Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Assignment 2

Question 1

Solution:
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and point 2 gives:

P 2 P 1 V 21 V 22
= + − ….....(1)
ρ g ρg 2g 2 g

Q 0.12
V1  = = 0.61 m/s
A1  (0.52 ) / 4
Q 0.12
V2  = = 2.44 m/s
A2  (0.252 ) / 4

From Eq. (1), P 2=27.6kPa

Applying momentum equation in the x-direction gives:

F 1− F 2 cos 45− R x =ρ Q (V 2 cos 45−V 1)
R x =4798 N
Applying momentum equation in the y-direction:
F 2 sin 45− R y =ρ Q (−V 2 sin 45−0)
R y =1165 N

R=( R 2x +R 2y )1/ 2
R=4937N

θ=tan−1
( )
Ry
Rx
o
θ=13.6

Question 2

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the water surface in the tank and the pipe outlet:

P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22
Z 1+ + =Z 2+ +
ρg 2g ρg 2g

P 1= [
V 22
2g
−Z 1 ρ g ]
 Q =V 2 A 2

P 1=
[ 8Q 2
g π 2 D 42 ]
−Z 1 ρ g

P 1=22,446 Pa .

Question 3
Applying power equation to give:
Q γ H p=7×103 W
0.714
H p= m
Q
The volumetric flow flow rate is:
Q=VA=0.0176 V m3 / s

Applying energy equation between point 1 (water surface at reservior A) and point 2 (water surface
at reservior B) gives:
P1 +V 21 P2 V 22
+Z 1 + + H p= + Z 2+ +h L
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Q=0.0335 m3 / s

Therefore, H p =21.31 m
V =1.896 m/ s
V2
=0.183 m .
2g
Question 4
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at Point 1 and 2:
2 2
P1 +V 1 P V
+Z 1 + + H p= 2 + Z 2 + 2 +h L12
ρg 2g ρg 2g
V =3.62 m/ s
D 2 3.1416  0.2 2
Q  VA  V  3.62   0.0087 m 3 / s.
4 4

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at Point 1 and 3:

P1 +V 21 P V2
+Z 1 + + H p= 3 + Z 3+ 3 +h L13
ρg 2g ρg 2g
h L13=0.89 m

Question 5
Assumptions: (1) Flow is steady; (2) fluid is incompressible; (3) the wind tunnel surface is smooth;
(4) no disturbance in the free stream flow. (any two)
At temperature T = 20 oC, air density () is 1.204 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity () is 1.516 × 10-5
m2/s.
VL
Reynolds number Re x = ν
(5 m/ s)(1.2m)
Re x =
1.516×10−5
5 5
Re x =3.96×10 < Re x ,cr =5×10 engineering critical Reynolds number for transition to a
turbulent boundary layer. The boundary layer is laminar.
0.664 0.664
Local shear stress coefficient for laminar boundary layer: c f = 1/ 2
= =0.001
( Re x ) (3.96×105 )1/ 2

Question 6
k s 0.08
= =0.000533
D 1 150
k s 0.08
= =0.00032
D 2 250
Q 0.15
V 1= = =8.5 m/ s
A1 (π×0.152 )/ 4
Q 0.15
V 2= = =3.1 m/ s
A 2 (π×0.252 )/ 4

Reynolds number:
 V 1 D1
Re 1= ν =1275000
V D
Re 2 = 2ν 2 =775000
Friction factor from Moody diagram:
f 1=0.0172 and f 2=0.0158

From energy equation: H = z1 − z 2=∑ h L

V 12 L1 V 12 (V 1−V 2 )2 L 2 V 22 V 22
H =Ki +f1 + +f2 +K o
2g D1 2 g 2g D2 2 g 2g
H =43.77 m .

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