CHAPTER ONE

INTRODCUTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Having access to a toilet facility is a basic human right. Yet almost a third of the works
population suffers on a daily basis from lack of access to clean and functioning toilet facilities.
Without toilets, unhealthy human waste can have impact on a whole community, affecting many
aspects of daily life and ultimately posing a serious risk to health (Gogarty, 2017).
Access to decent and clean toilets facilities is globally considered as fundamental to human
survival and welfare .it remains one of the targets of the millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
United nations (2010) declares it as a human right and its denial constitute a gross violation in
addition to other basic human rights (rights to live , health and so on) denial access to improve toilet
facilities, particularly efficient and decent toilets remains very crucial not only to achieve MDGs but
also to sustain environment and development. Lack of access to toilet facilities forces defecation in an
open place. As a result, public health, dignity, privacy, security, and human wellbeing are endangered
this thwarts the effort geared towards curtailing poverty and ensuring economic and social
development (UNICEF, 2014) UNDP (2015) report that inadequate access to improve and clean toilet
facilities is more disastrous than war or any act of terrorism.
In addition, inadequate toilet facilities causes communicable and diarrhoea diseases. (Cholera,
Typhoid and dysentery) which are the second killer of diseases after pneumonia of under 5- children
(Romas & Pugh 2016 and WHO 2014).
The case of Nigeria terms of access safe toilet facilities is a paradox. The country has
enormous natural and human endowments high and sustained economic growth in recent times and
currently the largest economy in Africa and 27th in the world .however, the country is the 4th in terms
of highest number of population without access to safe toilets facilities, with about 39 million people
practicing open defecation. (World bank 2014 vans WHO/ UNICEF, 2014) .it remains worrisome
that large number of Nigerian find it stressful to access toilet .about 46.3% of Nigerians cover a
distance of somewhat 500 metres before they could access toilet (NBS, CBN & NPC, 2014. P.5)
Access to and efficient use of safe toilet facilities is an essential part of public health.
Underscores the needs of provision of decent toilet facilities for all .However more that 40% of the
world’s population did not have access to toilet facility by the end of 2011(WHO/ UNICEF, 2013) .

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 2.6 billion mostly living in low and middle income countries. Asia and Africa face daily
challenge of finding a Bush, train truck or empty lots where they can urinate and defecate in relative
privacy .between 1990 and 2008 .the same of the world s population that has access to toilet facilities
increased only 7% to 61% of the world’s citizen (UNICEF, 2014) and between 1990 and 2010 1.8
billion people gained access to toilet facilities (WHO, 2014).
Several studies, including Benneh et al( 1993) Songsore, and Mc Granahan (1998) and
Osumany (2001a; 2007b) have shown that it is a poor household who are often unable to afford a
toilet facility at home .As a result, toilet facilities have become a significant part of general sanitation
due to their role in augmenting household toilet facility. These facilities mostly serve people in low
income. Urban areas, densely populated or informal settlement where household toilet facilities are
almost absent and serve the interest of the public health. Without toilet facilities people in this area
will be compelled to defecate in an open places. (Aiyee and Crook, 2003; MLGRD, 2016).
Toilet facilities have therefore evolved to become components in creating, sustainable,
accessible and inclusive cities. (Greed, 2016)
When toilet facilities are properly maintained, they become an important step on the sanitation
ladder ensuring safe curtailment and disposal of waste. But these facilities are usually not well
maintained. (Alexander, 2016). In this regard; Greed (2016) observed that the lack of regulation or
compulsory standard results in poor toilet facility design, inadequate maintenance and management
and unhygienic conditions.
One basic factor to be considered when considering ones state of health is the availability of
basic facilities, bathrooms, kitchens, toilets among others in most houses. (Obateru, 2015). This is not
the case with most settlement in developing countries as their physical environment does not have
most of the facilities required.
The provision that poor housing and congested living conditions have a detrimental impact on
the health of the people is not considered, this is mostly seen in developing countries where standards
for housing conditions are not employed. High infant mortality rate due to none availability of
adequate toilet facilities in most dwellings, inevitably leads to poor health (Gusler, 2014)
Different types of toilet facilities by the public and private have helped in reducing relative
risks of 4-5% of the global LDC total for both death and disability caused by diseases such as
malaria, cholera, diarrhea among others since the 1990’s till the recent period. (Oomen et al., 2014).
The distribution of households by type of toilet facility in Nigeria includes; water closet (WC): 4,292,
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654; Pit latrine; 13, 882,485; Bucket/pan; 1,053, 753; toilet facility in another (different) dwelling:
686, 218; public toilet: 2,573,611; nearby (bush/ beach/ field) (Nigeria distributor of regular
households, 2006). Therefore, this research study tends to examine the Provision standard and
utilization of toilet facilities in Nigeria. (A case study of Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha,
Osun state)

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The researcher observed and discovered that many communities deprived of toilet facilities as
resulted in an unhealthy environment contaminated by human waste. Without proper sanitation
facilities (toilet) waste from an infected individual can contaminate a community ground water
sources, increasing the risk of infection for individuals within the community
And also in addition to this report, lack of toilet facilities is a prominent treat to the life of
every member of the community because it can lead to the spread of communicable diseases such as
cholera, typhoid, dysentery, etc.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study was focused in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state. The study is
limited to determine the availability, types and sanitary conditions of the toilet facilities in
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Findings on the study will provide information on the availability and state of sanitation of
toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state. The information obtained will
reveal areas of need as it concerns the availability, types, sanitary conditions and the utilization
practices of the toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro
Empirical documentation of the state of sanitation in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, will be
helpful in taking desirable decisions and promote utilization. Findings of the study could be useful to
future researchers that are interested in this field

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1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
It is the poor who overwhelming do not have toilet but everyone suffer from the
contaminating effect of open defecation. Although research as being made on this topic but after
everything that was done based on this topic, there is still open defecation due to lack of toilet
facilities in Nigeria, the occurrence of this problem (lack of toilet facilities) occurred as a result of the
researcher focusing on the areas that cant curb the effect of lack of toilet facilities in Nigeria. This
could be as a result of lack of financial resources that makes the researcher not to go deep on this
topic.
Based on the above reasons, I wish to choose this topic as a problem of interest to go deeply
on the provision, standard and utilization of toilet facilities.

1.6 BROAD OBJECTIVES

The broad objective of this study is to examine the Provision standard and utilization of toilet
facilities in Nigeria. (A case study of Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state)

1.7 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the type of toilet facilities at Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state
2. To determine the common health problem associated with the type of toilet facilities in
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro.
3. To determine the sanitary conditions of the toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro.
4. To evaluate the extent of utilization of toilet facilities by the member of the community in
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro.

1.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the types of toilet facilities available at Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro?
2. What are the common health problems associated with the type of toilet facilities in
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro?
3. What is the sanitary condition of the available toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro?
4. How are the available toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro been utilized by the
member of the community?
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1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. ACCESSIBILITY: is the degree to which a product desire service or environment is
available to as many people as possible. It can also be viewed as the ability to access and
benefit from some system or entity.
2. AVAILABILITY: is the probability that an item will be in an operating and committable
state at the start of a mission when the mission is called for at a random time
3. COMMUNITY: is a social unit (a group of living things with community such as homes,
religion, values, customs or identity in a given geographical area.(e g a country, village, town
or neighborhood).
4. ENVIRONMENT: the sum of the total of the element factors and conditions in the
surroundings which may have an impact on the development action of survival of an organism
or group of organisms
5. HEALTH: is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
6. HYGIENE: refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the
spread of diseases.
7. INFANTS MORTALITY RATE: The number of children dying at less than 1 year of age,
divided by the number of live births that year.
8. THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY (LDC): is a list of developing country that
according to the united nation exhibit the lowest indicator of socio-economic development,
with the lowest human development index ratings of all countries in the world
9. MAINTENANCE:  involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary
devices, equipment, machinery, building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial,
business, governmental, and residential installations.
10. OPEN DEFICATION is the human practice of defecating outside in the open environment
rather than into a toilet.
11. SANITARY CONDITION OF TOILET FACILITIES of toilet facilities: refers to the
clearness of a toilet.
12. SANITATION: refers to public health conditions release clean drinking water and adequate
treatment and disposal of human excrete and sewage.

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13. TOILET: are sanitation facilities that the user interface, and allow the safe direct convenient
utilization and degradation.
14. TYPE OF TOILETFACILITIES: refers to the structural type of facilities such as pit,
ventilation improve pit latrine and water closets in the home.
15. UTILIZATION PRACTICES: refers to the presence of separate toilet for male and female,
use of cleaning agents, accessibility of toilets flushing of toilets after use and washing of
hands after each use

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPT OF TOILET FACILITIES
Toilet facilities are significant component of the goal 7 (target 3 of the millennium
development goals (MDG’s) and goal 6 of the sustainable development goals (SDG’s) whose aim is
to halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to clean and safe
drinking water and sanitation (UN, 2000; Dodds, 2015). The significance of the provision of
adequate, safe and accessible toilet facilities have been recognized by Makama (2015) who noted that
toilet facilities are not just sanitary facilities but that they are also a symbol of the level of
development.
However, the task of achieving this target Herculean nature. Inspite of being a right, more
than 30% of the global population experience lack of access to clean, hygienic and functioning toilet
(UN, 2010; UNICEF, 2014). This posses a great number of health risk to the members of the
community. UNICEF (2014) has also observed the danger of lack of clean, safe and accessible toilet
facilities. For example FMWRN and UNICEF (2016), traced 90% of infant mortality in Nigeria to
water, sanitation and hygiene problems.
The World Bank (2012) cited in FMWR and UNICEF (2016) observed that the risk of
diahorrea-related death reduces by about 36% with an improvement in toilet facilities. The situation
becomes worse in urban areas where alternative means of convenience is usually by open defecation
and urination (WHO, 2011; UNICEF, 2014)
Open defecation and urination is usually accompanied with a plethora of health issues such as
air pollution through bad odour. This menace was clearly captured by Awoyinfa (2012) who observed
that inadequate provision and poor maintenance of toilet facilities is a serious health problem in urban
areas in Nigeria, and that this has led to open defecation practices by thos who are pressed. Precisely,
Oyinloye and oluwadare (2015) maintained that most, if not all urban centers in Nigeria experience
lack of improved toilet facilities, emphasizing that this is responsible for open defecation. This is in
consonance with world Bank, (2012) observation that more than 46million Nigerians defecate in the
open (cited in FMWR and UNICEF, 2016). It is against this background that this study seeks to study
the provision, standard and the utilization of toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro,
Ilesha, Osun state.

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 According to all Africa.com (2013) a survey by WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring programme
for water supply (JNP) tasked for monitoring progress towards MDG’s target 7c on drinking water
and sanitation described open defecation as the riskiest sanitation practices (all Africa.com, 2011).
WSP, (2012) study revealed that34 million Nigerian practice open defecation. Open defecation as a
result of lack or unimproved toilet facilities has considerable social cost, loss of dignity and privacy
or risk of physical attack and sexual violence may not be easily valued monetary unit (WSP, 2012).
The study further revealed that Nigeria lost USD $3.5 million (#455 billion) annually due to poor
sanitation.
In other to meet the millennium development goal (MDG’s) 7 on water, sanitation and
sustainable hygiene by 2020, Nigeria need to build more than 8, 000, 000 toilet facilities (Asabia,
2014).
The UN has determined that access to clean water and sanitation facilities is a basic human
right and over two billion of people in the world lack access to clean water that is free of health risk.
SDG 6 has eight target. Six of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one of the year 2020
and one has no target year. Each government must decide how to incorporate them into national
planning processes, policies and strategies based on the national realities, capacities, level of
development and priorities.
The eight goals cover the entire water cycle including; “provision of drinking water (target
6.1) and sanitation and hygiene services (6.2), treatment and reuse of waste water and ambient water
quality (6.3), water use efficiency and scarcity (6.4), IWRM including through trans-boundary
cooperation (6.5), protecting and restoring water related echo system (6.6), international cooperation
and capacity building (6.7), and participation in water and sanitation management (6.8)”
The first three target relate to drinking water supply and sanitation.
 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable
situation
 By 2030, improved water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated waste water
and substantial increase, recycling and safe reuse globally.

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 Safe drinking water and hygienic toilet protects people from diseases and enables societies to
be more productive economically. Therefore toilets at schools and various homes and workplace are
included in the second target (achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all).
Equitable sanitation and hygiene solutions address the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations, such as elderly or people with disabilities.
Water sources are better preserve if open defecation has ended and sustainable sanitation
systems are implemented. Preserving natural sources of water is very important so as to achieve
universal access to safe and affordable drinking water.
The main indicator for the sanitation target is “proportion of population using safely managed
sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water”. The current statistic in the
2017 baseline estimate by the joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (JNP) is
that 4.5billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. The JNP is a joint programme
of UNICEF and WHO and compiles data to monitor sustainable development goal 6 progress.
The definition of safely managed sanitation service is “use of improved facilities that are not
shared with other household and where excreta are safely disposed off in-situ or transported and
treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from
human contact. (Goal 6: clean water and sanitation UNDP. Retrieved 28th September, 2019)

2.2 HEALTHY HOME ENVIRONMENT

This plays an important role in the health of the people. When the environment is unhealthy,
the individuals will be exposed to allergens, pollutants, chemicals which will affect their health.
One of the things that make an environment clean and sanitary is the provision and
maintenance of adequate number of toilet facilities for the inhabitants in the environment. According
to environmental protection agency (EPA, 2011), a healthy home environment is one that is safe,
clean and well maintained with positive psychosocial climate and culture which can boost the
individuals self esteem and health
It is concerned with the quality of the physical and aesthetic surroundings; the psychosocial
climate, safety and culture of the people, and the periodic review and testing of the factors and
conditions that influence the environment.

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2.3 AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES IN VARIOUS HOUSEHOLDS
Availability of toilet facilities in this study refers to the presence of functional toilet facilities
in the home. Studied and whether such facilities are readily accessible to the people around. It also
includes availability of hand washing and drying facilities in such environment.
The presence or absence of toilet facilities in homes has been established as a strong
determinant of the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite. (Ekpo et al., 2014)
Availability of toilet facilities in various homes promote health because they allow people to
dispose off their waste appropriately, proper disposal of waste can slow the infection cycle of many
diseases.

2.4 TYPES OF TOILET FACILITIES

A toilet is a plumbing fixture primarily intended for the disposal of human excreta: urine and
fecal matter. In addition, vomit and menstrual waste are sometimes disposed of in toilets in some
societies.
The word toilet describes both the fixtures and room containing the fixture for disposal of
human excreta.
2.4.1 PIT LATRINE
Also known as pit toilet that collects human feaces in a hole in the ground.  Urine and feces
enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or squatting
pan for user comfort. Pit latrines can be built to function without water (dry toilet) or they can have
a water seal (pour-flush pit latrine).
When properly built and maintained, pit latrines can decrease the spread of disease by
reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation. This decreases the
transfer of pathogens between feces and food by flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious
diarrhea and intestinal worm infections. Pit latrines are a low-cost method of separating feces from
people. (Linda and Damr, et al., 2014)
A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a concrete slab or
floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is also called an outhouse. The pit is typically at
least three meters (10 feet) deep and one meter (3.2 feet) across. The hole in the slab should not be
larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in.

10
 A basic pit latrine can be improved in a number of ways. One includes adding a ventilation
pipe from the pit to above the structure. This improves airflow and decreases the smell of the toilet.  It
also can reduce flies when the top of the pipe is covered with mesh (usually made out of fiberglass).
Other possible improvements include a floor constructed so fluid drains into the hole and a
reinforcement of the upper part of the pit with bricks, blocks, or cement rings to improve stability.
(WHO, 2012)
ADVANTAGES
 Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
 Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth
 Small land area required
DISADVANTAGE
 Flies and odours are normally noticeable to the users
 The toilet has to be outdoors with the associated security risks if the person is living in an
insecure situation
 Low reduction in organic matter content and pathogens
 Possible contamination of groundwater with pathogens and nitrate
 Costs to empty the pits may be significant compared to capital costs
 Pit emptying is often done in a very unsafe manner
MAINTENANCE
 Pit latrines must be properly maintained to function properly. You should advise families to
keep the squatting or standing surface clean and dry. This will help to prevent
pathogen/disease transmission and limit odours.
 If the pit has been dug to an appropriate size for the number of users, then it may never
become full. The liquid will drain into the soil and the solid waste will slowly decompose so
the volume remains stable.

2.4.2 POUR FLUSH TOILET

A pour flush toilet is like a regular cistern flush toilet except that the water is poured in by the
user, instead of coming from the cistern above. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern
flush toilet can become a pour flush toilet.

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 A Flush Toilet has a water seal that prevents odours and flies from coming up the pipe. Water
is poured into the bowl to flush excreta away; approximately 1 to 3 L is usually sufficient. The
quantity of water and the force of the water (pouring from a height often helps) must be sufficient to
move excreta up and over the curved water seal. (Mara, 2016)
ADVANTAGES
 The water seal effectively prevents odours
 The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives
 Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers)
 Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water

DISADVANTAGES
 Requires a constant source of water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water)
 Requires materials and skills for production that are not available everywhere
 Coarse dry cleansing materials may clog the water seal
MAINTENANCE
Because there are no mechanical parts, pour flush toilets are quite robust and rarely require
repair. Despite the fact that it is a water-based toilet, it should be cleaned regularly to maintain
hygiene and prevent the buildup of stains. To reduce water requirements for flushing and to prevent
clogging, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials and products used for menstrual hygiene be
collected separately and not flushed down the toilet.

2.4.3 AQUA PRIVY

The aqua privy is a single pit latrine which has a watertight pit filled with water. Excreta
drops into the pit and wastewater is displaced into a storage chamber, a seepage pit or a sewer line. It
needs to be topped up regularly, so a nearby water supply is required. To prevent odour, flies and
mosquitoes nuisance in the toilet, the water seal has to be maintained by adding sufficient water per
toilet visit to the tank via the drop pipe to replace any losses. The excreta are deposited directly into
the tank where they are decomposed anaerobically similar to a septic tank. A housing or shed is built
over the tank. A vent pipe with a fly screen at the top end is attached to the housing. A water tight
tank is desirable to minimize losses. An effluent (overflow pipe) is installed above the level of the
drop pipe. (Mexico, 1998)
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ADVANTAGES
 Danger of clogging by bulky anal cleansing material
 Inimical risk to health
 Low odour and insect problem
 Potential for upgrading
DISADVANTAGES
 Water seal is often broken particularly during cleaning
 Needs small but significant amount of water to maintain water level
 The tank requires dislodging usually every two to three years
 Requires water tight tank, hence more expensive and need skill to construct

MAINTENANCE
 Accumulated solids (sludge) must be removed regularly
 Enough water must be added to compensate for evaporation and leakage losses

2.4.4 CHEMICAL TOILET

A chemical toilet collects human excreta in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize
odors. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet is
structured around a relatively small tank, which needs to be emptied frequently. It is not connected to
a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine), nor to a septic tank, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system
leading to a sewage treatment plant. When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into
a sanitary sewer or directly to a treatment plant.
The portable toilets used on construction sites and at large gatherings such as music
festivals are well-known types of chemical toilet. (Guavey and David et al., 2019)

ADVANTAGES
Though more expensive than a standard permanent outdoor latrine, portable toilets have
several significant benefits mostly related to their portability; as they are self-contained, they can be
placed almost anywhere. Portable toilets can be hauled in the back of pick-up trucks, and some
corporations manufacture special trucks for this purpose.

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DISADVANTAGES
Because portable toilets are not plumbed, they keep the waste inside the tank; this can lead to
a sewage smell if the portable toilet is not cleaned properly or is overused. They may also be seen as
an eyesore in most communities, some of which prohibit the use of a portable toilet without special
permission from the city or municipality.

MAINTENANCE
 Use a chemical treated reservoir located directly below the toilet seat. The chemical reduce
odour and perform partial (incomplete) disinfection of the waste
 Chemical toilets have limited storage capacity and must be emptied and cleaned by the user
 Wash the toilet top and bottom halves thoroughly outdoors using a garden hose. If a small
amount of deodorant or disinfectant remains in the waste reservoir, you can add water from a
garden hose, slosh the waste inside the reservoir to loosen it, and then empty the diluted waste
water out.

2.4.5 FLUSH TOILET

A flush toilet (also known as a flushing toilet, water closet (WC) is a toilet that disposes
of human excreta (urine and feces) by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location
for disposal, thus maintaining a separation between humans and their excreta. Flush toilets can be
designed for sitting (in which case they are also called "Western" toilets) or for squatting, in the case
of squat toilets. Most modern toilets are designed to dispose of toilet paper also. The opposite of a
flush toilet is a dry toilet, which uses no water for flushing.
Flush toilets are a type of plumbing fixture and usually incorporate an "S", "U", "J", or "P"
shaped bend called a trap that causes water to collect in the toilet bowl to hold the waste and act as a
seal against noxious gases. Most flush toilets are connected to a sewerage system that conveys waste
to a sewage treatment plant; where this is not available, a septic tank or composting system may be
used. When a toilet is flushed, the wastewater flows into a septic tank, or is conveyed to a treatment
plant.
Associated devices are urinals, which dispose of male urine, and bidets, which use water to
cleanse the anus, perineum, and genitals after using the toilet.

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 The flush toilet consist of two parts: a tank (cistern) that supplies flush water for carrying
away the excreta and a bowl into which the excreta are deposited
ADVANTAGES
 The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives
 No real problems with odours if used correctly
 Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers)
DISADVANTAGES
 High capital cost: operating cost depends on the price of water
 Requires a constant source of water
 Cannot be built and /or repaired locally with available materials
MAINTENANCE
Though flush water continuously rinses the bowl, toilet should be scrubbed, cleaned regularly.
Maintenance is required for the replacement or repair of some mechanical parts or fittings

2.4.6 VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (VIP) LATRINE

Ventilated improved pit latrine commonly known as VIP latrines are an improvement to
overcome the disadvantages of the simple pit latrines. The main problems associated with traditional
pit latrine i.e. fly and mosquito nuisance and unpleasant odors are effectively minimized by the action
of a vent pipe, fly screen and a squatting cover in the VIP latrine. VIP latrine receives excreta in the
same fashion as those of simple pit latrine, by direct deposition through a squat hole or a pedestal
seal. The liquid part infiltrate into the surrounding soil and the fecal solid are digested anaerobically,
gradually accumulating and eventually requiring emptying the pit for further use. (WHO, 2012;
Morgan, 2014)
The basic element of a VIP latrine are:
 The pit which can either be a single pit or an alternating twin-pit, in either case, the pit should
be lined with open joined brick work or pre-fabricated concrete rings, the lining prevents soil
collapse during emptying operations or during heavy rains and the open joint allows liquid to
infiltrate into the soil.
 A cover slab, usually of reinforced concrete, which covers the pit and has two holes- the squat
hole and the other for the vent pipe

15
  A superstructure for privacy and protection from rain and sun which can be built according to
the choice of the user
 The vent pipe and the fly screen which keeps the latrine fly, mosquitoes and unpleasant
odours

ADVANTAGES
 Control odour and insect
 Minimum health risk
 Low cost
 Easy construction and maintenance
 Minimum water requirement

DISADVANTAGES
 Potential for ground water pollution
 Lack of space for relocating the pit in densely populated areas
 Difficulty of construction in rocky and higher water table areas
MAINTENANCE
The maintenance requirements are similar to simple latrines. In addition, dead flies, spider
webs, dust and debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air.

2.5 SANITARY CONDITIONS OF TOILET FACILITIES

This study looked at how hygienic or clean the toilet facilities at home appears as at the time
of visit to the facilities. The presence or absence of smell, dirts, hand washing facilities, such as soap,
water source, towels and toilet papers. The presence or absence of filthy floors, good locks and doors,
waste bins and the state of the toilet seats. Sanitation is effective at combating diarrhea and related
diseases and as such can be seen as being a good and appropriate approach to tackling a major health
problem (WHO, 1996) The major 20 routes of contracting diarrhea disease, is feaco-oral. Feaco-oral
route has a significant relationship with the sanitary conditions of the toilet facilities.
Inadequate provision and maintenance of school toilets is not a new concern and has been
linked to infectious diseases outbreaks involving school children (Jewkes and Oconnor, 2016).

16
2.6 UTILIZATION PRACTICES OF TOILET FACILITIES
There is poor utilization of toilet facilities among individuals and families in the community.
Kuma et al., (2014) observed that various toilet facilities in homes are dirty and unfit for further use
because of lack of appropriate use and functional water supply.
Inadequate utilization of these toilet facilities made the people around the household prefer to
defecate in vegetation surrounding the premises than using the toilet facilities.
However, in some of the household, there are no toilet facilities at all (Asiabaka et al., 2018)

2.7 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION OF POOR UTILIZATION OF

TOILET FACILITIES
Health Implication
Poor utilization of toilet facilities is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera,
diahorrea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio and exacerbates stunting. World Health
Organization, 2015)

2.7.1 Water borne diseases

Diarrhea and other problems associated with the ingesting and exposure to human waste
affects children under the age of 5 years the most, since they are very susceptible to diseases. This
exposure is because poor utilization of toilet facilities will lead to open defecation whereby water
washes away their waste into the natural water ways and become pollutants. As a consequence, the
contaminated water ends up in the main water sources. When people use the water as it is for drinking
and cooking (since the water is not boiled most of the time because of poverty and lack of education)
it results in water borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and trachoma.

2.7.2 Food borne diseases

Apart from water borne diseases, when the human waste collect into heaps, it attracts flies and
other insects. These flies then comes around the surrounding areas carrying defecation matter and
diseases causing microbes, where they then land on food and drinks that people go ahead and ingest
unknowingly. In such cases, the flies act as direct transmitters of diseases such as cholera. (World
Health Organization, 2015)

17
2.7.3 Compounding the problem of diseases exposure
The saddest fact about diseases transmission caused by poor utilization of toilet facilities is a
cyclic nature of problem that begin to manifest. The most common diseases caused by this increases
the case of diahorrea, regular stomach upset and poor overall health. With diahorrea for instance, it
means that people cannot make their way to distant places due to the urgency to their call of nature,
so they pass waste close to where they have their bowel attacks.
It simply ends up creating more of the same problem that started the diseases in the first place
and in turn leads to more people catching diseases and less people using the facilities. The result of
this is more sick people and more opportunities for diseases to spread

2.7.4 Malnutrition in children

Malnutrition in children is another health problem associated with poor utilization of toilet
facilities. Once a child is a victim of one of the diseases passed on due to the lack of proper sanitation
and hygiene, they begin to lose a lot of fluid and lack of appetite for food. As a result, it gives rise to
many cases of malnutrition in children.
Also, the situation is worsened by intestinal worm attacks passed through human waste. All
together, this problems lead to stunted growth and weakened immune system that makes the child
more susceptible to other diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. World Health Organization,
2015)

EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

2.7.5 Contamination via microbes
The environment also suffers as a result of poor utilization of toilet facilities which will result
to open defecation because it introduces toxins and bacteria into the ecosystem in amounts that it
cannot handle or breakdown at a time. This leads to build up of filth. Also, the loads of microbes can
become so great that in the end, they end up in aquatic system thereby causing harm to aquatic life.
(World Health Organization, 2015)
At the same time, it can contribute to eutrophication or deformation of algae blooms that form
disgusting scum on the surface of the water ways which disturb aquatic life underneath the water by
preventing oxygen and light diffusion into the water

18
2.7.6 Visual and orfatory pollution
Heaps of human waste or just the sight of it cause eyesore and nauseate anyone who is close.
The stink emanating from the waste is also highly unappealing and pollutes surrounding air. Such
place also attracts large swarms that make the area completely unattractive for the eye. (World Health
Organization, 2015)

2.8 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM)

Health Belief model is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health
behaviours. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The HBM was first
developed in the 1950’s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels working in the
United States Public Health services (Murphy 2013). The model was developed in response to the
failure of a free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program. Since then the HBM has been adapted to
explore a variety of long and short term health behaviours and the transmission of HIV/AIDs. The
model is one of the oldest attempts to explain health behaviour. It is based on the premise that for a
behaviour change to succeed, individuals must have the incentive to change, feel threatened by their
current behaviour and feel that a change will be beneficial and be at acceptable cost. They must feel
competent to implement that change (Glanze et. al, 2014).

2.8.1 Core assumptions and statements of HBM as identified by Murphy (2003)

The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health related action (keep
the school toilet facilities clean) if that person:
 Feels that a negative health condition such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid fever, worm
infestation, can be avoided.
 Has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action (such as maintaining the
sanitary condition of school toilets) he/she will avoid a negative health condition and believes
that he/she can successfully take a recommended health action as washing of hands properly
with soap and water and flushing the toilet after use with confidence.
The HBM was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net
benefits: perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers. These concepts were proposed as accounting for
peoples “readiness to act”. An added concept, cues to action would activate that readiness and
stimulate overt behaviour. A recent addition to the HBM is the concept of self efficacy, or one’s
19
confidence in the ability to successfully perform the actions. This concept was added by Rosenstock,
Stretcher and Becker in 1988 to help the HBM better fit the challenges of changing habitual
unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, poor hand hygiene etc (Glanz, Rimmer and Lewis, 2012).
According to Edelman and Mandel (1990), the HBM is used by health education specialist to
analyze factors that contribute to client’s perceived state of health or risk of disease and to client
probability of taking appropriate health plans of actions.

2.8.2 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (Adapted) from Glanz et al., (2012)

Independent Intervening Dependent

variable variable variable

-Perceived benefit Socio-demographic factors Availability of

of availability of - Age adequate and
toilet facilities and - Personality functional toilet
good sanitary - Socio-economic status facilities.
condition. - Previous experience
-Perceived barriers Environmental factors. - Good sanitary
to availability - availability of toilet condition.
utilization and facilities
maintenance of - culture
good sanitary - availability of water, toilet
condition. paper wash basins, soap. - Utilization of
-Perceived Cues to Action toilet facilities.
susceptibility of (Awareness)
complications of - media information
poor sanitary - mass media
conditions. - education
- subjective
norm/modeling.

2.8.3 Health related actions

Health related actions as it concerns this study is dependent on:

Independent variables
The independent variables which are the perceived benefits of availability of toilets facilities
and good sanitary conditions, perceived barriers to the availability, utilization and maintenance of
20
good sanitary conditions and perceived susceptibility of complication of poor sanitary conditions of
the toilet facilities. A school authority, its pupils, staff and all the stakeholders will ensure a good
sanitary condition of their school toilets and make the necessary provisions required if they:
 Believe there is a danger of the school children and staff contracting diseases such as
diarrhoea, typhoid fever, dysentery from dirty school toilets (Perceived susceptibility).
 Believe that good sanitary condition of school toilet facilities is effective at eliminating the
dangers such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid fever etc (Perceived benefits).
 Believe that inadequate provision of school toilets, cleaners, regular and sufficient water
supply, wash hand basins, toilet papers, soap etc. are obstacles to maintenance of good
sanitary condition of the school toilets (perceived barriers).

The intervening variables

The intervening variables are the factors which may affect the individual pupil, teacher or
school perception of the benefits, barriers and susceptibility to the health actions required. These
include socio-demographic, environmental factors and the cues to action. The socio demographic are
the age, personality, socio- economic status and previous experience. The environmental factors
include availability of toilet facilities, water, wash hand basins and soap, culture of the people and
attitude of the pupils and the teachers. The cues to action represent previous experiences which the
pupils, teachers or the school have from media information, health education etc. This will determine
the likelihood of better utilization of school toilet facilities and maintenance of good sanitary
conditions of the toilets.

The dependent variables

The dependent variables are the expected outcome of the study. This includes availability of
adequate and functional school toilet facilities and good sanitary condition of toilet facilities which
will result to better utilization of the school toilet facilities.

21
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the procedures adopted by the researcher in data collection in other to
achieve the aims and objectives of the research. This shall be discovered under the following
headings for logical approach.
 Study Design
 Study Setting
 Sample size & Sample techniques
 Instrument Design
 Method of Validating instruments
 Method of Data Collection
 Ethical Issues
 Method of Data Analysis
 Limitation of the study

3.1 STUDY DESIGN

The researcher adopted a descriptive method in carrying out this research

3.2 STUDY AREA / SETTINGS

Ilesa (Yoruba: Iléṣà) is a city located in the Osun State, south west Nigeria; it is also the name
of a historic kingdom (also known as Ijesha) centered on that city. The state is ruled by a monarch
bearing the title of the Owa Obokun Adimula of Ijesaland. The state of Ilesa consisted of Ilesa itself
and a number of smaller surrounding cities.The Ijesa, a term also denoting the people of the state of
Ilesa, are part of the present Osun State of Nigeria. Some of the popular towns of the Ijesa are Ibokun,
Erin Ijesa, Ijeda-Ijesa, Ipetu Jesa, Ijebu-Jesa, Esa-Oke, Ipole Ijesa, Ifewara Ijesa, Ipo Arakeji, Iloko
Ijesa, Iwara Ijesa, Iperindo Ijesa, Erinmo Ijesa, Iwaraja Ijesa, Erin Ijesa, Idominasi, Ilase Ijesa,
Igangan ijesa, Imo Ijesa, Alakowe Ijesa, Osu Ijesa, Eti Oni, Itaore, Itagunmodi, Itaapa, Epe Ijesa,
Omo Ijesa, Eti-oni, Ibokun, Inila, Ijinla, Iloba Ijesa, Odo Ijesa, Imogbara Ijesa, Eseun Ijesa, Iloo,
Owena Ijesa, Ido Ijesa, Ido Oko Ibala Ijesa, Idominasi, Ilowa, and Ibodi. The state of Ijeshaland was

22
founded c.1300 by Ajibogun Ajaka Owa Obokun Onida Raharaha, a warlike grandson of
Emperor Oduduwa.

The city was described by the Rev. William Howard Clark in 1854 in the following manner:
For its cleanliness, regularity in breath and width, and the straightness of its streets, the ancient city of
Ilesa far surpasses any native town I have seen in black Africa.

It lies in the Yoruba Hills and at the intersection of roads from Ile-Ife, Oshogbo, and Akure.
The town is one of the oldest settlements in Yorubaland.

Modern Ilesha is a major collecting point for the export of cocoa and a traditional cultural
centre for the Ilesha (Ijesha) branch of the Yoruba people. Palm oil and kernels, yams, cassava
(manioc), corn (maize), pumpkins, cotton, and kola nuts are collected for the local market. Local
industries manufacture nails and carpets, and the town has a brewery; there are also a recording
company and a publishing firm. Several prominent quartzite ridges lie east of Ilesha, and gold mining
is an important activity in the area.

Ilesha is the site of several teacher-training colleges. Near the Market Square are the
traditional king’s palace (the Afin), the central mosque, and the principal park. Pop. (2006) local
government area, 210,141.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE & SAMPLE TECHNIQUES

3.3.1 SAMPLE SIZE
Researcher makes use of 1000 male and female respondents from the study area

3.2 SAMPLE TECHNIQUES

The researcher adopted a simple random techniques selecting the sample size, the researcher
choose the method so as to remove bias.

3.4 INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The researcher makes use of well structured questionnaire, oral interview and observation
method. Information were gotten from internet, newspapers, magazines and textbooks.

23
3.5 METHOD OF VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT DESIGN
The validity and reliability of information from the instrument was confirmed based on the
study variables. The frequency of responses collected from interviews conducted was cross-checked
and correlated with findings from data analysis based on the objectives of study were discussed to
confirm the validity and accuracy of the instrument. Also, face validation method through the
supervisor correction, direction and constructive criticism were noted and amended according.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data or information for this research was collected through the use of 1000 structured
questionnaires and personal interviews and observation method.

3.7 ETHICAL ISSUES

The researcher was mindful of the legal implications of the study .therefore ethical issues
were religiously treated by the use of cautionary measures.
 It was body written on the questionnaire that the respondents should not write their names and
phone numbers
 That the information they supplied will be treated with strict confidentiality.
 That the information supplied by the respondent is purely for academic purposes and for this
research study only.
 All references cited were duly acknowledge through the use of references

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage method and were also presented using
frequency distribution tables.

3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

During the course of the research work, the researcher encountered some problems that
hindered him from adding more information as he would have, some of the problem are as follows;
Some of the respondents were scared and feel reluctant to the questions on the questionnaires
issued by the researcher to them thought that information given by them would be used against them
in subsequent times.

24
 Due to the time factor and majorly, lack of finances /financial constraints, the researcher were
limited to some areas and actions

25
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with data analysis, presentation of result obtained from the retrieved
questionnaire. A total of 1000 questionnaires were administered to obtain information, 972
questionnaires were retrieved back and practice regarding the provision, standard and utilization of
toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state.

SECTION A
RESPONDENTS BIO DATA
TABLE 1: RESPONDENT SEX
Items Respondents Percentages %
Males 343 35.3%
Females 629 64.7%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 343 respondents representing 35.3% of the respondents are male while
629 respondents representing 64.7% are females.

TABLE 2: RESPONDENTS AGE

Age Respondents Percentages %
16-25 472 48.6%
26-35 390 40.1%
36-45 73 7.5%
46 & Above 37 3.8%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 472 respondents representing 48.6% are age 16-25, 390 respondents
representing 40.1% are age 26-35, 73 respondents representing 7.5% are age 36-45, while 37
respondents representing 3.8% are age 46 & above.

26
TABLE 3: MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS.
Items Respondents Percentages %
Single 684 70.3%
Married 261 26.9%
Divorced 20 2.1%
Widow/widower 7 0.7%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 684 respondent representing 70.3% are singles, 261 respondents
representing 26.9% are married, 20 respondents representing 2.1% are Divorced, while 7 respondents
representing 0.7% are widow/ widower.

TABLE 4: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS.

Items Respondents Percentages %
Primary 49 5.0%
Secondary 39 4.0%
Tertiary 854 87.9%
Illiterate 30 3.1%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 49 respondents representing 5.0% attended primary school, 39
respondents representing 4.0% attended secondary school, 854 respondents representing 87.9%
attended Tertiary institution, while 30 respondent representing 3.1% are illiterate.

TABLE 5: RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS.

Items Respondents Percentages %
Christian 437 50%
Muslim 489 50.3%
Others 46 4.7%
Total 972 100%

27
The table above shows that 437 respondents representing 50% are Christians, 489 respondents
representing 50.3% are Muslims while 14 respondents representing 4.7% are others.

TABLE 6: ETHNICITY OF THE RESPONDENTS.

Items Respondents Percentages %
Yoruba 850 87.3%
Igbo 73 7.5%
Hausa 49 5.2%
Others 0 0%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 85 respondents representing 74.6% are Yoruba’s, 15 respondents
representing 13.2% are Igbo’s, 7 respondents representing 6.1% are Hausa’s while 7 respondents
representing 6.1% are others.

SECTION B: RESPONDENTS KNOWLEDGE ON TOILET FACILITIES.

TABLE 7:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Do Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro has Toilet
Facilities
Yes 972 100%
No 0 0%
No Idea 0 0%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 972 (100%) of the respondents said yes that Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro has toilet facilities, 0 (0%) of the respondents said No that the community did not have
toilet, 0 (0%) of the respondent said no idea.

28
TABLE 8:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Is there any existing Public toilet facilities in the
community
Yes 75 7.7%
No 750 77.2%
No Idea 147 15.1%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 75 (7.7%) of the respondent said yes that there is an existing public toilet
facility in the community, 750 (77.2%) of the respondent said no that there is existing public toilet
facility in the community, 147 (15.1%) of the respondent said they have no idea.

TABLE 9:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Types of toilet available
Pit Latrine 817 84.1%
Water Closet 25 2.6%
Pour Flush 63 6.5%
VIP-Latrine 67 6.9%
No Idea 0 0%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 817 (84.1%) of the respondent said that Pit Latrine is the type of toilet
available for usage, 25 (2.6%) of the respondent said that water closet, 63 (6.5%) of the respondent
sad that pour flush, 67(6.9%) of the respondent said that VIP-Latrine, 0 (0%) said No Idea.

29
TABLE 10:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Signs & Symptoms of disease associated with
the usage of Public toilet
Vomiting 210 21.6%
Stooling 571 58.7%
Fever 157 16.2%
Headache 34 3.5%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 210 (21.6%) of the respondent said that vomiting is the sign and
symptoms of disease associated with the usage of public toilet, 571 (58.7%) of the respondent said
that stooling, 157 (16.2%) of the respondent said that Fever, while 34 (3.5%) of the respondent said
that Headache.

TABLE 11:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Disease items associated with the usage of public toilet
include the following except
Cholera 293 30.1%
Diarrhea 429 44.1%
Dysentery 235 24.3%
Coughing 15 1.5%
Total 972 100

The table above show s that 293 (30.1%) of the respondent said that cholera is one of the likely
disease associated with usage of public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 429 (44.1%) of the
respondent said that one of the likely disease is diarrhea, 235 (24.3%) of the respondent said that it is
dysentery while 15 (1.5%) of the respondent said it is coughing.

30
TABLE 12:
Items Respondents Percentages %
All these are not disease associated with public
toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro except
Urinary Tract Infection 900 92.6%
Sneezing 17 1.7%
Leprosy 2 0.2%
Coughing 53 5.5%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 900 (92.6%)of the respondent said that Urinary tract Infection is not a
disease associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 17 (1.7%) of the respondent
said that it is Sneezing, 2 (0.2%) of the respondent said that it is Leprosy while 53 (5.5%) of the
respondent said that it is Coughing.

TABLE 13:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Signs& Symptoms of disease associated with the
public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro
include the following except
Hepatitis A 359 36.9%
Trachoma 93 9.6%
Whooping cough 100 10.3%
Typhoid 420 43.2%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 359 (36.9%) of the respondent said that Hepatitis A is a sign & symptoms
of disease associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 93 (9.6%) of the
respondent said it is Trachoma, 100 (10.3%) of the respondent said it is Whooping Cough while 420
(43.2%) of the respondent said it is Typhoid.

31
TABLE 14:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Is there provision of waste paper bin inside the
toilet
Yes 24 2.5%
No 929 95.6%
No Idea 19 1.9%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 24 (2.5%) of the respondent said that Yes there is provision of waste
paper bin inside the toilet, 929 (95.6%) of the respondent said that No, there is no provision of waste
paper bin in the toilet while 19 (1.9) of the respondent said they have no idea.

TABLE 15:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Is there presence of Obnoxious odour in the toilet
Yes 940 96.7%
No 25 2.6%
No idea 7 0.7%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 940 (96.7%) of the respondent said that Yes there is presence of
Obnoxious odour in the toilet facility, 25 (2.6%) of the respondent said that No, there is no presence
of Obnoxious Odour, while 7 (0.7%) of the respondent said they have no idea.

TABLE 16:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Do the toilet have good locks
Yes 21 2.1%
No 851 87.6%
No Idea 100 10.3%
Total 972 100%

32
The table above shows that 21 (2.1%) of the respondents said that Yes, the toilet facility have good
locks, 851(87.6%) of the respondent said that No the toilet facility do not have goo locks, while 100
(10.3%) of the respondent said they have no idea.

TABLE 17:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Presence of Hand washing facilities in the toilet
Yes 19 2.0%
No 949 97.6%
No idea 4 0.4%
Total 972 100

The table above shows that 19 (2.0%) of the respondent said that Yes there is presence of hand
washing facilities in the toilet, 949 (97.6%) of the respondent said No, there is no presence of hand
washing facilities, while 4 (0.4%) said they have no idea.

TABLE 18:
Items Respondents Percentages %
At the time of visit is the toilet always at
hygienic state
Yes 95 9.8%
No 850 87.5%
No Idea 27 2.7%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 95 (9.8%) of the respondent said that Yes, during the time of visit, the
toilet is at hygienic state, 850 (87.5%) of the respondent said that No, the toilet is not always at
hygienic state during the time of visit while 27 (2.7%) of the respondent said they have no idea.

33
TABLE 19:
Items Respondents Percentages %
Is the toilet washed everyday
Yes 7 0.7%
No 930 95.7%
No Idea 35 3.6%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 7 (0.7%) of the respondent said that Yes, the toilet is washed everyday,
930 (95.7%) of the respondent said No, the toilet is not been washed every day, while 35 (3.6%) said
they have no idea.

TABLE 20:
Items Respondents Percentages %
The available Toilet facilities are they utilized
effectively
Yes 39 4.0%
No 901 92.7%
No Idea 32 3.3%
Total 972 100%

The table above shows that 39 (4.0%) of the respondent said that Yes, the available toilet facilities are
utilized effectively, 901 (92.7%) of the respondent said that No, the available toilet facilities are not
been utilized effectively while 32 (3.3%) of the respondent said they have no idea.

TABLE 21:
Items Respondents Percentages %
No. of household that has access to the public toilet
facilities in the community
0-5 households 47 4.8%
5-10 households 112 11.5%
10-15 households 117 12%
No idea 696 71.6%
Total 972 100%

34
The table above shows that 47 (4.8%) of the respondent said that 0-5 households has access to the
public toilet facility in the community, 112 (11.5%) of the respondent said that 5-10 households has
access to the public toilet facility in the community, 117 (12%) of the respondent said that 10-15
households has access to the public toilet facility in the community, while 696 (71.6%) of the
respondent said that they have no idea.

35
4.2 DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
4.2.1 INTRODUCTIONS
In this chapter, the researcher represents discussion of the findings.
4.2.2 The table above shows that 343 respondents representing 35.3% of the respondents are male
while 629 respondents representing 64.7% are females.
4.2.3 The table above shows that 472 respondents representing 48.6% are age 16-25, 390
respondents representing 40.1% are age 26-35, 73 respondents representing 7.5% are age 36-
45, while 37 respondents representing 3.8% are age 46 & above.
4.2.4 The table above shows that 684 respondent representing 70.3% are singles, 261 respondents
representing 26.9% are married, 20 respondents representing 2.1% are Divorced, while 7
respondents representing 0.7% are widow/ widower.
4.2.5 The table above shows that 49 respondents representing 5.0% attended primary school, 39
respondents representing 4.0% attended secondary school, 854 respondents representing 87.9%
attended Tertiary institution, while 30 respondent representing 3.1% are illiterate.
4.2.6 The table above shows that 437 respondents representing 50% are Christians, 489 respondents
representing 50.3% are Muslims while 14 respondents representing 4.7% are others.
4.2.7 The table above shows that 85 respondents representing 74.6% are Yoruba’s, 15 respondents
representing 13.2% are Igbo’s, 7 respondents representing 6.1% are Hausa’s while 7
respondents representing 6.1% are others.
4.2.8 The table above shows that 972 (100%) of the respondents said yes that Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro has toilet facilities, 0 (0%) of the respondents said No that the community did not
have toilet, 0 (0%) of the respondent said no idea.
4.2.9 The table above shows that 75 (7.7%) of the respondent said yes that there is an existing public
toilet facility in the community, 750 (77.2%) of the respondent said no that there is existing
public toilet facility in the community, 147 (15.1%) of the respondent said they have no idea.
This supports the findings of Makama (2015) which says the significance of the provision of
adequate, safe and accessible toilet facilities are not just sanitary facilities but that they are also
a symbol of the level of development. This has answered my research question 3 which ask
what is the sanitary condition of the available facilities in Anifowoshe street, Bolorunduro.
4.2.10 The table above shows that 817 (84.1%) of the respondent said that Pit Latrine is the type of
toilet available for usage, 25 (2.6%) of the respondent said that water closet, 63 (6.5%) of the
36
 respondent sad that pour flush, 67(6.9%) of the respondent said that VIP-Latrine, 0 (0%) said
No Idea. It correlates with the findings of Oomen at al, (2014) which states that Different types
of toilets facilities by the public and private have helped in reducing relative risks of 4-5
percent of the global LDC total for both deaths and disability, caused by diseases such as
malaria, cholera, diarrhea among others since the 1990’s till the recent period. Also, Nigeria
Distribution of Regular Households (2012). The Distribution of households by type of toilet
facility in Nigeria include: water closet (WC) 4,292,654; pit latrine 13,882,485; Bucket/Pan;
1,053,753; public toilet 2,573,611. This has answered my research question 1 which says what
are the of toilet facilities available at Anifowoshe street, Bolorunduro.
4.2.11 The table above shows that 210 (21.6%) of the respondent said that vomiting is the sign and
symptoms of disease associated with the usage of public toilet, 571 (58.7%) of the respondent
said that stooling, 157 (16.2%) of the respondent said that Fever, while 34 (3.5%) of the
respondent said that Headache.
4.2.12 The table above show s that 293 (30.1%) of the respondent said that cholera is one of the likely
disease associated with usage of public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 429 (44.1%)
of the respondent said that one of the likely disease is diarrhea, 235 (24.3%) of the respondent
said that it is dysentery while 15 (1.5%) of the respondent said it is coughing.
4.2.13 The table above shows that 900 (92.6%)of the respondent said that Urinary tract Infection is
not a disease associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 17 (1.7%) of the
respondent said that it is Sneezing, 2 (0.2%) of the respondent said that it is Leprosy while 53
(5.5%) of the respondent said that it is Coughing.
4.2.14 The table above shows that 359 (36.9%) of the respondent said that Hepatitis A is a sign &
symptoms of disease associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, 93
(9.6%) of the respondent said it is Trachoma, 100 (10.3%) of the respondent said it is
Whooping Cough while 420 (43.2%) of the respondent said it is Typhoid. This supports the
findings of Roma & Pugh (2012) and WHO (2014) which says that inadequate toilet facilities
causes communicable and diarrhea diseases (cholera, typhoid and dysentery which are the
second killer diseases after pneumonia of children under 5 years old. This is because without
toilet, untreated human waste can have impact on a whole community, affecting many aspects
of daily life and ultimately posing a serious risk to health (Gogarty 2014). This has answered

37
 my research question 2 which ask what are the common health problems associated with the
types of toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro.
4.2.15 The table above shows that 24 (2.5%) of the respondent said that Yes there is provision of
waste paper bin inside the toilet, 929 (95.6%) of the respondent said that No, there is no
provision of waste paper bin in the toilet while 19 (1.9) of the respondent said they have no
idea.
4.2.16 The table above shows that 940 (96.7%) of the respondent said that Yes there is presence of
Obnoxious odour in the toilet facility, 25 (2.6%) of the respondent said that No, there is no
presence of Obnoxious Odour, while 7 (0.7%) of the respondent said they have no idea.
4.2.17 The table above shows that 21 (2.1%) of the respondents said that Yes, the toilet facility have
good locks, 851(87.6%) of the respondent said that No the toilet facility do not have goo locks,
while 100 (10.3%) of the respondent said they have no idea. This supports the findings of
WHO, (2015) which states that poor utilization of toilet facilities is linked to transmission of
diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio and exacerbates
stunting This has answered my research question 14 which ask that signs and symptoms of
disease associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro include the following
except. Also, UNICEF (2014) opined that access to improved toilet facilities, particularly
efficient and decent toilets remains very crucial not only to achieve MDGs but also to sustain
environment and development, public health, dignity, privacy, security. This has answered my
research question 4, which ask “how are the available toilet facilities in Anifowoshe street,
Bolorunduro been utilized by the member of the community”.
4.2.18 The table above shows that 19 (2.0%) of the respondent said that Yes there is presence of hand
washing facilities in the toilet, 949 (97.6%) of the respondent said No, there is no presence of
hand washing facilities, while 4 (0.4%) said they have no idea. It supports the findings of
Kumar et al., (2016) observed that various toilet facilities in homes are dirty and unfit for
further use because of lack of appropriate use and functional water supply.
4.2.19 The table above shows that 95 (9.8%) of the respondent said that Yes, during the time of visit,
the toilet is at hygienic state, 850 (87.5%) of the respondent said that No, the toilet is not
always at hygienic state during the time of visit while 27 (2.7%) of the respondent said they
have no idea. This correlates with the findings of UN, (2014) and UNICEF, (2014) which says
that in spite of being a right, more than 30% of the global population experience lack of access
38
 to clean, hygienic and functioning toilets. This poses a great number of health risks to the
member of the community.
4.2.20 The table above shows that 7 (0.7%) of the respondent said that Yes, the toilet is washed
everyday, 930 (95.7%) of the respondent said No, the toilet is not been washed every day,
while 35 (3.6%) said they have no idea. It correlates with the findings of Jewkes and Occonnor,
(2014) stating that inadequate provision and maintenance of toilet facilities in various homes is
not a new concern and has been linked to infectious disease outbreak involving both adult and
children.
4.2.21 The table above shows that 39 (4.0%) of the respondent said that Yes, the available toilet
facilities are utilized effectively, 901 (92.7%) of the respondent said that No, the available
toilet facilities are not been utilized effectively while 32 (3.3%) of the respondent said they
have no idea. It supports the findings of Asiabaka et. al., (2015) stating that inadequate
utilization of these toilet facilities made the people around the household prefer to defecate in
vegetation surrounding the premises than using the toilet facilities.
4.2.22 The table above shows that 47 (4.8%) of the respondent said that 0-5 households has access to
the public toilet facility in the community, 112 (11.5%) of the respondent said that 5-10
households has access to the public toilet facility in the community, 117 (12%) of the
respondent said that 10-15 households has access to the public toilet facility in the community,
while 696 (71.6%) of the respondent said that they have no idea. This supports the findings of
United Nations (2014) which states that access to decent and clean toilet facilities is globally
considered as fundamental to human survival and welfare. It remains one of the targets of the
Millennium Development Goal (MDGs). United Nations (2014) declares it as a human right
and its denial constitute a gross violation in addition to other basic human rights (right to live,
health and so on) denial.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
The assessment of the Provision standard and utilization of toilet facilities in Nigeria. (A case
study of Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state) was used and analyzed using simple
percentages.
Finding reveals that there is poor utilization of toilet facilities among the people of
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state, which has led to an open defecation and has led
to transmission of various diseases such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea dysentery, e.t.c on the people of
Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state
This research work consist of background of the study, statement of problems, significance of
the study, objectives of the study, research question, scope of the study and definition chapter one. It
also consist of review of related literature, whereby researcher discuss on the availability of the toilet
facilities in various homes, types of toilet facilities, sanitary conditions of toilet facilities utilization of
the toilet facilities for chapter two.
Furthermore the chapter three which consists of the summary of the research work, conclusion
based on the findings and recommendations based on the conclusion reached and implication
examined at individuals, community, and government levels.

5.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study examined the provision standard and utilization of toilet facilities and
the factors responsible for the growing number of Nigerians without access to improved and decent
toilet facilities. The study has being informed by the 2014 ranking of Nigeria as the fourth country
with the highest number of people practicing open defecation due to lack of safe toilets alongside the
consequences of such act on dignity, health and human existence.
Toilet facilities were available in the community but were grossly inadequate in quantity and
quality, most of the toilet facilities were of very poor sanitary conditions due to lack of proper
sanitation to make them hygienic. There are also poor utilization practices of the available toilet
facilities due to inadequate provision as few toilets, lack of water, etc.

40
 Toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesha, Osun state require urgent attention
by stake holders, to prevent health hazards for outbreak of diseases to our children and even the
general public.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
From the discussion of findings the researcher recommends as follows

5.3.1 INDIVIDUAL
 Individuals should maintain high standard of personal hygiene
 Individual should provide handwashing facilities so as to wash their hands immediately after
using the toilet

5.3.1 COMMUNITY
 Communities should e keeping their toilet clean always in other to promote healthy living
 Community should desist from their unhealthy behaviour that endangers their lives
 Community should set up committee members that will assist in monitoring sanitation and
hygiene activities

5.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICERS

 Environmental health officers should organize community led total sanitation (CLTS)
progamme that will be about change in behavior
 Environmental health officers should carry out awareness on the effect of poor utilization of
toilet facilities

5.3.4 GOVERNMENT
 Government should direct more effort towards providing additional toilet facilities
 Government should renovate the existing toilet facilities and provide a safe and adequate
water supply
 Government should employ more environmental health officers for the inspection of premises

41
 REFERENCES
Aiyee and Crook, (2013): MLGRD, 2010 “Areas compelled for people to defecate in an open place.
Alexander, (2014) proper maintenance of toilet facilities
Asabia, (2009). Goals (MDGs) 7 on water sanitation and sustainable hygiene
Asiabaka et al., (2015) inadequate or absence of toilet facilities
Benneh et al., (2013) song sore, and Mc Granahand (1998) and Osumamu (2007a: 2007b) poor
household are unable to access toilets facilities at home
Ekpo et al., (2015) strong determinants of the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite
FMWRN and UNICEF (2016) infant mortality rate in Nigeria to water, sanitation and hygiene
problem
Goal 6. Clean water and sanitation UNDP, retrieved, 28 September 2019
Gogarty (2012) untreated human waste impact on a whole community
Guavey and Davis et al., (2019) unportable toilet
Gusler (2013) high infant mortality rate due to non availability of adequate toilet
Kumar et al., (2010) utilization practices of toilet facilities
Linda and Damr et al., (2014) on pit latrine
Murphy (2013) health belief model by social psychologist with the united state public health services
Nigeria distribution of regular household (2006) distribution of household toilet facilities
Obateru (2015) factors to be considered when considering ones state of health
Oomen et al., (2014) Global LDC total for both death and disabilities caused by diseases
Oyinloye and Oluwadare (2015) urban centers in Nigeria experience lack of improved toilet facilities
Roma and Pugh & WHO, (2011) on causes of communicable and diahorrea diseases
United Nations (UN) (2013, September 18) sanitation as a human right
United Nation (UN) (2013, November 19) world health toilet day
United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) (2014, November 19). Lack of toilet dangerous
for everyone
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2014) human development report: beyond
scarcity, power and global water crises
World Bank (2014) on people practicing open defection
World Health Organization (WHO). (2015, November, 20) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
intervention and the prevention of diahorrea
42
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nation Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) : (2013)
progress on sanitation and water.

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 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
OSUN STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
IMELU-ILESHA, OSUN STATE
EXAMINING THE PROVISION STANDARD AND UTILIZATION OF TOILET
FACILITIES IN NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF ANIFOWOSHE STREET, BOLORUNDURO, ILESA, OSUN STATE)

Dear Respondents,
The researcher is a Higher National Diploma (HND) of the above named institution
conducting a research project on the provision, standard and utilization of toilet facilities (A case
study of Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro, Ilesa, Osun state)
Please below is a questionnaire containing series of questions relating to the research, this
research is purely academic and has no political, religious or cultural indications.
Any information supplied will be treated with absolute confidentiality.
Thanks
Abayomi Olatunde Samuel
Researcher

QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A
Instruction: indicate your answer by ticking the box bearing the correct answer
1. Sex: male ( ) female ( )
2. Age: (a) 16-25 ( ) (b) 26-35( ) (c) 36-45 ( ) (d) 46 and above ( )
3. Marital status: (a) single ( ) (b) married ( ) (c) divorced ( ) (d) widow/ widower ( )
4. Education status: (a) primary ( ) (b) secondary ( ) (c) tertiary ( ) (d) none of the above ( )
5. Religion: (a) Christian ( ) (b) Muslim ( ) (c) Others ( )
6. Ethnicity: (a) Yoruba ( ) (b) Igbo ( ) (c) Hausa ( ) (d) Others ( )

44
SECTION B
7. Do houses in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro have toilet facilities? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No
idea (d) None of the above
8. If yes, is there any existing public toilet facility? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the
above
9. What is the type of toilet available for usage? (a) Pit latrine (b) Water closet (c) Poor flush (d)
VIP (e) No idea
10. What means of excreta disposal do you use at household level? (a) Pit latrine (b) Poor flush
(c) Water closet (d) VIP (e) Cat method disposal

SECTION C
11. What are the common signs and symptoms of diseases associated with the usage of public
toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro? (a) Vomiting (b) Stooling (c) Fever (d) Head ache
12. One of the likely diseases associated with the usage of public toilet in Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro includes the following except? (a) Cholera (b) Diahorrea (c) Dysentery (d)
Coughing
13. All this are not diseases associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro
except (a) urinary tract infection (b) Sneezing (c) Leprosy (d) Coughing
14. Signs and symptoms of diseases associated with public toilet in Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro includes the following except? (a) Hepatitis A (b) Trachoma (c) Whooping
cough (d) Typhoid

SECTION D
15. Is there provision of waste paper bin inside the toilets in Anifowoshe Street, Bolorunduro? (a)
Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the above
16. Is there presence of obnoxious odour in the toilet? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the
above
17. Do the toilet facilities have good locks? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the above
18. Is hand washing facilities present in the toilet? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the
above

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 19. At the time of visit to the facilities is the toilet always at a hygienic state? (a) Yes (b) No (c)
No idea (d) None of the above

SECTION E
20. Is the toilet facility being washed every day? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea (d) None of the above
21. The toilet facilities available, are they being utilized effectively? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea
(d) None of the above
22. How many household has access to the public toilet facilities in Anifowoshe Street,
Bolorunduro? (a) 0-5 (b) 5-10 (c) 10-15 (d) no idea

46