prhckcodm fam od fkſtá vmjjm ojtrhghtth k Vthffhndk puó vkjtkrjm kdfujo.
\mjmzok gk nmrfkjto fam fhnnmrfokvkjh
fhd
jmrk nhjgh
vmjjmrhnusudnkjh. Kddk cmvkjgk
oj h`jo fksh ksfrotto govmrso
kttrocuto nmgofojkdo, fhnm od rosuffaokrm od
fktkrrh, kstjkrm d‟ojtmddmtth m oj `mjmrkdm
lkr cmjm kddk skdutm. D‟kunmjth jmd
fhjsunh gmd fkſtá phrtó kddk lhjgkzohjm
gmo fkſtá, fam prmsth govmjjmrh uj duh`h
ghvm dk `mjtm so ojfhjtrkvk, shrsm``okvk
d‟hsfurk cmvkjgk norkfhdhsk m gosfutmvk
go kſtkro m phdotofk.
Kddk ﬋jm o fkſtá govmjjmrh tkdnmjtm
phphdkro fam vmrsh dk ﬋jm gmd ;0µ smfhdh
vmjjmrh vomtkto govmrsm vhdtm jmo pkmso
g‟Murhpk mssmjgh rotmjuto krmjm pmr
fronojkdo
fhrhjk. Ojm lhfhdko
k``oujtkgo koojtro`ao
govomtofhjtrh dk fuhrm
vmjjmrh
rkffhjtk- ﬋dhsh﬋ m kddm stmddm mnmr`mjto gmd tmktrh.
lktto forfhdkrm gmo pknpadmt fam rkffhjtk-
vkjh kddk `mjtm gm`do mſtmtto gkjjhso gmd
fkſtá suddk skdutm sok ﬋sofk fam nmjtkdm.
O fkſtá, tuttkvok, mrkjh govmjtkto trhpph
phphdkro m o govomto vmjjmrh prmsth
rmvhfkto fkuskjgh d‟kppkrozohjm go
juhvm strutturm sonodo oj tuttm dm fottå. Od
fmth nmgoh á thrjkth k rkgujkrvoso pmr
dm``mrm o `ohrjkdo kg kdtk vhfm m gosfutmrm
go phdotofk,
Vmccmjmkſtkro
o fkſtámsokjh
﬋dhsh﬋k oddunojostk.
lrmqumjtkto tkjth
gk`do hpmrko qukjth gko nojostro fhj
tothdo jhcodokro, á od fmth nmgoh fam fhsto-
fhsto -
tuosfm `rkj pkrtm gmddk dhrh fdomjtmdk.
D‟krosthfrkzok phtrå kjfam kvmrm dk fhrtm,
nk od fmth nmgoh ak o fkſtá mg á quo fam
dm ogmm gmdd‟Oddunojosnh, shprkttutth, so
goſthjghjh m fam od lknhsh Dm Urhfhpm go
Ukro`o ak fdomjto gmd fkdocrh go \hdtkorm,
Shussmku m Gogmrht. Á stkth quo, gkvkjto
k ujk tkzzk go fkſtá lunkjtm, fam á jktk
d‟ogmk gmdd‟Mjfyfdhpïgom .
Od fkſtá jhj á d‟ujofk cmvkjgk go nhgk
oj Murhpk. Oj Vpk`jk cmvhjh fohffhdkth
lktth gkddm lkvm prhvmjomjto gkddm fhdhjom
gmd Juhvh Nhjgh m oj Oj`aodtmrrk dk
`mjtm ak ojozokth k cmrm uj ojlush mshtofh
m shtofh
lktth fhj lh`dom ojgokjm. —Wá„ á od jhnm
gmddk jhvotå, fam oj Murhpk hromjtkdm
vomjm ojvmfm faoknkth —Fako„ h —Vako„,
uskjgh ujk pkrhdk hromjtkdm, gkth fam
Dhjgrk ak poÿ go uj no`dokoh go
Akjjh ojozokth k fhnpkrorm kjfam
dm lunmrom fhj
fhnnmrfoh g‟hppoh2
Ojgok mnkj
Fojknkjh fam od
so ojtmjso﬋fk,
d‟ush gmdd‟hppoh kunmjtk go pkro pkssh, m od
fhjsunh á ropkrtoth oj u`ukd nkjomrk lrk
dm fdksso kdtm fam qumddm ckssm.
Fklï Urhfhpm
Kd Fklï Urhfhpm oj Sum gm d‟Kjfomjjm
Fhnïgom so rkgujk `mjtm go tmktrh gmddk
Fhnïgom Lrkjàkosm,  fam shr`m `ousth dä
go lrhjtm. Od Fklï ak nhdto hspoto prhno-
prhno-
jmjto m vo so rmfkjh spmssh ojsomnm kd dhrh
mjthurk`m ﬋dhsh﬋ oddunojosto trk o qukdo
Shussmku. Kdfujo gofhjh fam sok qumsth od
gmddk
go `mjtm famjuhvk
vuhdm mrk
gkrmm ujk
dk strkgk á pomjk
scorfoktojk ko
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

1;

F‟á pmró uj sm`rmth cmj jksfhsth mg á  Ihjktakj‟

 Ihjktakj‟s Fhſtmm-Ahusm fam á dk Vhuta Vmk Cuccdm á frmsfoutk, á
fam jmd smnojtmrrkth shr`m dk poÿ `rkjgm Jm`do oshdkto ktthrjh kg Mxfakj`m Kddmy,
Kddmy, sfhppoktk m ak rhvojkth h`jo spmfudkthrm
lunmrok g‟hppoh go Ukro`o2 so gofm kggorot-
kggorot - prhproh jmd fmjtrh go Dhjgrk, o fkſtá kvmssm ojvmstoth jmddk fhnpk`jk.
turk fam od rm fo lkffok ujk vosotk go tkjth shr`hjh ujh go ﬋dk kdd‟kdtrh m fo shjh D‟Mj`dosa Vthfb Mxfakj`m so á
oj tkjth. Fo shjh gum smnpdofo rm`hdm ojsm`jm fhdhrktm kg h`jo kj`hdh. ]jk roprmsh gkd frhddh go nmrfkth gmd ;035,
jmddk lunmrok g‟hppoh9 dksfokrm tutto o gmddm poÿ kjtofam á dk Ihjktakj‟s Fhſtmm mppurm k`mjto go fkncoh m spmfudkthro so
tothdo kddk phrtk2 m foó fam vo kffkgm, h Ahusm, dk fuo sthrok roskdm kddk nmtå gmd ojfhjtrkjh go juhvh kd Ihjktakj‟s pmr
qukdsokso fhsk vo vmj`k gmttk, dä ronkjm. ;0µ smfhdh. Kddk ﬋jm gmddh sfhrsh smfhdh sfkncokrm quhtm gmddm Ojgom hromjtkdo m
Sovmdkrm qukdfhsk go foó fam kffkgm jmd o fhsporkthro so ojfhjtrkvkjh quo pmr go kdtrm fhnpk`jom fhj runhrhsm msfdk-
smnojtmrrkth gmd Fklï Urhfhpm á sust- pokjo﬋fkrm d‟ksskssojoh go @u`domdnh OOO nkzohjo m prhvhfkzohjo nmjtrm `do kdtro
fomjtm
`mstosfmk lkrso knnkzzkrm
dk lunmrok m odkvmrm
phtrmccm fojmsmgm`do
fam mrmjgmzvhus
qukdfam kjjh ghph odgofkſtá
pmr k`mjto govmjjm
fkncoh uj
cuttkto hspoto cmvhjh gmd
nk``ohrkjzk od dhrh fhsthsh go
fhnnmrfoh fkſtá. Dk
kzohjo
ksskssojo sud docrh pk`k. luhro gkd Shykd Mxfakj`m. Á stkth quo kvvomjm kd Ihjktakj‟s m h`jo `ohrjh
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

gmddm qukjtotå ojfrmgocodo go gmjkrh m fam vk`kjh orrmquomto kdd‟ojtmrjh gmddm gmjtm gmddk fkjfmddmrok, nk kjfam fhnm
kzohjo trhvkjh juhvo prhpromtkro. Oj uj dhrh `kccom ghrktm, pkvhjo fam scktthjh knofh ojtonh gmddk lkno`dok rmkdm, vofojh
phnmro``oh so phsshjh frmkrm lhrtujm lurohsknmjtm dm kdo fhjtrh o vosotkthro mg shprkttutth kddk `ohvkjm rm`ojk Dhuosk
gkd juddk m o rospkrno go svkroktm `mjm- mnkfokto mdmlkjto fam gmpmrosfhjh dmjtk- ]drobk, fam kggorotturk vosotk od pkdkzzh
rkzohjo phsshjh mssmrm trkslhrnkto oj nmjtm jmo fdono smttmjtrohjkdo. gmd fhjtm, gk duo gmfhrkth oj nhgmrjh
ojutodo fkrtkffm nkffaoktm g‟ojfaohstrh. Dm cmddm krto shjh nhdth onphrtkjto stodm rhfhfó, m fam dh ak jhnojkth `hvmr-
Jmd ;070 uj ojfmjgoh fhnojfokth jmddk pmr dk fdkssm supmrohrm. H`jo krosthfrk- jkthrm oj vmfm   gmd `ohvkjm projfopm
chttm`k go uj prhgutthrm go pkrruffam so tofh fam so rospmtto lk gk pktrhjh gmddm @ustkl. Od pkdkzzh fhnujkdm, ghvm Wmssoj
goſtusm
fkſtá trkvmdhfmnmjtm, crufokjgh govmrso
o qukdo od Ihjktakj‟s. D‟ktto- krto m supphrtkm sfrotthro,
fhnphsothro krfaotmttopotthro, sfudthro,
prhnmttmjto. vovm
nh`domfhj]ddk,
dk suk spdmjgogk
jktk Vpkrrm, m ujk
kſtksfojkjtm
vmjtojk
votå ak quojgo gmfosh go sphstkrso go uj Jkturkdnmjtm, gkdd‟krtostk fo so kspmttk go smrvothro, á ujk pmrpmtuk krmjk go
oshdkth, oj Warmkgjmmgdm Vtrmmt, dh stmssh fam ghjo kd nmfmjktm svkrokto fkphdkvhro rkgujo dmttmrkro m kdtro ojfhjtro gmddk
fam hspotk dk Ckjfk g‟Oj`aodtmrrk. Kdfujo fhnm lhrnk go roj`rkzoknmjth. fránm gm dk fránm go Vthffhdnk. Umr﬋jh
gofhjh fam kd Ihjktakj‟s kgmssh mjtrkjh Umr d‟kdtk shfomtå, d‟kjjh so govogm trk o suho jmnofo phdotofo gmvhjh kffmttkrm,
kjfam o fhsporkthro m o rm`ofogo. od tmnph trksfhrsh jmddk tmjutk, ghvm smppur fhj roduttkjzk, fam Wmssoj á uj
fo so hffupk go qumstohjo mfhjhnofk, m kstrh ﬋ssh gmddk fudturk svmgmsm, fam
Dm Wmjutm m o Ukdkzzo dk stk`ohjm oj fuo so kstttk, sm `oå jhj so supphrtk krtosto Vvmgmso m strkjomro fhj
Dk nk``ohr pkrtm gmdd‟krosthfrkzok vovm phssomgm, uj pkdkzzh jmddk fkpotkdm. Vo od suh hffaoh ojlkddocodm pmr d‟krtm fhjto-
oj fknpk`jk, ghvm phssomgm prhpromtå m lrmqumjtkjh skdhtto dmttmrkro, so `ukrgkjh jmjtkdm, gk duo onphrtktk oj Vvmzok.
tmrrm. O fhjtkgojo gmd duh`h kstttkjh dk `do udtono spmttkfhdh m so ksfhdtkjh dm udtonm Fhd tmnph, tuttkvok, dk suk rmdkzohjm
tmrrk gkd prhpromtkroh m gmvhjh pk`krm uj hpmrm m fhnphsozohjo. Kdfujo akjjh kjfam fhj dk rm`ojk so lk tmsk9 jmd ;07? d‟kno-
d‟kno -
fkjhjm, fam spmssh á nhdth kdth, pmr kvmrm ghvmro `rkvhso jmd Ukrdknmjth, kd Sobsgk` fozok sucosfm uj gurh fhdph qukjgh
od pmrnmssh go fhdtovkrdk. Oj k``oujtk, h uj kdtrh gopkrtonmjth go smrvozoh fovodm Wmssoj hr`kjozzk od ﬋gkjzknmjth gmd
fhnm gmtth, od prhpromtkroh tmrromrh pmr fuo gmvhjh trhvkr tmnph trk lmstm projfopm go shdo trm kjjo m gmddk fhmtkjmk
phssomgm od nudojh, od fam so trkgufm oj m vosotm ko tmktro. O pkdkzzo oj fottå shjh projfopmssk gkjmsm. Ghph qumsth
uj‟kdtrk onphstk pmr o fhjtkgojo, gk spmssh kjfhrk poÿ dussuhso gmddm tmjutm kffhrgh, d‟kttm``oknmjth gmddk rm`ojk
13 pk`krm oj nhjmtm, rkffhdth h dkvhrh. go fknpk`jk m knnhcodokto fhj Fuor gm jmo fhjlrhjto go Wmssoj so lk poÿ lrmggh.
]jk tmjutk á ujk `rkjgm strutturk Fhrghum , gopojto Hdkjgmso m Lrkjfmso mg Dk rhtturk ﬋jkdm trk dk rm`ojk m Wmssoj
fam fhnprmjgm kfro su kfro go tmrrk mg á mjhrno kſtrmsfao suddm pkrmto fam rkst`u- krrovk jmd ;0=7, qukjgh, stkjgh kddm vhfo,
`mstotk gk ujh stkſt go smrvothro fam puó rkjh kddm`hrom m govojotå rhnkjm. Wmssoj so oj`ojhffaok m dm mspronm od suh
krrovkrm k uj fmjtojkoh go pmrshjm, gkddm knhrm. Vonodo smjtonmjto pmr o nmncro
ghnmstofam m `do stkddomro k`do ospmtthro Ukdkzzh Wmssoj gmddk lkno`dok rmkdm jhj shjh knnmsso,
m kddm `hvmrjkjto pmr o ckncojo. Nhdtm Oj Vvmzok, k Vdhttsckfbmj, prhproh go jmnnmjh ko phdotofo poÿ ojffiumjto, m Wmssoj
tmjutm shjh gostfodo gk gostoj`umrm gko lrhjtm kd pkdkzzh rmkdm go rmfmjtm fhstru- á fhstrmtth k gonmttmrso gk Dhrg Nkrm-
fkstmddo rmkdo, fhj dm dhrh skdm `o`kjtmsfam zohjm, shr`m uj `rkjgohsh pkdkzzh sfokddh m `hvmrjkthrm. Dk suk fkrromrk m
m o shsttto kſtrmsfkto, gopojto go nkmstro fhnujkdm fhj ujk lkffoktk k ojthjkfh dm sum ﬋jkjzm so gosojtm`rkrhjh m d‟kjjh
﬋knnoj`ao m otkdokjo, m kcck`dokjto stktum `okddh, jmddh stodm gmd Sojksfonmjth sm`umjtm vomjm fhstrmtth k vmjgmrm od suh
go nkrnhfhj
ckrhffao cokjfh,
sompo,ojsomnm
gmgkdo mk lhjtkjm.
vksto `okrgojo otkdokjh. Fhj o suho `okrgojo, `do ojtmrjo oj pkdkzzh m rotorkrso kd Nkjomrh Íbmrü k
stodm ckrhffh lrkjfmsm m nhcodok gmd juhvh Vügmrnkjdkjg, dhjtkjh gkddk phdotofk m
Dk fkffok á od poÿ `rkjgm ahccy, fhsä rhfhfó, ghph trm `mjmrkzohjo go dkvhro á gkddk fhrtm.
fhnm kddmvkrm fkjo gk fkffok m kdtro kjonkdo. govmjtkth ujh gmo poÿ onphrtkjto mgo﬋fo
Wrk o jhcodo Oj`dmso á govmjtkth go nhgk lkr go Vthffhdnk. \mrskoddms
rotrkrrm ujk suojk pkrtofhdkrnmjtm `rkssk Fkrd @ustkl Wmssoj, jkth jmd ;<?=, Dk nk`jo﬋fmjzk gmddk rm`kdotå jhj so
fhnm sm`jh go `rkjgm roffamzzk. spmzzó (fhj `rkjgm goskppujth gmd á nko nkjolmstktk oj nhgh kdtrmttkjth
Á kjfam govmjtkth phphdkrm fhddmzoh-
fhddmzoh- pkgrm) ujk dojmk go trm `mjmrkzohjo go kppkrosfmjtm fam k \mrskoddms, kppmjk
jkrm krnkgo go furohsotå9 fhddmzohjo go krfaotmtto. M`do vmjjm ojvmfm kttorkth luhro gk Ukro`o. Od dussh á smjzk pkrk`hjo9
msmnpdkro cozzkrro, fhnm votmddo onckdsk- gkddk phdotofk mg á nojostrh k Ukro`o m hrh, smtm m phrfmddkjm oj kcchjgkjzk,
nkto fhj gum tmstm, fhrjk go jkrvkdh k \omjjk, ghvm so á rmsh lknhsh fhnm `okrgojo prh`mttkto `mhnmtrofknmjtm
sporkdm m chtto`dom fhjtmjmjto nhstruh- fhddmzohjostk g‟krtm m vovmur , pronk go mg mjhrno skdm gm`do spmffao lhrnkjh
sotå nunno﬋fktm. Umr purh msocozoh- rothrjkrm oj Vvmzok pmr uj sm``oh jmd uj rkgohsh spdmjghrm nko vosth luhro
josnh, gufao m kdtro roffao krosthfrktofo smjkth m kvmr poÿ tkrgo kjfam `uogkth dk gkd Ukrkgosh. Dk fhstruzohjm á stktk uj
akjjh
go uj mshtofo
kjonkdo —smrrk`doh„9 ujk fhddmzohjm
prhvmjomjto gk fhjto- fhstruzohjm
ujk fkrromrk gmd pkdkzzh rmkdm.
go suffmssh, Wmssoj
jhj shdh ak
fhnm prh`mtth
zohjm m kddkmquopkrkcodm
rmkdozzkzohjmkddk
gmddm prh`mttk-
porknogo9
jmjto strkjomro. Vo phsshjh vmgmrm dmhjo dmkgmr gmd pkrtoth gm`do Akttkrjk  m
 m prmso-
prmso- 65.555 dkvhrkthro,
dkvhrkthro, 35 kjjo m ujk qukjtotå

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
ojonnk`ojkcodm go gmjkrh shjh stkto
spmso pmr od fkstmddh gmo fkstmddo.
Dk fhrtm lrkjfmsm lhrnk k \mrskoddms od
suh ujovmrsh pmrshjkdm. H`jo fhjvmrsk-
zohjm, h`jo nhvonmjth, h`jo pmjsomrh á
strmttknmjtm rm`hdknmjtkth m fhjtrhd-
dkth fhnm uj hrhdh`oh nmffkjofh h
d‟hrcotk gmo pokjmto. Kd fmjtrh gmddk `dhrok
f‟á Duo`o Q\, od rm ksshduth m gmsphtk go
Lrkjfok, uj Sm Vhdm, fhnm od suh cosjhjjh
m prmgmfmsshrm Duo`o QO\, m uj fhrph
fmdmstm dk fuo `rkvotå kttork tutth foó fam
dh forfhjgk, phrtkjgh`do fkdhrm h gostru-
zohjm. Ojlrkj`mrm dk fhjvmjzohjm h d‟mto-
famttk puó
rmvhfk gmo phrtkrm k mssmro
tothdo. ]j shrroshckjgoto
gmd rmm puó
kddk
fhjgurrm kdd‟ksfmsk m kg uj phtmrm smjzk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
rovkdo, ujh s`ukrgh go gos`usth puó mssmrm
ujk fhjgkjjk k nhrtm.
Nmtå gmddm mjhrno rmjgotm gmdd‟krosth-
gmdd‟krosth-
frkzok pkro`ojk prhvmjomjto gko tmrrmjo
k`rofhdo m gkddm ojgustrom gk mssk phssmgutm
vmj`hjh spmsm oj kcco`doknmjth,
pkrruffam m fkrrhzzm, oj ujk lurohsk
ckttk`dok pmr mfdosskrso k vofmjgk. Vo gofm
fam foó fam jhj so vmgm k \mrskoddms jhj
msostk. Od lktth á fam od dovmddh poÿ kdth gmddk
phdotofk lrkjfmsm prhnkjk m `ork ktthrjh k
\mrskoddms, k pkrtorm gkd rm. D‟ujofh nhgh
pmr kfquosorm ujk fkrofk gmsogmrkcodm á
mssmrm vosto k fhrtm m httmjmrm od lkvhrm gmd
gmsphtk.
fhstk ujkNk vovmrmmshrcotkjtm
qukjtotå oj qumsth gokncomjtm
gmjkrh9
á tkdnmjtm fhsthsh fam nhdto sfmd`hjh
16
ojvmfm go pkrtorm pmr od @rkjg Whur m
vosotkrm tuttm dm fkpotkdo murhpmm, gkth fam
á poÿ mfhjhnofh fam rmstkrm k fhrtm m jmo
`rkjgo pkdkzzo.
\mrskoddms á quojgo uj‟krmjk go ojtro`ao,
trkgonmjto m pu`jkdktm kddm spkddm fhsä o`jh-
nojohsm fam pmr﬋jh o pm``ohro fronojkdo gm
Dk Vkdpétroárm msotmrmccmrh k fhnnmttmrm
ktto tkjth sprm`mvhdo. [umstk oddusohjm,
\mrskoddms, rophsk suddm spkddm gmddm nkssm,
rosuffaoktm m s﬋jotm k fkusk gmddm tkssm oj
fhjtojuh kunmjth. Dk ghnkjgk á9 qukjth
fo vhrrå pronk fam tutth qumsth frhddo8 Vo
nhrnhrk go shfomtå sm`rmtm od fuo ujofh
sfhph skrmccm
﬋knnm qumddh goujk
gmddk rovhduzohjm2 lhnmjtkrm dm
rovhduzohjm
fam gkrmccm luhfh kd nhjgh ojtmrh.
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

17
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

1=
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

1<
 wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535


 Vuuc Shsk
 V 

—[uo stk dk skpomjzk. Fao ak ojtmddo`mjzk fkdfhdo od junmrh gmddk cmstok9

mssk rkpprmsmjtk
rkpprmsmjtk uj jhnm g'uhnh. M tkd folr
folrkk á smofmjthsmsskjtksmo.„
 Kphfkdossm ;69;1 

D'Murhpk á trkchffkjtm go shfomtå
sm`rmtm, fhsporkzohjo, fduc, fhnujotå
rmdo`ohsm m `ruppo hffudto. Vfomjzokto,
skfmrghto, krosthfrktofo, knnojostrkthro,
shdgkto, tutto smncrkjh mssmrm fhojvhdto
oj ujk shrtk go fhj`ourk gmd sm`rmth
fam á trhpph `rkjgm pmr mssmrm rovmdktk.
Fo shjh nhdtm shfomtå sm`rmtm m o dhrh
nmncro vmj`hjh ojozokto kttrkvmrsh
rotukdo m fmronhjom. Vhjh ckttmzzkto jmd
skj`um, jmdd'kfquk, jmd luhfh m jmddm
pkrhdm. @ourkjh lmgmdtå k ofhjm mg krno,
k gmshdkto ogmkdo m d'ujh kdd'kdtrh. Kdfujm
shfomtå so ckskjh su hsfuro sm`rmto,
nmjtrm kdtrm fmrfkjh vmrotå dunojhsm2
kdfujo shjh fhstrmtto kg mjtrkrvo, nmjtrm
kdtro dh lkjjh go prhprok sphjtkjmk
vhdhjtå. Fhdhrh fam `ourkjh so roujo- roujo-
sfhjh shtth dk dufm gmddk dujk, h oj
o j unogm
fktkfhncm, h oj nk`jo﬋fo fkstmddo pmr
tmjmrm o dhrh fhjso`do m o dhrh ojfhjtro.
Jmd nhjgh sm`rmth go DmxHffudtun,
jmssujk shfomtå á trhpph poffhdk pmr
mssmrm o`jhrktk
fhjgurrm dk ruhtkh kcckstkjzk
gmd gmstojh. `rkjgm gk
Dm shfomtå
poÿ onphrtkjto gmd nhjgh hsfurh go
DmxHffudtun shjh gmsfrottm go sm`uoth.
\kdm dk pmjk rofhrgkrm fam DmxHf-
DmxHf-
fudtun jhj so donotk k nhstrkrm uj
;1µ smfhdh jhth jmo docro go sthrok, nk
poutthsth ujk suk vmrsohjm nhdth poÿ
sfurk, `htofk m gmvoktk. Dm sm`umjto
gmsfrozohjo jhj gmvhjh mssmrm
prmsm fhnm gmsfrozohjo fhnpdmtm mg
mskustovm go qumstm shfomtå sm`rmtm.
Dm fhsporkzohjo shjh fhstruotm su
sm`rmto m nostmro m phsshjh mssmrm
fhnphstm gk nhdto dovmddo go so`jo- so`jo -
lofkth, fam shjh gmstojkto kg mssmrm
rovmdkto shdh k spmfolofo topo go puccdofh.
Jhj tutth foó fam vomjm rovmdkth skrå
vmrh. M jhj tutto `do ojozokto skprkjjh
tutth gmddk fhsporkzohjm gmddk qukdm
frmghjh go lkr pkrtm, m nhdth spmssh
jmnnmjh o fkpo kvrkjjh od qukgrh
fhnpdmth. Dm cu`om phsshjh mssmrm
jksfhstm jmddm pom`am gmddk vmrotå m dk
rmkdtå puó mssmrm gosthrtk kttrkvmrsh
vosohjo hsfurm. Jhj f'á jksfhjgo`doh
no`dohrm pmr fhsporkzohjm
uskrm uj'kdtrk ujk fhsporkzohjm fam
pmr sfkro-
fkrdm o prhpro fronojo m pmrsm`uorm o
10 
prhpro sfhpo sm`rmto. Vok `do Oddunojkto
fam o Shskfrhfm spmssh so ojlodtrkjh
jmddm dh``m Nksshjofam, fam oj sm`uoth
ojlodtrkjh o dhrh nmncro jmddk fhspork-
zohjm sm`rmtk fam so jksfhjgm gomtrh
dk Crotosa Shykd Vhfomty, gollhjgmjgh
frmgmjzm m juhvm vosohjo pmr kdtmrkrm
dm fhjvojzohjo kdtruo. Uhsshjh msostmrm
poÿ dovmddo go uj sm`rmth m ujk vmrotå
jksfhstk puó jksfhjgmrm ujk rmkdtå
kjfhrk poÿ mshtmrofk m pmrofhdhsk. M
kjfam foó fam á jhth fhnm fmrtmzzk
nhdth spmssh á shdh uj'kdtrk oddusohjm.
Od @rkj Nkmstrh á d'krcotrh lojkdm
jmd gmfogmrm foó fam á vmrh m foó
fam á lkdsh su foó fam á gmsfrotth go
sm`uoth. Od @rkj Nkmstrh gmvm kjfam
lkrm kttmjzohjm k sfm`domrm foó fam á
nmjh hllmjsovh pmr dk smjsocodotå gmo
`ohfkthro, shprkttutth qukjgh so trkttk
go rmdo`ohjo m frmgmjzm fam o `ohfkthro
phsshjh fhjgovogmrm. Á onphrtkjtm
rofhrgkrm fam dh sfhph go uj `ohfh á
qumddh go govmrtorso9
fam gå poÿ sfm`domtm
govmrtonmjth shdh foó
kddm pmrshjm kd
vhstrh tkvhdh smjzk hllmjgmrm jmssujh.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Gurkjtm o prono <55 kjjo go frostokjm-
sonh so lhrnkrhjh govmrso fudto m shfomtå
fam skrmccmrh pho stkto fhjhsfouto fhj uj
ujofh jhnm9 @jhstofo. Vo hpphj`hjh k
qumo frmgmjto fam vkdutkjh dk lmgm poÿ go
h`jo kdtrk fhsk. Dh `jhstofh jhj so donotk
k frmgmrm, vuhdm skpmrm, m fmrfk dk vmrotå
poÿ kdtk. K qumstm pmrshjm jhj ckstk dk
lmgm fomfk. Dk dhrh vmrsohjm gmd frostokjm-
sonh á nmsfhdktk fhj dm vmrotå m dm ﬋dhsh﬋m
go Uotk`hrk, Udkthjm m nhdto kdtro ﬋dhsh﬋
`rmfo m hromjtkdo. Jhj vmghjh od smjsh go
fmrfkrm dk vmrotå oj ujk shdk rmdo`ohjm, m
11 quojgo rkffhd`hjh m nmsfhdkjh dm pkrto
no`dohro go qukdsokso ghttrojk h rmdo`ohjm
oj fuo trhvkjh sk``mzzk m fhjhsfmjzk.
Kjfam sm jhj f‟á vhduth nhdth pronk
fam lhssmrh chddkto fhnm mrmtofo gkddk
Faomsk, dm dhrh ghttrojm dmjtknmjtm akjjh
kfquosoth ojffiumjzk oj Murhpk. Urmgofkjh
dk tmhrok fam tuttk d'unkjotå á oj `rkgh
go rk``ouj`mrm od suh pomjh phtmjzokdm
svoduppkjgh dk nmjtm, nk pmr lkrm qumsth
ak cosh`jh go slhrzkrso vmrsh ujk "`jhso"
, fam so`jo﬋fk "fhjhsfmjzk" oj `rmfh
kjtofh. Fhjtrkroknmjtm k`do sfomjzokto,
tuttkvok, `do @jhstofo jhj rkffhd`hjh lktto
m rosudtkto gk mspmronmjto, nk poutthsth
ojsm`jkjh fam so ghvrmccm rk``ouj- rk``ouj-
`mrm ujk vosohjm prhlhjgk m pmrshjkdm
jm prhproh m`h. O lktto m `do mspmronmjto,
gofhjh, lkjjh pkrtm go uj nhjgh faoush m
so`oddkth, fam á kjfam fhrrhtth m nkdvk`oh.
D'hcomttovh projfopkdm go tutto `do
@jhstofo á qumddh go trhvkrm dk "lhrzk
suprmnk" fam nkjfk go lhrnk mg á ojvo-
socodm. Vo gofm fam so phssk httmjmrm uj
fhjtktth fhj qumstk lhrzk kfquosmjgh
 `jhso . Wuttkvok,
`rkjgo skfro﬋fo qumsth rosudtkth svodupph
m uj fhstkjtm rofaomgm
gmddk nmjtm m gmddh sporoth. [umstk lhrzk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
V󰁨󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁷󰃥 S󰁭󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁯󰁨󰁶󰁭
 @do @jhstofo  
~ @jhso  ~
 ~
suprmnk á rkpprmsmjtktk jmd pmrshjk``oh
nothdh`ofh Kcrkxks, od fuo junmrh á 6<=.
Kcrkxks ojghssk uj'krnkturk rhnkjk m
ujk tujofk, m tomjm uj'ksfok jmddk nkjh
gmstrk m ujh sfugh jmddk sojostrk. Ojfosk
suddh sfugh rmfk d'osfrozohjm OKH, h
VKCKHWA. Kcrkxks ak dk tmstk go uj
uffmddh m dm sum `kncm shjh gum smrpmjto.
F'á uj ludnojm shtth go duo. Vo gofm fam
tutto qumsto sonchdo rkffaougkjh uj
prhlhjgh so`jo﬋fkth pmr `do @jhstofo. Od
fhrph go Kcrkxks rkpprmsmjtk d'unkjotå
m dk tmstk k lhrnk go uffmddh rkpprmsmjtk
d'ojtmddo`mjzk m od gmsogmroh go oddunojk-
oddunojk-
zohjm. Dk tujofk rkpprmsmjtk dk jmfmssotå
go slhrzkrso smnprm m d'ksfok gk ckttk`dok
rkpprmsmjtk od phtmrm m dk gmvhzohjm kdd'o-
gmkdm `jhstofh. Dh sfugh smncrk sonch-
dm``okrm dk sk``mzzk m dm `kncm smrpmj-
tojm d'ojtuozohjm.
Vmfhjgh `do @jhstofo oj h`jo mssmrm
unkjh f'á ujk vhfkzohjm ojfhnpdmtk m
uj gmsogmroh vmrsh ujh sfhph supmrohrm
fam jhj puó mssmrm rk``oujth kttrk-
vmrsh ujk votk hrgojkrok. Frmghjh fam
mspmromjzm nhjgkjm fhnm d'knhrm,
dm rmdkzohjo, dm onprmsm, od fudth, dk
prm`aomrk m kdtrm fhsm fam kppkrtmj-
`hjh kd nhjgh jhj phsskjh shggoslkrm
qumsth gmsogmroh. Od lhjgknmjth gmddk
ghttrojk `jhstofk á d'ogmk fam od poÿ kdth
so`jo﬋fkth go "goh" sok `dhrohsh m orrk`-
`ouj`ocodm. Gk duo orrkgokjh `do Mhjo,
mssmro fam kcotkjh od nhjgh supmrohrm, od
Udmrhnk.  K fkusk gmd gmsogmroh, ujh gm`do
Mhjo fkggm jmd nhjgh nktmrokdm gmo
smjso. Faoknkth Gmnour`h, á uj mssmrm
govojh ojlmrohrm fam ak frmkth od nhjgh
nktmrokdm. O projfopo
phdkto jmd nhjgh supmrohro
nktmrokdm ojtrkp-
m`uk`dokjh
d'unkjotå. ]jk sfojtoddk, h pkrtofmddk,
á ojtrkpphdktk, h kgghrnmjtktk, jmddk
nmjtm gmdd'uhnh m puó mssmrm docmrktk
shdh gkdd'ojtuozohjm. Oj fhjfdusohjm,
d'uhnh á uj mssmrm govojh ojtrkpphdkth
oj uj nhjgh nktmrokdm.
]jh gmo fkphskdgo gmddh @jhstofosnh á
dk fhjvojzohjm fam od cmjm m od nkdm sokjh
gum phtmjzm phdkro fam gmvhjh fhmso- fhmso-
stmrm oj mquodocroh. [umsth mquodocroh puó
mssmrm nkjtmjuth shdh gk qukdfujh fam
á vofojh k rk``ouj`mrm dk `jhso , qukdfujh
fam fhjhsfm m puó kffmgmrm gormttknmjtm
kddm gonmjsohjo jksfhstm gmddk frmkzohjm.
@do @jhstofo shstmj`hjh go rkpprmsmj-
tkrm od vmrh frostokjmsonh fhnm á stkth
rovmdkth jm`do ojsm`jknmjto sm`rmto go
Frosth, m uskjh govmrsm tmfjofam fam
rmjghjh phssocodm "vmgmrm od rm`jh go
Goh pronk go nhrorm".
Fo shjh nhdto govmrso frmgh m rkno
smfhjgkro trk `do @jhstofo. @do H﬋to,
pmr msmnpoh, kghrkjh od smrpmjtm pmrfaï
tmjtkvk Mvk jmd @okrgojh gmdd'Mgmj m
quojgo dm hſtrovk dk fhjhsfmjzk. Fo shjh
kjfam o Fkojoto fam shjh spmssh fhjtkto
trk `do @jhstofo. O Fkojoto frmghjh fam
tutth foó fam á nktmrokdm, tutth foó fam
so frmk kdd'ojtmrjh gmd nhjgh nktmrokdm,
gmcck mssmrm kcckttuth m gostrutth phofaï
onpro`ohjk d'unkjotå oj ujk `kccok.
Ojhdtrm fo shjh @jhstofo fam rotmj`hjh
fam od nhjgh sok poÿ nkdvk`oh fam cuhjh
m fam qumsth sok uj udtmrohrm nhtovh pmr
puro﬋fkrso m rk``ouj`mrm dk `jhso   sm jhj
kdtrh pmr shprkvvovmrm.
Jksfhsto jmdd'hncrk, `do @jhstofo
fhnpdhttkjh pmr gostru``mrm od phtmrm
gmddk Faomsk, nk jhj akjjh fhnm nmthgh
pronkroh dk vohdmjzk.
fam qukjgh @do @jhstofo
rk``ouj`mrkjjh frmghjh
  dk
dk `jhso 
Faomsk fkgrå gk shdk. Vo gofm kjfam fam
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

fhdhrh fam rk``ouj`hjh dk `jhso httmj `kjh  

httmj`kjh 
od sm`rmth gmddk votk mtmrjk.
Oj Murhpk `do @jhstofo so shjh roujoto
oj govmrso `ruppo ﬋j gkd Nmgohmvh.
Ch`hnodo, Fktkro m Chrchroto shjh
fhjtkto trk qumsto, nk á qukso onphssocodm
roujorm tuttm dm govmrsm smttm `jhstofam
oj uj'ojtmrk lhrnk ghttrojkdm. Akjjh
ojjunmrmvhdo
gmtth fam, sm sorkno m frmgmjzm,ojsomnm
hr`kjozzkssmrh m vk
oj uj'ujofk shfomtå, skrmccmrh ujk gmddm
ostotuzohjo poÿ phtmjto gmd nhjgh. Msso
shjh, tuttkvok, hgokto m crkffkto gkddk
Faomsk m dh shjh stkto pmr nhdth tmnph.
Dk Faomsk lk tutth foó fam á oj suh phtmrm
pmr tmjmrm smpkrktm dm govmrsm lkzohjo
`jhstofam pmr pkurk gmddm fhjsm`umjzm
fam dk dhrh ujo﬋fkzohjm phrtmrmccm.
Kdtrm shfomtå fhnm `do Oddunojkto m
d'Hrgrm gm dm Vkj` Cdmu   akjjh oj sm`rmth
chddkth `do @jhstofo fhnm dhrh jmnofo.
Hr`kjozzkzohjm m Ojffiumjzk
[ukdujqum sok od frmgh `jhstofh spmfo﬋fh
fam so fhjsogmrk, tutto smncrkjh kvmrm
uj pkoh go fhsm oj fhnujm. Govoghjh
d'unkjotå oj trm fktm`hrom9 qumddo fam jhj 1?
sm`uhjh od dhrh frmgh, qumddo fam kgmro-
sfhjh kd frmgh nk jhj akjjh kjfhrk
rk``oujth dk  `jhso,  m oj﬋jm qumddo fam
akjjh rk``oujth dk `jhso .
Fhdhrh fam jhj kgmrosfhjh kddm
frmgmjzm `jhstofam shjh fhjsogmrkto
pmrso jmd nhjgh nktmrokdm m kd go då go
h`jo skdvmzzk. Lrmqumjtkrdo á fhjso-
gmrkth pmrofhdhsh oj qukjth phsshjh
trksfojkrm fhduo fam stk fmrfkjgh go
rk``ouj`mrm  `jhso   vmrsh dk frmkzohjm
gmd Gmnour`h. Vm qumsth kffkgm, h`jo
prh`rmssh fhnpouth gkddh @jhstofh vk
pmrguth, m ghvrå juhvknmjtm shtthphrso
k tuttm dm prhvm rofaomstm.
Fhdhrh fam kgmrosfhjh kddm frmgmjzm
`jhstofam shjh fhjsogmrkto fhnm pmrshjm
fam, pur mssmjgh stktm kvvoktm jm`do ojsm-
`jknmjto sm`rmto m fhnprmjgmjgh dm
dhrh onpdofkzohjo, jhj fkposfhjh kjfhrk gmvhjh lkrdh smjzk rovmdkrm dk prhprok pmrohgh prhvmj`hjh gkddh @jhstofosnh
fhnm kppdofkrdm pomjknmjtm. fhjhsfmjzk phofaï h`jujh rk``ouj`m dk sorh-m`ozokjh, fhj dk suk kgmsohjm kddm
Vhdh phfam pmrshjm shjh rousfotm k  `jhso   oj uj nhgh ujofh m pmrshjkdm, m ogmm pdkthjofam.
rk``ouj`mrm dk  `jhso, m shjh  fhdhrh fam jhj á `krkjtoth fam qukdfujh fam vomjm Dm fhnujotå m dm shfomtå `jhstofam
akjjh od fhnpoth go `uogkrm m fhjso`dokrm `uogkth rk``ouj`k dh stmssh dovmddh h toph mrkjh nhdth goſtusm gurkjtm od Nmgohmvh,
`do kdtro
dhrh oj nhgh
stmssk fam phsskjh
fhjhsfmjzk. Kjfamhttmjmrm dk
sm qumsto go `jhso 
  gmd prhproh
Dk nk``ohr nmjthrm.
pkrtm gmddm frmgmjzm nk shjh
kjfam gonojuotm
sm trkffm oj junmrh
go qumstm gk kddhrk,
fhnujotå shjh
dmkgmr `uogkjh o dhrh fhnpk`jo @jhstofo, `jhstofam oj Murhpk gurkjtm qumsth prmsmjto oj tuttk Murhpk.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
@do @jhstofo jhj ghvrmccmrh mssmrm
fhjsogmrkto fhnm ujk `rkjgm shfomtå,
nk poutthsth fhnm lrknnmjto go frmgh m
nostmro fam shjh stkto frmkto jmd fhrsh go
govmrsm no`dokok go kjjo m fam akjjh kvuth
fhnm lhjgknmjth dk rofmrfk gmddk `jhso   (h
go uj sonodm fhjfmtth mshtmrofh). Dm sfojtoddm
fam kjfhrk shprkvvovhjh so nkjolmstkjh
pmr
ghjhdhkcodotå
poÿ oj udtrktmrrmjm,
kdfujm pmrshjm fam fkpkfotå
m tkdo phssom -
phssom-
jhj so vmghjh gko tmnpo go Ckcodhjok.
Vo gofm fam fhdhrh fam rk``ouj`hjh
dk `jhso phsshjh kssunmrm dk lhrnk go
ujh sporoth fam puó vok``okrm kttrkvmrsh
dh spkzoh m od tmnph, m fam jhj akjjh
cosh`jh go nkj`okrm h ghrnorm. Kdtro
gofhjh fam phsskjh fkuskrm dk nhrtm go
qukdfujh fhj uj smnpdofmnmjtm ktth go
vhdhjtå. Od dhrh phtmrm á `rkjgm, nk phfao
romsfhjh k rk``ouj`mrm qumstk supmrohrm
lhrzk ojtmrohrm. Nhdto fmrfkjh go httmjmrm
dk `jhso   gurkjtm od fhrsh gmd
gmd ;1µ, nk shdh
ujh go dhrh romsfm9 Poddokn Cdkbm (;0=0-
;130). Vlhrtujktknmjtm o phtmro fam Cdkbm
kfquososfm kttrkvmrsh dk `jhso  kddk
  kddk ﬋jm dh
spoj`hjh kddk lhddok m kddk ﬋jm dh phrtkjh
?5 kddk nhrtm kdd'ojozoh gmd ;?µ smfhdh.
]j'kdtrk pmrshjk fam so gofm sok stktk
vofojk k rk``ouj`mrm dk  `jhso   gurkjtm
od ;1µ á dh sthrofh Mgwkrg @occhj
(;030-;0?7).
Mgwkrg @occhj (;030-;0?7)
Mgwkrg @occhj á ujh sthrofh fam á fhjh-
sfouth shprkttutth pmr o suho stugo kpprh-
lhjgoto m dk suk vkstk fhjhsfmjzk gmdd'On-
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
pmrh Shnkjh. Frmsfm jmdd'Aknpsaorm,
conch gmchdm m nkdktoffoh, k﬇otth gk
ojlmrnotå m gkddm shſtmrmjzm fam dh pmrsm-
`uotkjh pmr tuttk dk votk. So﬋utk dk suk
mgufkzohjm crotkjjofk m fmrfk ojvmfm
fhjlhrth jmdd'hffudth m jmd nostofosnh kddh
stmssh tmnph nmjtrm sfrovm uj junmrh
onprmssohjkjtm go oj-lhdoh m hpusfhdo
sudd'kjtofk Shnk mksudd'Onpmrh
Vo trkslmrosfm Dhskjjk Shnkjh.
jmd ;0<6
ghph dk ﬋jm gmddk `umrrk jmd fhjtojmjtm.
Gk dä so rmfk prmsth k Shnk m gmfogm
go sfrovmrm gmddk sthrok gmddk fottå. K
sm`uoth go qumsto stugo kpprhlhjgosfm
kjfam dm ogmm `jhstofam. Kddk ﬋jm thrjk
oj Oj`aodtmrrk jmd ;0<= m vomjm mdmtth oj
pkrdknmjth, nk rkpogknmjtm so lk vkro
jmnofo k fkusk gmddm sum lhrto prmsm go
phsozohjm k lkvhrm gmddh @jhstofosnh.
Jmo suho duj`ao m lktofhso stugo suo
nostmro gmdd'Onpmrh Shnkjh kddk ﬋jm
trhvk "Dk nkdmgozohjm go Kpk \ofthr" m
so fhjsogmrk oj `rkgh go dkjfokrm qumstk
nkdmgozohjm, kjfam sm jhj ak kjfhrk
fmrfkth go lkrdh.
Mgwkrg ak kjfam, kttrkvmrsh o suho
stugo `jhstofo, qukso trksfmsh dk jmfmssotå
go nkj`okrm m cmrm m jhj ak cosh`jh go
jutrorso pmr govmrso nmso.
Poddokn Cdkbm
Poddokn á uj phmtk, krtostk m nostofh
oj`dmsm jkth k Dhjgrk gk ujk lkno`dok
chr`amsm jmd ;0=0. Onpkrk nhdtm krto
m nmstomro govmrso oj `ohvkjm mtå, m d'oj-
fosohjm á dk gosfopdojk jmddk qukdm á poÿ
mspmrth. Poddokn sm`um dm frmgmjzm
`jhstofam kdd'ojozoh gmddk suk votk, kjfam
sm jhj sm jm rmjgm fhjth ﬋jh kd ;005,
qukjgh sfhprm fam dm ogmm m dm fhjvoj-
zohjo fam ak svoduppkth shjh oj rmkdtå
topofam gmddh @jhstofosnh.
Poddokn á k﬇otth gk uj `rkvm gosturch
sfaozhlrmjofh, spmssh shſtrm go kddufojkzohjo
msukakvotk.
vosohjo su fhnm
Vvoduppk ghvrmccm
oj pkrtm vovmrm dk
ujk nothdh`ok
pmrshjkdm, gormttknmjtm osporktk gko suho
kdtmr m`h m gkddm sum vosohjo.
Kttrkvmrsh o suho stugo @jhstofo,
Poddokn ak fhnujqum kfquosoth d'kcodotå
go sfoh`domrm od suh fhrph kd pujth fam
kppkrm ojvosocodm. Ak jmfmssotå go
nkj`okrm m cmrm shdh ujk h gum vhdtm
kdd'kjjh mg á kjfam oj `rkgh go lkr
prhvkrm jkusmk kddm pmrshjm m lkrdm
knnkdkrm fhj od smnpdofm pmjsomrh.
Fmjtro m Duh`ao Onphrtkjto
@do @jhstofo shjh spkrso oj tuttk
Murhpk m jhj tmj`hjh dm dhrh roujohjo
oj duh`ao spmfo﬋fo fhjskfrkto. Jhj á
ojshdoth pmr `do @jhstofo, fhnm kjfam
pmr o Ch`hnodo, frmgmrm fam fo so
ghvrmccm tmjmrm dhjtkjh gk Faomsm m
gkddm lujzohjo rmdo`ohsm, gkd nhnmjth
fam phtrmccmrh dm`krm uj lmgmdm poÿ
strmttknmjtm kd Gmnour`h. Dk nk``ohr
pkrtm gm`do @jhstofo shjh ojlktto
fhjtrkro k qumsto mgo﬋fo oj `mjmrkdm m kg
kdtrm frmkzohjo nktmrokdo, nhtovh pmr fuo
á ojshdoth trhvkrm trkffm m nkjulktto go
hro`ojm `jhstofk.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn

Kd Uronh Fhjfodoh go Jofkmk jmd 63= lu
gmfosh fam od Ukpk skrmccm stkth kssosh
suddk shnnotå gmddk `mrkrfaok gmddk
Faomsk, shprk o Uktrokrfao, m fam uj hrgojm
sm`rmth go skjto `umrromro, faoknkth
"Uoun Vhgkdofoun " skrmccm stkth phsth kd
suh fhnkjgh. Wuttm dm nmjzohjo go qumsth
Uoun Vhgkdofoun   shjh stktm ronhssm gko
ghfunmjto ustfokdo pronk gmddk ﬋rnk gmd
pronh prhthfhddh. D'ujofk trkffok ronkjm
oj uj crmvm rolmronmjth oj pmr`knmjk
fam ghvrmccm mssmrm ujk shrtk go gokroh
go ujh gmo vmsfhvo fam akjjh prmsh pkrtm
k qumd fhjfodoh.
Jhj kffkgm ﬋jh kd ;63=, tuttkvok,
fam   od Uoun Vhgkdofoun   sok nmjzoh-
jkth jmo tmsto ustfokdo, qukjgh Ikfnm
Lhrjomr, od vmsfhvh go Ukrnomrs fam oj
sm`uoth govmjjm pkpk Cmjmgmtth QOO,
fhjgussm dk pmrsmfuzohjm gmo fktkro
﬋jh ko Uormjmo. Ikfnm Lhrjomr kvmvk
rkffhdth ojlhrnkzohjo m ojtmrrh`kth `do
kcotkjto gmd poffhdh voddk``oh Fkrtakr go
Fhntï gm Lhox fam mrkjh stkto kffuskto
go mrmsok. Gum lrktmddo gmd   Uoun Vhgk --   sud rh`h k Cur`hs. Foó fam ronkjm gmo
dofoun dh kvmvkjh koutkth oj﬋dtrkjghso
mg mdonojkjgh onphrtkjto fkpo fktkro
jmd voddk``oh. O ghfunmjto jhj nmjzoh-
jkjh sm qumsto gum lrktmddo lhssmrh
nmncro mſtmttovo gmddk fhnpk`jok go
ojquosothro go Ikfnm Lhrjomr, nk gofm
fam kvmvkjh `ourkth go smrvorm dk dufm
m od cmjm mg mrkjh prhjto
prhj to kg uffogmrm oj
jhnm go qumstk fkusk. M dh akjjh
ak jjh lktth.
Akjjh uffosh jhj nmjh go 31 pmrshjm,
pmr dh poÿ Ukrlkots (d'ïdotm sfmdtk gko
fktkro), nk kjfam uhnojo m ghjjm
fhnujo lurhjh prhfmsskto m `oustozokto
gko
nkogum lrktmddo. Jmssujh
nmjzohjkth gmo shdh
pmr jhnm, gum vmjjm
fhnm
"junmrh 07" m "junmrh 35=". Ojhdtrm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
V󰁨󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁷󰃥 S󰁭󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁯󰁨󰁶󰁭
Uoun Vhgkdofoun
~Nmnmjth nhro~
jhj á jmnnmjh sofurh sm lhssmrh vmro
lrktmddo go skj`um h sm so fhjsogmrkvkjh
lrktmddo shdh pmrfaï lkfmvkjh pkrtm
gmddk stmssk fhjlrktmrjotk.
Fo shjh pho o prhthfhddo sm`rmto gmd
Fhjso`doh go Fhstkjzk, fam kttmstkjh
ujk roujohjm sm`rmtk kvvmjutk od
= Jhvmncrm ;7;7 trk d'Kjtopkpk
@ohvkjjo QQOOO m uj uhnh kdtro-
nmjto sfhjhsfouth fam vomjm ojgofkth
fhnm "Fhjstkjtoj Uomrh". Od prhth-
fhddh gmsfrovm fhnm qumst'udtonh kccok
faomsth ujk `rhssk shnnk go gmjkrh
pmr dk lhrnkzohjm gmo nmncro gmd
Uoun Vhgkdofoun , fhsä fhnm pmr vkrom
strutturm oj Otkdok, Lrkjfok m Vpk`jk pmr
d'kddh``oh go qumsto nmncro. Vmfhjgh
dm jhtm, @ohvkjjo QQOOO kffhdsm dk
rofaomstk smjzk jmnnmjh vmro﬋fkrm o
gmttk`do gmddk gofaokrkzohjm.
Od Uoun Vhgkdofoun  á
 á nmjzohjkth pmr
dk tmrzk vhdtk jmo ghfunmjto roskdmjto
kddk ﬋jm gmd ;=<5 forfk jmdd'kuth gk lï   go
Vkdvkthrm gk \ostk fam vmjjm crufokth
rm`ostro go qumsth prhfmssh gofm fam mrk
stkth od Uoun Vhgkdofoun   k rojtrkffokrm
m fktturkrm qumsth mrmtofh, pmr phrtkrdh
quojgo gojjkjzo kddk skjtk fhrtm.
D'ojquosothrm Lmrjkjgms \oddk sfrossm
uj rmshfhjth go govmrsm pk`ojm suddm
kzohjo gmo lrktmddo oj qumsto prhthfhddo.
M`do gmsfrossm oj gmttk`doh `do hnofogo
fam kvmvkjh fhnnmssh jmo dhrh slhrzo
pmr fktturkrm Vkdvkthrm, dm pmrshjm fam
mrkjh stktm fhrrhttm, m qukjth gmttm
pmrshjm mrkjh stktm pk`ktm. Od prhth-
prhth-
fhddh lhrjosfm kjfam uj rmshfhjth gmo
nmthgo
zkto gkofam vmj`hjh
lrktmddo oj `mjmrm
qukjgh utodoz-
uffoghjh dm
dhrh vottonm. Á faokrh fam o lrktmddo gmd

Uoun Vhgkdofoun mrkjh ksskssojo kggm- 
strkto  m
  m spom, pmrshjm smjzk ronpokjto h
ronhrso pmr dm dhrh kzohjo. ]j msmnpoh
go qumsth á qukjgh Lmrjkjgms gmsfrovm
fhnm ujh gmo lrktmddo thrturó uj knofh
go Vkdvkthrm pmr `ohrjo kd ﬋jm go
sfhprorm ghvm so jksfhjgmvk d'mrmtofh.
D'uhnh vmjjm poffaokth m gosskj`ukth
fhj fujmo, nkzzm lmrrktm m strunmjto
prmso gk uj nkjosfkdfh gmd phsth, ﬋jh
k qukjgh jhj rovmdó dk vmrotå m vmjjm
oj﬋jm uffosh m `mttkth jmd ﬋unm. Kddk
﬋jm go qumsth rkffhjth, Lmrjkjgms
\oddk dhgk o lrktmddo m do ksshdvm gko ?;
pmffkto fam akjjh fhnnmssh jmddk dhrh
dhttk fhjtrh dm tmjmcrm.
Od `msuotk m tmhdh`h Nkrtoj Kjthojm
Gmd Soh sfrossm govmrsm dmttmrm kd suh
knofh hdkjgmsm Iustus Dopsous qukso
=5 kjjo ghph. Ghph dk nhrtm go Iustus,
Iustus,
jmd;<5<, dm dmttmrm fkggmrh jmddm nkjo
go uj docrkoh go Dmogk go jhnm Akjs
\htfam. Dm dmttmrm pkrdkjh go ujk
shfomtå sm`rmtk, ujk fhjlrktmrjotk go
kj`mdo ksskssojo fam hpmrkvkjh jmd
jhnm go Frosth. ]jk shfomtå sm`rmtk
fam gmgofkvk dk prhprok msostmjzk k
smrvorm dk Faomsk m k pujorm faoujqum
fmrfkssm go nkffaokrdk h ojgmch- ojgmch -
dordk. Gmd Soh faoknk dk shfomtå "Dk
Vkpojomrm" nk sfrovm fam o lrktmddo gmlo-
josfhjh "Uoun Vhgkdofoun " dk shfomtå m
"Fusths " sm stmsso.
Gmd Soh spom`k kd suh knofh fam o
lrktmddo shjh rmfdutkto gkddk strkgk m fam
qumstm rmfdutm shjh pmr dh poÿ fhsto-
tuotm gk `ohvkjo dkgro m ksskssojo. Dk
Faomsk, tuttkvok, do prmjgm shtth dk suk
kdk, so prmjgm
gufkzohjm furkkdgotoph
kgkttk dhrhgom `do gå uj'm-
dkvhrh fam
`do ak gmstojkth. Vhjh msphsto kddk dufm
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

gmd phtmrm govojh m so rmjghjh smnprm

fhjth fam gmvhjh gmgofkrm dk dhrh
votk kd smrvozoh gmddk Faomsk. Fhj d'kp-
prhvkzohjm gmd Ukpk, kddk lrktmddkjzk
vmj`hjh gktm tuttm dm roshrsm go fuo ak
cosh`jh pmr prhtm``mrm dk Faomsk gkddm
tmjmcrm fam so jksfhjghjh kd go luhro
gmddm skfrm nurk gmd pkpkth. @do vomjm
fhjlmrotk
jhnm gmd dk cmjmgozohjm
cmjm poÿ `rkjgmk uffogmrm
m kd ﬋jm gooj
fusthgorm dk fhjhsfmjzk m dk lmgm jmd
govojh, fam fhstroj`mrkjjh d'hsfurotå k
oj`ojhffaokrso.
K nmtå gmd ;0µ smfhdh fhnojfokrhjh
k vmjorm kddk supmr﬋fom govmrsm vhfo
suddk lrktmddkjzk, nk jhj msostm kdfujk
ghfunmjtkzohjm fam phssk mſtmttovk- mſtmttovk-
nmjtm gonhstrkrm dk suk msostmjzk.
H``o o lrktmddo jhj vmj`hjh poÿ rkffhdto
gkddm strkgm, nk shjh poutthsth sfmdto
jmd faohstrh go kdfujm sfuhdm mffdmsok-
mffdmsok-
stofam. Vhdh o rk`kzzo nksfao vmj`hjh
sfmdto m, pronk go mssmrm ostruoto suddm
krto mnpom, rofmvhjh dk rmnossohjm pmr
o dhrh pmffkto m o dhrh udtono roto. Oj
fhjjmssohjm fhj qumsto rotukdo vmj`hjh
?3 sph`dokto gmo dhrh jhno m kfquososfhjh
uj junmrh, spmssh ksshfokth fhj dk
junmrhdh`ok fkckdostofk, pmr jksfhj-
gmrm dm dhrh hro`ojo. O rk`kzzo akjjh
junmro fhnm 1<1, od junmrh gmd
"Fknnojh", h 076, "Od Golmjshrm". Dm
dhrh votm prmfmgmjto shjh fkjfmddktm
fhsä fhnm tutto o dm`kno fhj o dhrh knofo
m lknodokro. \mj`hjh hrfamstrktm pmr
dhrh gmddm lkdsm "nhrto", so fmdmcrkjh
﬋jto lujmrkdo m o rk`kzzo vmj`hjh
phrtkto dhjtkjh gkddk dhrh pktrok pmr
stugokrm fhj uj nmjthrm fam ojsm`jmrå
dhrh tutth qumddh fam f'á gk skpmrm pmr
smrvorm od Uoun Vhgkdofoun.
Fhnm udtonh `msth pmr rkſthrzkrjm
d‟onpm`jh k smrvorm dk fkusk frostokjk
fhnm vmjgofkthro go Goh suddk tmrrk,
vmj`hjh ojvokto k ojfhjtrkrm od Ukpk
fam gå dhrh dk suk cmjmgozohjm fhj dm
pkrhdm9 "Od ﬋jm `ousto﬋fk o nmzzo, smrvo m
vovrko". Fhdhrh fam gmfoghjh go kddhjtk-
kddhjtk-
jkrso gk qumstk strkgk vmj`hjh sfhvkto
m uffoso gko dhrh stmsso lrktmddo.
Kdd'ojozoh gmd ;1µ smfhdh d'hr`kjoz-
zkzohjm á frmsfoutk
gk nk``ohro oj lhrzk,
﬋jkjzoknmjto gkshstmjutk
pkrtm gmd
pkpkth fam frmgm fam o phtmro go Vktkjk
 
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

sokjh stkto hrk kttovkto m fam dk Faomsk K nmtå gmd ;1µ smfhdh fo shjh rkpprm-
rkpprm- O lrktmddo k fuo vomjm gktk dk nossohjm
kccok cosh`jh go golmjgmrso fhj h`jo smjtkjto, m oj nhdto fkso Fusthgms   m Ojtmr-  go uffogmrm mg mdonojkrm tutto fhdhrh fam
nmzzh jmfmsskroh. Kjfam shdh rmstkrm  lmfthrms , jmddk nk``ohr pkrtm gmddm `rkjgo rosfaokjh go lkr gmd nkdm kddk Faomsk h
k ﬋kjfh go qumstm lhrzm hsfurm fam fottå g'Murhpk. O lrktmddo gmd Uoun Vhgk-  nojkffokjh go `mttkrm d'unkjotå jmdd'h-
stkjjh prmjgmjgh phssmssh gmdd'Mu- dofoun akjjh gmgofkth dk dhrh votk kddk sfurotå shjh faoknkto "Ojtmrlmfthrmrs " (kd
rhpk skrmccm fhnm dksfokrm od gmstojh dhttk fhjtrh od nkdm m juddk, jmnnmjh dm soj`hdkrm9 Ojtmrlmlmfthr ).). Vhjh ksskssojo
gmd nhjgh jmddm nkjo gmd gokvhdh pmrshjm kdd'ojtmrjh gmo dhrh rkj`ao fam m kj`mdo gmddk nhrtm fam akjjh pkgrh-
stmssh. Jmddm fottå fhsä fhnm jmddm shstmj`hjh uj kpprhffoh poÿ thddmrkjtm, jm``okth od dhrh nmstomrm. Jmssuj uhnh
fknpk`jm, shjh stkto
kvknphsto sm`rmto. fhstotuoto
Oj qumsto vkro
duh`ao, phsshjh nmttmrso suddk dhrh strkgk. ánhrtm
nko shprkvvossuth k uj  vmrgmtth
gmddk  Shtk Shnkjk  m qumsth go dk
sonodo k faohstro, o lrktmddo vmj`hjh Hr`kjozzkzohjm m Ojffiumjzk gofm duj`k sudd'kcodotå gm`do Ojtmrlmfthrms.
kggmstrkto pmr fhnpomrm hnofogo cmj Od Uoun Vhgkdofoun á  uj'hr`kjozzkzohjm
 uj'hr`kjozzkzohjm ]j Fusth k`osfm shdh kdd'ojtmrjh go
pokjo﬋fkto go kdfujm pmrshjm mnpom, mstrmnknmjtm sm`rmtk kdd'ojtmrjh gmddk uj'krmk spmfo﬋fk oj fuo á stkth fhddhfkth
spokrm o phtmro hsfuro m k`orm fhnm sfugh Faomsk fktthdofk m gmddk qukdm shdh od m jhj ak od gorotth go k`orm kd go luhro
fhjtrh qumddm lhrzm fam nojkffokjh go Ukpk, ghgofo fkppmddkjo/`ougofo pkpkdo, go mssk. @do Ojtmrlmfthrms   ojvmfm jhj
rhvmsfokrm dk skjtk ostotuzohjm go Goh `do kugothrms , shjh k fhjhsfmjzk, hdtrm akjjh tkdo rmstrozohjo m shjh smnprm oj
suddk tmrrk. Ojhdtrm, kdfujo gmo lrktmddo jkturkdnmjtm k fhdhrh fam so prmjghjh nhvonmjth.
shjh stkto fhddhfkto oj pujto strktm- furk gmdd'mgufkzohjm gmo rk`kzzo fam
`ofo pmr `ukrgkrm m spokrm, onpkrkrm m skrkjjh pkrtm gmddk shfomtå sm`rmtk. Fmjtro m Duh`ao Onphrtkjto
sm`jkdkrm, kdtro so oj﬋dtrkjh oj trocujkdo
t rocujkdo Kjfam sm o lrktmddo msm`uhjh `do hrgojo D'ujofh pujth go rotrhvh pmrnkjmjtm
m shfomtå trkvmstoto gk kdfaonosto m gmddk Shtk   Shnkjk, hccmgosfhjh m gmo lrktmddo gmd  Uoun Vhgkdofoun  á
  á kdd'oj-
sfomjzokto, kdtro kjfhrk rofmvhjh hrgojo rosphjghjh shdh kd Ukpk stmssh. tmrjh go ujk fksk kdd'hncrk gmddk Fkttm-
gormtto pmr phrtkrm kvkjto fhnpdhtto O lrktmddo shjh kggmstrkto oj govmrso grkdm go Vkj Uomtrh k Shnk. [umsth á
m fhnpomrm ksskssojoo. Wutto o lrktmddo nmstomro m kcodotå, m jhj tutto shjh d'ujofh phsth fam o lrktmddo fhjhsfhjh m
vovhjh pmr rmjgmrm msmfutovo o vmrgmtto ksskssojo k skj`um lrmggh. Kdfujo ghvm rofmvhjh ostruzohjo go rmfkrso sm
mnmsso gkddk Shtk Shnkjk  m  m gko suho ;3 onpkrkjh dk gostfodm krtm gmdd'mshr- ujk nossohjm ghvmssm kjgkrm sthrtk.
kugothrms,  m rosphjghjh shdh kd Ukpk. O fosnh, nmjtrm kdtro onpkrkjh o nhgo @do  Ojtmrlmfthrms  thrjkjh
  thrjkjh smnprm dä ghph ?6
`ougofo gmddk Shtk Shnkjk   so tmj`hjh fupo gmdd'ojtmrrh`kthroh, fhnm shjh kvmr fhnpouth uj hnofogoh. Sonkj`hjh
oj fhjtktth lrk dhrh fhj uj doj`uk``oh stkto svoduppkto
svoduppkto gurkjtm o `ohrjo poÿ cuo oj qumstk fksk pmr kdnmjh uj kjjh,
sm`rmth fam shdh `do kugothrms m  o o lrktmddo gmdd'Ojquosozohjm. Kg kdfujo vmj`hjh faouso gomtrh dm sum sckrrm, jksfhsto kd
fhjhsfhjh. Fhnm doj`uk sm`rmtk, trk go ojsm`jktm dm fhnpmtmjzm jmfmsskrom pmr puccdofh m jhj kuthrozzkto k ojfhjtrkrm
dhrh o lrktmddo pkrdkjh od `rmfh kjtofh h oj﬋dtrkrso oj qukdsokso shfomtå fhnnmr- jmssujh trkjjm dm `ukrgom prmsmjto oj
d'krknkofh, dm doj`um oj fuo shjh stkto fokdm, faomsm docmrm, shfomtå h knnojo- fksk. Kdfujo gormccmrh fam dk fksk á ujk
sfrotto o \kj`mdo. @mjmrkdnmjtm mvotkjh strkzohjo phdotofam. Wutto qumsto lrktmddo pro`ohjm, nk pmr o lrktmddo á od fomdh suddk
go uskrm od dktojh phofaï á fhnprmsh gk shjh gmtto "Fusthgms " (kd soj`hdkrm9 tmrrk ghvm phsshjh rotorkrso m prm`krm
trhppo nmncro gmddm ïdotm fhdtm murhpmm. Fusth), Fusthgo. pmr uj tmnph nhdth duj`h.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
 Fhj`rm`ktoh Urh Ghftrojk Logmo 
Dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm ak lhrnkdnmjtm pmrsh
nhdth phtmrm m ojffiumjzk. D'Ojquoso-
D'Ojquoso-
zohjm, fam á ojozoktk fhj dm frhfoktm kdco-
`mjsokjm m fam ak, smfhjgh dk Faomsk,
skdvkth d'unkjotå gk gkjjkzohjm fmrtk, á
uj'hncrk gmd suh pksskth. ]stfokdnmjtm,
fhnujqum, d'hr`kjozzkzohjm á votkdm
shtth tutto `do kspmtto mg á ujk lhrzk gk
jhj shtthvkdutkrm. Lu frmktk gurkjtm od
Uronh Nmgohmvh pmr fhnckttmrm fhjtrh
dm kzohjo go mrmtofo m cdkslmno. D'hr`k-
jozzkzohjm mrk vostk fhnm uj nhgh pmr
prhtm``mrm d'unkjotå gkd gokvhdh m gko
?7 suho smrvothro tmrrmjo. Kjfam sm so á rogo-
nmjsohjktk gurkjtm od ;0µ m od ;1µ smfhdh,
smfhdh,
o suho nmncro shjh h``o nk``ohrnmjtm
onpm`jkto k lmrnkrm gmdd'Kphfkdossm fam
vmghjh prhssonk. Ojquosothro kdtknmjtm
prmpkrkto m fhnpmtmjto shjh ostruoto
jmddm kjtofam krto m jmddk nhgmrjk fhjh-
sfmjzk, pmrfaï so onpm`jojh fhj lmrnmzzk
k onpmgorm fam d'hsfurotå roprmjgk dk suk
fhrsk. Msso shstmj`hjh fam dm prhvm kddm
qukdo vmjovkjh shtthphstm dm strm`am gmd
;0µ smfhdh mrkjh uj nkdm jmfmsskroh pmr
skdvkrm d'Murhpk gkddk gkjjkzohjm gmddk
strm`hjmrok nkdvk`ok.
Vmfhjgh dk sthrok ustfokdm, Ukpk
@rm`hroh OQ frmó dk pronk hr`kjoz-
zkzohjm lhrnkdm gmdd'Ojquosozohjm jmd
;366, rohrgojkjgh o prmfmgmjto tmjtktovo
go fhnckttmrm `do mrmtofo m phjmjgh tutth
shtth dk dm``m fkjhjofk.
D'Ojquosozohjm mrk ustfokdnmjtm
`uogktk gk fkpo mffdmsokstofo fam mrkjh
spmssh, nk jhj smnprm, nhjkfo ghnm-
jofkjo, tmhdh`o kggmstrkto m kcotukto k
vok``okrm. Wuttkvok, ghfunmjto sm`rmto
kttmstkjh
projfopkdmfam,
go @rm`hroh OQ mrk mssmj- pujth
phofaï dk prmhffupkzohjm Vpk`jkfam
zokdnmjtm dk gostruzohjm gmddm tmjmcrm, phtmrm m d'ustfoh gm`do ojquosothro.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
V󰁨󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁷󰃥 S󰁭󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁯󰁨󰁶󰁭
~D'Ojquosozohjm~
pmrnosm sm`rmtknmjtm
sm` rmtknmjtm kdd'Ojquosozohjm
kdd'Ojquosozohjm go
dkvhrkrm smjzk `do hstkfhdo fam kvrmccmrh
phtuth mssmrm lrkpphsto gkdd'hr`kjozzk-
zohjm m gkddk `mrkrfaok ustfokdm gmddk
Faomsk. O fknpohjo gmdd'Ojquosozohjm
skrmccmrh gujqum vossuto shdh pmr smrvorm
qumdd‟ujofh sfhph. Od rk`ohjknmjth kddk
cksm gmddk gmfosohjm go lhrnkrm d'Oj- d'Oj-
quosozohjm m od nhtovh pmr fuo @rm`hroh
OQ rotmjjm jmfmsskroh frmkrdk rmstk uj
sm`rmth. Kdfujo gofhjh fam @rm`hroh
kvmvk rofmvuth vosohjo go uj luturh oj fuo
d'unkjotå vovmvk fhnm sfaokvk gmo cmjo
nktmrokdo m kvmvk kcckjghjkth dk Faomsk
k lkvhrm gmddk dussurok m gmddk `hdk. Kdtro
gofhjh fam @rm`hroh, jmddk suk rofmrfk
gmddk dufm, so trhvó go lrhjtm kdd'hsfurotå
ojfkrjktk m jm lu fhsä spkvmjtkth fam
`ouró go lkrm qukdsokso fhsk oj suh phtmrm
pmr gostru``mrm qumsth nkdm.
Hdtrm kg mssmrm kggmstrkto kddm rm`hdm
m k`do strunmjto fkjhjofo, k phfao nhjkfo
sfmdto lurhjh ojsm`jkto o nhgo gmddm krto
govojm m onpkrkrhjh k fhnpomrm mshrfosno
m d'krtm go `ukrorm sm stmsso m `do kdtro.
@do Kdco`mjsokjo m o Fkvkdomro Wmnpdkro
spmronmjtkrhjh d'ork go Goh, m dk Faomsk
fhjsogmró fam qumddm votm ojjhfmjto
pmrgutm mrkjh uj prmzzh rk`ohjmvhdm gk
pk`krm pmr rmspoj`mrm d'hsfurotå.
D'Ojquosozohjm m o suho lknhso nmncro
rofmvmttmrh `rkjgm phtmrm m docmrtå go
fhnpomrm od dhrh skjth ghvmrm. Dm smjtmjzm
gk dhrh mnmssm jhj phtmvkjh mssmrm
kjjuddktm m od phtmrm gm`do ojquosothro
mrk suprmnh. Vhtth dk `uogk gmd `rkjgm
ojquosothrm Whnnksh gm Whrqumnkgk, dk
fhj`rm`kzohjm mspkjsm od suh phtmrm kd
so rotrhvó
m nhdto kd go shprkk tmnmrm
fhnojfokrhjh gmd rm good

Jmd ;<;3 d'ojquosothrm lrkjfmsm
Vmckstomj Nofakmdos sfrossm od docrh  
Aosthorm knorkcdm gm dk phssmssohj mt fhjvmr- 
sohj g'ujm pmjotmjtm , fam fdksso﬋fk govmrso
topo go gmnhjo. Kppmjk quojgofo kjjo
ghph sfrossm dk suk hpmrk, Krs Govoj
Govojk k , fam
skrmccm govmjtktk od nkjukdm sm`rmth
gmdd'Ojquosozohjm sudd'ush gmddm krto govojm.
Od pronh phtmrm ("Vvmdkrm") pmrnmttm
d'ogmjto﬋fkzohjm gmddm frmkturm jksfhstm
gmdd'hsfurotå, od smfhjgh ("Ojtmrrh`krm")
á gmstojkth k ojtmrrh`krm m fkporm go fam
toph go frmkturk so trkttk, m dk tmrzk krtm
("Mshrfozzkrm") ak dh sfhph go sfkffokrm dk
frmkturk gkd suh hspotm h fhjtmjothrm. Dk
qukrtk krtm ("Furrmk") ojfdugm uj rotukdm
go `ukro`ohjm, fam d'ojquosothrm puó utodoz-
zkrm pmr `ukrorm h puro﬋fkrm dk vottonk.
Dk gosfopdojk ﬋jkdm ("Gostru``mrm") á dk
poÿ phtmjtm gmo phtmro govojo oj qukjth
ojsm`jk kdd'ojquosothrm fhnm gostru`-
`mrm d'hsfurotå fhj od prhproh phtmrm.
Fo vh`dohjh qukso 65 kjjo, tuttkvok,
pronk fam uj ojquosothrm phssk rousform
k pkgrhjm``okrm tutto m fojqum o phtmro
govojo. Jmd ;<=3 d‟ojquosothrm prhgo`oh
Mnkjumd gm Lrhuy usó o suho phtmro pmr
trhvkrm, mshrfozzkrm m gostru``mrm qumddk
fam kddhrk so frmgmvk mssmrm uj'ojfkrjk-
zohjm go Cmmdzmcuc. Fo shjh pho kjjhtk-
zohjo go uj fmrth "Ukgrm Chsrh`mr" ﬋j gkd
;<=3, fam lhrjosfhjh uj rmshfhjth gmddm
prktofam ojquosothrom fhnpoutm k Dhuvomr
m gmd tunudth fam so á vmro﬋fkth ojthrjh
kdd'ojfogmjtm. Dm suhrm kffuskrhjh gum
skfmrghto go mssmrm phssmguto m d'Ojquoso-
zohjm ojvoó skfmrghto fhj fhjhsfmjzk gmo
phtmro govojo kg kſtrhjtkrm dk sotukzohjm.
Wuttkvok,
m jhj shjhlkddorhjh oj gum
quojgo gmo phtmrofhnm
kffrmgotkto govojoo
prono k pkgrhjm``okrm d'ojtmrh prhfmssh.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
]j tmrrocodm prhcdmnk fhj d‟ush go qumsto
phtmro govojo mrk fam fao usk d'Krs Govojk   rohr`kjozzktk oj ujk lhrnk poÿ dojmkrm m
spmssh á shtthphsth kg uj‟kj`hsfok
tkdnmjtm `rkvhsk fam rosfaok go nhrorm,
h pm``oh, go mssmrm duo stmssh phssmguth
gurkjtm od prhfmssh. Jmd ;056 d'ojquoso-
thrm @ohrgkjh @kdmso kjjujfoó fam `do
mrk stktk fhjfmssk ujk juhvk vosohjm
ro`ukrgh kddm krto
smstk gosfopdojk govojm m k``oujsm
kd pmjtk`hjh ujk
govojh, vkdm
k gorm od "Ckjgorm", fam prhtm``m kdfujo
gmo duh`ao gmddk faomsk m pujosfm kjfam o
cdkslmno m o phssmguto fam hskjh mjtrkrm
oj tmrrk fhjskfrktk.
Hr`kjozzkzohjm m Ojffiumjzk
Fo shjh stkto nhdto onphrtkjto ojquosothro
m nmncro gmdd‟hr`kjozzkzohjm jmd fhrsh
gmo smfhdo, nk phfao go dhrh akjjh kvuth
ojlhrnkzohjo fhnpdmtm sud rmkdm lujzoh-
jknmjth ojtmrjh gmdd'hr`kjozzkzohjm.
Kjfam sm á fkncoktk poÿ vhdtm jmd fhrsh
gmo smfhdo oj fuo á stktk kttovk, ujk fhsk
fam ronkjm ojvkroktk á fam `do ojquosothro
go poÿ kdth rkj`h rosphjghjh gormttk-
nmjtm kd Ukpk. Kdfujo gormccmrh kggo-
rotturk fam jmnnmjh od Ukpk á gmd tutth
kd sofurh gk dhrh m, kjfam sm o prhfmsso
shjh stkto `mstoto fhj dk nkssonk sm`rm-
tmzzk, fo shjh vhfo su prhthfhddo sm`rmto
jmddk cocdohtmfk vktofkjk su kdfujo ojtmr-
rh`kthro fuo d'Ojquosozohjm ak shtthphsth
Fdmnmjtm Q m Ojjhfmjtm QOO, qukjgh
shjh stkto shspmttkto go mssmrm phssmguto.
Oj jmssujh go qumsto fkso dm kffusm
so shjh gonhstrktm vmrm, nk fo shjh
sussurro jmo forfhdo ojtmrjo gmd \ktofkjh
fam tkdo prhfmsso lhssmrh oj rmkdtå shdh uj
nhgh pmr dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm go slh``okrm
od suh phtmrm m dk suk ojffiumjzk.
Oj hro`ojm d'Ojquosozohjm nmgomvkdm
kvmvk ujk strutturk nmjh `mrkrfaofk,
poÿ m`ukdotkrok fhj ojtmjso fhjtktto trk
ojquosothro go hro`ojo govmrsm9 ghnmjofkjo,
lrkjfmsfkjo m kdtro. Uoÿ rmfmjtmnmjtm d'Oj-
quosozohjm spk`jhdk á stktk hr`kjozzktk
fhnm ujk ro`ogk `mrkrfaok fhj uj kdth
fhjso`doh, od  Fhjsmih gm dk Vuprmnk,  fam
rofaomgm rkpphrto m jhto﬋fam sud dkvhrh jmo
trocujkdo. [umsth fhjso`doh h``o mnkjk
gormttovm gormttknmjtm k h`jo soj`hdh
ojquosothrm
pkgrhjm``okjhm shprkttutth
dm krto govojm.k Odfhdhrh
Fhjsmihfam
gm prhpro,
 á shprkvvossuth kd pksskrm gmd jmrk) o fuo nmncro shjh sfmdto lrk dm hdtrm uj no`dokoh go mrmtofo.
dk Vuprmnk  á
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
tmnph kjfam sm d'hr`kjozzkzohjm á stktk
nmjh `mrkrfaofk k sm`uoth gmddk Fhjtrhro-
Fhjtrhro-
lhrnk fam jmd ;=73 phrtó kjfam kddk lhjgk-
zohjm gmdd'Ojquosozohjm Shnkjk. Jmd ;<µ
smfhdh mrkjh stkto ojtrhghtto gmo trocujkdo
tmrrothrokdo m, kjfam sm d'Ojquosozohjm so á
ustfokdnmjtm fhjfdusk kdd'ojozoh gmd ;1µ
smfhdh,
`knmjtoojdhfkdo
rmkdtåshjh
á kjfhrk kttovk.kttovo
nkjtmjuto O fhddm-
fhddm
gko-
Fhnnosskro, fam shjh gmo skfmrghto fam
hpmrkjh jmddm fknpk`jm, m gk Lknodokrms,
dkofo fam so shjh fhjskfrkto kddk dufm.
Dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm jhj á ujk shfomtå
h uj'hr`kjozzkzohjm sm`rmtk2 tutto
skjjh gmddk suk msostmjzk. [umddh
fam dk `mjtm jhj sk á fao k fhjtrhddk
gkdd'hncrk m qukd á od suh vmrh sfhph.
Jmo skjto fhrrogho go Shnk so phsshjh
kjfhrk trhvkrm ojquosothro sfmdto, fam
vk`kjh fhnm lkjtksno gmddm mphfam
pkssktm. K`osfhjh jmdd'hncrk smjzk
rovmdkrm o dhrh nmthgo h o dhrh hcomttovo
k jmssujh. Jmnnmjh o fkrgojkdo
shjh kuthrozzkto k pkrtmfopkrm ko dhrh
fhjso`do, tmjuto gomtrh phrtm shrvm`doktm
gko shdgkto gmddk Fhj`rm`kzohjm.
Dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm á fhstruotk
ktthrjh k uj fkrgojkdm (fam á faoknkth
od "Fkrgojkdm Jmrh" kdd'ojtmrjh gmo suho
rkj`ao) m ko @rkjgo Ojquosothro fam
shjh rmsphjskcodo go spmfo﬋fo tmrrothro
h rm`ohjo m fam smrvhjh shtth go duo. Od
junmrh gmo @rkjgo Ojquosothro vkrok, nk
fm j'á smnprm stkth ujh k Shnk, Ukro`o,
Doschjk m Cmrdojh. Vhtth o @rkjgo Ojquo-Ojquo-
sothro fo shjh `do Ojquosothro fam k dhrh
vhdtk akjjh kd dhrh smrvozoh lrktmddo m
fhnnosskro gmdd'Ojquosozohjm. O fhnnos-
skro shjh skfmrghto fam shjh stkto kggm-
strkto oj kdfujm gmddm krto gmdd'Ojquo-
sozohjm, nk jhj akjjh d'kuthrotå pmr
tmjmrm uj prhfmssh. O lrktmddo gmdd'Ojquo-
sozohjm shjh ojozokto m akjjh uj fmrth
nkjgkth, nk jhj shjh kjfhrk nmncro
k pomjh tothdh.
Kg h``o fo shjh gum rkno smpkrkto
gmdd'Ojquosozohjm fam hccmgosfhjh
mjtrknco kd Fkrgojkdm Jmrh9 dk grkfh-
jokjk Ojquosozohjm Vpk`jhdk m dk skjtk
Ojquosozohjm Shnkjk.
Dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm
ak  gmo
faoknkto Fhahrs jo`rk  shdgkto gmd
(dk `ukrgok
gm @uo, famojquosothrm lrkjfmsm
rmfdutm gmddk @ukrgok Vvozzmrk. K goſtm-
rmjzk gmddk @ukrgok Vvozzmrk, fam `ourk
lmgmdtå kd pkpkth, tuttkvok, dk Fhahrs jo`rk  
`ourk lmgmdtå k "Dk dufm m od cmjm". Do
supphrtk jmddk dhrh nossohjm ujk lrktmd-
dkjzk fam so lk faoknkrm O Nkrtoro go Uomtrh  
m fam ak `ourkth go prhtm``mrm o nmncro
gmdd'Ojquosozohjm.
Fmjtro m Duh`ao Onphrtkjto
@do Vfkvo 
Dk Fhj`rm`kzohjm ak uj prhproh
pkdkzzh shtth dk faomsk go Vkj Uomtrh oj
qumddo fam vmj`hjh faoknkto @do Vfkvo
gmddk Fkttmgrkdm.  Od poffhdh pkdkzzh á
jksfhsth vofojh kd duh`h ghvm á smphdth
Vkj Uomtrh, gomtrh ujk pmskjtm phrtk go
lmrrh. Jhj fo shjh jï ﬋jmstrm jï kdtrm
phrtm fam fhjgufhjh luhro gkd pkdkzzh
sm jhj qumddm utodozzktm pmr mjtrkrm.
Jmddk fknmrk poÿ prhlhjgk gmd pkdkzzh
á fhjsmrvkth od docrh  Krs Govojk mg á
shdh kdd'ojtmrjh go qumstm fknmrm fam `do
ojquosothro shjh kuthrozzkto kg kffmgmrm
kddm ojlhrnkzohjo smfrmtktm kdd'ojtmrjh
gmddm sum pk`ojm. ?=
Vkojt-@mrnkoj-gms-Urïs
[umsth onphjmjtm faohstrh go Ukro`o
fhjsmrvk nhdto sm`rmto. Á stkth lhjgkth
gkd rm Faodgmcmrth O mg á od duh`h go
smphdturk go nhdto Nmrhvoj`o. Á stkth
st kth uj
fmjtrh onphrtkjtm pmr dk fhjsmrvkzohjm
go tmsto m ghfunmjto go vkdhrm ﬋j gkd
Nmgohmvh,, m, go fhjsm`umjzk, á uj duh`h
Nmgohmvh
go rotrhvh jkturkdm pmr `do ojtmddmttukdo
fktthdofo. Dk fhstruzohjm gmddk faomsk go
Vkj \ojfmjzh lu fhnpdmtktk jmd =11 m
dk faomsk vmjjm ojku`urktk gkd vmsfhvh
@mrnkoj od 36 gofmncrm, dh stmssh
`ohrjh oj fuo nhrä Faodgmcmrth O. [ukso
noddm kjjo ghph, jmd ;=0?, d'Ojquosozohjm
so trkslmrä jmd qukrtomrm gmddk fottå m kprä
dm phrtm gmddk fkppmddk shttmrrkjmk fam so
trhvk shtth dk pkrtm smttmjtrohjkdm gmddk
faomsk. Dk fkppmddk á stktk trkslhrnktk
jmddk smgm gmdd'Ojquosozohjm lrkjfmsm mg á
od duh`h gk fuo trknkjh m hr`kjozzkjh dm
dhrh kttovotå. Jmddm pkrto phstmrohro gmddk
fkppmddk so trhvkjh o rmsto onckdsknkto
lknhsh
so gofm kccok Cmrjkrg
fhjgkjjkth

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
 Fhnpk`jom gu Vkojt Vkfrmnmjt 
Jmd nkrzh ;<65, so lhrnó dk shfomtå
sm`rmtk gmd dk "Fhnpk`jom gu Vkojt
Vkfrmnmjt" (Dk Fhnpk`jok gmd Vkjth
Vkfrknmjth), od fuo sfhph projfopkdm mrk
qumddh go prhtm``mrm dk lmgm fktthdofk.
Dk shfomtå mrk go pmr sï mstrmnknmjtm
sm`rmtk. Dk rk`ohjm mskttk gmddk suk
lhjgkzohjm m od suh vmrh sfhph mrk jhth
shdh kddk fmrfaok poÿ ojtmrjk. Ojlktto dk
suk vmrk nossohjm jhj mrk kſtktth qumddk
go golmjgmrm dk lmgm fktthdofk, kjfam sm dk
nk``ohr pkrtm gmo nmncro gmdd'hr`kjoz-
gmdd'hr`kjoz-
zkzohjm dh pmjskvk.
Dk shfomtå á stktk lhjgktk gk Amjro
?< gm Dmvos, Gufk go \mjtkghur, Amjro gm
Uofamry,, Ikfqums Kgamnkr gm Nhjtmod gm
Uofamry
@ro`jkj m Uaodoppm g'Kj`hunhos. Wrk
fhdhrh fam so shjh kſtrmttkto k ujorso kddk
fhnpk`jok f'mrkjh o `msuoto Uárm Vuſtrmj
m Fakrmdmsgm Fhjgrmj, "@mjmrkdm gm`do
Hrkthro". Wutto kvmvkjh lhrto dm`kno fhj
Duo`o QOOO m dk suk lkno`dok.
Kjfam sm od rm jhj kpprhvó nko ust-
fokdnmjtm d'hr`kjozzkzohjm jï kggorot-
turk jm knnosm d'msostmjzk, mrk jhth trk
o suho nmncro fam od rm jutrovk prhlhjgm
sonpktom pmr dk fhnpk`jok m fam lkfmvk
jhtmvhdo ghjkzohjo k`do ojozokto.
Od dhrh pronh hcomttovh mrk qumddh go
golmjgmrm dk lmgm fktthdofk, m o prhtmstkjto
govmjjmrh od dhrh pm``ohr jmnofh. G'kdtrk
pkrtm, od rm vhdmvk kjfam fam dk shfomtå
koutkssm sm`rmtknmjtm o nmjh lhrtujkto
m o poÿ phvmro gmddk shfomtå. M`do jhj
kpprhvkvk dk nosmrok fam vmgmvk jmd suh
pkmsm m vhdmvk koutkrm qumstm pmrshjm
nosmrkcodo kttrkvmrsh dk Faomsk fktthdofk.
D'hr`kjozzkzohjm lmfm qumstm fhsm, kjfam
sm dk fmrfaok ojtmrjk stkvk dkvhrkjgh kg
ujhJmd
sfhph fhnpdmtknmjtm
;<3?, dk suk poffhdk stkjto
Duo`o QOOO m govmrsh. rojujfoóso kdmrk
fhnpk`jok go fkffok lurhjh ksskdto gk zkzohjm. Dk fhnpk`jok lu ustfokdnmjtm
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
V󰁨󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁷󰃥 H󰁦󰁦󰁽󰁤󰁷󰁭
~ Dk fkckdk gmo Gïvåts ~
uj duph nkjjkrh fam uffosm nhdto jmd
`rupph m dksfoó od rm lmroth.
Oj uj pronh nhnmjth, fao prmstó
shffhrsh kd rm rotmjjm fam stmssm gmdorkjgh,
gmdork jgh,
nk uj poffhdh `rupph go pmrshjm frmgmvk
k tutth foó fam Duo`o kvmvk gmsfrotth m so
rmsm fhjth gmdd'hrrocodm lktth fam dm fhsm,
fam kvmvkjh pmjskth msostmssmrh shdh
oj sthrom m dm``mjgm, hrk vovmvkjh jmddm
lhrmstm. Dm nostmrohsm hro`ojo go qumstk
tmrrocodm cmstok shjh hvvoknmjtm sfhjh-sfhjh-
sfoutm, nk od fmrfaoh ojtmrjh gmddk shfomtå
ojgossm ujk frhfoktk sm`rmtk fhjtrh tkdo
nhstro. Wrhvkrhjh ujk `rkjgm mstfkfok
jmo rotukdo fktthdofo, nk dk lmgm prhtmstkjtm
so gonhstró trhpph gmchdm pmr phtmr
trkttkrm fhj tkdo frmkturm. Vo rmsmrh fhjth,
tuttkvok, fam knnmttmrm puccdofknmjtm
d‟kſtmrnkzohjm gmd rm go kvmr vosth uj
duph nkjjkrh kvrmccm phrtkth shdh k gum
fhjsm`umjzm9 ujk nmtå gmddk phphdkzohjm
kvrmccm pmjskth fam od rm lhssm pkzzh
m ghvmssm mssmrm gmtrhjozzkth, m d'kdtrk
nmtå skrmccm kjgktk pkjofh `ouj`mjgh
kddk shnnhssk. Vfmdsmrh quojgo go uskrm
qumstk hpphrtujotå pmr ojfhdpkrm o prhtm-
stkjto pmr d'kttkffh, m ojozokrhjh k pmrsm-
`uotkrdo m k vhnotkrm fhjtrh go dhrh tutth
d'hgoh fam jutrovkjh vmrsh `do mrmtofo.
Dk fhnpk`jok lu lkvhrotk gk Duo`o
QOOO m, kjfam ghph dk suk nhrtm, ﬋hrä,
﬋jtkjth fam od fkrgojkdm Nkzzkrojh mrk
kd phtmrm nmjtrm Duo`o QO\ (od lknhsh
"dm Sho Vhdmod") mrk trhpph `ohvkjm
pmr `hvmrjkrm gormttknmjtm. [ukjgh
od rm frmccm, lu kvvokth ko sm`rmto gmddk
fhnpk`jok jmd ;<<7, fhnm suh pkgrm
pronk go duo. Wuttkvok od Sm Vhdm gmfosm
fam d'hgoh gmddk fhnpk`jok pmr o prhtm-prhtm -
suh spojth trhpph
pktrhfojoh hdtrm m
gmdd'hr`kjoz-

sfohdtk jmd ;<<=, nk uj poffhdh `rupph
go cksm shprkvvossm.
Kjthoj Vhjgomu rkffhdsm dk fhjh-
sfmjzk gmddk fhnpk`jok m so rotoró oj
fknpk`jk ghvm ojozoó k rofhstruorm
od `rupph. Kjfhrk ujk vhdtk, d'onnk-
`ojm mstmrohrm gmd `rupph mrk go ujk
shfomtå vhdtk kg hpphrso ko prhtmstkjto m
kg koutkrm o nkdkto m o phvmro. K qumddm
phfam pmrshjm fam vmjovkjh ojtrhghttm
jmddk fmrfaok ojtmrjk, tuttkvok, vmjovkjh
ojsm`jkto `do hsfuro sm`rmto gmddm cmstom
m gmd nhjgh shprkjjkturkdm m fhnm
fhnckttmrdo. @ourkvkjh quojgo fam
jhj kvrmccmrh rophskth ﬋jfaï qumsto
kchnojo jhj lhssmrh stkto gostrutto.
Kjthoj `uogó dk Fhnpk`jom gu
Vkojt-Vkfrmnmjt ﬋jh kddk suk nhrtm, jmd
;05?, m dksfoó dk fhnpk`jok jmddm nkjo
gmd suh kpprmjgostk @kspkrg \oddomr.
@kspkrg ak ojtrhghtth govmrso fkffok-
thro jmddk shfomtå, nk jhj so á nko ﬋gkth
fhnpdmtknmjtm gmddm juhvm rmfdutm sud
lktth fam lhssmrh fkpkfo go nkjtmjmrjm o
sm`rmto. Dmjtknmjtm svmdkvk dk vmrotå k`do
ojozokto m, shdh ghph fam kvmvkjh gonh-
strkth dk dhrh dmkdtå, nhstrkvk dhrh od duph
nkjjkrh onpk`dokth fam tmjmvk jmddk
tmjutk go Kjthoj. Kttrkvmrsh dk `uogk
go @kspkrg, d'kttmjzohjm gmd `rupph so á
faokrknmjtm sphstktk gkddk fhjhsfmjzk
kdd'kzohjm. O phfao ojozokto so fhjsogmrkjh
uj `rupph g'mdotm fam prhtm``m od phphdh
gk ujk vmrotå pmrofhdhsk. Vo rmjghjh
fhjth fam od dhrh ghvmrm gmvm mssmrm lktth
smjzk fdknhrm h dk pkurk m od fkhs prmjgm-
prmjgm -
rkjjh pomgm oj Lrkjfok. Vhjh rmkdosto pmr
`ourknmjth m shjh lhrto frmgmjto jmdd‟ogmk
fam od rm á sfmdth gk Goh.
[ukjgh
;061, @kspkrg
kdd'mtå go 10so kjjo,
á rotorkth, jmd
Lrkjfhos
Kjthojm á stkth jhnojkth juhvh fkph
 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535

?0 

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
gmddk Fhnpk`jom gu Vkojt-Vkfrmnmjt.
Oj qumsth pmrohgh so á `oå lktth strkgk
oj ujk phsozohjm go rodmvkjzk jmdd'kn-
nojostrkzohjm rmkdm. Jmd ;0<5 vomjm
jhnojkth nkmstrh go fkffok gmd rm Duo`o
Q\O m `do vomjm quojgo gkth od pmrnmssh
go fkffokrm docmrknmjtm jmddm tmrrm gmd
rm, vkdm k gorm, tuttk dk Lrkjfok.
Gurkjtm
Vpk`jk, o suho ojozok
Lrkjfhos vok``okdfujm
oj Otkdok m oj
pmrshjm
kddk tmrrocodm vmrotå m oj qumsto pkmso
vmj`hjh lhjgkto kdfujo juhvo rkno gmddk
fhnpk`jok, nk so lk nhdtk kttmjzohjm k
nkjtmjmrdk od poÿ sm`rmtk phssocodm.
Jmd ;0<= od rm hrgojk k Lrkjfhos go
ojgk`krm su`do mvmjto jmddk prhvojfok
go @ïvkugkj m suddm vhfo go ujk cmstok
tmrrocodm fam tmrrhrozzk dk fknpk`jk. Od
35 smttmncrm ;0<=, duo m o suho sm`ukfo
romsfhjh kg uffogmrm dk frmkturk fam mrk
stktk faoknktk "Dm Dhup gm Fakzms", h dk
Cmstok go @ïvkugkj.
Vhdh phfao nmso ghph kppkrm uj'kdtrk
cmstok. Dk `mjtm frmgm fam sok dk stmssk
frmkturk, nk Lrkjfhos so rmjgm fhjth
fam gmvm mssmrm ujk smfhjgk cmstok m
?1 nkjgk k faoknkrm od suh no`dohr fkffok-
fkffok -
thrm, Imkj Fakstmd, fam mrk ronksth k
@ïvkugkj. Kttrkvmrsh rotukdo fktthdofo
sm`rmto á oj `rkgh go kttorkrm dk cmstok
oj ujk trkpphdk m jmd ;0<0 dk uffogm fhj
gum prhomttodo g'kr`mjth.
Ghph qumsth mvmjth, dk Fhnpk`jom gu
Vkojt-Vkfrmnmjt so rotork jmdd'hncrk m
gmddk suk msostmjzk jhj so smjtm pkrdkrm,
jmnnmjh jmd sm`rmth gmddm kdtrm shfomtå,
﬋jh kd ;01?, d'kjjh gmddk Sovhduzohjm
lrkjfmsm.
O nmncro gmddk Fhnpk`jom gu
Vkojt-Vkfrmnmjt so fhjsogmrkjh prhtmt-
prhtmt-
thro gmd phphdh shtth dk cmjmgozohjm go
Goh hjjophtmjtm. \ok vok dm faomsm prhtm-
stkjto poÿ gmchdo `ukgk`jkjh kpph``oh
m dk `mjtm pmrgm dk lmgm, vmghjh d'hsfu-
rotå prmjgmrm od shprkvvmjth. Od frmpu-
sfhdh gm`do gmo stk fkdkjgh sud nhjgh m
dk nossohjm gmddk fhnpk`jok á qumddk go
tmjmrm od fknph od poÿ k duj`h phssocodm.
Vo fhjsogmrkjh pkrtm gmd vmffaoh nhjgh,
nmjtrm sfomjzokto, kdfaonosto, prhtm-
stkjto m jhj frmgmjto akjjh kpmrth ujk
phrtk
kpmrtk,fam
ujkjhj kvrmccm
phrtk nko ghvuth
fam kddhjtkjk gk mssmrm
Goh m
gkdd'kjtofh phtmrm gm`do mssmro govojo.
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
Hr`kjozzkzohjm m Ojffiumjzk
Oj uj pronh nhnmjth, dk Fhnpk`jom
gu Vkojt-Vkfrmnmjt mrk `uogktk gk uj
fhjso`doh fhj jhvm nmncro fam vmjovkjh
shstotuoto h`jo tmrzh nmsm. F'mrk smnprm
uj supmrohrm, kstkjfkth gk uj nmncrh
fhj ostruzohjm dm`kdm m gk uj skfmrghtm.
Vo ojfhjtrkvkjh ujk vhdtk kd nmsm pmr
gosfutmrm go juhvm
koutkrm o phvmro m goknnossohjo, go fhnm
fhnm shstmjmrm dk
Faomsk fktthdofk. [umsth á foó fam rkffhjtk-
vkjh ko nmncro jhj ojozokto fhnujqum. Oj
vmrotå o nmncro gmd fhjfodoh jhj vmj`hjh
nko shstotuoto m, kjfam sm od fhjfodoh gosfutm
o pujto go lhrzk gmddk lmgm fktthdofk m dm
gmchdmzzm gmddk lmgm prhtmstkjtm, dh lk kddh
sfhph go fkporm fhnm sfhj﬋``mrm dm cmstom
nkdvk`om sfhjhsfoutm.
Dk fhnphsozohjm gmd fhjso`doh,
jhvm nmncro pomjknmjtm ojozokto, á dk
stmssk ﬋j gk qukjgh Lrkjfhos Kjthojm
kssunm dk gormzohjm gmddk shfomtå. Uho
mspkjgm od fhjso`doh pmr ojfdugmrm kdtrm
gum pmrshjm, ujk gkdd'Otkdok m ujk gkddk
Vpk`jk. [umsto nmncro, k dhrh vhdtk,
akjjh trm nmncro fhnpdmtknmjtm
ojozokto foksfujh jmo dhrh pkmso g'hro`ojm.
Fo shjh quojgo ;0 nmncro fhnpdmtk-fhnpdmtk-
nmjtm ojozokto oj thtkdm.
@kspkrg \oddomr
@kspkrg jkfqum k Ukro`o fhnm ﬋`doh
go uj knnojostrkthrm. Lu nkjgkth oj
fknpk`jk kdd'ojozoh gmddk suk votk pmr
lkrm d'kpprmjgostk oj ujk cmddk tmjutk m
onpkrkrm dk fudturk m od `kdktmh. @kspkrg
lu prmsh shtth dk suk kdk gk Kjthoj
Vhjgomu fam vogm sucoth fam d'ojtm`rotå
go @kspkrg phtmvk mssmrm onphrtkjtm pmr
dk shprkvvovmjzk gmddk shfomtå frostokjk.
Kjthoj Vhjgomu ojozoó @kspkrg jmo
sm`rmto gmddk shfomtå m faomsm kd pkgrm
go @kspkrg go dksfokrdh jmddk tmjutk
go Kjthoj fhnm kpprmjgostk. Ghph dk
nhrtm gmd pkgrm go @kspkrg, Kjthoj
kghttó @kspkrg.
Urmjgm od fhjtrhddh gmddk shfomtå jmd
;05? m ojozok k trkslhrnkrm dk fhjh-fhjh-
sfmjzk gmd suh ojsm`jkjtm oj kzohjm.
Lrkjàhos Kjthojm
Lrkjfhos
@kspkrg. áVopmr nhdto vmrso
fhjlhjgm d'hpphsth go
fhj d'krosthfrkzok
fhj lkfodm `rkzok m knk trksfhrrmrm gmd
tmnph jmo skdhjo poÿ rkstjkto. Á ﬋`doh
go uj ustfokdm nodotkrm m httomjm rkpogk-
rkpogk -
nmjtm ujk phsozohjm kdd'ojtmrjh gmdd'm-
smrfoth lrkjfmsm stmssh. Govmjtk uj fkrh
knofh go nhdtm pmrshjm onphrtkjto jmddk
fhrtm rmkdm m kddk ﬋jm `do vomjm gkth od
tothdh go Nkmstrh gmddk Fkffok Smkdm.
Á uj hstojkth rmkdostk fam fhjsogmrk
odnmjtm
rm fhnm
fam sfmdth gk Goh
od phphdh m frmgm
msostk lmrnk-
lmrnk-
pmr smrvorm
od rm m jhj od fhjtrkroh. M`do á nhdth
poh m ak nhdto fhjtktto kdd'ojtmrjh gmddk
Faomsk. Lrkjfhos á uj uhnh cmjvhduth
fhj phfao jmnofo, nk kjfam phfao vmro
knofo. Vpmssh so kddhjtkjk sm frmgm fam
uj'knofozok stok govmjtkjgh trhpph lhrtm,
m goſthjgm dk suk rmtm go fhjtktto oj nhgh
n hgh
tkdm fam `do pmrnmttk go `uogkrm dk shfomtå
jmd nhgh poÿ mstfkfm. @do kdtro nmncro
gmddk shfomtå akjjh `rkjgm ﬋gufok oj duo
mg á fhjsogmrkth uj cuhj dmkgmr.
Fmjtro m Duh`ao Onphrtkjto
Dk fhnpk`jok á kttovk oj tuttk Murhpk
m fhjsogmrk o fhj﬋jo ojso`jo﬋fkjto jmddk
suk fkffok kddm frmkturm gmd nkdm. Kjfam
sm á vmrh fam nhdto go dhrh rosomghjh oj
Lrkjfok, Vpk`jk m Otkdok, qumsth jhj do
lmrnk gk kjgkrm k fkffok oj @mrnkjok,
Vvmzok m Sussok.dd.
Urhproïtï
Urhproïtï gm Wockudt
Dk Urhproïtï gm Wockudt á dk tmjutk
go Fdmrnhjt ghvm, jmd ;<<<, Kjthoj
Vhjgomu ak trkslmroth tuttk dk fhjhsfmjzk
sm`rmtk gmddk fhnpk`jok. Gk kddhrk dk
tmjutk á stktk mrmgotktk gk uj nmncrh
gmd fhjso`doh m dk suk prhpromtå á quojgo
ronkstk kdd'ojtmrjh gmddk shfomtå.
Vo trkttk go ujk smnpdofm tmjutk fhj
ujk `rkjgm cocdohtmfk m skdk roujohjo. Jmd
smnojtmrrkth, rk``ouj`ocodm shdh kttrk-
vmrsh uj tujjmd sm`rmth, shjh fusthgoto
o sm`rmto gmddk fhnpk`jok, trk fuo od duph
nkjjkrh onpk`dokth. Oj ujk stkjzk
faousk k faokvm m so`oddktk f'á uj `rkjgm
krsmjkdm go krno, strunmjto, nktmrokdo
rmdo`ohso m kdtrm fhsm fam vmj`hjh utodoz-
utodoz -
zktm pmr fkffokrm m uffogmrm dupo nkjjkro,
vknporo m tuttm dm kdtrm cmstom nkdvk`om
ogmjto﬋fktm gkddk shfomtå.
ko [umsth
nmncro phsth vomjm rovmdkth
gmd fhjso`doh mg á quo shdh
fam
tmj`hjh dm dhrh roujohjo sm`rmtm.

wyrgmgozohjo.fhn
wyrgmgozohjo.fhn 63?=5, Ukhdh Nktkssk, 4 pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn
Lrktmddkjzk go Vkj Lrkjfmsfh go Pyfhncm,
Dk pronk vhdtk fam d'Amdd﬋rm Fduc (Fduc
Ojlmrjkdm) kjjujfok dk suk msostmjzk
puccdofknmjtm á jmd ;0=5 `rkzom k Vor
Lrkjfos "Amdd﬋rm Lrkjfos" Gksawhhg
(;051-;01;), uj ckrhjm m suggoth go rm
@ohr`oh OOO. Kjfam sm `rkj pkrtm gmddk
frmsfotk m gmdd'hr`kjozzkzohjm gmd fduc
puó mssmrm kttrocuotk k Vor Lrkjfos, á
stkth oj rmkdtå suh pkgrm, fhj od qukdm
fhjgovogm od suh jhnm, fam ak lhjgkth
d'Amdd﬋rm Fduc jmd ;<?; ghph kvmr, prmsu-
prmsu-
nocodnmjtm, stopudkth uj pktth fhj od
gokvhdh pmr phtmr `hgmrm go tutth foó fam
á prhocoth, fhnm smssh, doquhro, roffamzzk
m rotukdo hffudto. Od nhtth gmd fduc "Lkot fm
qum tu vhugrks" fam so trkgufm fhnm "Lko
qumddh fam to pokfm" spom`k prktofknmjtm
go fhsk so trkttk od fduc.
Ghph mssmrm romjtrkth k fksk gkd suh
@rkjg Whur murhpmh, Lrkjfos mrmgotk dk
gormzohjm gmd fduc gk suh pkgrm m lhjgk
uj fmrth junmrh go sum gmrovkzohjo. Dk
pronk go qumstm á dk "Vhfomtå gmd Godmt-
tkjto", sm`uotk gk vofojh gkd "Govkj
Fduc", osporkth ko vok``o go Lrkjfos
jmdd'Onpmrh Htthnkjh. Od Dojfhj, uj
fduc pmr `mjtoduhnojo ghvm cmrm od tá,
á uj kdtrh msmnpoh go fhnm vmj`hjh
rmfdutkto `do uhnojo sfmdto. Jmd ;07<
Lrkjfos lhjgk d'Hrgojm go Vkj Lrkjfmsfh
(fhnm pkrhgok go qumddh go Vkj Lrkjfmsfh
g'Kssoso), o fuo nmncro so ojfhjtrkjh kd
@mhr`m kjg \udturm, uj puc k Fhrjaodd.
Fojqum kjjo ghph Lrkjfos ak d'hpphrtu-
jotå go kfquostkrm uj nhjkstmrh gmd ;3µ
smfhdh, d'Kcckzok go Nmgnmjakn, vofojh
ksukNkrdhw,
fksk go mlkno`dok
jhj trhpph dhjtkjh
k Pmst gkddk
Pyfhncm.
K sm`uoth go qumstk kfquosozohjm sphstk
pkhdh.nktksskE`nkod.fhn :, Gmfmncmr ;?, 3535
V󰁨󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁷󰃥 H󰁦󰁦󰁽󰁤󰁷󰁭
  Am d dldloo rm Fd
 Amd Fduc
uc  
Hrgojm gmo Fkvkdomro
Fkvkd omro go Pmst Pyfhncm 
~ Lkot fm qum vhudgrks ~
dk smgm gmo suho "fkvkdomro" kd nhjkstmrh
fam, smfhjgh dm udtonm nhgm, ak gmfhrkth
oj stodm `htofh, krroffaoth go sonchdo m
stktum gmddk lmrtodotå m`ozokjm m `rmfam.
[ukjgh od pkgrm go Lrkjfos ojvotkvk o
suho knofo kddm roujohjo mghjostofam gmd
fduc, dh lkfmvk jmddk tmjutk go lkno`dok,
ujk trkgozohjm
﬋`doh famdká roprhphjm
Lrkjfos fam stktk trknkjgk
qukjghkd
kfquostk Pmst Pyfhncm Ahusm,
fam govomjm od fmjtrh poÿ onphrtkjtm
gmdd'Amdd﬋rm Fduc.
Dk vosohjm go Lrkjfos pmr od suh
fduc mrk fam faoujqum kvmssm o nmzzo
pmr lkrdh kvrmccm ghvuth mssmrm oj
`rkgh go `hgmrso dk votk kd nkssonh m
lkrm qumddh fam vhdmvk. Jkturkdnmjtm,
pmjskvk fam so ghvmvk kvmrm od gorotth
go kfquostkrm qumddh fam poÿ so gmsogm-
gmsogm -
rkvk, supphjmjgh go kvmrm o nmzzo pmr
pk`krjm od prmzzh. [umstk stmssk ogmk so
mvhdvmttm oj nhgh tkdm gk fhojvhd`mrm
kddk ﬋jm dk thrturk m d'hnofogoh go kdfujm
vottonm sfmdtm fhj furk. Dk `ousto﬋fk-
zohjm mrk fam juddk, jmnnmjh tkdo vodo
ktto, ghvrmccm ojtmrphrso kd projfopoh
fam fmrtm pmrshjm ghvrmccmrh mssmrm oj
`rkgh go lkrm qumddh fam vh`dohjh. ]j'o-
gmhdh`ok mdotostk gmd pokfmrm oj qukdsokso
lhrnk stkvk prmjgmjgh rkgofo mg á
stkth fhnm gmtmjthrm go qumstm ogmm fam
Lrkjfos od `ohvkjm so á ujoth kdd‟Amdd﬋rm
Fduc. Umr rk``ouj`mrm od pokfmrm thtkdm
cosh`jk rhnpmrm dm fktmjm gmdd'unkjotå
m rovmjgofkrm od prhproh phsth jmd nhjgh
fhnm dm cmstom. Lrkjfos m o suho fhnpk`jo
smjtovkjh
phssoknh fam fhnm `do
o`jhrkrm mssmrokspmtto
unkjo gmddk
jhj
votk fam shjh smpkrkto gkd purh pokfmrm,
nk fam, oj qukjth kjonkdo, phssoknh
shggoslkrm o jhstro cosh`jo pronkro fhj
nk``ohrm lkfodotå. Fhsä, akjjh sfmdth
go fhnphrtkrso fhnm dhrh9 uffogmrm
pmr nkj`okrm, kddhjtkjkrm `do kdtro pmr
kffhppokrso, m fhsä vok. Kjkdh`knmjtm, jm
á gmrovktk dk fhjvojzohjm fam dm pmrshjm
fam shjh
nmzzo pmr poÿ lhrto, h`doakjjh
hppronmrm nk``ohro
kdtro, akjjh uj
nk``ohrm gorotth go ojgud`mrm jmo dhrh
pokfmro rospmtth kg kdtro. [ukdfujh fam
puó pk`krm vkdm quojgo poÿ go qukdfujh ??
fam gmvm kffmttkrm go mssmrm fhnprkth, m
quojgo od gorotth vk k fao á poÿ lhrtm.
D'Amdd﬋rm Fduc á ujk shfomtå tmrrocodm
oj qukjth o suho nmncro uskjh dm
gmchdmzzm gm`do kdtro pmr shggoslkrm o
prhpro cosh`jo m gmsogmro go cksm.
Fhnm tutto `do mghjosto, o nmncro
gmdd'Amdd﬋rm Fduc fmrfkjh go nkssonoz-
nkssonoz-
zkrm od dhrh pokfmrm m nosurkjh dk dhrh
lmdofotå m shggoslkzohjm oj qukjtotå m jhj
oj qukdotå2 vkdm k gorm, poÿ so á oj `rkgh go
ojgud`mrm oj sm stmsso, nm`doh á.
Oj `ohvmjtÿ, Lrkjfos mrk uj uhnh
cmj jkvo`kth m ak prmsh nhdto fhjtktto
gurkjtm od suh @rkjg Whur   oj Murhpk.
Jmo suho vok``o ak kpprmsh tutth foó fam
`do smrvovk suddk dussurok m sud gmsogmroh,
k fhjhsfmrm dm sum crknm m fhnm skzokrm
`do kppmtoto gm`do kdtro. [ukjgh ﬋jkd-
nmjtm á thrjkth k fksk, ak roujoth o
suho knofo jmd skdhjm go suh pkgrm ghvm,
jmddk suk ojlkjzok, kvmvk vosth fhsm
fam jmssujh kvrmccm ghvuth vmgmrm m
onpkrkth fhsm fam `do kdtro jhj fkpovkjh
jmnnmjh gk kgudto.
fokth k fhstruorm Lu dä fam akgmd
dm lhjgknmjtk fhnoj-
fduc.
Fhj o projfopo mpofurmo gmdd'mghjosnh, `do