Engi

neer
ingFor
mul
aSheet
St
ati
sti
cs Mode

Pl
acedat
ainascendingorder
.
Mean Mode=mostfrequentl
yoccurr
ingv
alue
∑xi
I
ftwov al
uesoccuratthemaximum fr
equencyt
he
µ=
n dat sbi
aseti modal.
I
fthreeormorevaluesoccuratthemaxi
mum
µ=meanv al
ue fr
equencythedat
aseti smult
i-
modal.
Σxi=sum ofal
ldat
avalues(
x1,
x2,
x3,
…)n
=numberofdat aval
ues

Medi
an
Pl
acedatai
nascendi
ngorder
.
St
andar
dDevi
ati
on I
fnisodd,medi
an=centr
alval
ue
I
fniseven,
median=meanoft wocent
ral
val
ues
∑(
x-µ)
i
2
σ=√ n=numberofdat
aval
ues
n
σ=st andar
ddeviat
ion Range
xi=i
ndivi
dualdat
avalue(x1,
x2,
x3,
…)
Range=xmax-xmin
μ=meanv al
ue
n=numberofdat av al
ues xmax=maxi
mum datavalue
xmin=mi
nimum dat
avalue

Pr
obabi
l
ity
I
ndependentEvent
s
Fr
equency P(
AandBandC)=PAPBPC
nx P(AandBandC)=pr obabi
l
ityofi
ndependentev
ent
s
f
x=
AandBandCoccur r
inginsequence
n
PA=pr
obabi
li
tyofev
entA
fx
Px=
f
a
Mut
ual
lyExcl
usi
veEvent
s
fx=r
elat
ivefr
equencyofoutcomex
nx=numberofeventswithoutcomex P(
AorB)=PA+PB
n=totalnumberofevents
Px=probabi
li
tyofoutcomex P( AorB)=pr obabil
it
yofeithermutual
lyexcl
usi
ve
fa=f
requencyofall
event
s eventAorBoccur r
inginatr
ial
PA=probabili
tyofeventA
Σxi=sum ofalldat
av alues(x1,
x2,
x3,…)n
Bi
nomi
alPr
obabi
li
ty(
orderdoesn’
tmat
ter
) =numberofdat av
alues
n!
(pk)qn-k)
(
Pk= Condi
ti
onalProbabi
li
ty
k!(n-
k)!
P(A)·
P(D|A)
Pk=binomi
alprobabil
it
yofksuccessesi
nnt
ri
als P(A|
D)=
P(A)·P(D|
A)+P( ~A)·P(
D|~A)
p=probabi
l
ityofasuccess
q=1–p=pr obabil
ityoff
ail
ure P(A|
D)=probabil
it
yofeventAgiv
enev entD
k=numberofsuccesses P(
A)=probabil
i
tyofeventAoccurr
ing
n=numberoft ri
als P(
~A)=probabil
it
yofeventAnotoccurri
ng
P(
D|−~A)=probabil
i
tyofeventDgiveneventAdi
dnotoccur
I
ED POE DE CEA AE BE CI
M EDD
1

Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as 1
2
Pl
aneGeomet
ry El
li
pse Rect
angl
e
2b
Ci
rcl
e Ar
ea=πab Peri
meter=2a+2b
2a
Area=ab
Ci
rcumf
erence=2πr
2
Ar
ea=πr
Tr
iangl
e B
Par
all
elogr
am c
Ar
ea=½bh a h
h a2=b2+c2–2bc·
cos∠A
Ar
ea=bh A
b2=a2+c2–2ac·
cos∠B C b
b c2=a2+b2–2ab·cos∠C

Ri
ghtTr
iangl
e Regul
arPol
ygons s
1
s(f) f
2 2 2 ea=n2
Ar
c=a+b 2
c
nϴ=a
si a n=numberofsi
des
c

cosθ=b θ
c
b Tr
apezoi
d a
anθ=a
t
b
Ar
ea=½(
a+b)
h h

b
Sol
i
dGeomet
ry

Cube
Spher
e
s
ume=s3
Vol r
Sur
f ea=6s2
aceAr s s Vol 3
ume4πrSur
face
3
2
r
ea=4π
Ar

Rect
angul
arPr
ism
Cy
li
nder
h r
Vol
ume=wdh
Vol
ume=πr 2
h h
Sur
faceAr
ea=2(
wd+wh+dh) w d 2
Sur
faceAr
ea=2πrh+2πr

Ri
ghtCi
rcul
arCone
2 h
πrh I
rr
egul
arPr
ism
Vol
ume=
3
Sur
faceAr √r
ea=πr 2+h2
r h
Vol
ume=Ah

A=ar
eaofbase
Py
rami
d

Ah h
Vol
ume= Const
ant
s
3
A=ar
eaofbase g=9.8m/s2=32.27ft/s2G
-
11 3 2
=6.
67x10 m / kg·
s
π=3.14159 3

Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as 2
4
Conv
ersi
ons

Mass Ar
ea For
ce Ener
gy
2
1kg =2.
205lbm 1acr
e=4047m 1N =0.
225l
bf 1J =0.
239cal
2
1slug=32.
2lbm =43,560ft 1ki
p =1,
000l
bf 48x10-4Bt
=9. u
2
1ton =2000lbm =0.00156mi =0.
7376
Pr
essur
e f
t·
lbf1kW h=3,
6000,000J

Lengt
h Vol
ume 1at
m =1.
01325bar
=33.
9ftH2O
1m =3.
28ft 1L =0.264gal
3 =29.
92in.
Hg Def
inedUni
ts
1km =0.
621mi =0.0353ft
=760mmHg
1i
n. =2.
54cm =33.8floz
=101,
325Pa 1J =1N· m
1mi =5280f
t 1mL =1cm3=1c c
=14.
7psi 1N =1kg· m/
1yd =3ft
1psi =2.
31ftofH2O s2
1Pa=1N/ m2
Ti
me
1V =1W / A
Temper
atur
eChange 1d =24h Power 1W =1J/ s
1K =1º
C 1h =60min 1W =1V/ A
1W =3.412Btu/h
=1.
8ºF 1min =60s 1Hz =1s-1
=0.00134hp
=1.
8ºR 1yr =365d 1F =1A· s/V
=14.34cal
/min
1H =1V· s/V
=0.
7376f t
·l
bf/
s

SIPr
efi
xes
NumbersLessThanOne NumbersGr
eaterThanOne
Powerof10 Prefi
x Abbr ev
iat
ion Powerof10 Pref
ix Abbr
evi
ati
on
10-1 deci
- d 101 deca- da
10-2 cent
i- c 102 hecto- h
10-3 mill
i
- m 103 ki
lo- k
10-6 micro- µ 106 Mega- M
10-9 nano- n 109 Giga- G
10-12 pi
co- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 at
to- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y

Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as 3
 Temper
atur
e For
ce
Equat
ions
F=maF
TK=TC+273
MassandWei
ght =f
orce
TR=TF+460 m =mass
M =VDm
a=accel
erat
ion
TF-32 TC
W =mg =
180 100
W =VDw Equat
ionsofSt
ati
cEqui
li
bri
um
V=volume TK=t
emper
atur
einKelvi
n ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0 ΣMP=0
Dm=massdensi t
y TC=t
emper
atur
einCelsius
m =mass Fx=f
orcei
nthex-dir
ecti
on
TR=t
emper
atur
einRankin Fy=f
orcei
nthey -
dir
ecti
on
Dw=weightdensi
ty TF=t
emper
atur
einFahrenhei
t
g=acceler
ati
onduetogr
avi
ty MP=momentaboutpointP

I
ED POE DE CEA AE BE CI
M EDD

6
Equat
ions(
Cont
inued) El
ect
ri
cit
y
Ohm’
sLaw
Ener
gy:
Wor
k Fl
uidMechani
cs V=I
R
W =F·
d F
P= P=I
V
A
W =wor k RT(
ser
ies)=R1+R2+·
··+Rn
V
1 V
F=force = 2
(
Char
les’
Law)
d=distance T1 T2 1
RT(
par
all
el)=1
P1 P 1 1
= 2
(
Guy
-Lussanc’
sLaw)
++·
R1R2
·
·+
Rn
T1 T2
Power Ki
rchhof
f’
sCur
rentLaw
E W P1V1=P2V2(
Boy
le’
sLaw)Q I
T=I
1+I
2+·
··+I
n
P= = I=∑n
I
tt =Av orT kk=1

τ·
rpm A1v
1=A2v Ki
rchhof
f’
sVol
tageLaw
P= 2
5252 VT=V1+V2+··
·+Vn
QP n
P=power Hor
sepower= or VT=∑kVk
=1
1714
E=ener gy
W =wor k absol
utepr
essure=gaugepressur
e V=v oltage
t=ti
me +atmospher
icpr
essure VT=total vol
tage
τ=torque I=current
rpm =revol
uti
onsper P=absolut
epressur
e
IT=t
otal curr
ent
F=Force
R=r esi
st ance
A=Area
RT=total r
esistance
Ef
fi
ciency V=volume
P=power
T=absolut
etemperat
ure
Pout Q=fl
owr at
e
Ef
fi
ciency(
%)= ·
100% v=fl
owv el
oci
ty
Pin

Pout=usef
ulpowerout
put
Pin=tot
alpoweri
nput

Ener
gy:
Pot
ent
ial
U=mgh
U=potenti
alener
gy
m =mass
g=acceler
ati
onduetogr
avi
ty
h=height

Ener
gy:
Kinet
ic

K=1
2
2
mv

K=kineti
cener
gy
m =mass
v=veloci
ty

7
 di
stanceθ
m =mass =angle e=emi
ssi
vi
tyconst
ant
c=speci
fi
cheat τ=t or
que
∆T=changei
ntemper
atur
e F=force

Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as POE4 DE4

8
Sect
ionPr
oper
ti
es

MomentofI
ner
ti
a Rect
angl
eCent
roi
d
h
x x ̅ =bandy
̅ =h
x
bh3 2 2
I=
xx
12 b Ri
ghtTr
iangl
eCent
roi
d

̅ =bandy
x ̅ =h
I=momentofinert
iaofar
ect
angul
arsect
ion 3 3
xx

aboutx-
xaxi
s
Semi
-ci
rcl
eCent
roi
d
Compl
exShapesCent
roi
d
4r
̅ =randy
x ̅=
x̅=∑ and y
̅=
∑
3
xAi ∑Ai
i ∑Ai

̅ =x-
x di
stancetot
hecentr
oid
̅ =x-
x dist
ancet
othecent
roi
d
̅
y = y-di
stance to
̅=y
y -
dist
anceto
thecent
roid
xi=xdistancetocentroi
dofshapei
yi=ydist
ancet ocentroi
dofshapei
St
ruct
ural
Anal
ysi
s
Mat
eri
alPr
oper
ti
es
Beam For
mul
as

St
ress(
axi
al) React
ion =PAB
R=R 2
Moment M =PL( atpoi
ntof
load)
F max 43
σ=
A Def
lect
ion ∆max=PL(
atpoi
ntof
load)
48EI

σ=str
ess
F=axialf
orce React
ion =mLA
RB=R 2
mL 2
A=cross-sect
ional
area Moment M = (at
cent
er)
max 84
Def
lect
ion ∆max=5mL
384EI
(
atcent
er)
St
rai
n(axi
al)
React
ion RA=RB=P
Є=6
L0 Moment Mmax=Pa(
bet
weenl
oads)

Є=strai
n Def
lect
ion ∆max=Pa(3L2-
4a2)(
atcent
er)
24EI
L0=or
igi
nal
length
δ=changeinlengt
h React
ion R =PbandR =Pa
A L B L
Moment M =Pab(
atPoi
ntof
Load)
max L
Def
lect
ion ∆max=Pab(a+2b)√3a(
a+2b)
Modul
usofEl
ast
ici
ty 27EI

σ atx=√a(a+2b)whena>b)
(
E= 3,
ε
a(F2-
F1)
L0
E= Def
ormat
ion:Axi
al Tr
ussAnal
ysi
s
(ð2−ð1)A
FL0 2J=M +R
E=modul usof δ=AE
el
astici
ty J=numberofjoi
nts
σ= δ= M =numberofmembers
st
ressε deformati
onF R=numberofreact
ionf
orces
=strain =axialfor
ce
A=cr oss-
sect
ional
area L0=origi
nallength
A=cr oss-secti
onalar
ea
9
POE5 AE4 CEA4
Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as

10
Si
mpl
eMachi
nes
I
ncl
inedPl
ane

MechanicalAdvant
age( MA) L(
slope)
DE FR I
MA=
I
MA= AMA= H
DR FE
AMA
%Ef
fi
ciency
=( )100
I
MA Wedge
I
MA=I dealMechanicalAdvantage
AMA=Act ual Mechani
calAdvantage
L(
⊥tohei
ght
)
DE=Ef
fortDistance DR=Resi st
anceDistance I
MA=
FE=Ef
fortForce FR=ResistanceForce H

Lever
Scr
ew
1st C
Cl
ass I
MA=
Pi
tch
1
Pi
tch=
TPI
2nd C=Ci r
cumf er
ence
Class r=radi
us
Pi
tch=di st
ancebetween
t
hreads
TPI=ThreadsPerInch
3rd
Class CompoundMachi
nes

MATOTAL=(
MA1)(
MA2)(
MA3)...

WheelandAxl
e Gears;
Sprocket
swi thChai ns;andPulleyswi
th
Bel
tsRati
os
Noutdout min
t GR=
out = = =
N i
i
n nd mout Tin
Ef
for
tatAxl
e dout min Tout
= = ( pul
leys)
di
n mout Ti n

CompoundGear
s
B D
Ef
for
tatWheel GRTOTAL=()()
A C

GR=GearRat io
min=Angul arVelocit
y-dri
ver
Pul
ley
Syst
ems mout=Angul arVelocit
y-dr
iven
Nin=NumberofTeet h-dri
ver
IMA=Total
numberofstrandsofasi
ngl
est
ri
ng Nout=NumberofTeet h-dri
ven
suppor
ti
ngt
heresi
stance din=Diamet er-dri
ver
dout=Diamet er-dri
ven
IMA n=T
Ti orque-dr iv
er
DE(str
ingpull
ed)
= Tout=Torque-dr i
ven
DR(
resi
stancel
ift
ed)

11
POE6
Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as

12
St
ruct
ural
Desi
gn

St
eelBeam Desi
gn:Shear St
eelBeam Desi
gn:Moment Spr
eadFoot
ingDesi
gn
Vn M qnet=qallowable-pfooting
Va= Ma= n
Ωv Ωb l
b
pfooti =t
foot
ing·
150
n f
t
Vn=0.
6FyAw Mn=FyZx
P
q=
Va=al
lowableshearstr
ength Ma=all
owablebendingmoment A
Vn=nominalshearstr
engt
h Mn=nominalmomentst r
ength qnet=netal l
owabl esoil
Ωv=1.
5=f actorofsaf
etyforshear Ωb=1.
67=f actorofsafet
yf or bear i
ngpr essure
Fy=yi
eldst
ress bending qallowable=t otalallowablesoi
l
Aw=areaofweb momentFy=y iel
dstress bear i
ngpr essure
Zx=pl
asti
csect i
onmodul usabout pfooting=soi lbearingpressur
e
neutr
al axi
s duet of ooting
St
orm Wat
erRunof
f wei ghtt f
ootng=t
i hicknessof
foot i
ng
Rat ional Met hodRunof fCoef fi
cients q=soi lbear i
ngpr essure
St
orm Wat
erDr
ainage Cat egor i
zedbySur face P=col umnl oadappl ied
Q=CfCi
A For est ed 0.059—0. 2 A=ar eaof footi
ng
Asphal t 0.7—0.95
CA+CA+·
11 22·
·
C=
c Brick 0.7—0.85
A1+A2+··
·
Concr ete 0.8—0.95
Q=peakst orm waterrunoffr
ate Shingl er oof 0.75—0. 95
3
(f
t /s) Lawns, wel l dr
ained( sandysoi l)
Cf=runof fcoeff
ici
ent Upt o2%sl ope 0.05—0. 1
adjust
mentf actor 2%t o7%sl ope 0.10—0. 15
C=r unof fcoeffi
cient Ov er7%sl ope 0.15—0. 2
i=rainfalli
ntensit
y( i
n./h) Lawns, poordr ainage( claysoil)
Upt o2%sl ope 0.13—0. 17
RunoffCoeffi
cient 2%t o7%sl ope 0.18—0. 22
AdjustmentFactor Ov er7%sl ope 0.25—0. 35
Return Driveway s, 0.75—0. 85
Period Cf Cat egorizedbyUse
1,2,5,10 1. 0 Farml and 0.05—0. 3
25 1.
1 Past ur e 0.05—0. 3
50 1.
2 Uni mpr ov ed 0.1—0.3
100 1.
25 Par ks 0.1—0.25
Cemet eries 0.1—0.25
Wat
erSuppl
y Railroady ar d 0.2—0.40
Play grounds 0.2—0.35
Busi nessDi stri
cts
Hazen-
Wil
li
amsFor
mul
a
Nei ghbor hood 0.5—0.7
44LQ1.85
10. City( downt own) 0.7—0.95
hf=
C1.
85 4.
d 8655 Resi dent ial
Singl e-fami ly 0.3—0.5
hf=headlossduetofrict
ion(
ftofH2O)
Mul ti-plexes, 0.4—0.6
L=lengthofpipe(ft
)
Q=wat erflowrat
e(gpm) Mul ti-plexes, 0.6—0.75
C=Hazen- Will
i
amsconst ant Subur ban 0.25—0. 4
d=di ameterofpi
pe(in.) Apar t
ment s, 0.5—0.7
I
ndust ri
al
Li
ght 0.5—0.8
Dy
nami
cHead Heav y 0.6—0.9
dy
nami
chead=st
ati
chead–headl
oss
13
Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as CEA5

14
PLTW,

Hazen-
Wil
l
iamsConst
ant
s
EngiInc.
neer

Equi
val
entLengt
hof(
Gener
ic)Fi
tt
ings
CEA6 ingFor
mul
as

15
16
555Ti
merDesi
gnEquat
ions

T=0.
693(
RA+2RB)
C
1
f=
T
(RA+RB)
dut
y-cy
cle= ·100%
(R+A2R)B

T=period
f=fr
equency
RA=resist
anceA
RB=resist
anceB
C=capacitance

Bool
eanAl
gebr
a

Bool
eanTheor
ems Commut
ati
veLaw ConsensusTheor
ems
X•0=0 X•
Y=Y•
X ̅ Y=X+YX
X+X
X•
1=X X+Y=Y+X ̅Y
+X ̅=X+Y
̅
X•X=X ̅+XY=̅X
X
Associ
ati
veLaw
̅ =0
X•
X ̅̅̅+Y
X(
YZ)=(
XY)
Z
X+0=X ̅+XY
̅=X
X+(
Y+Z)=(
X+Y)+Z X
X+1=1 DeMor
gan’
sTheor
ems
X+X=X Di
str
ibut
iveLaw ̅X
̅̅Y
̅̅=X
̅+̅
Y
X+̅X= X(
Y+Z)=XY+XZ ̅X
̅̅+
̅̅Y
̅̅=̅
X•̅
Y
̿=X
1X (
X+Y)
(W+Z)=XW+XZ+YW+YZ

SpeedsandFeeds

12i
CS( n.
ft
)
N=
πd
f
m=f
t·
nt·
N
Pl
ungeRat
e=½·
fm

N=spi ndlespeed(rpm)
CS=cut ti
ngspeed( in.
/mi
n)
d=di ameter(i
n.)
fm=feedrate(i
n./min)
f=f
t eed( i
n./
tooth)
nt=numberoft eet
h

17
DE5 CI
M4
Engi
neer
ingFor
mul
as

18
 Aer
ospaceEquat
ions Pr
opul
sion Or
bit
alMechani
cs
FN=W(
v-v
j o)
For
cesof
Fli
ght b2
I=Fave∆t √
e=1-
2D a2
CD= 2 Fnet=Favg-Fga
Apv 3 3
a2 a2
pvl =v
f∆t T=2π =
Re= √µ √GM
µ
FN=net t
hrust GMm
2L W =ai rmassf l
ow F= 2
CL= 2 r
Apv vo=f li
ghtv el
ocity
v=j
j etvelocity e=eccent ri
ci t
y
M
=Fd I=t otalimpul se b = semi -minor
Fave=av eraget hrustforce axi
sa=semi -major
CL=coef ficientofli
ft ∆t=changei ntime axi
s T = or bit
al
CD=coef ficientofdrag (thrustdur at
ion) peri
od
L=l i
ft Fnet=netf orce a=semi -maj oraxis
D=dr ag Favg=av eragef orce µ=gr avit
ationalpar ameter
A=wi ngar ea Fg=f orceofgr avi
ty F=f orceofgr avit
ybet weent wo
p=densi ty vf=finalvelocity bodi es
Re=Rey nol dsnumberv a=accel er ati
on G=uni versal gr
avitati
onconst ant
=v elocit
y ∆t = change i n time M =massofcent r
al body
l=l engt hoff lui
dtravel (thrustdur at
ion) m =massofor bit
ingobject
µ=f luid r=distancebet weencent erof
viscosi t
yF=
force
NOTE:FaveandFavgar
e twoobj ects
m =mass easi
l
yconf used.
Ber
noul
li
’
sLaw
g=accel erationduetograv
ity
2 2
M =moment Ener
gy pv pv
d=momentar m(dist
ancefr
om (
Ps+ ) =(
Ps+ )
2 2
K=1
2
2
mv 1 2

−GMm PS=st
ati
cpressur
e
U= v=vel
oci
ty
R p=densi
ty
GMm
E=U+K=−
2R
At
mospher
ePar
amet
ers
K=ki net i
cener gy
T=15.
04-0.
00649h
m =mass
v=v elocity (
T+273.
5.
1)
256

U=gr av itat
ionalpot enti
alenergy p=101.
29[ ]
G = uni versal gr avit
ation 288.
08
constantM =mass of cent ral p
p=
body 2869(
0. 1)
T+273.
m =massofor bit
ingobject
R=Di st ancecent ermai nbodyt o T=temperatur
e
centerofor bit
ingobject h=height
E=Tot alEnergyofanor bit p=pressur
e
p=densit
y

19
Engineerslearnmanyt ypesofequat ionsandf ormul asthatsuppor tt
heirsuccessi nt heircareerf ie
Al
Ed
5s.
From calculati
ngf orceandst raintoev aluati
ngther mal r
adiat
ionandev enfinancialmet rics,
professi
onal sinengi neeringrelyonspeci fi
cformul aswhenpl anninganddev elopingpr oducts,
systemsandpr ocesses.I fy ou'reconsi deri
ngacar eerinengineering,it
'si
mpor tanttodev el
opy our
skill
swithcommonmat hemat icalfunct i
ons.
Inthisarti
cle,weexpl orewhatengi neeringformulasar eandsomeoft heequat ionsyou' r
el i
kelyt o
encounterasanengi neer.
Whatar eengi neeri
ngf ormulas?
Engineeri
ngf ormul asar emat hemat i
cal computationspr of
essionalsuset oev aluateandunder stand
theappli
cat i
onst heydesi gnandbui l
d.Wi thi
nengineer i
ng,youmayencount erav ari
etyofdi fferent
formulasthatar eessent i
altosol vingtechnicalchallengesandensur ingprojectsar esuccessf ul.
Althoughfor mulascanbeequat ions,therearesomedi ffer
encesbet weent hem:

Equat
ions

Equati
onsbydefini
tionaremathemati
calstat
ementsthatsettwoexpressionsequalt
ooneanot her.
Unli
keformulas,
though,equati
onsoft
encontainmoreknownv ari
ables,
whi chmakethem usefulfor
manytypesofapplicati
ons.Addi
ti
onal
ly,y
oucanadjustequati
onsmor efreelybasedontheinputsyou
useandy oucanappl yt
hesecomputati
onsinanyareaofengineer
ingthatrequir
esmathemat i
ca
eval
uati
on.

Formul as
Af ormul aisat ypeofequat iont hatfol
lowsast andardsetofpr ocedurestosolv e.Whensol ving
formul as,you'regenerallysolvingf ormor eunknownv al
uest hatdependoncer tainparamet ers,such
asconst antanddependentv ariables.I
naddi t
ion,f
ormulasr epr esentar el
ati
onshi pbetweent he
variablesy ou'r
ecomput i
ngandar eof t
enspecifict
oi ndi
vidual appli
cations.Forexampl e,theformula
forther mal convecti
oni sspeci fictoheatt r
ansferandcool i
ngsoasof twareengi neeri
sn'tli
kelytouse
thecomput at
ionintheirwor k.
commonengi neeri
ngfor mulas
Consi derthef oll
owingf ormul ast hatengineer
sappl yacrossappl i
cati
onsi nmechani cs,f
inance,
aerospace, ci
vilandstructural designs:

1.Pythagor eant heorem

ThePy thagor eanTheor em measur est
hehy potenuseofar ighttri
angl etodeterminethediagonal
l
engthinr elationtothe90- degreeangle.Theformulastatesthata²+b²=c² ,whereinyouaddt he
squaresoft het wosi desformingt her
ightangle(a²andb² )togett hesquar eddiagonalmeasur e(
c²).
Thisformul aiscommoni nci vi
l andst
ructur
alengineeri
ng, wherear chit
ects,desi
gnersandbui l
ders
canappl yittodet erminethediagonallengthofvariousi
nfrastructures,suchasbui l
dings,
bridgesand
roadway s.

2.Lawofr elati
vi
ty
AlbertEi
nstein'
slawofgeneralrelati
vit
yser vesasaf oundationformanymat hemat icalappli
cati
onsin
aerospaceengineeri
nganddesi gn.Thef ormul astatesthattheobser vati
onal ef
fectsofgr avit
y
betweenmassesar i
sefrom t
hemasses' warpingofspacet imear oundit.Thistheoryi si
nstrumental
forunderst
andinghowgr avi
tyandel ectromagnet i
sm affectmov i
ngbodi esinspace, whichmany
engineer
swhowor kintheaerospacesect orrelyonf ort
estingandassur ingtheef f
icacyoft heir
designs.
WithinEi
nstein'
stheoryisaformul aforcalculatinggeneralrelat
ivi
tyinrelat
iontoener gy
, massandthe
20
speedatwhi
chli
ghtt
rav
elsthr
oughspace.TheequationE=mc²repr
esent
stheenergy(
e)aspecif
ic
bodyexer
tsi
nspaceint
heform ofelect
romagnet
ism.Youcandet
erminet
hisener
gybymult
ipl
ying
thebody'
smass(m)bythesquareofthespeedofli
ght(c)
,whi
chi
saconstantval
ue.

3.Young'smodul usofel ast i

city
Young'smodul usmeasur est heabi li
tyofamat eri
al towi t
hstandl engt
hwi secompr essionandt ensi
on
thatcausechangest ot hel engt hoft hemat erial.Thi sengineer i
ngconceptr el
atestoel asti
cityand
equalsthequot ientbet weenl ongi tudinal st
ressandmat erialstrain.Manyengi neersappl ythisformula
tocompl eteconst r
uct i
onpr oj
ect sanddesi gnandbui l
dmachi nery ,
equipmentandsophi sticated
systemsf ormanuf act uri
ngpr oduct i
on.
Engineeri
ngpr ofessional sintheaer ospaceanddef enseindust r
iesmayal sowor kwi t
hYoung' s
modul ustodet erminev iabledesi gnsf orair
cr aft,mechani calcomponent s,spacecraft,satell
it
esand
mili
tarydefenseappl ications.Theequat i
onf orYoung' smodul usi sE=σ/ε=( F/A)/( changei nL/
i
niti
alL)=( FL/Axchangei nL) ,wher eσi sthest ress, εisthest rain,Fi
st heforce,Ai sthesur face
areaofthemat eri
alappl yingt hef orce, Listhei nitiallengthandt hechangei nLr epresentst hepositi
ve
ornegativevalueofcompr essi onorext ensionont hemat er i
al.

4.Torque
Torqueisanessent i
almeasur ementmanyengi neersandaut omot i
vedesigntechni
ciansappl
ywhen
devel
opingmechani calsystems, part
sandcomponent s.Thet orqueofasy st
em ref
erst ot
hetwisti
ng
for
cet hatcausesrotati
onalonganaxi spoint
.Thef ormulaf orcalculat
ingtor
queisT=Fxrxsi n(θ),
whereFr epresent
slinearforce,rrepr
esentst
hedi stancebet weent heaxisofrot
ati
onandpointof
for
ceandt heta(θ)istheangl ebetweentheforceandpoi ntofr otat
ion.Thismathematical
conceptis
i
ntegraltodetermi
ninghowcent ri
fugalf
orceaffectsobjectsinmot ion.

5.Accel erati
on
Accelerat i
onmeasur esthechangei nv eloci
tyi
nrelat
iontoachangei nti
me.Theequat i
onf or
accelerationisa=changei nv/changei nt,wher
evr epr
esentsveloci
tyandtstandsfortheti
mev al
ue.
Ital
lowsengi neer
stoev aluatehowqui cklyvel
oci
tychangeswhensubst it
uti
ngspecif
ictimev aluesf
or
thetv ariabl
e.Engineersrelyoncomput ati
onsinv
olvi
ngaccelerat
ionandbyrelati
onvelocit
y,i
n
appli
cat i
onsr angi
ngf rom rocketmechani csandautomotiv
edesignt osci
enti
fi
cappli
cationslike
cli
mat ologyandenv ironment alengi
neering.

6.Velocity
Thev elocit
yofamov i
ngobj ectisav ect
orthatmeasuresthedisplacementinrelati
ont oachangein
ti
meandusest heequat i
onv=changei ns/changei nt.Thechangei nsrepresentsthespeedat
whichanobj ecti
smov ing,whilethechangeintistherati
obetweent heini
ti
al t
imeandt hetimeval
ue
atthemomenty oumeasur eit.Si
mi l
artoacceler
ati
on,vel
ocit
yisasci ent
if
icandmat hematical
conceptt hatengineer
st akeintoaccountwhendesigningdif
ferentmechanicalsy st
ems, suchascars,
ai
rcraftandmi l
it
arydefenseequipment .

7.Force
ForcerepresentsoneofI
saacNewt on'
slawsofmot i
onandmeasur estheforceanobjectexer
tsin
rel
ati
ont otheobject'
smassandr at
eofaccelerat
ion.Tocalculatefor
ce,youcanuset heequati
onF=
m xa, wherethemassofanobj ect(m)multi
pli
esbyt heaccelerati
on(a)toexertf
orce(F).Thi
s
for
mul aisanotherimpor
tantcomputati
onthatengineeri
ngprofessional
scanuset odeterminehow
muchf orceanobjectput
soutatdi f
fer
entrat
esofaccel er
ati
on.

8.Str
ess
Str
essmeasur
est
hei
nter
nal
for
ceofanobj
ecti
nrel
ati
ont
oacr
oss-
sect
ional
areai
nwhi
cht
heobj
ect
21
resi
des.Measur i
ngt hestresspointofastructureiscri
ti
caltothei nt
egrit
yofmanyty pesof
construct
ions,i
ncludingbuildi
ngs,bri
dges,roadsandmechani cal systemsandcomponent s.Engineers
eval
uat estr
essusingt heformulas=F/ A,wher esisthestressv al
ue,Fi sthef
orceandAr epresents
thecross-sect
ionalsurfacearea.Addit
ional
ly,underst
andingstressiscr i
ti
calt
oevaluati
ngthe
maximum l oadamat eri
alcanwithst
andbef orebreaki
ng.

9.Compoundi nterest
Compoundi nter estcanbeacr uci
al metrictocal cul
ateinsalesengineeri
ng,l
ogisti
csandsuppl ychai
n
management .Whi l
ecompoundi nterestistypicallyonlyappli
cableinfi
nanci
alsituat
ions,economi st
s
anddataengi neer smayalsoappl yt hi
sf ormulawhenmaki ngcostproj
ecti
ons,analyzi
ngeconomi c
dataandmaki ngf i
nanci
aldeci si
onst hatimpactent i
reorganizat
ions.
Tocalcul
atecompoundi nterest,youcanuset hef ormulaP( 1+r /n)
(nt
)-P,wherePi sy ourprinci
pal,
r
i
st hei
nterestr ate,ni
sthenumberoft imesy oucompoundt heinter
esteachperiodandtr epresents
theti
mei nyear sy ouapplythecompoundi nterest.Tocalculatethefut
ureval
ueoft hepr i
ncipal,y
ou
canusethef or mulaA=P( 1+r /
n) (
nt).

10.Heatl oss
Heatl ossdescr i
best her ateatwhi chanobj ectcool sandcanoccurt hrought hermal radiationor
throughconduct i
on.Whi l
et her mal conv ecti
onmeasur esther at
eofheatt r
ansf erbetweenar eas,
thermal r
adiationandconduct i
ondescr i
bethepr ocessofr apidcooli
ng.Pr ofessionalsi nmechani cs,
aviati
on,aerospace, chemi cal andnucl earengineer i
ngmayappl yheatlossf ormulasr egularlywhen
compl eti
ngdesi gnpr ojects, asmanyoft heset ypesofappl icati
onsrelyont heev aluationofheatl oss
andener gytransf erence.Thef or mulaf orheatl osst hrought her
mal radiati
oni sp=eoA( T⁴-Tc⁴ )
.
Inthisformula, pr epresent st henetr adiati
onofanobj ect,erepresentstheobj ect'
semi ssivit
y,oisthe
constantoft heSt efan- Boltzmanl aw, Tisthet emper atur
eoft heradiati
ngobj ectandTcr epresentsthe
surroundingtemper atur e.Heatl osst hrought her mal conductionusest hefor mulaQ/ t=[ kA(T2-T1) ]/
d,wher eQi stheamountofheatt r
ansf erri
ngov ert i
me( t
)andequal toanobj ect'
st hermal conduct i
vi
ty
overasur facear ea( A)i nrel ationtot hedi ff
erencebet weent hetemper atureononesi deoft heobject
(T1)andt het emper at ureont heot her( T2) .

11.Ther mal conv ect

ion
Thermal conv ectionreferstoamet hodofheatt ransfer
,inadditi
ont or
adiat
ionandconduct ion.It
measur est het r
ansferoft her
mal energybet weenl ocat
ionsinrelat
iontothemov ementoff luids,such
asliqui
ds, plasmasorgases.Manyengi neerswor kingwithfl
uiddynamics,suchasaer onautical
engineers,relyont helawsofheatt ransf ertoevaluatepropell
antsandviabl
esour cesofpropul si
onf or
air
craftli
kej ets,r
ocket sandev enmi ssil
es.
Thef ormulaf orcalculati
ngheatt r
ansf erthroughthermal convecti
onisq=hcAdT, wherey oumul t
ipl
y
thecoef f
icientofconv ectiveheattr
ansf er(hc),t
heheatt ransf
erareaont hesurf
ace( A)andt he
dif
ferencei ntemper aturebetweent hef l
uidandt hesurface.

Thef
ormul
aforMechani
cal
Ener
gy

Wecanexpr
esst
hemechani
cal
ener
gyf
ormul
aas:

M.
E=K.E+P.
E

Al
so,
weknowt
hat

K.
E.=12×m×v
2

22
And

P.
E.=m×g×h
Hence,

M.
E.=12×m×v
2+m×g×h
Wher
e,

M.
E. Mechani
cal
Ener
gy

K.
E. Ki
net
icEner
gy

P.
E. Pot
ent
ial
Ener
gy

m Massoft
heobj
ect

g Accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty

h Hei
ghtposi
ti
on

v Thev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ect

Consi
dert
heequat
ionf
oraccel
erat
ionofapar
ti
cleasf
oll
ows:

Mul
ti
plyt
heequat
ionwi
thonbot
hsi
des.

I
ntegr
ateonbot
hsi
desofequat
ionasf
oll
ows:

Consi
dert
heequat
ionf
orv
eloci
tyofapar
ti
cleasf
oll
ows:

Mul
ti
plyt
heequat
ionwi
thonbot
hsi
des.

I
ntegr
ateonbot
hsi
desofequat
ionasf
oll
ows:

Therefor
e,theposi
ti
onrisal
inearf
unct
ionoft
ime.
Step2of3
(b)
Considertheequat
ionf
orfor
ceappli
edtoapar
ticl
easf
oll
ows:
……( 1)
Here,mi sthemass.
Substi
tutef or.

Mul
ti
plyt
heequat
ionwi
thonbot
hsi
des.

I
ntegr
ateonbot
hsi
desofequat
ionasf
oll
ows:

Ther
efor
e,v
eloci
tyofapar
ti
clei
saf
unct
ionoft
ime.
23
Step3of3
Subst
it
utefori
ntheequat
ion(
1).

I
ntegr
ateonbot
hsi
desofequat
ionwi
thr
espectt
oti
measf
oll
ows:

I
ntegr
atet
heequat
ionwi
thr
espectt
oti
me.

Ther
efor
e,t
heposi
ti
onofpar
ti
clei
saquadr
ati
cfunct
ionoft
ime.

24