CSTR in Series

Amirul Shahfrizan bin Mohamed (2021868166), Nursyahirah binti Mohd Nazir (2021868142), Nur Azurah Zuraikha
binti Mohd Zulkarnain (2021482706), Hanisah binti Mohamad Jaafar (2021861692), Nur Syafiqah binti Mohamad
Safri (2021478478)

Abstract – Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is an
equipment used for the chemical reaction occurs. The purpose of
this experiment is to determine the pulse input effect to the
concentration of the solution and to study the residence time
against the response curve. In this experiment, NaCl is being fed
to the series of reactor filled with deionized water. The
conductivity is then measured by using the conductivity meter.
After a certain, the reading of the conductivity from reactor 1 and
3 will be constant. From the tabulated data, the result shows that
the residence time distribution (RTD). The RTD variance is
20.6173 min, 30.9905 min and 24.5702 min for reactor 1,2 and 3,
respectively. From the calculation, the data obtained value is used
to plot the conductivity curve to study the reaction in the system.
Keywords— CSTR; series; conductivity; rate of reaction,
residence time distribution
I. INTRODUCTION
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is one of the commonly
used equipment in industry. It is a continuous reactor in which
reactants are continuously fed meanwhile product are
continuously removed from the reactor. CSTR runs at steady
state since the condition in the reactor do not change with time.
It is an open system where the reactant fed and product flow out
from the reactor occurs simultaneously.
Rate of reaction is one of the physical chemistry branches
known as chemical kinetics. Rate of reaction measures the
change in the amount of a reactant or product over time or in
other words the speed of the chemical reaction proceeds. The
are several properties that are related to amount of reactant or
product to measure the rate of reaction such as mass,
temperature, color, pressure, concentration, and conductivity.
In this experiment, multiple CSTR in series arrangement is used
to study the rate of reaction that occurs by observing the
conductivity of the solution. CSTR in series also used to
increase the conversion in the reaction. The type of reactor used
is different. Reactor 1 and 2, both have two impellers but
distribution is described by the reactor system. The three most
common terms used to describe the residence distribution
function, E(t) is the mean residence time, variance, and the
skewness.
II. OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of
pulse input to the concentration. Other than that, this experiment
also is to determine the effect of residence time on the response
curve.
III. THEORY
Continuous feed of the reactants into the reactor is an industrial
alternative to batch processing. This will enable the reaction to
occur and result in the desired products. The flow rates of the
reactants and products must be equivalent. CSTRs are run in
steady state, when there is no buildup in the system and perfect
mixing assumed. As a result, the position within the reactor has
no effect on the temperature, concentration, or reaction rate.
CSTR and PFR are likely the two most widely accepted reactor
regimes used for water treatment or analysis plants such as
settling tanks, activated sludge reactor basins, aerated lagoons,
oxidation ponds, and high-rate anaerobic digesters because they
are operated at steady state, there is no accumulation, and rA is
independent of position.
General Mole Balance Equation:
𝑣
𝑑𝑁𝐴
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴 + ∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉 =
0 𝑑𝑡
Assumptions:
𝑑𝑁𝐴
1. Steady state, therefore =0
𝑑𝑡
2. Well mixed therefore rA is the same throughout the
reactor
𝑣 𝑣

different in the impeller arrangement. Reactor 3 also has ∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝐴 ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝐴 𝑉

impeller with the presence of metal coil inside the reactor. 0 0

Rearranging the generation

The concentration of any material in the effluent stream is the 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
same as the concentration of the substance in the effluent stream 𝑉=
in the reactor for an ideal CSTR. Dead volume or stagnant areas −𝑟𝐴
typically develop inside a CSTR. In some areas, there is mainly
litter or no material exchange with the well mixed regions. In terms of conversion
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
𝑋=
A higher level of approximation is necessary to overcome the 𝐹𝐴0
non-ideality that occurs in actual reactors. The approximation
method, which makes use of the macromixing data referred to 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋
𝑉=
as RTD. The non-ideality occurring inside the residence time −𝑟𝐴
 𝐹 𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴 𝑣 For pulse input, the concentration in the ith reactor in series is
given by [1]
𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝑣𝐶𝐴
𝑉= 𝑡 (𝑖−1)
−𝑟𝐴 ( ) −𝑡
𝑡𝑅 ( )
𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝑜 𝑒 𝑡𝑅
(𝑖 − 1 )!
If v is the volumetric flowrate (volume/time) and CA is the
Where;
concentration (moles/volume) of species A, then
tR = retention time = (Volume of reactor)/(flowrate of D1 water)
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
𝑉= Ci = concentration in reactor I at time t
−𝑟𝐴
Co = concentration of the pulse input
Mole Balance on Reactor 1:
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑂𝑢𝑡 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴1 + 𝑟𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0 IV. PROCEDURES
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴1 Experimental Procedures:
𝑋1 =
𝐹𝐴0 1. Deionized water was poured into two 20-L feed tanks
𝐹𝐴1 − 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1 T1 and T2.
𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1 2. 300g of sodium chloride, NaCl was dissolved in Tank
𝑉1 = 1. The salts were made sure dissolved entirely and the
−𝑟𝐴1
solution in homogeneous solution.
3. The three-way valve, V3, was placed in Position 2 to
allow the flow of deionized water from Tank 2 into
Mole Balance on Reactor 2:
Reactor 1.
𝐼𝑛 − 𝑂𝑢𝑡 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
4. Pump 2 was turned on to start filled up the deionized
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴2 + 𝑟𝐴2 𝑉2 = 0 water to the three reactors.
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴2
𝑋2 = 5. Flowrate (F11) was set to 150 ml/min by adjusted the
𝐹𝐴0 needle valve (V4). Overflow was avoided by not using
𝐹𝐴2 − 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋2 too high flowrate. The piping’s were made sure that no
𝐹𝐴0 𝑋2 air bubble trapped. Then, the stirrers 1, 2, and 3 were
𝑉2 = turned on.
−𝑟𝐴2
6. Pumping the deionized water continued for about 10
Effect of Pulse in Input Concentration to the Concentration minutes until the conductivity readings for all three
of Solute in Stirred Tank in Series. reactors were stabled at low values.
7. Conductivity values at t0 was recorded.
In a pulse input, a small amount of tracer N0 is swiftly and 8. Pump 2 was turned off after 5 minutes. Valves (V3)
uniformly delivered into the feed stream entering the reactor. switched to Position 1 and switched-on pump 1. Timer
Next, a function of time is used to measure the outlet was started.
concentration. Due to the variable concentration of the input 9. Pump 1 was let to operate for 5 minutes and pump 1
after pulsing, as shown in Figure below, when a pulse input of was turned off. Then the three-way valve (V3) was
solute concentration is introduced at the feed of tank 1, the switched back to position 2 and on pump 2.
transient behavior will differ from the step change input. 10. Conductivity values were recorded for each reactor
every three minutes.
11. The conductivity values were continue recorded until
the reactor 3 equivalent or close to reactor 1.
12. Then switched off pump 1 and valve (V4) closed.
13. To drain all liquids in reactors, valves V5 and V6 were
opened.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1. Values of Conductivity with Respect to Time

Fig.1. Pulse Input Fig.2. Transient response of
Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3
tank in series to the pulse input Time (min)
(ms/cm) (ms/cm) (ms/cm)
0 1.643 4.660 0.484
3 10.530 5.270 9.030
6 8.640 5.410 7.540
 9 6.820 5.720 6.620 Table 2: Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function for Each
Reactor
12 5.990 6.050 5.780
E(t) (min-1)
15 6.440 6.860 5.310 Time (min) Reactor 1 Reactor 2
Reactor 3 (ms/cm)
(ms/cm) (ms/cm)
18 4.350 6.050 5.210
0 0.0070 0.0142 0.0018
21 4.430 6.280 4.970
3 0.0448 0.0160 0.0344
24 3.570 6.140 4.400
6 0.0368 0.0164 0.0287
27 3.360 5.870 4.660
9 0.0290 0.0174 0.0252
30 3.110 5.950 4.990
12 0.0255 0.0184 0.0220
33 2.910 4.960 3.340
15 0.0274 0.0209 0.0202
36 2.760 5.280 3.070
18 0.0185 0.0184 0.0199
39 2.470 4.920 3.290
21 0.0189 0.0191 0.0189
42 1.763 2.550 2.970
24 0.0152 0.0187 0.0168
45 0.847 2.460 2.780
27 0.0143 0.0178 0.0178
48 1.200 3.950 1.840
30 0.0132 0.0181 0.0190
51 0.950 3.690 1.667
33 0.0124 0.0151 0.0127
54 0.743 3.420 1.580
36 0.0118 0.0161 0.0117
57 0.710 3.210 1.620
39 0.0105 0.0150 0.0125
60 0.654 2.810 1.230
42 0.0075 0.0078 0.0113
63 0.627 2.460 0.870
45 0.0036 0.0075 0.0106
66 0.594 1.672 0.640
48 0.0051 0.0120 0.0070
69 0.420 1.618 0.587
51 0.0040 0.0112 0.0064
72 0.461 1.521 0.467
54 0.0032 0.0104 0.0060
75 0.455 1.142 0.415
57 0.0030 0.0098 0.0062
78 0.324 0.970 0.384
60 0.0028 0.0085 0.0047
81 0.250 0.825 0.285
63 0.0027 0.0075 0.0033
84 0.238 0.744 0.239
66 0.0025 0.0051 0.0024
87 0.238 0.616 0.238
69 0.0018 0.0049 0.0022
90 0.238 0.570 0.236
72 0.0020 0.0046 0.0018
75 0.0019 0.0035 0.0016
78 0.0014 0.0029 0.0015
81 0.0011 0.0025 0.0011
Conductivity (mS/cm) vs Time 84 0.0010 0.0023 0.0009
(min) 87 0.0010 0.0019 0.0009
15.000
Conductivity, Q (mS/cm)

90 0.0010 0.0017 0.0009

10.000
5.000
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time. t (min)

Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3

Fig.2. Graph of Conductivity vs Time

 The most basic type of mixer is a stirred tank. Mixing in a
E(t) vs Time stirred tank is difficult to describe and difficult to predict but
using dimensionless quantities and comparing results to reports
0.0600
in the literature can help. Industrial reactors frequently employ
E(t) (min-1)

0.0400 stirred tanks where a chemical component of a flow stream

spends some time before moving on to further processes in a
0.0200
chemical change.
0.0000
0 20 40 60 80 100 The main purpose of this experiment is to find out how pulse
Time (min) input in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors impacts the reaction.
The apparatus used to investigate this effect is a series of
continuous stirred tank reactors which is model SOLTEQ
Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3
BP107. In this experiment, conductivity readings were recorded
for each of the three reactors every three minutes until reactor 3
Fig.3. Graph of E(t) vs Time of conductivity values began to resemble those of reactor 1 of
conductivity. For this experiment, it took 90 minutes for the
Table 3: Moments in Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function
conductivity values of reactors 3 and 1 to be close. The results
Reactor 1 1 2 3 are shown in Table 1.
Means Residence Time, tm (min) 20.6173 30.9905 24.5702
Variance, σ (min )
2 2
305.4213 410.4469 335.2989 As we know, concentration can be determined using the
provided calibration and electrical conductivity measurements.
Standard Deviation, σ (min) 17.4763 20.2595 18.3112
The conductivity is directly proportional to the concentration.
3 3
Skewness, s (min ) 6620.4368 4372.1735 4938.4453 Therefore, a graph of concentration versus time illustrates how
the pulse input in this experiment affected the results. This
Table 4: Result Calculation Using Excel outcome, however, departs from the theory. This error could
Time Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3 result from the equipment since the conductivity meter shows
C(t) 3/3 234.0870 326.8710 261.6070 the inconsistency of conductivity reading.
C(t) 3/8 0.7185 2.0531 0.7320
For each reactor, the concentration change was caused by the
TOTAL C(t) 234.8055 328.9241 262.3390 pulse input differently. The concentration for reactor 1
continuously drops until it reaches 0.238, as seen in Figure 1.
Table 5: Reactor 1 For reactor 2, the concentrations decrease to nine minutes,
(t- (t-tm)2 (t- (t-tm)3 increase to twenty-four minutes, and start to fall until they reach
Time E(t) t E(t)
tm)2 E(t) tm)3 E(t)
3/3 3/3 3/3 5781.6513
a constant level. The concentrations also decrease for reactor 3
20.3558 292.5298 until it gets the same value as reactor 1 at 87 minutes. The
rule rule rule
3/8
0.2615
3/8
12.8915
3/8 838.7855 reading shows a different variation because of inconsistent
rule rule rule conductivity reading due to the equipment error. The graph
TOTAL Total Total 6620.4368
20.6173 305.4213 s3
shows the conductivity increase when the time is increased.
t(m) 𝝈2
The residence time distribution (RTD) means the amount of
Table 6: Reactor 2
(t- (t-tm) 2
(t- (t-tm) 3 time a fluid element has spent in the reactor. This RTD
Time E(t) t E(t) characterizes the mixing and flow within a reactor and can be
tm)2 E(t) tm)3 E(t)
3/3
30.4588
3/3
392.0718
3/3 3371.7731 used to compare the behavior of actual reactors to their ideal
rule rule rule models. In general, the change in tracer concentration will be
3/8 3/8 3/8 1000.4004
rule
0.5317
rule
18.3750
rule either in the Residence time distribution function E(t), which
TOTAL Total Total 4372.1735 can be determined directly from a pulse input, or the cumulative
30.9905 410.1169 s3
t(m) 𝝈2 RTD function F(t), which can be selected from step input. RTD
function E(t) has units of time (time-1), and the result for each
Table 7: Reactor 3 reactor is shown in table 2. As the graph is shown in Figure 2,
(t- (t-tm)2 (t- (t-tm)3 as time increases, the E(t) will decrease for reactors 1, 2, and 3.
Time E(t) t E(t)
tm)2 E(t) tm)3 E(t) The chart is not in a bell curve compared to the theoretical
3/3 3/3 3/3 4307.2787
rule
24.3319
rule
324.9596
rule because of a stagnant area or dead volume inside the reactor that
3/8 3/8 3/8 631.1666 restricted the fluid flow.
0.2382 20.3392
rule rule rule
TOTAL Total Total 4939.4453 The results of comparison between reactor 1,2 and 3 of mean
24.5702 335.2989 s3
t(m) 𝝈2 residence time, variance and standard deviation and skewness
are summarized in Table 3. From Table 3, it can be seen the
mean residence time of reactor 2 is the highest compared to
reactor 1 and 3 with the value of 30.9905 min. The second
moment is taken about the mean and is referred to as the
variance, σ2 or square of the standard deviation, σ. The reactor
2 gives the highest variance with the value of 410.4469 min¬¬2
follow by reactor 3 and reactor 1 with the value of 335.2989
min2 and 305.4213 min2. Overall, the largest deviation was
seen in reactor 2 which showed the value of 20.2595 min while
reactor 1 and 3 gave value of 17.4763 min and 18.3112
respectively. Lastly, the skewness gives data values larger
which means the distribution having the tail on the right side.
By comparing the reactor 1,2 and 3, the higher positive value is
at the reactor 1
Table 3 summarizes the findings from comparing the mean
residence time, variance and standard deviation, and skewness
between Reactors 1, 2, and 3. From Table 3, it can be seen the
mean residence time of reactor 2 is the highest compared to
reactors 1 and 3, with a value of 30.9905 min. The second
moment is taken about the mean and is referred to as the
variance, σ2, or square of the standard deviation, σ. Reactor 2
gives the highest variance with the value of 410.4469 min2
followed by reactor 3 and reactor 1 with a value of 335.2989
min2 and 305.4213 min2. Overall, the most significant
deviation was seen in reactor 2, which showed a value of
20.2595 min, while reactors 1 and 3 gave values of 17.4763 min
and 18.3112, respectively. The skewness makes data values
more significant, meaning the distribution has a tail on the right
side. By comparing reactors 1,2 and 3, the higher positive value
is at reactor 1.
To summarize the discussion, numerous potential causes of
failure in this experiment exist. By comparing reactors 1, 2, and
3, the closest to ideal CSTR is reactor 1 because the
experimental and theoretical are almost the same compared to
reactors 2 and 3. Firstly, an error in the calibration of the fiber
optic sensor could have caused concentration measurements to
be skewed during testing. Secondly, the error consistency of the
flow rate through the reactor.
CONCLUSION
Three moments of the RTD function in the CSTR is determined.
The conductivity, Q curve, and E (t) curve are plotted against
time. The mean residence times were 20.6173 min for Reactor
1, 30.9905 min for Reactor 2, and 24.5702 min for Reactor 3,
respectively. The variance for reactors 1, 2, and 3 is 305.4213
min2, 410.4469 min2, and 335.2989 min2, respectively. The
skew for Reactor 1, Reactor 2, and Reactor 3 was 6620.4368
min3, 4372.1735 min3, and 4938.4453 min3, respectively. In 3
minutes of data, Reactors 1 and 3 both display the spike curve
before continuing to drop. The data reduction followed by time
but without a data spike occurs in reactor 2 as well. The reactors
exhibit significant skewness. Due to the placement of the
impeller and the existence of a metal coil inside the reactor,
Reactors 1 and 3 may have dead volume or stagnant areas. Since
all of the objectives were met, the experiment was successful.
RECOMMENDATIONS
To obtain the best possible results from the experiment, the
student should follow the experimental procedures provided.
Unfortunately, inaccuracies or errors might sometimes be made
by students since the procedures used do not always include the
necessary safety measures or methods for handling and taking
measurements. As a result, there may be a significant number
of disturbances that could either directly or indirectly alter the
results. Precautionary measures must be disclosed in the
procedure as a consideration to avoid any measuring errors. To
avoid any salt residue in reactors, the reactors must be cleaned
before the experiment begins. Anyhow, the behavior of the
mixing inside the reactor can be investigated by using the
conversion rate of reactants to products. Additionally, the
experiment could be repeated to obtain consistency or an
average value for the data and measurements collected. The lab
procedures are precise and scheduled; therefore, students could
decide not to spend their time repeating the experiment because
of the limited time. Therefore, students should be fully prepared
and knowledgeable of the behavior of the equipment before
entering the pilot plant.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Hashsham, "Comparison of Pulse and Step Input
Experiments," Tracer Studies in a series system of
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, 2010.
[2] S. H. Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering,
Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1998.
[3] "CIEC Promoting Science at the University OF York,
UK," University of York, 18 Mar 2013. [Online].
Available: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org.
 APPENDIX

SAMPLE CALCULATION

• Sample calculation for Reactor 1:

∞
1) Calculate the value of integral ∫𝟎 𝑪(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕.

For N+1 point, where N is even:

𝑋𝑁
ℎ
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 4𝑓1 + 2𝑓2 + 4𝑓3 + 2𝑓4 + ⋯ + 4𝑓𝑁−1 + 𝑓𝑁 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋𝑁 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
81𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
27
81
3
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [1.6430 + 4(10.5300) + 2(8.6400) + 4(6.8200) + 2(5.9900) + 4(6.4400)
0 3
+ 2(4.3500) + 4(4.4300) + 2(3.5700) + 4(3.3600) + 2(3.1100) + 4(2.9100)
+ 2(2.7600) + 4(2.4700) + 2(1.7630) + 4(0.8470) + 2(1.2000) + 4(0.9500)
+ 2(0.7430) + 4(0.7100) + 2(0.6540) + 4(0.6270) + 2(0.5940) + 4(0.4200)
+ 2(0.4610) + 4(0.4550) + 2(0.3240) + 0.2500]
81
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 234.087 𝑚𝑆. 𝑚𝑖𝑛/𝑐𝑚
0

Simpson’s three eights rule (four point);

𝑋3
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 3𝑓1 + 3𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where,
𝑋3 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
90𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 81𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
3
90
3
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [0.2500 + 3(0.2380) + 3(0.2380) + 0.2380]
81 8
90
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0.7185 𝑚𝑆. 𝑚𝑖𝑛/𝑐𝑚
81
Therefore, the value of the integral
90 ∞ 81 90
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 81
90
∫ 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 234.087 + 0.7185
0
90
∫ 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 234.8055 𝑚𝑆. 𝑚𝑖𝑛/𝑐𝑚
0

2) Sample calculation for Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function, E(t) for Reactor 1
𝐶 (𝑡 )
𝐸 (𝑡 ) = [ 90 ]
∫0 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1.643
𝐸 (𝑡 ) = [ ]
234.8055
𝑬(𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒊𝒏−𝟏

3) Sample calculation for Mean Residence Time for Reactor 1

a) Mean Residence Time, tm

∞ 81 90
𝑡𝑚 = ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 81

For N+1 point, where N is even:

𝑋𝑁
ℎ
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 4𝑓1 + 2𝑓2 + 4𝑓3 + 2𝑓4 + ⋯ + 4𝑓𝑁−1 + 𝑓𝑁 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋𝑁 − 𝑋0 81𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= = =3
𝑁 27
81
3
∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [0 + 4(0.1345) + 2(0.2208) + 4(0.2614) + 2(0.3061) + 4(0.4114) + 2(0.3335)
0 3
+ 4(0.3962) + 2(0.3649) + 4(0.3864) + 2(0.3974) + 4(0.4090) + 2(0.4232)
+ 4(0.4103) + 2(0.3154) + 4(0.1623) + 2(0.2453) + 4(0.2063) + 2(0.1709)
+ 4(0.1724) + 2(0.1671) + 4(0.1682) + 2(0.1670) + 4(0.1234) + 2(0.1414)
+ 4(0.1453) + 2(0.1076) + 0.0862]
81
∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 20.3558 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0
Simpson’s three eights rule (four point);
𝑋3
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 3𝑓1 + 3𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋3 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
90𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 81𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
3
90
3
∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [0.0862 + 3(0.0851) + 3(0.0882) + 0.0912]
81 8
90
∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0.2615 𝑚𝑖𝑛
81

Therefore, the value of the integral

∞ 81 90
𝑡𝑚 = ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 81

𝑡𝑚 = 20.3558 + 0.2615
𝒕𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏

b) Second Moment, σ² for Reactor 1

∞ 81 90
𝜎 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 ) 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 ) 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
0 0 81

For N+1 point, where N is even:

𝑋𝑁
ℎ
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 4𝑓1 + 2𝑓2 + 4𝑓3 + 2𝑓4 + ⋯ + 4𝑓𝑁−1 + 𝑓𝑁 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋𝑁 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
81𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
27
81
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
3
= [2.9744 + 4(13.9187) + 2(7.8621) + 4(3.9200) + 2(1.8944) + 4(0.8654)
3
+ 2(0.1269) + 4(0.0028) + 2(0.1740) + 4(0.5830) + 2(1.1660) + 4(1.9003)
+ 2(2.7814) + 4(3.5547) + 2(3.4330) + 4(2.1446) + 2(3.8320) + 4(3.7348)
+ 2(3.5263) + 4(4.0026) + 2(4.3200) + 4(4.7966) + 2(5.2103) + 4(4.1872)
+ 2(5.1835) + 4(5.7309) + 2(4.5436) + 3.8820]
81
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 292.5298 𝑚𝑖𝑛2
0
Simpson’s three eights rule (four point);
𝑋3
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓0 + 3𝑓1 + 3𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )
𝑋0 3
Where;
𝑋3 − 𝑋0 90𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 81𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= = =3
𝑁 3
90
3
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [3.8820 + 3(4.0720) + 3(4.4666) + 4.8795]
81 8
90
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 12.8915 𝑚𝑖𝑛2
81

Therefore, the value of the integral

∞ 81 90
𝜎 2 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0 81
2 2 2
𝜎 = 292.5298 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 12.8915 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜎 2 = 305.4213 𝑚𝑖𝑛2

Standard Deviation, σ for Reactor 1

𝜎 = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜎 2
𝜎 = √305.4213
𝝈 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏

c) Third Moment, Skewness, s3 for Reactor 1

∞ 81 90
𝑠 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 ) 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
3 3
0 0 81

For N+1 point, where N is even:

𝑋𝑁
ℎ
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 4𝑓1 + 2𝑓2 + 4𝑓3 + 2𝑓4 + ⋯ + 4𝑓𝑁−1 + 𝑓𝑁 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋𝑁 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
81𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
27
 81
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
3
= [(−61.3232) + 4(−245.2100) + 2(−114.9230) + 4(−45.5399) + 2(−16.3242)
3
+ 4(−4.8614) + 2(−0.3322) + 4(0.0011) + 2(0.5885) + 4(3.7209) + 2(10.9405)
+ 4(23.5305) + 2(42.7857) + 4(65.3456) + 2(73.4060) + 4(52.2902) + 2(104.9305)
+ 4(113.4735) + 2(117.7186) + 4(145.6246) + 2(170.1320) + 4(203.2943)
+ 2(236.4554) + 4(202.5869) + 2(266.3443) + 4(311.6631) + 2(260.7232)
+ 234.4063]
81
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 5781.6513 𝑚𝑖𝑛3
0

Simpson’s three eights rule (four point);

𝑋3
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 + 3𝑓1 + 3𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )
𝑋0 3 0
Where;
𝑋3 − 𝑋0
ℎ=
𝑁
90𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 81𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ= =3
3
90
3
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [234.4063 + 3(258.0958) + 3(296.5060) + 338.5496]
81 8
90
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 838.7855 𝑚𝑖𝑛2
81

Therefore, the value of the integral

∞ 81 90
𝑠 3 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 𝐸 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0 81

𝑠 3 = 5781.6513 𝑚𝑖𝑛3 + 838.7855 𝑚𝑖𝑛3

𝒔𝟑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝟑
Table 4: Result Calculation Using Excel