CHAPTER 3

Matrices
Matrix and Operations on Matrices
• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of The square matrix A = [aij]m×m is said to be
numbers or functions. The numbers are called the a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements
elements of the matrix. are zero. It is defined as A = [aij]m×m if aij = 0, when
i ≠ j.
⎡ a11 a12 a13 .... ....a1n ⎤
⎢a •
... ... a2 n ⎥⎥
A scalar matrix is the one in which the diagonal
⎢ 21 a22 a23
elements of a diagonal matrix are equal. It is defined
⎢ a31 a32 a33 ... ... a3 n ⎥ as A = [aij]m×m if aij = 0, when i ≠ j and aij = k, when
A=⎢ ⎥
⎢ . . . ... .... . ⎥ i = j, where k is some constant.
⎢ . . . ... ... . ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡3 0⎤
⎢⎣ am1 am 2 am3 .... ... amn ⎥⎦ m × n Example: ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 3⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤ • Identity matrix is the square matrix where the
⎢ 4 2 −2 ⎥ diagonal elements are all 1 and rest are all zero. It
Example: A = ⎢⎢0 3
⎥
5⎥ is defined as A = [aij]m×m where aij = 1 if i = j and
⎢ ⎥ aij = 0 if i ≠ j.
⎢1 6 −7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎡1 0⎤
• The order of the matrix is determined by m × n Example: ⎢0 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦2×2
where m is the number of rows and n is the number
of columns. • A zero matrix is the one in which all the elements
• The matrix with m × n order can be represented are zero.
as A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ ; i, j ∉  also 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, . ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
m× n
⎢ ⎥
Types of Matrices Example: ⎢0 0 0⎥
• Column matrix is a matrix which has only 1 ⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦ 3 × 3
column. It is defined as A = [aij]m×1.
• Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are equal if they
⎡2⎤ are of the same order and also each element of
Example: ⎢ 3 ⎥ matrix A is equal to the corresponding element of
⎢ ⎥
Matrix B.
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ 3 ×1
• The sum of the two matrices A = [aij] and
• Row matrix is a matrix which has only row. It is
B = [b ij ] of same order m × n is defined as
defined as B = [bij]1×n.
C = [cij]m×nwhere cij = aij + bij.
Example: ⎡⎣ 2 −1 3 ⎤⎦ 1× 3 • If x is a scalar and A = [aij]m×n is a matrix, then xA is
the matrix obtained by multiplying each element
• The square matrix is the matrix which has equal
of the matrix by the scalar x. It can be defined as
number of rows and columns i.e. the matrix in
xA = x[aij]m×m = [x(aij)]m×n.
which m = n. It is defined as A = [aij]m×m.
• –A denotes the negative of a matrix. –A = (–1)A.
⎡ 3 9 1⎤ • The difference of the two matrices A = [aij] and
Example: ⎢7 6 3⎥ B = [bij]of same order m × n is defined as C = [cij]m×n
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢9 0 2⎥⎦ 3 × 3 where cij = aij – bij.
• If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrices of the same • If AT = A then the square matrix A = [aij] is said to be
order, say m × n then A + B = B + A. It is called the symmetric matrix for all possible values of i and j.
commutative law.
⎡1 2 4 ⎤
• If A = [aij], B = [bij] and C = [cij] are the three Example: ⎢ 2 3 7 ⎥
matrices of same order, say m × n, then (A + B) + C ⎢ ⎥
= A + (B + C). It is called the associative law. ⎣⎢ 4 7 0 ⎥⎦
• If B = [bij] is a matrix of order m × n and O is a zero • If AT = –A then the square matrix A = [aij] is said to
matrix of the order m × n, then B + O = O + B = B. be skew symmetric matrix for all the possible
O is the additive identity for matrix addition. values of i and j. All the diagonal elements of a
• If B = [bij] is a matrix of order m × n then we have skew symmetric matrix are zero.
another matrix as –B = [–bij] of the order m × n
⎡1 2 −4 ⎤
such that B + (–B) = (–B) + B = O. So, –B is the ⎢ ⎥
additive inverse of B. Example: A = ⎢ −2 3 7 ⎥ then
• If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrices of the same ⎢⎣ 4 −7 0 ⎥⎦
order, say m × n, and x and y are the scalars, then
⎡ 1 −2 4 ⎤ ⎡1 2 −4 ⎤
¾ x(A + B) = xA + xB
¾ (x + y)A = xA + yA AT = ⎢⎢ 2 3 −7 ⎥⎥ = − ⎢⎢ −2 3 7 ⎥⎥ = − A
• If A = [aij] is a matrix of order m × n and B = [bjk] ⎣⎢ −4 7 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 4 −7 0 ⎦⎥
is a matrix of order n × p then the product of • For any square matrix A with real number entries,
the matrices A and B is a matrix C of order m × p. A + AT is a symmetric matrix and A – AT is a skew
It can be denoted as AB = C = [Cik]m×p, where symmetric matrix.
•
n
cik = ∑a b
j =1
ij jk
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of
a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix
• Properties of multiplication of matrices are as
follows:
i.e A =
1
2
(A + AT +)1
2
(
A − AT )
¾ The associative law: If there are 3 matrices
X, Y and Z we have (XY)Z = X(YZ)
Inverse of matrices by
¾ Distributive law: If there are 3 matrices X, Y
and Z then:
Elementary row
X(Y + Z) = XY + XZ transformation
(X + Y)Z = XZ + YZ • Elementary operation of a matrix are as follows:
¾ The existence of multiplicative identity: ¾ Interchanging of two rows or columns: Ri
For every square matrix X, there exists an ↔ Rj or Ci ↔ Cj represents that the ith row or
identity matrix of the same order such that column is interchanged with jth row or column.
IX = XI = X.
¾ Multiplying the row or column of matrix
¾ Multiplication is not commutative: AB ≠ BA by non- zero scalar: Ri → lRj or Ci → lCj
Transpose of a Matrix and where I is any non- zero number, represents
the ith row or column is multiplied by I.
Symmetric and Skew ¾ Adding the elements of any row or column
to another row or column: Ri → Ri + lRj or
Symmetric Matrices Ci → Ci + lCj, where I is any non-zero number,
represents that the jth row or column is
• The transpose of the matrix A = [aij]m×n is denoted
multiplied by I and added to respective element
by AT = [aji]n×m and is obtained by interchanging
of ith row or column.
the rows with columns of matrix A.
• If X is a square matrix of order n and if there
⎡ −4 1 ⎤ ⎡ −4 2⎤ exists another square matrix Y of the same order
Example: If A = ⎢ ⎥ , then A = ⎢
T
⎥.
⎣ 2 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ n, such that XY = YX = I, then Y is called the
• Some properties of transpose of the matrices are inverse matrix of X and it is denoted by X–1.
as follows: • The inverse of a matrix can be found using row or
If A and B are matrices of suitable orders then column operations.
¾ (AT)T = A • If Y is the inverse of X, then X is also the inverse of
¾ (kA)T = kAT (Where k is any constant) Y. Also, (XY)–1 = Y–1X–1
¾ (A + B)T = AT + BT • Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
¾ (AB)T = BTAT
 Exercise
⎡1 K 3⎤ ⎡ cos2θ sin 2θ ⎤
1. If A = ⎢3 K −2 ⎥⎥ is a singular matrix, then (c) ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎣⎢sin θ cos 2θ ⎦⎥
⎢⎣2 3 −4 ⎥⎦
(d) None of these
K=?
⎡ 1 − 1⎤
16 34 7. If matrix A = ⎢ 2
⎥ and A = KA, then what
(a) (b) ⎣ −1 1 ⎦
3 5
is the value of K?
33 (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) (d) None
2 (c) 4 (d) 5

⎡ 1 − 2⎤ ⎡ 5 −6 ⎤ ⎡2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −4 6 ⎤
2. If ⎢3 6 ⎥ + 2X = ⎢ −7 4 ⎥ , then X = ? 8. If ⎢5 7⎥ ⎢ −2 4 ⎥ = ⎢ −9 x ⎥ , then what is the
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
value of x?
⎡ −2 2⎤ ⎡2 −2⎤
(a) ⎢ ⎥ (b) ⎢5 −1⎥ (a) 11 (b) 13
⎣ −5 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(c) 9 (d) 17
⎡ 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 0 2b −2⎤
(c) ⎢ −5 −1⎥
9. If matrix A = ⎢ 3 1 3 ⎥⎥ is symmetric, then
(d) None of these
⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎢⎣3a 3 −1⎥⎦
α β⎤
3. If A = ⎡⎢ ⎥ , then adj A = ? what is the value of a and b?
⎣ γ δ⎦
−2 3 3 2
(a) , (b) ,
⎡ δ −γ ⎤ ⎡δ −β ⎤ 3 2 2 3
(a) ⎢ ⎥ (b) ⎢ −γ
⎣ −β α ⎦ ⎣ α ⎥⎦ 2 −3
(c) , (d) None of these
3 2
⎡ −δ β ⎤ ⎡ −δ −β ⎤ 10. If A is a square matrix, then (A – AT) is
(c) ⎢ γ −α ⎥ (d) ⎢ γ
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ α ⎥⎦ (a) a null matrix
4. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, (b) an identity matrix
then (A + B)2 = ? (c) a symmetric matrix
(a) A2 + 2AB + B2 (b) A2 + 2AB + B (d) a skew-symmetric matrix
(c) A2 + AB + BA + B2 (d) None of these 11. If A is a square matrix, then (A + AT) is
5. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, (a) a null matrix
then (A – B)2 = ?
(b) an identity matrix
(a) A2 – 2AB + B2 (b) A2 – 2BA + B2 (c) a symmetric matrix
(c) A2 – AB – BA + B2 (b) None of these (d) a skew-symmetric matrix
⎡cos θ sin θ ⎤
6. If A = ⎢ 2
⎥ , then A = ? ⎡0 a −3⎤
⎣sin θ cos θ ⎦ 12. If the matrix A = ⎢ 2 0 −1⎥ is a skew symmetric
⎢ ⎥
⎡ cos2θ sin2 θ ⎤ ⎣⎢ b 1 0 ⎥⎦
(a) ⎢ 2 ⎥
matrix, then what is the value of a and b?
⎢⎣sin θ cos2 θ ⎥⎦
(a) –2, 3 (b) 3, 2
⎡ cos2θ sin 2θ ⎤ (c) 4, –5 (d) 2, –3
(b) ⎢sin 2θ cos 2θ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
13. For what value of x, is the matrix 17. If A and B are invertible square matrices of the
same order, then
⎡ 0 1 −2 ⎤
A = ⎢⎢ −1 0 3 ⎥⎥ a skew symmetric matrix? (a) (AB)–1 = (A–1) (B–1)
⎢⎣ x −3 0 ⎥⎦ (b) (AB)–1 = (B–1) (A–1)
(c) (AB)–1 = A–1 B
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 5 (d) (AB)–1 = AB–1
18. If A is an invertible square matrix and k is a non-
3 −1⎤
14. If A = ⎡⎢ T
⎥ , then adj (A ) = ? negative real number, then (kA)–1= ?
⎣ −2 5 ⎦
(a) kA–1
⎡5 1⎤ ⎡5 2⎤
(a) ⎢2 3⎥ (b) ⎢3 1⎥ 1 −1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ (b) A
k
⎡5 2⎤ ⎡ −5 2⎤ (c) 2kA
(c) ⎢1 3⎥ (d) ⎢ 1 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ (d) None

⎡5 2 ⎤ ⎡ −5 4 0 ⎤
15. If A = ⎢ –1
⎥ , then A = ? ⎢ 0 2 −1⎥ ,
⎣3 1 ⎦ 19. If A = [1 2 3] and B = ⎢ ⎥ then AB =
⎣⎢ 1 −3 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −2⎤
(a) ⎢ 3 −5⎥ (b) ⎢ −3 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −5 4 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ (a) ⎢ 0 4 −2⎥
(c) ⎢ ⎥ (d) ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 −5⎦ ⎣3 5⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 −9 6 ⎥⎦
(b) [3 1 1]
⎡ 3 −1⎤
(c) [–2 – 1 4]
16. If |A| = 3 and A −1 = ⎢ −5 2 ⎥ , then adj A = ?
⎢ ⎥ (d) [–2 1 4]
⎣3 3⎦
20. A square matrix A = [aij] in which aij = 0 for i ≠ j
and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
⎡ 9 −3⎤ ⎡ −9 3 ⎤
(a) ⎢ ⎥ (b) ⎢ 5 −2⎥ (a) Unit matrix
⎣ −5 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(b) scalar matrix
⎡9 3⎤ ⎡ 9 − 3⎤ (c) Null matrix
(c) ⎢ −5 −2⎥ (d) ⎢5 −2⎥ (d) Diagonal matrix
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Answer Keys
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)

11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
 Solutions
1.  A is a singular matrix,
⎡cos2 θ + sin 2 θ 2sin θ cos θ ⎤
⇒ |A| = 0 =⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos2 θ ⎥⎦
1 k 3
∴ 3 k −2 = 0
⎡ 1 sin 2θ ⎤
2 3 −4 =⎢
⎣sin 2θ 1 ⎥⎦
⇒ 1 . (–4k + 6) – k(–12 + 4) + 3 (9 – 2k) = 0
7. Given A2 = kA
⇒ –4k + 6 + 12k – 4k + 27 – 6k = 0
⇒ 12k – 14k + 33 = 0 ⎡ 1 − 1⎤ ⎡ 1 − 1⎤ ⎡ 1 − 1⎤
⇒⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =k⎢ ⎥
⇒ –2k = –33 ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ ⎣ −1 1 ⎦
⇒ 2k = 33
⎡ 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡ k −k ⎤
33 ⇒⎢ ⎥ =⎢
∴k= ⎣ −2 2 ⎦ ⎣ − k k ⎥⎦
2
2. Given, ∴ k=2
⎡1 − 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 −6 ⎤ 8. Given,
⎢ ⎥ + 2X = ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 6 ⎦ ⎣ −7 4 ⎦ ⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −3 ⎤ ⎡ −4 6 ⎤
⎢ 5 7 ⎥ ⎢ −2 4 ⎥ = ⎢ −9 x ⎥
⎡ 5 −6⎤ ⎡1 −2⎤ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⇒ 2X = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥
⎣ −7 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 6 ⎦
⎡ 2−6 −6 + 12 ⎤ ⎡ −4 6 ⎤
⎡ 4 −4 ⎤ ⇒⎢ =
=⎢ ⎣ 5 − 14 −15 + 28⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −9 x ⎥⎦
⎣ − 10 − 2 ⎥⎦

1⎡ 4 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −2⎤ ⎡ −4 6 ⎤ ⎡ −4 6 ⎤
∴X= = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ −10 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 −1⎥⎦ ⎣ −9 13⎦ ⎣ −9 x ⎦

⎡α β⎤ ∴ x = 13
3.  A = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ γ δ⎦ 9.  A is a symmetric matrix

∴ M11 = δ. M12 = γ, M2 = β, M22 = α ⇒ AT = A

and C11 = δ, C12 = – γ, C21 = – β, C22 = α. ⎡ 0 3 3a ⎤ ⎡ 0 2b −2⎤
⎢2b 1 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 3 1 3 ⎥
⎡δ −β ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
∴ Adj A = ⎢ ⎣⎢ −2 3 −1⎦⎥ ⎢⎣3a 3 −1⎦⎥
⎣ −γ α ⎥⎦
Therefore, 3a = –2
4. (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
= A2 + AB + BA + B2 −2
∴a =
[by distributive law] 3
5. A – B)2 = (A – B) (A – B) and 2b = 3
2 2
= A – AB – BA + B 3
[By distributive law] ∴ b=
2
⎡ cos θ sin θ ⎤ 10. (A – AT)T = AT – (AT)T = AT – A = – (A – AT)
6.  A = ⎢ ⎥ ∴ (A – AT) is a skew symmetric matrix.
⎣sin θ cos θ ⎦
11. (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = (A + AT)
⎡cos θ sin θ ⎤ ⎡ cos θ sin θ ⎤ ∴ (A + AT) is a symmetric matrix.
∴ A2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣sin θ cos θ ⎦ ⎣sin θ cos θ ⎦
12. Given that, A is a skew symmetric matrix.
⎡5 2⎤
⇒ AT = –A 15. A = ⎢ ⎥ = ( 5 − 6 ) = −1
⎣3 1 ⎦
⎡ 0 2 b⎤ ⎡0 a −3⎤ and M11 = 1, M12 = 3, M21 = 2, M22 = 5
⎢ a 0 1 ⎥ = − ⎢ 2 0 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ C11 = 1, C12 = –3, C21 = –2, C22 = 5
⎢⎣ −3 −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ b 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 − 2⎤
∴ Adj A = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 5 ⎦
⎡ 0 2 b ⎤ ⎡ 0 −a 3⎤
1 1 ⎡ +1 −2⎤
⇒ ⎢⎢ a 0 1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ −2 0 1 ⎥⎥ ∴ A −1 = . Adj A =
A −1 ⎢⎣ −3 +5⎥⎦
⎢⎣ −3 −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − b −1 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 2 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
On comparing the above matrices, ⎣ 3 −5⎦
We get, a = –2 and b = 3 16. We know that,
13. The value of determinants of skew symmetric
1
matrix of odd order is always equal to zero. A −1 = . Adj A
A
⎡ 0 1 −2⎤ ⇒ Adj A = |A| . A–1
⎢ −1 0 3 ⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎡3 −1⎤
⎢⎣ x −3 0 ⎥⎦ = 3 ⎢ −5 2 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣3 3⎦
⇒ –1(0 – 3x) – 2(3 – 0) = 0
⎡ 9 −3 ⎤
⇒ 3x – 6 = 0 =⎢ ⎥
⎣ −5 2 ⎦
⇒ 3x = 6
17. We have (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
6
∴ x= =2 1 1
18. We have ( KA ) −1 =
−1
3 = .( A )
KA K
⎛ 3 −2⎞
14. A T = ⎜ ⎡ −5 4 0 ⎤
⎝ −1 5 ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥
19. AB = [1 2 3] ⎢ 0 2 −1⎥
∴ M11 = 5, M12 = –1, M21 = –2, M22 = 3 ⎢⎣ 1 −3 2 ⎥⎦

= [ −5 + 0 + 3 4 + 4 − 9 0 − 2 + 6]
and C11 = 5, C12 = 1, C21 = 2, C22 = 3

( ) ⎡ 5 2⎤
∴ Adj A T = ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 3 ⎦
= [ −2 −1 4 ]
20. Use definition