Bule Hora

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT @ 2018
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Declaration
We declare that the work entitled “FINAL REPORT OF INTERNSHIP” is submitted by us, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for 4th year second semester internship report in ECE
stream of communication, to BULE HORA UNIVERSITY department of electrical and
computer engineering and comprises only our original work and outstanding acknowledgement
has been made in the text to all other materials used.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It’s our pleasure to thank Bule Hora University and Ministry of Education for setting up this
internship program .also thanks to Ethio telecom for allowing us to work and introduce us with
the currently technologies being used and also we would like to give special thanks to UIL
students that are from Bule Hora University and from different campus that we have working
and sharing knowledge with.
We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the company manager Mr.Gemechis and
Network division manager Mr.Mulatu Gudeta as well as our supervisors Mr.Adugna Getu from
RAN section,Mr.Yigrem Bekele from transmission section for helping and guiding us from the
beginning of this internship program and until day of finalized this internship report.
Also we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Mr.Gurmessa for his
constructive advises, guiding and correcting our documents with attention and care as well as
follow ups.
Finally, we would like to thank all group members that had always been dedicated in making this
internship report successful no matter how hard this internship report is impossible to complete.
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ABSTRACT
Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital
information signal over a physical point-to-point, point-to-multipoint or from multi-to point.
During the transmission there are many medium which the information is passing through it.
Such as: copper cable, optical fiber, coaxial cable, and micro wave. Among those mediums Ethio
telecom of WR focuses on optical fiber and microwave .This project is replacing the microwave
by optical fiber for backbone sites. That means instead of microwave using the optical fiber. In
today’s technology WR as well as our country used these two methods which mentioned the
above. But the quality of optical fiber and micro wave for transmission of the signals is not the
same. By another way optical fiber is better than microwave because Microwave links are
subject to interference from other users on the same frequency, natural noise, and so on.
Someone might decide to build a tall building in your path and you can't stop them. At some
frequencies, fog and atmospheric haze can significantly degrade the path. Optical cables are
relatively robust, perhaps being subject only to the occasional ill-placed backbone.
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Acronyms/Abbreviations
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AG Access Gateway
APN Access Point Name
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUC Authentication Center
BBU Base Band Unit
BGW Broadband Gateway
BPC Baseband Processing board type C
BR Backbone Router
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CC Control and Clock
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CLIP Caller Line Identification Presentation
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CN Core Network
DCDU Direct Current Distribution Unit
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiple
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ECE Electrical and Computer Engineering
EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
EIR Equipment Identification Register
ET Ethiopian Telecommunication
ETA Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority
ETC Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation
EVDO Evolution Data Optimized
FAN Fixed Access Network
FDMA Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
FL- NGN Fixed Line Next Generation Network
FM Fan Module
FSPL Free Space Path Loss Model
FWT Fixed Wireless Terminal
GERAN GSM EDGE Audio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GOTA Global Open Trucking Architecture
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GRAN GSM Radio Access Network
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
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HLR Home Location Registers

IAD Integrated Access Device
ICT Information Communication Technology
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IBTE Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia
IDU In Door Unit
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network
ITTC International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KBPS kilo bit per second
LAN Local Area Network
LTE Long Term Evolution
MCN Mobile Core Network
MGW Media Gateway
MPLS Multi Protocol Labeled Switch
MS Mobile Station
MSAG Multi-Service Access Gateway
MSAN Multi service Access Node
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MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSISDN Mobile Station Integrated Service Digital Network
MSS Mobile Soft Switch
NGN Next Generation Network
NOC Network Operating Center
NSS Network Switching Subsystem
OAD Optical Add and Drop
ODF Optical Distribution Frame
OM Operation Maintenance
OMD Optical Multiplexer and De multiplexer
OSS Operation and Support Subsystem
PM Power Module
PP Partnership Project
PRO Project Rollout
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTO Public Telecommunication Operator
PTT Post Telephone and Telegraph
RAN Radio Access Network
RNC Radio Network Control
RRU Radio Remote Unit
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SA Site Alarm
SAT Supervisory Audio Tone
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDM Space Division Multiplexing
SGSN Service GPRS Support Node
SGW Signaling Gateway
SIM Subscriber Identification Mode
SMS Short Messaging Service
SMSC Short Message Service Center
SS Soft Switch
SS7 Signaling System 7
TDMA Time Division Multiple
TG Trunk Gateway
UBPG Universal Baseband Processing board for GSM
UE User Equipment
UIL University Industry Linkage
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UTRAN Universal Mobile Telecommunication RAN
VAS Value Added Service
VLR Visitor Location Registers
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VPN Virtual Private Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WCDMA Wide band Code Division Multiple Access
WDM Wave length Division Multiplexing
WR West Region
XDSL Exchange of Digital Subscriber Line
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generations
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Executive Summary
This paper was formally written document that explains what we have learned, done and gain in
the four months during the internship. For simplicity, it was divided in to four chapters.
In Chapter one it was clearly described the general background of the company (Ethio
telecom).Starting from the introduction that explains the Ethio telecom brief history, its main
product , main customers or end users of its products and overall organization and work flow.
Including the fourth one that is Ethio Telecom, company mission and values, the service and
product of the company, and the overall organization of the company (Ethio telecom).
In chapter two, our paper explains all about the overall internship experience that includes
how we get to the company, the sections of the company that we have worked. These are mostly
the RAN and the transmission section. It also explains how each section works (operates), the
tasks in each section and the contribution of us.
In chapter three, it explains the overall benefits of the internship that we have gained.
The fourth chapter deals with the project about the replacement of microwave by optical fiber for
back bone sites.
The last one is chapter five which deeply explains the final conclusion and recommendation of
our final report to Bule Hora University and Ethio telecom.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................II
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................III
ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................X
CHAPTER-1....................................................................................................................................1
BACK GROUND OF ETHIO TELECOM.....................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Mission and Vision of Western Region Ethio Telecom............................................................3
1.2 Main product or services of Ethio telecom................................................................................5
1.3 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services..................................................6
1.4 Overall organization and work flow of ET, (western region)...................................................7
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................8
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE....................................................................................8
2.1 The Section Of The Company we have been working..............................................................8
2.2 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom.........................................................................9
2.3 Work Tasks................................................................................................................................9
2.4 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task...................................................................................9

2.4.1 RAN (RADIO ACCESS NETWORK) SECTION...........................................................10
2.4.2 TRANSMISSION SECTION...........................................................................................23
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2.5. The challenges we faced while performing in our work task.................................................36
2.6 Procedure we have been used in performing our task.............................................................36
2.7 Measures we have taken in order to overcome these challenges.............................................37
OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP..................................................38
3.1 In terms of improving our Theoretical knowledge..................................................................38
3.2 In terms of improving our Practical skills...............................................................................38
3.3 In terms of upgrading our Theoretical knowledge..................................................................39
3.4 In terms of improving our Interpersonal communication skills..............................................39
3.5 In terms of improving our team working skills.......................................................................39
3.6 In terms of improving Leadership skills..................................................................................40
3.7 In terms of understanding Work Ethics related issues.............................................................40
3.8. In terms of Entrepreneurship skills.........................................................................................41
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................42
REPLACING MICROWAVE BY OPTICAL FIBER FOR BACKBONE

SITES.............................................................................................................................................42
4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................42
4.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM................................................................................................42
4.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT...........................................................................................43

4.3.1 General objective of the project........................................................................................43
4.3.2 Specific objective of the project........................................................................................43
4.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT....................................................................................................44
4.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM...................................................................................45
4.6 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................46
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4.7 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................46

4.5.1 Hard ware description.......................................................................................................46
4.8 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................51
4.9 SYSTEM DESIGN /INSTALLATION...................................................................................52
4.10 RESULT AND DISCUSSION..............................................................................................53
4.11 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................................54
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................56
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................56
5.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................56
5.2 Recommendation.....................................................................................................................57
5.2.1 Recommendation to the Ethio telecom.............................................................................57
5.2.2 Recommendation to Bule Hora University.......................................................................58
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List of Figures
Fig 1.1 over all Organizational work flow of ET,(western region).................................................7
Fig 2.1 The General Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom Company..............................9
Fig 2.2 2G-4G Data Download Rates............................................................................................12
Fig 2.3 Simplified GSM network architecture diagram................................................................13
Fig 2.4 Configuration of MSC.......................................................................................................15
Fig 2.5 Configuration of HLR.......................................................................................................16
Fig 2.6 Visitor Location Registers.................................................................................................18
Fig 2.7 WCDMA RAN Architecture.............................................................................................20
Fig 2.9 Physical BBU and RRU....................................................................................................22
Fig 2.10 Microwave Transmission System...................................................................................24
Fig 2.11 The structure of a single mode fiber................................................................................27
Fig 2.13 The WDM Technology...................................................................................................32
Fig 2.14 Daily problem handling...................................................................................................37
Fig 4.1 Structure of the Fiber Cable..............................................................................................47
Fig 4.2 Multimode fiber signal......................................................................................................47
Fig 4.3 Single-mode fiber signal...................................................................................................48
Fig 4.4 WDM operating principle.................................................................................................49
Fig 4.5 Both optical fiber and microwave from Nekemte to shambu...........................................50
Fig 4.6 Optical fiber installed for shambu site..............................................................................51
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Difference between SMF and MMF..............................................................................31
Table 4.1 The main differences between LEDs and LASERs.......................................................47
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CHAPTER-1
BACK GROUND OF ETHIO TELECOM
1. INTRODUCTION
Western Region Ethio telecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at Nekemt town
330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes six departments, such as indirect channel, direct
channel, fixed access network, operation and maintenance, Business partner, finance and
physical security and 12 shops in different areas.
This is the final report for Electrical and Computer Engineering communication focuses area for
semester internship. This specific internship was undertaken at western region Ethio telecom,
where duties were assigned providing the experience as a product specialist. During the course of
internship technical and process related activities were experienced. This provides a useful
knowledge and valuable job skills for the interns.
Background of Ethio telecom
The history of Ethio telecom starts in recent days after a reformation takes place from the
previous company titled Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations which is now a day does
not exist. In this section before we see the short history of Ethio telecom we deal with the long
history of telecommunications in Ethiopia since it is the back bone of the current existence of
Ethio telecom as Telecommunications Company.
Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia in 1894, 17 years after it is introduced to

the world. The first major telephone line constructed spanned a total distance of about 477 km
and connects Harare a major trade center in eastern region with Addis Ababa. Immediately after
the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the construction of the first and only
rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period of two years 880km North to South
telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa was constructed and made operational in
1904. The “verbal repeater” system was used to facilitate long distance calls, making use of the
several intermediate stations opened at the small towns and villages along the route.

By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by
the telephone network. International communication service, however took long to develop.
Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected. By 1932 Ethiopia becomes the
member of ITU (International telecommunication Union).
By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and
London and soon after radio communications training sectors for Ethiopians. By 1941 they build
a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara with a capacity of 1,500 and 1,200 respectively.
After all when they leave Ethiopia after the Ethiopian Army defeats them they left nothing in the
sector; they destroy all things they deploy. As we say above the next period (the post war period)
starts here after the return of Italy to their country. The main thing done at the beginning of this
period was rehabilitation of the destroyed telephone network. In this period the ministry of
Telephone, Telegraph and post was reestablished to facilitate the rehabilitation work.
By 1972 a new organizational structure was made and Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority
(ETA) was established. The authority comprises of the following three departments Financial
and Supply department, Operations department, Energy department.
In recent days we can see the transformation from ETC to Ethio Telecom. In 2005, ETC installed
a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4000 kilometers radiating out in six major directions
from the capital (to Dire-Dawa,Djibouti,Dessie,Mekele,Bahir-Dar,Nekemt,Jimma and
Hawassa ), laying a foundation for delivering current and future services including digital radio,
TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to increase the service capacity,
reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, ETC transferred from narrowband to
broadband service in January 2005.
Today the back bone network is constituted from a variety of microwave satellite and fiber optics
links. Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station at sululta which transmits and receives to and
from both the Indian Ocean & the Atlantic Ocean satellites‟ making it is to reach over the world.
As of 2007, IP based next generation networks of fixed telephone lines, third generation network
(3G)0f mobile service based on wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA) , Code

division multiple access (CDMA), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and dense wavelength
division multiple (DWDM) based optical fiber transmission have been introduced in Ethiopia.
1.1 Mission and Vision of Western Region Ethio Telecom

1.1.1 Mission
 To provide world class, modern and high quality Telecom service accessible to all
citizens there by to support the multifaceted development of country to the highest level.
 Develop and maintain a modern Information and communications network infrastructure
capable of supporting voice data and video services, equitably across the country and
with high capacity digital connectivity to the rest of the world.
 To connect every Ethiopian through ICT
 Provide world class telecommunication services including basic telephony, mobile,
internet and multimedia services.
 They wish to implement state of the art processes, to develop reliable network
infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to their Customers.
1.1.2 Vision
Ethio telecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all our people have access
to information infrastructure on equitable basis.
 Ethio telecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong and vibrant
world-class. Ethio telecom will achieve its goal of both providing a reliable network and
of improving Customer Services through a range of different levers that are part of its
development strategy.
 Ethio telecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will help to
decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to provide more reliable
information to Customers.
 Ethio telecom will develop a world-class human resources management. This will help to
improve employees’ ability to meet the needs and expectations of Customers.
 Ethio telecom will develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will help to faster
delivery and repair and will offer more transparency to Customers
 To become world class provider of telecom service

1.1.3 Values
 Lead with vision:-Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecom needs and
expectations of the country at large and of customers in particular.
 Respect:-Respect customers and recognize that the revenue generated allows ethio
telecom to operate
 Recognize employees of ethio telecom as most valuable assets and create conducive
working environment that allows them to develop and grow.
 Excellence:-Be committed to high-level performances, customer service quality,
organizational excellence and continuous improvement of Quality of Services.
 Integrity:-Be ethical and honest in all assignments
 Accountability:-Be accountable to all stakeholders
 Honest:- Ethio Telecom uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments
 superior financial :- Ethio Telecom will make every effort to achieve a superior
financial return
1.1.4 Objectives
The main objective of ethio telecom citizen charter is to: Create awareness on products &
services provided by ethio telecom and help citizens understand the subscription requirements to
get those services
 Provide information regarding prices and service delivery time.

 Establish transparency and accountability regarding the services provided to citizens.
 Serve citizens with courtesy, non-discrimination and respect.
 Establish feedback mechanism from citizens to improve service quality.
 Enhance citizens’ satisfaction through continual improvement of products and service
delivery process.
To reach these goals, all Ethio telecom divisions will focus on:
 developing, enhancing network and information system

 ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population
 Creating a strong brand.

 developing human resources management

 implementing control standard processes
 Improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes.
1.2 Main product or services of Ethio telecom

Ethio telecom offers a wide range of product and services tailored market Enterprise customers.
They offer fixed wireless services, mobile Internet and data services as well as 3G services like
WCDMA and CDMA through newly deployed NGN to our nationwide huge capacity. They
provide Enterprise customers a reliable affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their
business increase productivity by connecting them to local and international patents.
 Ethio telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of
high quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country.
The services that are provided by Ethio telecom are:-
Services of Ethio-telecom
 Mobile Data / EVDO

 IP Services email
 Domain name
 Web hosting
 International roaming
 Interconnection
 LAN or WAN connections of banks
GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid)
The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). It has voice, data, SMS and other
value added capabilities.
 SMS (short messaging service)

 Call divertSSS
 Call waiting
 Call barring

Fixed Line
 Fixed Wireless CDMA

 Fixed Line Value Added Service (VAS)
There are different packages of fixed line value added services which are very important for both
enterprise and residential customers. CLIP/ Caller Line Identification Presentation, Call Waiting,
Call Barring, Call Divert, Fixed Hot line, Call-Conference, Short number call and so on.
Mobile Service
 GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid)

 WCDMA
 Mobile Roaming service
Internet and Data
 Broadband internet (Wired broadband internet, Wireless broadband internet).

 Data (MPLS- VPN):(Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch-Virtual private network).
 Internet VAS (Domain Name, Internet Protocol (IP) address, Graphic Scanning,
Counter Service and Web hosting.
1.3 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services

Ethio Telecom provides the services for:
 Every Individual
 Households
 Government organizations
 Business different companies
 Private organizations
 Government organizations
 Public institutions (schools, health centers, Universities & others)

1.4 Overall organization and work flow of ET, (western region)

The head office of ethio telecom in Addis Ababa is networked with the regional telecoms. Our
hosting company is one of the regional telecoms and is known as ethio telecom west region.
In ethio telecom west region there are seven main departments and these are:-
 Fixed line access network (FAN)

 Operation and Maintenance(O&M)
 Indirect Channel
 Direct Channel
 Business Partner
 Security
 Financial
HEAD OFFICE ADDIS
REGIONAL ETHIO TELECOM
ETHIOTELECOM WEST REGION
FAN O&M Indirect Direct Business Security Financial

channel channel partner
Back RAN
bone Sale& finance
RXN
Rehabits
at
CORE
Planer
IP
Maintenan
ce POWER
Performance Fig 1.1 over all Organizational work flow of ET,(western region)

CHAPTER TWO
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

How we get in to the Company
According to the Bule Hora University collage of engineering and technology all undergraduate
students of engineering must have 4 month of internship program on industry level. As it’s
known Bule Hora University collage of engineering and technology has an office called UIL
(University Industry Linkage) just for the purpose of linking students and industries. On the last
week of our third year program in our university. The UIL office told us in the coming summer
to find suitable company to work in internship program. After searching about two month,
unfortunately we and most of our classmate couldn’t find any company better than ethio telecom.
Considering our situation at the end of our first semester of fourth year, after so many ups and
downs the UIL office facilitates our internship placement program. Then according to our first
choice the UIL gave us the opportunity to work with ethio telecom with preconditions in
NEKEMT, West Region for about four month. After all this procedure the ethio telecom reported
the UIL of university as they are ready to accept UIL students from all universities. Following
this we enter into the ethio telecom company on April 12, 2018, Nekemt.on this day we take two
days program training about all the ethio telecom company back ground, mission and vision. as
well as some guests from different offices are attend this training program .few of them are
manager at ethio telecom company and head of university industrial linkage from ministry of
education .those guests introduce us why government adopt this new curriculum to
undergraduate courses of engineering student at the aim of it. End of the program they arrange
for all students who come from different universities into different departments.
2.1 The Section Of The Company we have been working

In our internship period what we have seen (the components of each sections) and what we have
learned there is described next in each of the sections. The working sections we stay are RAN
Section and Transmission section, therefore first of all we would like to explain the highlight of
the other working sections and finally we will explain both sections in detail.

2.2 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom

After we join Ethio Telecom the first task we done were taking an induction training to introduce
our selves with the overall matters in Ethio Telecom. At the End of the induction training we
select the work section that we stay for the next four months in Ethio Telecom. Ethio telecom has
OPER
different departments in different regions.ATION
At western region we assigned to work in operation
and maintenance department for all session. AND This department covers all operation and
maintenance in case of western region. MAIN Operation and maintenance department has its own
TENA
manager. Under the western region Ethio telecom,
NCE we have been working in the Operation and
Maintenance department and the department consists of six working sections. Each section has
DEPA
its own supervisor. RTME
NT
The work flow of the working sections are managed by the manager of the department.
Performanc Transmiss IP section Core RAN Power

e section ion network section section
section section
Fig 2.1 The General Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom Company
2.3 Work Tasks

In our internship period the work task we have been done are:
 Observing different components
 Knowing the operation of the components
 How to check DWDM and CWDM are functioning by using GUI Software
2.4 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task

To perform the above work tasks we used some procedures by the help of the Operation &
Maintenance department manager at West Region ethio telecom. To do this work tasks
efficiently and effectively the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day we observe the
component of one working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day we continue to

observe the component of another working section and how the component is operating by the
help of worker of the section suited for us. After observing the components of the six working
sections for the first round, we come together with all of the intern’s and with the advisor of each
section. At that time the time is given for us to ask the advisors if there is a question and after the
question is explained for us, a highlight is given from the advisors again on the operation of the
component we observe past days. Like this we perform the work tasks in our internship duration.
Operation and maintenance department is responsible for controlling the operation of the
communication system and for maintenance of network and communication equipments.
Communication stream students are allocated at SIX departments. From this we were on RAN
and TRANSMISSION section deeply.
This department has six sub departments and these are:-
 Radio Access Network (RAN)

 Transmission
 Core network,
 IP, IT
 Performance
 Power
2.4.1 RAN (RADIO ACCESS NETWORK) SECTION

A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile telecommunication system. it implements a
radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between a mobile phone, a computer or any
remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its core network (CN).depending on
the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user
equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc.
RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both core network as well as
the user equipment.
Examples of radio access network are:
 GRAN:GSM radio access network

 GERAN: essentially the same as GRAN but specifying the inclusion of EDGE
packet radio services
 UTRAN:UMTS radio access network
 E-UTRAN: The Long Term Evolution(LTE) high speed and low
latency radio access network
Its also possible for a single handset
 GSM |2G
 UMTS|3G
 CDMA
EVOLUTION OF 1G-4G
1G-- Established seamless mobile connectivity introducing mobile voice connectivity. Separate
frequencies, frequency division multiple access (FDMA).
2G--Global System Mobile communication (GSM).
Digital wireless technologies increased voice capacity delivering mobile to the masses. Time
division multiple access (TDMA)
2.5G--General packet radio service (GPRS).support higher data rates.
All new IP based data infra structure and no changes to voice network
3G--Optimized mobile for data enabling mobile broad band services and is evolving for faster
and better connectivity.
4G--LTE delivers more capacity for faster and better mobile broad band experiences and is also
expanding into new frontiers

Fig 2.2 2G-4G Data Download Rates
2.4.1.1 GSM (Global System Mobile Communication)

The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in use in the world today. It has
been a particularly successful cellular phone technology for a variety of reasons including the
ability to roam worldwide with the certainty of being able to be able to operate on GSM
networks in exactly the same way - provided billing agreements are in place. The GSM system
was designed as a second generation (2G) cellular phone technology. One of the basic aims was
to provide a system that would enable greater capacity to be achieved than the previous first
generation analogue systems.
GSM services
Speech or voice calls are obviously the primary function for the GSM cellular system. In
addition to the voice services, GSM cellular technology supports a variety of other data. One
service that has grown enormously is the short message service, Developed as part of the GSM
specification service.
GSM network architecture elements can be grouped in to four main are:

1. Mobile station (MS)
2. Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
3. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
4. Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
2.4.1.1.1 Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile
phones are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates. Contains two
main elements the main hardware and the SIM. The hardware itself contains the main elements
of the mobile phone including; the display, case, battery and the electronics used to generate the
signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. Hardware also contains number
known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).It is accessed by the network
during registration to check whether the equipment has been reported as stolen. The SIM or
Subscriber Identity Module contains the information that provides the identity of the user to the
network. It contains a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
A basic diagram of the overall GSM system architecture with these four major elements is
shown below:

Fig 2.3 Simplified GSM network architecture diagram

2.4.1.1.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Fundamentally associated with communicating with the mobiles on the network.
 It consists of two elements
2.4.1.1.2.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio transmitter, receivers, and their associated
antennas that transmit and receive to directly communicate with mobiles. The interface between
the two is known as the Um interface with its associated protocols.
2.4.1.1.2.2 Base Station Controller (BSC)
The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is
often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources and controls
items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels and the like. The interface
between the BTS and BSC is known as the Abis interface.
2.4.1.1.3 Network switching subsystem (NSS)
Mobile core network/ Network switching subsystem (MCN/NSS) is the component of

GSM system that carries out call switching and mobility management functions
for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. It is owned and deployed
by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other
and telephones in the wider public switched telephone network (PSTN).
The MCN/NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional
GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. It was extended
with overlay architecture to provide packet switched data services called GPRS core network.
This allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS and The Internet.
Key elements of MCN/NSS:
1. Mobile switching center (MSC) 4.Authentication center (AUC)
2. Home location registers (HLR) 5.Equipment identity registers (EIR)

3. Visitor location registers (VLR) 6.Gate way mobile switching center (GMSC)
2.4.1.1.3.1 Mobile switching Services Center (MSC)
Mobile Switching Center is the primary service delivery node for GSM/CDMA,
responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as
conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
An exchange performing all switching and signaling functions for mobile stations.MSC controls
mobile –originated and mobile-terminated calls
Functions
 call management
 mobility management( handling attach and authentication)
 subscriber administration
 maintenance of charging data(for radio network usage)
 CS data services
 Supplementary call services(call forwarding,etc)
 Location registration, hand over
Fig 2.4 Configuration of MSC

2.4.1.1.3.2 Home Location Registers (HLR)
The HLR is a data base used for management of mobile subscriber’s .it stores the international
mobile subscriber’s identity (IMSI), mobile station ISDN number (MSISDN) and current visitor
location register (VLR) address. The main information stored there concerns the location of each
mobile station in order to be able to route calls to the mobile subscribers managed by each HLR.
Fig 2.5 Configuration of HLR
Other MCN/NSS elements connected to the HLR
The HLR connects to the following elements:
The G- MSC for handling incoming calls.
The VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network.
The SMSC for handling incoming SMSs.
The voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message is
waiting.
The AuC for authentication and ciphering and exchange of data

2.4.1.1.3.3 Visitor location registers
Visitor location register (VLR) has contains the current location of the MS and selected
administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the
subscribed services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled
by the VLR. A VLR is connected to one MSC and is normally integrated into the
MSC's hardware. The primary role of the VLR is to minimize the number of queries that
MSCs have to make to the HLR, which holds permanent data regarding the cellular
network subscribers.
VLR also holds the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and the mobile
subscriber integrated services digital network (MSISDN), the services allowed for
a particular IMSI/MSISDN pair, and authentication data, all of which correspond to a particular
subscription.
A visitor location register may also perform the following functions:
Monitor the subscriber s location within the VLR s jurisdiction.
Determine whether a subscriber may access a particular service.
Allocate roaming numbers during incoming calls.
Delete the records of inactive subscribers.
Accept information passed to it by the HLR

Fig 2.6 Visitor Location Registers
2.4.1.1.3.4 Authentication Center (AuC)
The AuC is a protected database that holds a copy of the secret key stored in each
subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio
channel. The AuC provides additional security against fraud. It is normally located close to each
HLR within a GSM network.
2.4.1.1.3.5 Equipment identification registers (EIR)
The EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment within the
network, where each mobile station is identified by its international mobile equipment identity
(IMEI).
The EIR has three databases:
White list: for all known, good IMEIs
Black list: for bad or stolen handsets
Grey list: for handsets/IMEIs that are uncertain
2.4.1.1.3.6 Gateway MSC (GMSC)

The Gateway MSC (GMSC) is the MSC that determines which “visited MSC (V- MSC)" the
subscriber who is being called is currently located at. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All
mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a GMSC. These
MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle. The visited MSC
(V - MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located.
2.4.1.1.4 Operation and support sub system (oss)
 Connected to components of the NSS and the BSC.

 It is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and it is
also used to control the traffic load of the BSS.
2.4.1.2 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication system)

UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. It’s a multimedia (voice, data and video),
increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) and also its IP architecture. The standardization
work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and has 3G
vision.
 Data rates for UMTS are

 144kbps for rural
 384kbps for urban outdoor
 2048kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
 2Mbps when stationary at specific locations
UMTS frequency spectrum
UMTS band
 1900-2025 MHZ and 2110-2200 MHZ for 3G transmission

 In the US 1710-1755 MHZ and 2110-2155 MHZ will be used instead, as the 1900
MHZ band was already used.
Components of UMTS
2.4.1.2.1 RNC (Radio Network Control)

 Controls all WCDMA RAN functions

 Connects the WCDMA RAN to the core network via the Iu
Function of RNC
 Radio Resource Control
 Channel allocation
 Power Control Settings
 Handover Control
 Ciphering
 Segmentation and reassembly
Fig 2.7 WCDMA RAN Architecture
2.4.1.2.2 Node B (Radio Base Station)
 Handles the radio transmission and reception to /from the handset over the radio
interface Uu
 Controlled from the Radio Network Controller via the Iub interface
 One Radio Base Station control can handle one or more cells
 Connected only to one RNC
2.4.1.2.3 RRU (Radio Remote Unit)

RRU is a remote radio unit. One or more RRU constitutes the radio frequency (RF) part of a
distributed base station. RRU can be installed on pole, wall or stand. It can also be installed close
to antennas to shorten the feeder length, reduce feeder loss and improve system coverage. RRU
provide the functions such as modulate and demodulate base band signals and RF
signals, process data, amplify power and detect standard waves. RRU is the Radio Remote Unit
transmitter and receiver.
Fig 2.8 Radio Remote Unit

2.4.1.2.4 BBU (Base Band Unite)
Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it is modulated.
Baseband can also refer to a type of data transmission in which digital or analog data is sent over
a single non-multiplexed channel. The base band unit (BBU) is the baseband processing unit of
telecom systems. The BBU has the advantage of modular design, small size, high
integration, low power consumption and easy deployment. A typical wireless base station
consists of the baseband processing unit (BBU) and the RF processing unit (remote radio
unit - RRU). The BBU is placed in the equipment room and connected with the RRU via optical
fiber. The BBU is responsible for communication through the physical interface. A BBU in a
cellular telephone cell site is comprised of a digital signal processor to process forward voice
signals for transmission to a mobile unit and to process reverse voice signals received from the
mobile unit. The digital signal processor also serves to produce a first supervisory audio tone
(SAT) for transmission to the mobile unit by generating successive digital SAT samples
which are decoded into a continuous tone. Finally, the digital signal processor detects the
presence of a second SAT generated by the mobile unit by sampling and processing successive
samples of the second SAT and measuring the power. A direct current distribution unit
(DCDU) supplies DC power to all components in the cabinet. The boards or modules of BBU
includes Control and Clock module(CC),Network Switching module(FS),Power
module(PM),Site Alarm module(SA),Fan module(FM),Base Band Processing Board Type
C(BPC),Universal Base Band Processing Board for GSM(UBPG),Environment Monitoring
Expanded module(EM).
Fig 2.9 Physical BBU and RRU

2.4.2 TRANSMISSION SECTION

Under this section we learned different components which Ethio telecom uses to transmit the
data from the transmitter to the receiver. There are many transmitting systems used in the WR
Ethio telecom for communication system. But among many transmitting components Ethio
telecom is mainly using Microwave and Optical Fiber Transmitting Medias. For this report we
prepared microwave, optical fiber and DWDM transmission system in details.
The ethio telecom objective is to produce high-quality voice, video, and data Communication
between any pair of desired locations, whether the distance between locations is 1 or 10,000 km.
The distance between the two locations determines the type of transmission equipment used for
setting up the connection. The contenders to fill this role are microwave radio, optical fiber, and
satellite. Microwave and satellite communications are far more mature technologies. For
wideband services optical fiber will no doubt be used in the future.
2.4.2.1 Microwave Communication

Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the
troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere.
Microwave beams do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large
human-made structures. Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees
and frame houses. Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwave waves,
they can be narrowly focused. This means that the sending and receiving antennas need to be
aligned. The unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned
without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas.
Microwave is electromagnetic wave with frequency from 300MHz to 300GHz.A finite

frequency band of the entire electromagnetic wave spectrum. Microwave communication is
known as a form of "line of sight “communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the
transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received.
Additionally, we have seen different types of microwave dishes directed to different microwave
repeaters. This microwave repeater increases the power gain which will be transmitted from

BSC. So that, there are several microwave repeaters available for this region. Microwave radio
transmission is commonly used in point to point communication system on the surface of the
earth. Forming a fixed radio or antenna between the two points.
Fig 2.10 Microwave Transmission System
As the manager of the transmission section says Ethio telecom is using a microwave
communication system for transmitting the data from one area to the another area, if at that area
the fiber optics media is not present, which shows us the Optical communication is more
preferable than the Microwave communication.
Some characteristics of microwave propagation:
 Microwave propagation is line-of-sight. Since the towers with the mounted antennas need
to be in direct sight of each other, towers that are far apart need to be very tall.
 Used for long-haul telecommunications
 The curvature of the earth as well as other blocking obstacles does not allow two short
towers to communicate by using microwaves. Repeaters are often needed for long-
distance communication.
 Can be rapidly installed
 Can cross complicated terrains( Rivers, Lakes and Mountains)

 Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This characteristic can be a

disadvantage if receivers are inside buildings.
 The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz, and hence it provides a higher
data rate rather than data rate provided by radio wave band.
 Use of certain portions of the band requires permission from authorities
2.4.2.1.1 Microwave Applications
 Television distribution.
 Long-distance telephone transmission.
 Private business networks.
2.4.2.1.2 Advantage of Microwave Transmission
 Less cost
 Easy for maintenance. Another advantage is that the high frequency of
microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying
capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the
radio spectrum
 No cabling needed between sites.
 Wide bandwidth.
 Multichannel transmissions
2.4.2.1.3 Disadvantage of Microwave Transmission
 Microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation;
 They cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.
 Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication
systems on the surface of the Earth.
 Interference of signal is the challenge.
 Line of sight requirement.
 Expensive towers and repeaters.
 Subject to interference -e.g. passing airplanes, rain
At present keyboarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as

telecommunication service is becoming in Ethiopia. The existing back bone transmission system

cannot meet the needs of the people. In this transmission system communication cables includes
trunk cables, pigtail fibers, clocking wire and alarm wires and network wires. All these cables
run in cable trays and placed in order and bound fitly. West Region Ethio telecom chooses Fiber
optic data transmission systems or to send information over fiber by turning electronic signals
into light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information.
2.4.2.2 Optical Communication

Optical communication is any type of communication in which light is used to carry the signal to
the remote and instead of electrical current .it relies on optical fibers to carry signals to their
destinations. They have largely replaced copper wire communication in core network. Among
them, the optical fiber transmission features large transmission capacity, good quality, low
attenuation, strict security and long trunk distance.
Since the broad band high speed service ceaselessly develops in the information age, the optical
transmission system is not only expected to have larger capacity and longer distance, but
expected to be interactive, fast and convenient .therefore the multiplexing technology means to
use the broadband and large capacity features of the optical fiber to simultaneously transmit
multiple channels of signals on one optical fiber or cable in the multichannel signal
transmission system .the multiplexing mode of signals greatly affects system performance and
cost.
The multiplexing technology of optical transmission network experienced three development

stages, Space Division Multiplexing (SDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), and Wave
Length Division Multiplexing (WDM).
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by

sending pulses of light through an optical light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information.
Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced
copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.

2.4.2.2.1 Optical Fiber
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica) not much bigger
than a human hair that acts as a wave guide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two
ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic,
which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel
along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also
used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus
allowing viewing in tight spaces.
Fig 2.11 The structure of a single mode fiber
Fig 2.12 Bundle of optical fiber

1. Fiber core
It is made of SiO2 (quartz). It also comprises few doped chemical, such as GeO 2, to improve
refractive index (n1) of the fiber core. The diameter of the fiber core usually ranges 5µm ~
50µm.
2. Cladding
Usually, it is made of SiO2 with outer diameter as125 µ m. the refractive index of cladding is
less than that of fiber core.
3. Buffer (coating layer)
It is made of high molecular materials, such as epoxide resin and silicone rubber, with outer
diameter as about 250 µm. Through adding a coating, flexibility, mechanical strength and
aging-resistance features of the optical fiber can be improved.
Optical fiber is the short name for photoelectric transfer fiber. Optical communication uses the
optical wave as the carrier and is a communication mode with the optical fiber as transmission
media
The SDM technology requires that the quantity of fiber transmission cores must be configured
in accordance with the quantity signal multiplexing channels which means a poor investment
profit. The TDM technology is widely applied as PDH, SDH, ATM and IP, its disadvantage is
low line utilization. The WDM technology supports multiple wave lengths (channels) to be
borne on a fiber.
2.4.2.2.1.1 Features of Optical Fiber Communication
The optical fiber communication has the following features:
1. Free from electromagnetic interference
2. The optical fiber is small in core diameter and is light, which facilitate construction and
transportation.

After the optical fiber is manufactured into optical cable, the optical cable is small in size and
light in weight, compared with the common cable. This facilitates the manufacturing of multi-
core optical fiber and also facilitates the construction and transportation.
3. Rich resource and low cost
A 10 km 4-tube medium coaxial cable cost 5,000 tons of copper. If the optical fiber is used,
only several dozens of kilograms of quartz will suffice. In addition, the quartz resource is rich.
4. Low loss and long trunk distance
As the optical fiber can be manufactured by using non-metal media material only, it is free
from electromagnetic interference and cross-talk interference. In addition, the privacy
performance is good. But as the optical fiber often uses the metal material for the reinforcement
components, it is affected by the electromagnetic interference.
2.4.2.2.1.2 Classification of the Optical Fibers
1. by distribution shape of refractive index
When the light is transmitted in the fiber, each light shoots the juncture between fiber core and
cladding in proper angle. Since the refractive index of the fiber core is greater than that of
cladding, when the shooting in angle of the light meets the full reflection condition, the light
can be repeated on the juncture and move forwards in “zigzag” way and thus restricting the light
inside the fiber core and forming transmission wave.
2. by fiber material
Besides quartz fiber, the fibers can be divided into quartz fiber, glass fiber with many
compositions, quartz-plastic fiber with quartz core and plastic cladding, and full-plastic fiber
with plastic core and plastic cladding by material. Cladding, such fibers have greater fiber
material.
3. by transmission mode

If the fiber supports only one conduction mode (base mode), this fiber is called Single-Mode
Fiber (SMF) and its core transmits only one light. If the fiber supports multiple conduction
modes, this fiber is called Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF), and each light in its core is in a
transmission mode.
Table 2.1 Difference between SMF and MMF
Single Mode Fiber(SMF) Multi Mode Fiber(MMF)

Transmission Only supporting transmission in base Supporting multiple conduction modes
mode mode
Fiber core Small(about about 5µm - 10µm) Large about 50 µm
Caused by transmission rates of Large mode dispersion due to different
Dispersion Different frequency components in transmission rates of different modes,
influence the optical signal; increasing along directly affecting transmission
with increased optical signal bandwidth and transmission distance
spectrum width.
Ordinary SMF, Dispersion Shifted
Type Fiber (DSF) and Dispersion Ordinary MMF
Compensation Fiber (DCF)
Working
window 1310nm and 1550nm 850nm and 1310nm
Long distance fiber communication Short distance fiber communication

Application system with large capacity system at low rate
Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data transmission method. However, microwave
communication equipment is still in use at many remote sites where fiber-optic cabling cannot be
economically installed
For the question why Ethio telecom is using Fiber Optics communication than other
transmitting Medias is because of the following advantages:

 Long-distance signal transmission
 Large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter
 Non conductivity
 Security.
 Very high data rate
 Much thinner
 Not susceptible to electrical interference
 Greater repeater distance than coax.
2.2.4.2.1.3 The main benefits (advantages) of optical communication includes:-

 High bandwidth.
 Exceptionally low loss.
 Great transmission range and
 No electromagnetic interference.
2.2.4.2.1.4 The cons (disadvantages) of optic communication include
 The high cost of cable.
 Transmitter or receiver and other support equipment and
 The skill and expertise required during cable installation and interconnection.
2.4.2.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Technology
WDM technology is a fiber communication technology transmitting multiple optical carriers
With information on a single fiber. In wavelength-division multiplexing, each data channel is
transmitted using a slightly different wavelength (different color). With use of a different
wavelength for each channel, many channels can be transmitted through the same fiber without
interference. This method is used to increase the capacity of existing fiber optic systems many
times. Each WDM data channel may consist of a single data source or may be a combination of a
single data source and a TDM (time-division multiplexing) and/or FDM (frequency-division
multiplexing) signal.

Fig 2.13 The WDM Technology
There are two types of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): among these:-
 DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing).
 CWDM (Course wavelength division multiplexing).
2.4.2.3.1. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different
sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate
light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 separate wavelengths or channels of data can be
multiplexed into a light stream transmitted on a single optical fiber. Each channel carries a time
division multiplexed (TDM) signal. In a system with each channel carrying 2.5Gbps (billion bits
per second), up to 200 billion bits can be delivered a second by the optical fiber. DWDM is also
sometimes called wave division multiplexing (WDM).DWDM is Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing."Dense" because it packs wavelengths closer together than course wavelength
division multiplexing methods.
Intuitively, a wavelength can be thought of as a particular color. Many colors can be passed
down a single fiber and then separated out at the receiving end back into its constituent colors.
Each of those can be converted back into a digital signal.
The boards used at each end of a DWDM link are known as transponders, which each converting
a signal from normal gray optics into the specific color for the given channel. Today, most
transponders are tunable, meaning that a single board can generate any necessary given color
under software control.

DWDM is used primarily in high-capacity long-haul networks. For shorter distances, the cost of
the fiber is lower, so DWDM is not cost effective. Routers or switches are normally connected
to the transponders and the DWDM link is transparent to those network nodes.
DWDM connected in ring topology
DWDM Features
 Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

 Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10Gbps, ATM,
IP.
 DWDM technology provides multiple virtual fiber channels in one
physical fiber channel.
 Through super-long distance transmission technologies, based on EDFA
technology
 Transparent transmission of each path and smooth scaling and expansion
DWDM Principle
At present, the practical DWDM system works in 1550 nm window for the purpose of using the
gain spectrum feature of the EDFA to directly amplify the composite optical wavelength signals.
 Along with the rate of TDM increase to 10Gbit/s, it is more and more difficult to
implement multiplexing of high-order groups through PDH technology, and
requirements of fiber digital communication for large-capacity and super-high
speed transmission cannot be met.
 If the transmission rate is higher than 10Gbit/s, the system dispersion and other
negative influences will increase difficulty of long-distance transmission.
 With its unique technical advantages, the DWDM technology becomes a simple
and economical means to expand the fiber transmission capacity in a rapid and
effective manner.
Advantages of DWDM
 Transparent media

 Long haul transmission

 High capacity
 Use existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 Reliability
 Easy upgrading
 Optical Multiplexer and De multiplexer: - used to multiplexing or de- multiplexing the
optical signals.
 Optical Amplifier: - used to directly amplify the multiplexed optical signals for solving
optical power limit.
 Optical source: - require Larger dispersion tolerance value and Standard and stable
wavelength.
2.4.2.3.2 Course wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) is a method of combining multiple signals on

laser beams at various wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic cables, such that the
number of channels is fewer than in dense wavelength division multiplexes (DWDM) but more
than in standard wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
CWDM systems have channels at wavelengths spaced 20 nanometers (nm) apart, compared with
0.4 nm spacing for DWDM. This allows the use of low-cost, uncoiled lasers for CWDM. In a
typical CWDM system, laser emissions occur on eight channels at eight defined wavelengths:
1610 nm, 1590 nm, 1570 nm, 1550 nm, 1530 nm, 1510 nm, 1490 nm, and 1470 nm. But up to 18
different channels are allowed, with wavelengths ranging down to 1270 nm.
The energy from the lasers in a CWDM system is spread out over a larger range of wavelengths
than is the energy from the lasers in a DWDM system.
2.4.2.3.2.1 CWDM Features
1. Rich service access type:
 Multi-rate services access
 Continuous-rate services access (10Mbit/s-2.7Gbit/s).
 Small granular/small particles service convergence.

2. Transmission Distance
Transmission distance becomes one of the important technical indexes of CWDM system.
For a 8-λpoint to point CWDM network, the optical fiber line attenuation budget can reach
22.5dB (Distance: 75km @ 0.3dB/km)
For a 8-λand 9-node ring CWDM network, the optical fiber line attenuation budget for the whole
ring can reach 18dB (perimeter: 60km @ 0.3dB/km)
For longer transmission distance than the above, the regenerators are used.
Signal regeneration is signaling processing that restores a signal, recovering its original
characteristics.
3. Transparent Transmission
Transparent transmission is very essential for the various services used in MAN. No cross
connection simplifies the equipment and enhances the privacy of the services.
4. Flexible and Convenient
Support replaceable SFP optical modules, Support mixed plug and hot plug of boards in CWU,
and CWE chassis except the PCW and NCP board.
Support the front installation and hot plug of fans in the chassis.
2.4.2.3.2.2 CWDM application
 Simple and cost-effective solutions for fiber exhaust relief.
 New services can be added over a single existing optical fiber, without interrupting
service to existing customers
 From CWDM a customer can get Voice and data/internet.
E.g. Fixed line telephone
Internet service

2.5. The challenges we faced while performing in our work task

During the internship we have faced some problems in our section. These problems exist in
Transmission section.
 Lack of practical knowledge related to our work section:-but by dealing with our
supervisors we got some documents and put all our effort to read them. After reading
those documents we got some basic knowledge we have dream to have.
 We didn’t expose too much for practical works:- have no solution for this problem
because the challenges has its own basic reason from the other side so we just keep silent
and leave it after some trail to solve it by dealing with the responsible organ in the
company.
 In Transmission system: - there is disconnection of fiber optics between Nekemte city
and Addis Ababa at Sire town. Due to this reason there is losing network in West Region.
To solve this problem they Installing ring topology in order to protect the network from
fail.
2.6 Procedure we have been used in performing our task

As an Engineer we have seen two faults in WR .That faults are found in Transmission section.
So we solve the problem by using the following procedure.
The procedure we have to solve the problem in Transmission can be seen in two ways. That is in
daily and weekly. This procedure is called router maintenance. Routine maintenance means
checking the equipment status periodically to find and solve problems in time to prevent
potential damages or faults.
The following lists common methods for locating faults during routine maintenance:
 Alarm and notification check
 Equipment running status check
 Performance index check
 Main equipment check
 Cable connection check
 Grounding and lightning protection check
 Antenna feeder system check
 Spare part check

 Equipment cleaning
2.7 Measures we have taken in order to overcome these challenges

Daily Problem Handling
 One of the main projects for daily maintenance is handling the problems occurring on the
checking date.
 The problem triggering source is coming from either the network management reports or
the subscribers’ complaint feedback.
 The procedure to maintain the network is first identify which type of alarm is shown by the
software after that we have replaced the damaged part of instrument by new equipment.
 There are four alarm levels by default, which are indicated shown below
Fig 2.14 Daily problem handling

CHAPTER THREE
OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP

During our internship stay at Ethio telecom, we have gained benefits from the internship
experience. During these four months, the internship program provided us a platform to
introduce our selves with the professional field. On the past four months, we were able to see
how communication is achieved over a long distance and how it is organized to detect an error.
Ethio telecom is a perfect platform for a student who wants to have awareness on voice and data
communication. We are greatly benefited from working with the dedicated professionals in the
company. The company has provided a conductive working atmosphere among the staffs. This
does not only enabled us to share an experience, but also develops what we know, seamless work
flow, and harmonious communication. This internship experience has made us to respect the
electrical and computer engineering department and communication stream in our four months
stay. We are very glad for getting the opportunity to be part of this internship program.
Generally, within these four months we have gained different skills during the internship in
terms of the following.
3.1 In terms of improving our Theoretical knowledge

When we try to see what we gained to improve ours theoretical skill, we can say that we have
gained some basic understanding on some issues that have related concept with our learning
area. As we have explained in previous chapters we spent most of our internship practice session
by reading some documents that covers concepts regarding transmission network. We have also
read materials that are given by our supervisors and staff members .By reading those the above
listed documents and other materials, I have gained theoretical knowledge. To say the truth more
than the practical knowledge (skills) we have gained, more theoretical knowledge during my stay
in Ethio Telecom.
3.2 In terms of improving our Practical skills

As it’s commonly practiced, most of the courses we took in class dealt with the theoretical side
of engineering. Some lecturers took the initiative and tried to illustrate the practical part of this
field by displaying different graphic images in their lecture or suggested materials that were

more or less illustrative or even took us to the site to show what the actual engineering looked
like. But these trials were futile and failed to give us the clear picture. Although this visits helped
us get a little more acquainted with the tangible part, they were simply not enough. In that trip
we just see and did similarly and what was done there. Sure we were all good with the numbers
and calculations but solving real life problems and solving these simple mathematical equations
are two different things. This internship program was exactly what we needed to nurture the lack
of practical skills we had. While we were on the job we got the opportunity to learn different
aspects of practical Skills
3.3 In terms of upgrading our Theoretical knowledge
In addition to the practical skills this program helped us to strengthen our theoretical knowledge
and gain meaningful engineering experience to complement our academic studies. We felt that
we have left a lot of things to learn about communication it is wise technology. Also we was
Interested with every things those have in telecom company. It is very interesting because
every time the system invite as to study more to reach the new one. We have gained the
knowledge about installation of materials, cellular network and also the testing method. Almost
all things were the revision of our previous knowledge and also a lot of new things we got in
addition with previous.
3.4 In terms of improving our Interpersonal communication skills
Improving our interpersonal communication skills, we began to interact with many workers in
the Company. During the internship experience we had improved our communication skills in
very good manner which we could talk to any person at the staff with confidence and as easily as
possible.
3.5 In terms of improving our team working skills
In a company it is very important to play as a team. If there are disagreements between the
employees, it is very difficult to go ahead with the works. And as part of a team, an engineer
should have to work with a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project. When
called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and organizational skills. Confident
and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust of co-workers.
Good team worker possesses the following skills:
 Communicates constructively

 Listens actively
 Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly and willingly
 Cooperates and pitches in to help
 Shows commitment and monitoring to the team
3.6 In terms of improving Leadership skills
At the company we were able to see different engineers in hierarchical work and lead the staff
workers and the engineers under them. During these times we were able to observe that one
should have great skills to be a leader, such as:
 Good speaking ability.
 The ability to listen to others.
 Being decisive.
 Good management skills.
 Knowing the subject one is working on thoroughly.
We have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to make the team he is
leading initiated and encouraged. This will enable you to get a good result, so that your work is
as perfect as or more than the expected. But in our staffs, every place is occupied with the right
person, and the staff members are responsible and did their works effectively.
3.7 In terms of understanding Work Ethics related issues
Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as professional life. With the proper
work ethics, a person become more responsible and focused towards his/her job. The person also
cultivates a sense of achievement around his work. This definitely has some positive effects on
his/her career growth as well as on the progress of the company.
Work ethics means:-
 How one looks at his job,
 What he expects from his job and
 How would he/she go ahead with his/her professions?
 Respecting and accepting others opinion
Ethics at the work place means the positive aspect that makes the work force companion, like
Honesty, integrity, dedication, determination, commitment etc

3.8. In terms of Entrepreneurship skills

In this section which is the last section of this chapter we try to see those benefits we gained
from our internship experience in Ethio Telecom in terms of entrepreneurship. According to the
American heritage ® dictionary of the English language, 4 th edition entrepreneur is a person with
in some situation and who takes directly responsibility for turning an idea in to profitable
finished product through assertive risk taking and innovation. From this we can understand that
entrepreneurship is the process of being entrepreneur and that is the process of turning idea in to
profitable finished product through assertive risk taking and innovation.
Regarding this concept during my internship practice session we think we have not
gained benefits that much influence ours to be an entrepreneur. Even if the reasons are not clear
for ours there is some idea we can propose as a reason for that not to capture benefit regarding
our entrepreneurship skill. As we see in the first paragraph, one of the ideas of entrepreneurship
is taking risk and responsibilities. But as we already explained in previous chapters/ sections we
have no opportunity to be in rolled in to actions that required risk taking and being responsible
for some matters. This is the first reason that we think has contribution for the benefits we didn’t
get regarding entrepreneurship skill.

CHAPTER FOUR
REPLACING MICROWAVE BY OPTICAL FIBER FOR BACKBONE

SITES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
First developed in the mid- 1970s, fiber-optics have played a major role in the advent of the
Information Age by making a revolution in the telecommunications industry. Fiber-optics is used
to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Using fiber-
optic communication Internet speeds have reached 100 Bits per second × kilometer.
A standard Modern fiber-optic communication system consists of a transmitting device to

convert the electrical signal into optical signal to send into the optical fiber, an optical fiber cable
carrying the light, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the signal and
convert it back into an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital
information generated by computers, telephone systems, and cable television companies.
Optical fiber communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another
by sending pulses of light through optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information. The potential bandwidth of optical communication
systems is the driving force behind the worldwide development and deployment of light wave
system.
Like other communication systems optical communication system also faces problems like
dispersion, attenuation and non-linear effects that lead to deterioration in its performance.
Among them dispersion affects the system the most and it is tougher to overcome it as compared
to other two problems.
4.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Optical fiber transmission and microwave transmission are widely needed in the technology of
Ethio telecom. That technology wanted to transfer signal/information to the customer/users of
Ethio telecom. In this project microwave replacing by optical fiber for backbone site needed.

These replacements have their own reason. The microwave beams do not readily diffract around
barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-made structures. Some attenuation occurs
when microwave energy passes through trees and frame houses. Microwave communication is
known as a form of "line of sight" communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the
transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received. So
microwave have such like problem but optical fiber is free from the above problem and more
advantage than microwave. the advantage of optical fibers are large band width, long distance
signal transmission, low attenuation, non conductive etc.
However we want to enjoy best transmission whenever and wherever. This motivated us to do
microwave replacing by optical fibers for back bone sites project that get continues transfer
signals.
4.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

4.3.1 General objective of the project
The general objectives of this project is Replacing microwave by optical fiber for backbone sites.
4.3.2 Specific objective of the project

 To determine the location where each drums of fiber optic cable are to be placed along
with the splice locations
 Cable storage and blowing/pulling points requirement must also be considered along with
splice locations
 Installation of cable by blowing and pulling
 Connecting optical fibers to each others by connectors or by splicing
4.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Fiber optic networks are going to grow significantly. in the next few years developing countries
are opting to fund fiber optic networks over transportation infra structure because they realize
how important having fast, reliable internet is to their economic growth.
In order to achieve this goal, they will relay heavily on fiber optic networks. faster internet
access through fiber optics is one of the main catalyst that will propel societies in to the

future .having a reliable internet infrastructure is a major prerequisite for economic prosperity
and the countries who invest in it will have a better chance at succeeding in the goal economy.
4.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM

Since Light transmission through optical fibers is unaffected by other electromagnetic radiation
nearby. Since fiber optic is electrically non-conductive, so it does not act as an antenna to pick
up the electromagnetic signals it can also be run in electrically noisy environments without
concern as electrical noise will not affect fiber.
To get much greater bandwidth, Fiber cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
With the high performance single mode cable used by telephone industries for long distance
telecommunication, the bandwidth suppresses the needs of today's applications and gives room
for growth tomorrow.
Low attenuation loss over long distances, Attenuation loss can be as low as 0.2 dB/km in optical
fiber cables, allowing transmission over long distances without the need for repeaters.
To get more secured medium, fiber is the most secure medium available for carrying sensitive
data. Security of information passed down the cable.
4.6 literature review

At present keyboarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as
telecommunication service is becoming in Ethiopia. The existing back bone transmission system
cannot meet the needs of the people. In this transmission system communication cables includes
trunk cables, pigtail fibers, clocking wire and alarm wires and network wires. All these cables
run in cable trays and placed in order and bound fitly. West Region ethio telecom chooses Fiber
optic data transmission systems or to send information over fiber by turning electronic signals
into light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by

sending pulses of light through an optical light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information.3

4.7 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

4.7.1 Hard ware description
4.5.1.1 Optical transmitter
In order that data can be carried along an optical fiber cable, it is necessary to have a light source
or optical transmitter. The optical transmitter generates an optical frequency carrier, and the
carrier is modulated according to the transmitted data and passing through the fiber to the
receiver. The latter is one of the key elements of any optical fiber communication systems and
the choice of the correct one will depend upon the particular application that is envisaged. There
are two main types of optical transmitters that are commonly used today. Both of them are based
around semi-conductor technology.
a) LED transmitters
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon)
is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
In transmission of the light (optical signal) we can use different technology. In our Ethio telecom
mostly we use the two latest technologies: DWDM and SDH. In fiber-optic communications,
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical
carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light.
This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as
multiplication of capacity. DWDM multiplexes several optical signals with different wavelength
and transmits them in the same fiber.

Each optical path carries an SDH or other signal. SDH uses one light only for transmission of
the optical signal. LEDs are cheap and reliable. They emit only incoherent light with a relatively
wide spectrum as a result of the fact that the light is generated by a method known as
spontaneous emission. A typical LED used for optical communications may have its light output
in the range 30 – 60 nm. In view of this the signal will be subject to chromatic dispersion, and
this will limit the distances over which data can be transmitted.
b) LASER Diode transmitters

Laser in acronym of “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission”. These optical fiber
transmitters are more expensive and tend to be used for telecommunications links where the cost
sensitivity is nowhere near as great. The output from a laser diode is generally higher than that
available from a LED, although the power of LEDs is increasing. Often the light output from a
laser diode can be in the region of 100mW.In addition to this the output is more directional than
that of a LED and this enables much greater levels of coupling efficiency into the optical fiber
cable.
The laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to that found in a
light-emitting diode. The most common type of laser diode is formed from a p-n junction and
powered by injected electric current. The former devices are sometimes referred to as injection
laser diodes to distinguish them from optically pumped laser diode.
Table 4.1 The main differences between LEDs and LASERs
CHARACTERISTCS LED LASER DIODE

cost Low High
data rate Low High
Distance Short Long
fiber type multi mode multi mode and single mode
life time High Low

temperature sensitivity Minor Significant
4.5. 1.2 Mach-Zehnder Modulator

A Mach-Zehnder modulator is used for controlling the amplitude of an optical wave. The input
waveguide is split up into two waveguide interferometer arms. If a voltage is applied across one
of the arms, a phase shift is induced for the wave passing through that arm. When the two arms
are recombined, the phase difference between the two waves is converted to an amplitude
modulation.
4.5.1.3 Optical fiber

An optical fiber is a flexible filament of very clear glass or plastic and is capable of carrying
information in the form of light, it is consisting of core, cladding and one or more protective
coatings such as(buffer, jacket…) to keep it safe from environmental and mechanical damage.
Fig 4.1 Structure of the Fiber Cable
1.3.1. Fiber cable types

Two main types of optical fiber used in optical communications include multi-mode fiber optics
and single-mode optical fiber.
a) Multimode fiber: multi-mode fibers are usually expensive and exhibit higher attenuation.it is
typically used in campus network, shipboard, aircraft applications.

Fig 4.2 Multimode fiber signal
b) Single mode fiber: Single-mode fiber has a very small core diameter (<10 micrometers) and it
is designed for the transmission of a single ray or mode of light as a carrier and is used for long-
distance signal transmission. Single-mode fiber must be driven with a precision LASER
transmitter, more expensive components and interconnection methods; but carries higher speed
data with higher performance, much further for environment such as internet backbones, WANs.
Fig 4.3 Single-mode fiber signal
4.5.1.4 Optical receiver

By definition photo detectors convert light signals to electrical signals which can then be
processed further. For optical fiber applications photo detectors work at standard wavelengths
around 850-1330 and 1550nm. Suitable photodiodes may be either PIN diodes or avalanche
photo diodes (APDs). In either case the operating wavelength determines the material used, PIN
diodes and APDs are variations on a basic depletion layer photodiode in which reverse current is
altered by absorption of light at the correct wavelength. APDs differ from PIN diodes in that
APDs have gain so that with the correct circuitry better sensitivity can be achieved diodes in that
APDs have gain so that with the correct circuitry better sensitivity can be achieved with APDs.

4.5.1.5 The optical amplifier
Optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without first converting it to
electrical form. Optical amplifiers are important in optical communication. There are several
different physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, which correspond to the
major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiers and bulk lasers, stimulated emission
in the amplifier's gain medium causes amplification of incoming light.
4.5.1.6 Fiber optic connectors
The optical fiber cables are terminated in the fiber optic connectors.there are many types of
connectors,the most common is SC/PC connector.
WDM SYSTEM
In data transmission, a function that permits two or more data sources to share a common
transmission medium such that each data source has its own channel. In other word a process
where multiple analogue message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal
over a shared medium. The term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to an
optical carrier. (Which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas frequency-division
multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier
Fig 4.4 WDM operating principle
WDM System consists of the following Components:
 Optical transmitters/receivers
 DWDM multiplexer/demultiplexer filter

 Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs)

 Optical amplifiers. Transponders (wavelength converters)
4.8 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

In order to replacing the microwave by the optical fiber for the back bone sites, first we had
identified the problem of our microwave transmission during We stayed in the network operation
and maintenance of western region of Ethio telecom. This project is considered on the replacing
of microwave by optical fiber, it focuses on the specific place/site from Nekemte data center to
shambu. When we compare microwave with optical fiber transmission there are huge differences
between them. Optical fiber is more advantageous than microwave transmission in terms of
capacity, speed, bandwidth, contain high customer etc.generally microwave links are subject to
interference from the other user on the same frequency, natural noise, and so on. Someone decide
to build a tall building in your path and you can’t stop them. But optical fiber free from those
interference .consider this problem shambu is one of the zone of western region, this zone has
many customer site or it have many user site around this site we have banks, university,
different hotel which Wi-Fi for their customers and etc. but the transmission media of overall
shambu zone is microwave .in case of many user/customer on this site this transmission have
many problem considering this problem this project is to install the optical fiber for shambu
site.there is IP clouds at Bako site and at shambu site both sites have some ports, then we can
connect the ports of IP clouds of Bako site to shambu site by optical fiber, that means shambu
site got optical fiber transmission.

Shambu Bako Sire
Nekemte center
BSC
RNS Switch
RNS
BSC
IP clouds IP clouds IP clouds
IP clouds
Fig 4.5 Both optical fiber and microwave from Nekemte to shambu
4.9 SYSTEM DESIGN /INSTALLATION

In order to install optical fiber from Nekemte data center to shambu we consider some criteria’s.
those criteria are we have know the distance from sire to shambu.nThis distance is taken from
existing topology. Also the cost of optical fiber per meter because the cost and the customer /user
must be balanced .if it is not it have problems in case of economically. if those criteria is fulfill
we can install it .for the installation first planning for install, second installation requirements and
guidelines after the above methods was completed we can install it .as we see from figure 4.5
from Nekemte data center to sire is already optical then we start from sire .the main purpose is to
install optical fiber for shambu site for this process there is IP clouds at sire site the IP clouds of
sire site have some ports and also there is IP clouds at Bako site the IP clouds of Bako also have
some ports ,we can connect the IP clouds of sire site to Bako site by optical fiber that means
optical fiber installed up to Bako site. The main target of this project is to install optical fiber to
shambu site .by the same procedure there is IP clouds at Bako site and at shambu site both sites
have some ports ,then we can connect the ports of IP clouds of Bako site to shambu site by
optical fiber , that means shambu site got optical fiber transmission.

Shambu Bako sire Nekemte center
BSC
RNS
Switch
RNS
IP clouds IP clouds IP clouds BSC
Fig 4.6 Optical fiber installed for shambu site
4.10 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

When every material and criteria we mentioned in this project is fulfilled the objective of this
project will be achieved. We have taken under consideration both the cost of this project and the
customers/user at there. Not only one of them. Because of the customers/user very high or not
got full service by micro wave transmitter we design optical fiber for them. After the installation
is finished the customer/user at shambu got good service.
4.11 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

 The Ethio telecom company officer did not allow us to do with their
software(E300 software)
 The high cost of cable , Transmitter or receiver and other support equipment

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Today all of the worlds are becoming to one neighbor district through globalization and
technology development in high speed. If you need any things from this world there is a
competition beside of you. Therefore, to become a competent of such you have to know in every
direction around that you are focusing for attach what you want. Internship is the basic
knowledge full for every student in this globalized world.
Generally, in this internship report, we covered all what we have I our internship program time
including the historical background of our internship hosting company and the overall benefit we
gained from the practice season. As we notified the background history in the report, Ethio
telecom was established before hundred years ago and it is the biggest and well organized
governmental company in Ethiopia. So, today Ethio telecom is the backbone for the
transformation by the side of communication, network infrastructure and to facilitate every
moment in market, offices, schools and etc. Also the services of Ethio telecom are very wide and
basic for our country’s development.
While we have been in Ethio telecom company, we have got many benefits by practicing our
internship program in the last four months. For those who want to enter communication
stream Ethio Telecom Company work give the basic understanding mostly about
networking and communication since they are in the way of upgrading the
country s network infrastructure. The challenges we faced during the internship practice
season make us able to face with new challenges and propose improved solution. These
challenges also make us ready for those challenges we faced after our graduation (when
we join the work environment) by making us able to propose solution for problems that
may occurred.
In upgrading our skills during our internship period we conclude that, we have got so
much important skill as well as awesome experiences. The internship program have great

role in shaping our future goal and vision. Also the internship is better for knowing the
external standard protocol of work environment, solving challenges that face during work
times; developing good inter personal communication skills, entrepreneurship skills,
necessity of work ethics and also developing our practical and theoretical knowledge.
Additionally, we also get the opportunity to think in what way we should learn the
remained lessons and what types of knowledge we have to gather/take before we leave
the university.
Generally, internship program is a bridge that links the student with the company. The
practical work helps us to eliminate much confusion that we had with the theoretical
knowledge. Working in Ethio telecom helps us to understand how much punctuality is
needed at work places and also we understand how much work ethics is important. Also we
have increased on practical skills, team playing skills and interpersonal communication skills.
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Recommendation to the Ethio telecom

As ministry of education, Addis Ababa University and Ethio telecom setup university industry
linkage Program. For this purpose Ethio telecom has accepted 200 students (batch) from
different universities for internship program. This company has planned, scheduled and
provide official budget for intern students and give special attention for the internship
program. So we are lucky to work in this company. This company is huge that is profitable
and we want to recommend for the future. Even though the internship program has its own
encouraged and highly advanced sides, it has some weakness that needs to be corrected
as company level. These recommendations are helpful for the company and the students
will be well qualified skill. Some of they are listed below.
First we all we would like to recommend the company of the current status, the main and
core,problem.on the Chinese professionals and corporation projects .a lot of resources are going
to be damaged because of carelessness and miss responsible conditions of the foreign and
some staff members of Ethiopians.So,the company should give great attention for those foreign.

We highly recommended that the Ethio telecom employees must not wait for everything from
Chinese workers like the fact that they only use and follow the software and databases of the
Chinese company is not recommendable. They have to get their own databases instead of
working with misarranged data.
Again we highly recommended that the Ethio telecom should have to establish workshop for
proper configuration and maintenance of the devices. In doing so the company would save the
cost that is incurred for buying the new device.
Additionally, for the next internship program UIL office should contact the company to assign
students to work based on their departments and working in close relationship with hosting
company.
Everybody is concerned about mobile security. Consumers are worried that of all their personal
data that now resides on their smart phones-contacts, bank account Numbers, emails and so on.
There are already a number of telecom and technology organizations that are making strong
businesses out of mobile security solutions and at the same time, creating new and sustainable
revenue streams for the future. So we have to develop location based security services.
Finally, Ethio telecom should involve a lot of students for internship program .trained and well
skilled students will be formed if the telecoms try their best and investing on the intern students.
5.2.2 Recommendation to Bule Hora University

Now we would like to recommend the school of ECE staff must be evaluated or have a report
what the student have been working every months in the form of hard copy or through email.
Also there must be neat communication between the organization section of student working and
university advisors to do this type of evaluation.
Any education must supported by education tour for related course. So the university should
facilitate education trip in addition to internship.
For the student we recommended that they have to develop massively their communication skill
to do their task according to work ethics of the company.

REFERENCES
[1]-Fundamentals of transmission system basic technical manual transmission training section,

2010
[2]-Optical communication system training manual, collage of telecommunication and
information technology, telecom engineering training team, 2010 and GSM mobile manual
[3]-http//www.africaphonebooks.com/ethiotelecom
[4]- http//www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/ethio-telecom.html
[5]- E.Forestieri and M.Secondini, “Optical Communications Theory and Techniques”. New
York: Springer-Verlag, 2005.
[6]-G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New
[7]- G.Papen and R. Blahut, Light wave Communication Systems. Course notes, 2005.
[8]- Adar Shtainhart, Ronen Segal, Aviad Tsherniak. WDM –Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
[9]- JOHN M. SENIOR Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice 3rd Edition
[10]- Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
McMaster University, Canada.
[11] - P. Nouchi, B. Dany, J.-F. Campion, L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Sillard, and A. Bertaina,
“Optical communication and fiber design,” in Annales des telecommunications, vol. 58, pp1586–
1602, Springer, 2003.


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FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT @ 2018

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage 1

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage I

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage II

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage III

APN Access Point Name

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AUC Authentication Center

BBU Base Band Unit

BGW Broadband Gateway

BPC Baseband Processing board type C

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BTS Base Transceiver Station

CC Control and Clock

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CLIP Caller Line Identification Presentation

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

DCDU Direct Current Distribution Unit

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiple

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage IV

ECE Electrical and Computer Engineering

EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution

EIR Equipment Identification Register

ETA Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority

ETC Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

EVDO Evolution Data Optimized

FAN Fixed Access Network

FDMA Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

FL- NGN Fixed Line Next Generation Network

FSPL Free Space Path Loss Model

FWT Fixed Wireless Terminal

GERAN GSM EDGE Audio Access Network

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center

GOTA Global Open Trucking Architecture

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GRAN GSM Radio Access Network

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

BHU, ECE Stream of communicationPage V

HLR Home Location Registers

ICT Information Communication Technology

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IBTE Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia

IDU In Door Unit

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network

ITTC International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation

ITU International Telecommunication Union

KBPS kilo bit per second

LAN Local Area Network

LTE Long Term Evolution

MCN Mobile Core Network

MGW Media Gateway

MPLS Multi Protocol Labeled Switch

MSAG Multi-Service Access Gateway