NATIONAL SERVICE

TRAINING PROGRAM 1
MODULE 6: HEALTH PROGRAM VITAL SIGNS
 VITAL SIGNS INCLUDE THE HEART BEAT,
BREATHING RATE, TEMPERATURE AND BLOOD
PRESSURE. THESE SIGNS MAY BE WATCHED,
VITAL MEASURED AND MONITORED TO CHECK AN
SIGNS INDIVIDUAL’S LEVEL OF PHYSICAL
FUNCTIONING.
VITAL
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS CHANGE WITH AGE, SEX, WEIGHT, EXERCISE TOLERANCE
AND CONDITION. NORMAL RANGES FOR THE AVERAGE HEALTHY ADULT VITAL
SIGNS ARE:
• BLOOD PRESSURE: 120/80 MM/HG
• BREATHING: 12-18 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• PULSE: 60-80 BEATS PER MINUTE (AT REST)
• TEMPERATURE: 97.8 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT/AVERAGE 98.6 FAHRENHEIT OR
36.5 TO 37.5 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
 DEFINED, AS THE RATE AT WHICH THE HEART
BEATS IN ONE MINUTE, PULSE RATE OR THE
HEART BEAT IS INDICATIVE OF THE HEALTH
OF THE PERSON. AS THE HEART PUMPS
BLOOD INTO THE BODY, THE BLOOD VESSELS

PULSE RATE CLOSE TO THE WRIST, UPPER ARM AND NECK

START PULSATING AND THROBBING, WHILE
CHART THE NORMAL PULSE RATE FOR HUMANS IS
USUALLY 60 TO 100 BEATS PER MINUTE,
THERE ARE CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS
SUCH AS CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA WHICH
MAY ALTER THE NORMAL PULSE RATE OF AN
INDIVIDUAL.
PULSE RATE CHART

THE OTHER INFLUENCING FACTORS ARE THE PERSON’S AGE, GENDER AND
FITNESS LEVEL. SO AS TODDLER’S PULSE RATE IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH AT
AROUND 110 BPM WHICH IS ALMOST CLOSE TO AN ADULT’S PULSE RATE AFTER
A STRENUOUS EXERCISE. SIMILARLY FEMALES AGED 12 AND OLDER, TEND TO
HAVE FASTER HEART RATES THAN MEN. ALSO ATHLETES, WHO DO A LOT OF
CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING, MAY HAVE HEART RATES NEAR 40 BEATS
PER MINUTE. IT IS ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE PULSE IS LOWER WHEN YOU ARE
AT REST AND INCREASES WHEN YOU ARE INVOLVED IN ANY STRENUOUS
EXERCISE.
 YOU CAN CHECK YOUR PULSE RATE BY PLACING
TIPS OF YOU INDEX, SECOND AND THIRD
FINGERS ON THE PALM SIDE OF YOU OTHER
WRIST, BELOW THE BASE OF THE THUMB OR ON
YOU LOWER NECK, ON EITHER SIDE OF YOUR
WINDPIPE. NOW COUNT THE BEATS FOR 10
HOW TO SECONDS AND MULTIPLY THIS NUMBER BY SIX
CALCULATE TO GET YOUR PULSE. NOW USE A PILSE RATE
CHART TO FIND OUT HOW WELL YOUR HEART IS
PULSE RATE? WORKING AND YOUR GENERAL HEALTH AND
FITNESS LEVELS. CHECKING YOUR PULSE RATES
WHEN RESTING, DURING EXERCISES OR AFTER
IT, CAN GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE OVERALL
FITNESS.
NORMAL PULSE
RATE CHART
RESTING PULSE RATE CHART: IT IS
OBSERVED THAT THE LOWER THE
RESTING HEART RATES, THE
HEALTHIER IS YOU HEART. FOR
CALCULATING THIS, YOU HAVE TO
SIT QUIETLY FOR 10 MINUTES
BEFORE CHECKING YOUR PULSE
RATES. HERE IS A TABLE TO
DEMONSTRATE THE IDEAL RESTING
HEART RATES.
NORMAL PULSE RATE CHART
100-
Babies to age 1:
160

Children aged 1 to 10: 60-140

Children aged 10+ and

60-100
adults:
Well-conditioned
40-60
athletes:
HOW TO TAKE A RADIAL PULSE
THE RADIAL ARTERY IS FOUND CLOSE TO THE INSIDE PART OF YOUR WRIST NEAR
YOUR THUMB. YOU WILL NEED A WATCH WITH A SECOND HAND TO COUNT YOUR
PULSE. THE FOLLOWING STEPS MAY HELP YOU TAKE YOUR RADIAL PULSE.
• BEND YOUR ELBOW WITH YOUR ARM AT YOUR SIDE. THE PALM OF YOUR HAND
SHOUL BE UP.
• USING YOUR MIDDLE (LONG) AND INDEX (POINTER) FINGERS, GENTLY FEEL FOR THE
RADIAL ARTERY INSIDE YOUR WRIST. YOU WILL FEEL THE RADIAL PULSE BEATING
WHEN YOU FIND IT. DO NOT USE YOUR THUMB TO TAKE THE PULSE BECAUSE IT
HAS A PULSE OF ITS OWN.
HOW TO TAKE A RADIAL PULSE
• COUNT YOUR RADIAL PULSE FOR A FULL MINUTE (60 SECONDS).
NOTICE IF YOUR PULSE HAS A STRONG OR WEAK BEAT.
• WRITE DOWN YOUR PULSE RATE, THE DATE, TIME AND WHAT WRIST
(RIGHT OR LEFT) WAS USED TO TAKE THE PULSE. ALSO WRITE DOWN
ANYTHING YOU NOTICE ABOUT YOUR PULSE, SUCH AS IT BEING WEAK,
STRONG, OR MISSING BEATS.
• THE RADIAL ARTERY IS AN EASY ARTERY TO USE WHEN CHECKING
YOUR HEART RATE DURING OR AFTER EXERCISE.
RESPIRATION
• RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN IS
INHALED INTO THE LUNGS, CONVERTED INTO ENERGY VIA A CHEMICAL
REACTION AND EXPELLED AS CARBON DIOXIDE. NORMAL RESPIRATION
IS AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS AND DOES NOT REQUIRE CONSCIOUS
EFFORT. HOWEVER, IN THE CASE OF ILLNESS OR TRAUMA, A VICTIM’S
RESPIRATION RATE MAY BECOME UNUSUALLY HIGH OR LOW
INDICATING THE NEED FOR IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION. THE
RESPIRATORY RATE IS SIMPLY THE NUMBER OF BREATHS AN
INDIVIDUAL TAKES PER MINUTE.
NORMAL RANGE
BY AGE
• AVERAGE RESPIRATORY RATES BY AGE:
• NEWBORNS: 30-40 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• LESS THAN 1 YEAR: 30-40 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 1-3 YEARS: 23-35 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 3-6 YEARS: 20-30 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 6-12 YEARS: 18-26 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• 12-17 YEARS: 12-20 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• ADULTS OVER 18: 12-20 BREATHS PER MINUTE
STEPS
• CONTACT AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM IMMEDIATELY
IN THE EVENT OF A SERVER TRAUMA OR MEDICAL CRISIS.
• MEASURE AN INDIVIDUAL’S RESPIRATORY RATE WHILE
HE/SHE IS AT REST. TRY NOT TO LET THE VICTIM BECOME
AWARE THAT YOU ARE MONITORING RESPIRATIONS IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN A MORE RELIABLE COUNT.
STEPS
• OBSERVE THE RISE AND FALL OF THE VICTIM’S CHEST
AND COUNT THE NUMBER OF RESPIRATIONS OUT LOUD
FOR ONE FULL MINUTE. ONE RESPIRATION CONSISTS OF
ONE COMPLETE RISE AND FALL OF THE CHEST, OR THE
INHALATION AND EXHALATION OF AIR. THE NORMAL
RESPIRATORY RATE FOR A HEALTHY ADULT AT REST IS
12 TO 20 BREATHS PER MINUTE.
STEPS
• CATEGORIZE THE RHYTHM, EASE AND STRENGTH OF THE
RESPIRATION. NORMAL RESPIRATION CONSISTS OF DEEP,
EVEN BREATHS DURING WHICH THE RIB CAGE FULL
CONTRACTS AND RELAXES. ABNORMAL RESPIRATION MAY
APPEAR SHALLOW AND RAPID, LABORED, SHALLOW AND
DEEP OR NOISY AND MAY INDICATE ILLNESS OR INJURY.
STEPS
• RECORD THE CURRENT TIME, RESPIRATORY RATE AND
RESPIRATORY CHARACTERISTICS, IF POSSIBLE.
• REPEAT THE ABOVE STEPS FOR MEASURING AND
RECORDING RESPIRATION RATE AND CHARACTERISTICS
EVERY 10 MINUTES IN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION. MAKE A
NOTE OF ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES AND RELAY THE
INFORMATION TO MEDICAL PERSONNEL.
TIPS
•IF FIRST AID IS BEING PERFORMED ON A VICTIM,
MONITOR RESPIRATION IMMEDIATELY AFTER
MONITORING HIS OR HER PULSE RATE. DO NOT
INDICATE TO THE VICTIM THAT YOU ARE NOW
MONITORING RESPIRATION AS HE MAY
SUBCONSCIOUSLY CHANGE THE RATE, DEPTH OR
STRENGTH OF HIS BREATHING.
BODY TEMPERATURE
• WHAT IS BODY TEMPERATURE?
BODY TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF THE BODY’S ABILITY TO GENERATE AND GET RID
OF HEAT. THE BODY IS VERY GOOD AT KEEPING ITS TEMPERATURE WITHIN A NARROW, SAFE RANGE
IN SPITE OF LARGE VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURES OUTSIDE THE BODY.
WHEN YOU ARE NOT TOO HOT, THE BLOOD VESSELS IN YOUR SKIN EXPAND (DILATE) TO
CARRY THE EXCESS HEAT TO YOUR SKIN’S SURFACE. YOU MAY BEGIN TO SWEAT, AND AS THE SWEAT
EVAPORATES, IT HELPS COOL YOUR BODY. WHEN YOU ARE TOO COLD, YOUR BLOOD VESSELS
NARROW (CONTRACT) SO THAT BLOOD FLOW TO YOUR SKIN IS REDUCED TO CONSERVE BODY HEAT.
YOU MAY START SHIVERING, WHICH IS AN INVOLUNTARY, RAPID CONTRACTION OF THE MUSCLES.
THIS EXTRA ACTIVITY HELPS GENERATE MORE HEAT. UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, THIS KEEPS
YOUR BODY TEMPERATURE WITHIN A NARROW, SAFE RANGE.
BODY TEMPERATURE
WHERE IS BODY TEMPERATURE MEASURED?
YOUR BODY TEMPERATURE CAN BE MEASURED IN
MANY LOCATIONS ON YOUR BODY. THE MOUTH, EAR,
ARMPIT AND RECTUM ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED
PLACES. TEMPERATURE CAN ALSO BE MEASURED ON
YOUR FOREHEAD.
BODY TEMPERATURE
WHAT IS NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE?
MOST PEOPLE THINK OF A “NORMAL” BODY TEMPERATURE AS AN ORAL
TEMPERATURE OF 98.6F. THIS IS AN AVERAGE OF NORMAL BODY
TEMPERATURES. TOUR TEMPERATURE MAY ACTUALLY BE 1F (0.6C) OR MORE
ABOVE OR BELOW 98.6F. ALSO, YOUR NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES
BY AS MUCH AS 1F (0.6C) THROUGHOUT THE DAY, DEPENDING ON HOW ACTIVE
YOU ARE AND THE TIME OF DAY. BODY TEMPERATURE IS VERY SENSITIVE TO
HORMONE LEVELS AND MAY BE HIGHER OR LOWER WHEN A WOMAN IS
OVULATING OR HAVING HER MENSTRUAL PERIOD.
BODY TEMPERATURE

A RECTAL OR EAR (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE)

TEMPERATURE READING IS 0.5 TO 1F (0.3C TO 0.6C)
HIGHER THAN AN ORAL TEMPERATURE READING. A
TEMPERATURE TAKEN IN THE ARMPIT IS 0.5 TO 1F (0.3
TO 0.6C) LOWER THAN AN ORAL TEMPERATURE READING.
PROCEDURE IN TAKING AN ORAL
TEMPERATURE
• WASH YOUR HANDS.
• RINSE THERMOMETER IN COLD WATER IF KEPT IN A CHEMICAL SOLUTION, AND
WIPE DRY WITH TISSUE. RATIONALE: CHEMICAL TASTE IS BITTER.
• GRASP THERMOMETER WITH THUMB AND FOREFINGER AND SHAKE
VIGOROUSLY BY FLICKING WRIST IN DOWNWARD MOTION TO LOWER
MERCURY LEVEL TO BELOW 95-96 DEGREES.
• CHECK TEMPERATURE READING ON THERMOMETER.
• EXPLAIN PROCEDURE TO THE PATIENT.
PROCEDURE IN TAKING AN ORAL
TEMPERATURE
• PLACE THERMOMETER IN PATIENT’S MOUTH UNDER TONGUE AND ASK PATIENT TO HOLD
LIPS CLOSED.
• LEAVE IN PLACE 3 TO 5 MINUTES.
• REMOVE THERMOMETER AND WIPE IT WITH TISSUE FROM FINGERS DOWN TO BULB.
DISCARD TISSUE.
• READ TEMPERATURE BY ROTATING THERMOMETER UNTIL THE MERCURY LEVEL IS CLEARLY
VISIBLE. SHAKE THERMOMETER DOWN.
• WASH HANDS.
• RECORD PATIENT’S TEMPERATURE ACCORDING TO HOSPITAL PROCEDURE.
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD IS CARRIED FROM THE HEART TO ALL PARTS OF YOUR BODY IN
VESSELS CALLED ARTERIES. BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE OF THE
BLOOD PUSHING AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIES. EACH TIME THE
HEART BEATS (ABOUT 60-70 TIMES A MINUTE AT REST). IT PUMPS OUT
BLOOD INTO THE ARTERIES. YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS AS ITS HIGHEST
WHEN THE HEART BEATS, PUMPING THE BLOOD. THIS IS CALLED
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE. WHEN THE HEART IS AT REST, BETWEEN BEATS,
YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS. THIS IS THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE.
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE IS ALWAYS GIVEN AS THESE TWO NUMBERS, THE SYSTOLIC
AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURES. BOTH ARE IMPORTANT. USUALLY THEY ARE
WRITTEN ONE ABOVE OR BEFORE THE OTHER, SUCH AS 120/80 MMHG. THE TOP
NUMBER IS THE SYSTOLIC AND THE BOTTOM THE DIASTOLIC. WHEN THE TWO
MEASUREMENTS ARE WRITTEN DOWN, THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE IS THE FIRST
OR TOP NUMBER, AND THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE IS THE SECOND OR BOTTOM
NUMBER (FOR EXAMPLE, 120/80). IF YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS 120/80, YOU
SAY THAT IT IS “120 OVER 80.”
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• GATHER THE EQUIPMENT. YOU WILL NEED S SPHYGMOMANOMETER (BLOOD
PRESSURE CUFF), STETHOSCOPE, PEN AND PAPER.
• NEXT YOU NEED TO IDENTIFY AND GREET THE PATIENT SO THAT THEY FEEL A
LITTLE MORE COMFORTABLE. YOU CAN DO SO BY SAYING SOMETHING LIKE ‘HI
(PATIENT’S NAME) MY NAME IS (YOUR NAME).
• THEN YOU WILL TELL THE PATIENT WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO DO. AGAIN THIS
JUST MAKES THEM FEEL COMFORTABLE. IT ALSO LETS THEM KNOW WHAT YOU
ARE GOING TO DO SO THEY ARE NOT SURPRISED WHEN YOU START DOING IT.
YOU CAN DO SO BY SAYING ‘I AM GOING TO TAKE YOUR PRESSURE.’
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• THEN YOU WILL ASK THE PATIENT TO EXPOSE ARM ON A FLAT SURFACE WITH ARM FACING
UPWARD. IF THE ARM IS FACING UPWARD IT IS EASIER TO GET TO THEIR BRACHIAL PULSE.
• NEXT YOU WILL EXPOSE THE ARM AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE BY ROLLING UP THE SLEEVE. BY
ROLLING UP THE SLEEVE IT MAKES IT EASIER TO HEAR THE BRACHIAL PULSE. YOU SHOULD
NOT ROLL UP THE SLEEVES IF THE SHIRT IS HEAVY OR TIGHT BECAUSE IT MAY DISRUPT THE
BLOOD FLOW. IF YOU ARE NOT ABLE TO ROLL THE SLEEVES YOU WOULD ASK THE PATIENT TO
PLEASE TAKE THEIR ARM OUT OF THE SLEEVE.
• NOW, SQUEEZE THE CUFF TOGETHER IN YOUR HANDS. THIS REMOVES ACCESS IN AIR SO
THAT IT IS EASIER TO PLACE THE CUFF ON THE ARM.
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• THEN YOU TURN THE VALVE OF THE CUFF CLOCKWISE TO CLOSE IT. CLOSE IT SO
THAT THE AIR DOES NOT ESCAPE WHEN I START TO PUMP THE CUFF.
• NOW YOU ARE READY TO PLACE THE CUFF AROUND THE UPPER PART OF THE ARM
ABOUT 1 INCH BELOW THE ARMPIT.
• THEN YOU NEED TO LOCATE THE BRACHIAL PULSE WITH YOUR MIDDLE FINGER AND
INDEX FINGER. THE BRACHIAL PULSE IS FELT ON THE BRACHIAL ARTERY. THIS
ARTERY IS ON THE INSIDE OF YOUR ELBOW.
• NOW YOU ARE GOING TO PLACE THE EAR PIECES OF THE STETHOSCOPE INTO MY
EARS. THIS ENABLES YOU TO LISTEN FOR THE BLOOD PRESSURE.
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• NEXT YOU WILL PLACE THE DIAPHRAGM (THE LARGER SIDE LOCATED AT THE END OF THE
STETHOSCOPE) OF THE STETHOSCOPE OVER THE BRACHIAL PULSE SITE.
• YOU WILL HOLD THE RUBBER BULB THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE SPHYGMOMANOMETER IN THE
PALM OF YOUR HAND, THE ONE NOT HOLDING THE STETHOSCOPE.
• THEN YOU WILL INFLATE THE CUFF BY PUMPING THE BULB BETWEEN 170 TO 200 MMHG. BY
INFLATING THE CUFF TO HIGH IT CAN BE PAINFUL TO THE PATIENT. BY INFLATING IT TO LOW YOU
MAY NOT BE HIGH ENOUGH TO HEAR THEIR SYSTOLIC READING.
• NEXT YOU LOOSEN THE VALVE BY TURNING IT SLOWLY COUNTER CLOCKWISE WHILE LISTENING
CLOSELY FOR THE FIRST SOUND YOU HEAR. THIS SOUND IS CALLED THE SYSTOLIC READING. THEN
CAREFULLY LISTEN FOR THE LAST SOUND YOU HEAR. THIS SOUND IS CALLED THE DIASTOLIC
READING.
STEPS IN TAKING A BLOOD PRESSURE
• THEN YOU NEED TO WRITE DOWN THE SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC READINGS ON A PIECE OF
PAPER. YOU ALSO WRITE THEM DOWN AS SOON AS YOU KNOW THEM SO YOU DO NOT
FORGET.
• THEN YOU DEFLATE THE CUFF BY LOOSENING THE VALVE. TO LOOSEN YOU WILL TURN THE
VALVE COUNTER CLOCKWISE.
• THEN YOU REMOVE THE CUFF FROM THE PATIENT’S ARM.
• NOW YOU CAN TAKE THE EAR PIECES OF THE STETHOSCOPE OUT OF YOUR EARS.
• LAST YOU RECORD THE SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC READING INTO THE CHART. THESE ARE
THE SAME READINGS YOU WROTE DOWN EARLIER ON THE PIECE OF PAPER.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DELA CRUZ, SONIA G. (2005). NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT VIA NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM. MANDALUYONG CITY: BOOKS ATBP. PUBLISHING CORP

DEL ROSARIO, ED. D. (2012). RESURRECCION ET. AL. NATIONAL SERVICE

TRAINING PROGRAM 1. BULACAN: ST. ANDREW PUBLISHING HOUSE.

LEE, SERGIO J. (2007). NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM: 2ND EDITION.

QUEZON CITY: C & E PUBLISHING, INC.
 NATIONAL
SERVICE
TRAINING
PROGRAM 1

M O D U L E 7 : H E A LT H P R O G R A M F I R S T A I D
A N D B A S I C L I F E S U P P O RT
 BACKGROUND
First aid refers to the immediate, direct treatment of an injured person.
Anyone with a basic understanding of medical treatment can administer
aid at the first signs of trouble. Simple procedures may include stopping
blood loss by applying pressure, dressing a wound, treating a burn with
ointment, or setting a bone with a splint.
 Some types of first aid, such as performing
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
require an individual to receive specialized
BACKGROUND training from an accredited first aid
program.Many minor injuries can be
overcome with simple, immediate medical
attention.
 A small cut, burn, or blister, for instance,
can be attended to by thoroughly cleaning
the injury, applying a topical antibiotic
cream, and covering it with breathable
bandage or wrap. Treating bruises, muscle
BACKGROUND strains, swelling, and animal bites usually
involves icing and compressing the injuries,
as well as taking over-the-counter anti-
inflammatory or pain medication.
 VICTIM ASSESSMENT
In first aid, usually we like to call the person getting hurt a casualty instead of a
victim. The first part of the assessment of the casualty is the Primary Survey.
ABC
• Check the AIRWAYS
• BREATHING
• and Circulation

*before assessing the casualty, you will want to do an Emergency Scene survey,
and call for help.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

THE PRIORITIES OF A- AIRWAY B- BREATHING C- CIRCULATION

FIRST AID ARE… (AND BLEEDING)
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

A- Airway
• The airway of an unconscious person may be narrowed or blocked,
making breathing difficult and noisy or impossible. This happens when
the tongue drops back and blocks the throat. Lifting the chin and
tilting the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air
passage. Place two fingers under the person’s chin and lift the jaw,
while placing your other hand on the forehead and tilting the head
well back. If you think the neck may be injured, tilt the head very
carefully, just enough to open the airway.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

B- Breathing
• Check for breathing by placing your head near the person’s nose and
mouth. Feel the breath on your cheek or moisture on the back of your
head.
• If a person has just stop breathing use mouth to mouth ventilation, make
sure the airway is open and head tilt back. Pinch the nostrils together,
take a deep breath and blow into the mouth, firmly sealing your lips
around the mouth so air is not lost.You should see the chest rise.
• Remove your lips and let the chest fall. Continue this, giving about ten
breaths every minute until help arrives or breathing begins.
THE ABC OF FIRST AID

C- Circulation
• Check for circulation (to see if the heart is still beating) by feeling for the Adam’s
apple (lump on the windpipe) with two fingers. Slide the fingers to the side of the
windpipe and feel for the pulse. If the heart has stopped beating use chest
compression to try to restart the heart. Place your hand flat just above the point
where the ribs meet the breastbone. Bring the other hand on top of it and lock
your fingers together. With your arms straight, press down firmly on the
breastbone, pushing it down by 4-5 cm. Release the pressure and repeat the
compressions at a rate of about 80 per minute. If the person is also not breathing,
alternate 15 compressions with two breaths until help arrives.
• Stop bleeding by applying firm pressure to the wound for about 15 minutes. Never
use a tourniquet.
 • This is the best position for an
unconscious person or
someone having a fit. It allows
them to breathe easily and
prevents them from choking.
After checking the ABC, bend
the nearest arm to you, putting
THE RECOVERY the hand by the head. Then

POSITION
bring the far arm across the
chest and hold both hands in
one of yours. With your other
hand pull the furthest legs up at
the knee and roll the person
towards you to lie in this
position.
 THE RECOVERY POSITION
• Try out the positions for all these first aid
procedures now with a friend. Better still, join a first
aid class if any are available. St. John’s Ambulance has
many groups around the world on a day your
knowledge of first aid may save a life!
 In an emergency any number of things may need
your attention at the same time. If you try to do
FIRST everything at once you may easily get distracted
THING from the essential matters. On arriving at the
FIRST scene…
FIRST THING FIRST

Assess the situation Take in quickly what Look for dangers to Make the area safe An unconscious person
has happened yourself and to the always takes priority
casualty and needs immediate
help to make sure he
or she can breathe.
Only then should you
begin to assess any
injuries
BLEEDING AND WOUNDS

External Bleeding
• External bleeding from a cut or scratch may be so minor
that treatment is unnecessary. In contrast, a more
extensive wound or cut may produce so much bleeding
that stitches are required. Once the bleeding has stopped,
however, this type of hemorrhage does not pose a threat
to health. Still, there are some types of external bleeding
that indicate a serious medical problem that requires
prompt attention.
FIRST AID

The three main principles of the treatment

of external bleeding are:
• Look
• Apply
• Elevate
FIRST AID

• Look at the wound to check how large it is. Check that the wound
has nothing in it (such as debris or a foreign body).
• Apply direct pressure to the wound. If the victim is able to press on
the wound, encourage him or her to do so. If not, then apply direct
pressure yourself, initially with your fingers and, if you have it handy,
with a sterile dressing or a piece of clean cloth. Applying direct
pressure to the wound enables the blood to clot and therefore stems
the blood flow from the cut. Once applied, a sterile dressing (or
whatever you have handy) should ideally be held in place with a firm
bandage or improvised bandage such as a scarf or tie.
FIRST AID

• Elevate the part with the wound. If the injury is an

arm or leg, raise the wound above the level of the
heart. It is harder for the blood to pump upward
and this therefore reduces the blood flow and
thus the fluid loss from the body.
• Treat for shock. Keep the victim warm and
continually at rest. Reassure the victim.
INTERNAL BLEEDING

Internal Bleeding
• Is bleeding occurring inside the body. It can be a serious
medical emergency depending on where it occurs (e.g.
brain, stomach, lungs), and can potentially cause death and
cardiac arrest if proper medical treatment is not received
quickly.
INTERNAL BLEEDING

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• The person is known to have had an accident (not necessary in the
immediate past)
• Signs and symptoms of shock
• Bruising
• Boarding – this most commonly occurs where there is bleeding into the
stomach area; the quantity of blood combined with the tissues swelling
result in rigidity to the tissues.
• Swelling
• Bleeding from the body orifices
FIRST AID

• Call or get someone to call emergency services. Don’t wait to see if

the person improves or deteriorates.
• If available put synthetic gloves on as bleeding may become apparent.
• Check airway, breathing and circulation. Begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) if necessary. If you want to understand CPR in
more depth then go to CPR- Q’s & A’s.
• If unconscious and breathing – place the person in the recovery
position and with legs higher than the heart if possible. Injuries
permitting.
FIRST AID

• If conscious – lie the casualty down and raise or bend legs if injuries
permit.
• Keep casualty warm. This may help delay the onset of shock by
minimizing the bodies’ heat loss.
• Reassure and stay calm. This helps provide security for the injured
person.
• Continue to check pulse and breathing.
• Treat other injuries as appropriate.
• Do not give anything to eat or drink as they may require surgery to
stop bleeding.
OPEN WOUNDS

A wound is an injury that causes either an internal or external

break in body tissue. An open wound (as in a knife cut) is a break
in the skin or mucous membrane.

Description of Open Wound

The most common accidents resulting in open wounds are falls,
mishandling of sharp objects, accidents with tools or machinery,
and car accidents
OPEN WOUNDS

First Aid Management

• Control Bleeding
• Cover the wound
• Care for the shock
• Consult or refer to physician
Home Care (Wounds with bleeding not severe)
• Clean the wound with soup and water
• Apply mild antiseptics
• Cover wounds with dressing the bandage
CLOSE WOUNDS

Causes:
• Blunt object that may result in contusion or
bruises
• Application of external forces
CLOSE WOUNDS

Signs and Symptoms

• Pain and tenderness
• Swelling
• Discoloration
• Hematoma
• Uncontrolled restlessness
• Thirst
• Symptoms of shock
• Vomiting or cough-up blood
• Passage of blood in the urine or feces
• Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal
CLOSE WOUNDS

First Aid Management

• I – Iced application
• C – Compression
• E – Elevation
• S – Splinting
CLOSE WOUNDS

• Calm the person, lay him/her, and cover with blanket.

• Stop the bleeding, see ‘Bleeding (severe)’ and ‘Shock’
• Wrap amputated part in a clean and dry cloth then put it into a
waterproof plastic bag.
• Close this bag and put it into another bag that contains cool
water/ice.
• Do not give alcohol, cigarettes or food to casualty (in case of a
surgery in hospital).
• Do not freeze the amputated part (just keep it cool).
ANIMAL BITES

• Any animal bite requires medical attention. Deep

bites can cause serious wounds, severe bleeding,
and tissue damage, while all animal bites can cause
infection. Puncture wounds from teeth carry
infection deep into the tissue, while scratches are
also an infection risk. The human bite is among
the most infectious.
TREATMENT

• The priority is to ensure the safety of yourself

and bystanders. If the animal is still a risk, do not
approach it but call the local Animal Control
Service through your police department.
NOSE BLEEDING

• Nose bleeds are often the result of common

events, usually trauma, but nose bleeds can be a
warning of other problems. Nose bleeds are
caused by a small blood vessel rupturing. There
are two main types of nose bleed: upper and
lower nose bleeds.
NOSE BLEEDING

First Aid
• If your nose bleeds
• Sit down and lean forward
• Using your thumb & index finger, squeeze soft part of nose
• This part is between end of nose and the bridge of nose
• Continue holding till bleeding stops-
• Do not stop in-between
• If bleeding continues, hold for another 10 minutes
• If the patient is a child, divert attention by TV/Stories
• Avoid picking, blowing or rubbing nose for 2 days
• Place an ice pack on the bridge of nose
BURNS

• Burn is an injury involving the skin, including

muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This
results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or
other forma of radiation.
BURNS

First Aid
For Minor Burns
• Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running
water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides.
• Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don’t use fluffy cotton,
or other material that may get lint in the wound.
• Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen
( Advil, Mortin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others).
BURNS

Caution
• Don’t use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a
burn victim’s body to become too cold and cause further
damage to wound.
• Don’t apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could
cause infection.
• Don’t break blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable
to infection.
POISONING

Swallowed Poison
• Poison is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to
impair healt or cause death when introduced into the
body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can
be life threatening.
Causes:
• Common in suicide attempts
• Occasional accident poisoning,
POISONING

First Aid
• Try to identify the poison.
• Place the victim on its left side.
• Save any empty container, spoiled food analysis.
• Save any vomits and keep it with the victim if the
person is taken to an emergency facility.
CARBON MONOXIDE

• Carbon monoxide (sometimes referred to as

CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by
burning material containing carbon. Carbon
monoxide poisoning can cause brain damage and
death.You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it; but
carbon monoxide can kill you.
SYMPTOMS

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Flue-like symptoms, fatigue
• Shortness of breath on exertion
• Impaired judgment
• Chest pain
• Confusion
• Depression
SYMPTOMS

• Hallucinations
• Agitation
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Drowsiness
• Visual changes
• Fainting
• Seizure
• Memory and walking problems
FIRST AID

• Firstly, stay calm and act quickly.

• Immediately, leave the area and get fresh air.
• Turn off the source of carbon monoxide if it can be done safely.
• Call your local emergency medical services.
• If severely affected, administer oxygen with a tight mask once the ambulance arrives.
• Watch for the symptoms and give symptomatic treatment.
• If the victim is unconscious, check for the ABC’s of life and get him to an open area for fresh air.
• Call for medical help immediately.
• Hospitalization is necessary.
• Usually the victim is placed in a compressed, pressurized chamber with oxygen.
• This helps in replacing the carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen.
• This proceeded is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

• CPR (or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a

combination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation) and chest compression. If someone isn’t
breathing or circulating blood adequately, CPR can restore
circulation of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Without
oxygen, permanent brain damage or death can occur in
less than 8 minutes.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

• CPR may be necessary during many different emergencies,

including accidents, near-drowning, suffocation, poisoning,
smoke inhalation, electrocution injuries, and suspected
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
• Tips: Use CPR any time a victim’s breathing and heart
beat have stopped. Use rescue breathing whenever there
is pulse but no breathing.
SIGN OF SUCCESSFUL CPR

• Chest rise and fall with each recue breath

• Checking pulse after the 1st minute of CPR and every few
minutes to determine if the pulse has return
• Having a rescue feel for carotid pulse while giving chest
compression
WHEN TO STOP CPR

• When a doctor – or some other appropriate emergency

medical provider – tells you to stop.
• When you become exhausted and cannot continue (this
gets messy, as we’ll see below).
• When the victim begins yelling at you to stop hitting him
in the chest (this really happens). In other words, when
the victim gets better.
WHEN NOT TO STOP CPR

• Situations where attempts to perform CPR would place the rescuer

at risk of serious injury or mortal peril
• Obvious clinical signs of irreversible death (e.g. Rigor mortis,
dependent lividity, decapitation, transaction, or decomposition)
• A valid, signed, and dated advance directive indicating that
resuscitation is not desired, or a valid, signed, and dated DNAR order.
RECOVERY POSITION

• Roll the victim onto side (if no evidence of head

and neck injury)
• Place lower arm behind back
• Place hand on upper arm under the chin
• Flexor bend the top leg
DANGEROUS COMPLICATION
OF CPR
• Vomiting
• Stomach distension
• Inhalation of foreign substances (aspiration)
• Chest compression related injuries
• Dentures, loose or broken teeth or dental appliances
FOREIGN BODY OBSTRUCTION
(CHOCKING)
Choking is the physiological response to sudden airways
obstruction. Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO)
causes asphyxia and is terrifying condition, occurring very
accurately, withy the patient often unable to explain what is
happening to them. If severe, it can result in rapid loss of
consciousness and death if first aid is not undertaken
quickly and successfully. Immediate recognition and
response are of the utmost importance.
CAUSE OF CHOKING

Choking is most common in children. A marble,

button or food may get in the air passage and
cause blockage. In adults too, food may go down
the wrong way (go into the windpipe instead of
food pipe) and cause choking. The danger of
choking increases if the person has been drinking
alcohol and becomes careless about chewing food
well.
CAUSE OF CHOKING

• Trying to swallow large pieces of food

• Drunkenness
• Wearing dentures
• Eating too fast
• Eating while laughing and talking
• Walking, running or playing with objects in the
mouth
TYPES OF UPPER AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
• Tongue. Relaxed tongue muscle of an unconscious
victim may slip or fall to the airway then cause
obstruction. This is the most common causes of
obstruction.
• Vomit. When at or near death, most people vomit.
TYPES OF UPPER AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
• Foreign Body. The shape of consistent nuts, candy hotdogs and grapes
have been become the primary reason why children accidentally
inhale this objects.
• Swelling.Victims who suffer allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) and
irritants tend to experience swelling of the throat leading to
obstruction of airway.
• Spasm. If a person accidentally inhaled water, the throat starts to
spasm. This usually happens when someone is drowning.
INFANT CPR

• Step 1: Circulation
• Place the baby gently on a flat surface, like a table
or the floor. CPR should always be done placing
the victim on a flat surface.
INFANT CPR

• Gently place two of your fingers in the middle of the chest of the
baby. To understand the exact point, imagine seeing a horizontal line
going through the chest of the baby, dividing his/her nipples! You need
to pace your fingers (2 fingers of one hard) in the center of the chest
just below this horizontal line!
• With the help of two fingers, gently compress the chest of the baby.
Dig your fingers about 1.5 inches deep into the chest and pump about
100 compression within a minute, that is about 16 compressions per
10 seconds. You can also count aloud to keep a track.
INFANT CPR

• Step 2: Airway
• After the compressions to restore blood circulation in the
infant, the next step would be to clear the airways of the
infant allowing him/her to breath.You can do this after 30
compressions by gently tilting the head of the infant back
by lifting his/her chin with one hand and pushing the
forehead down the other hand.
INFANT CPR

• Make sure that you don’t tilt the head way too
much. It may prove to be harmful for the infant.
• Within 10 seconds of lifting the chin of the infant,
check for movements in the chest and breathing.
Do this by placing your ears and cheeks in front
of the baby’s mouth and nose.
INFANT CPR

• Step 3: Breathing
• If there are still no signs of breathing, then the next step would be to
cover the infant’s nose and mouth with your mouth and provide the
infant with the rescue breathing!
• Slowly breathe into the infant and blow gentle puffs of air by taking a
second for a single breath! While you do this, also check for the rise
in the infant’s chest.
INFANT CPR

• If you see the bay’s chest rising, then give the

second rescue breath. If the chest is not rising,
then you will have to repeat Step #2 and then
again go for the rescue breathing!
• It is advisable to give the infant two rescue
breaths within a period of every 30 compressions.
Continue to do this until help arrives!
ADULT CPR
• 1. Attempt to wake victim. If the victim is
not breathing (or is just gasping for breath),
call 911 immediately and go to step 2. If
someone else is there to help, one of you
calls 911 while the other moves on to step
2.
ADULT CPR
• 2. Begin chest compressions. If the victim is not breathing,
place the heel of your hand in the middle of his chest. Put
your other hand on top of the first with your fingers
interlaced. Compress the chest at least 2 inches (4-5 cm).
Allow the chest to completely recoil before the next
compression. Compress the chest at a rate of at least
100 pushes per minute. Perform 30 compressions at this
rate (should take you about 18 seconds).
ADULT CPR

• 3. Begin rescue breathing. If you have trained in CPR, after 30

compressions, open the victim’s airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift
method. Pinch the victim’s nose and make a seal over the victim’s
mouth with yours. Use a CPR mask if available. Give the victim a
breath big enough to make the chest rise. Let the chest fall, and then
repeat the rescue breath once more. If the chest doesn’t rise on the
first breath, reposition the head and try again. Whether it works on
the second try or not, go to step 4.
If you don’t feel comfortable with this step, just continue to do chest
compressions at a rate of at least 100/minute.
ADULT CPR

• 4. Repeat chest compressions. Do 30 more chest

compressions just like you did the first time.
• 5. Repeat rescue breaths. Give 2 more breaths
just like you did in step 3 (unless you’re skipping
the rescue breaths).
ADULT CPR

• 6. Keep going. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for about two minutes

(about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths).
If you have access to an automated external defibrillator
(AED), continue to do CPR until you can attach it to the
victim and turn it on. If you saw the victim collapse, put the
AED on right away. If not, attach it after approximately one
minute of CPR (chest compressions and rescue breaths).
ADULT CPR

• 7. After 2 minutes of chest compressions and rescue

breaths, stop compressions and recheck victim for
breathing. If the victim is still not breathing, continue CPR
starting with chest compressions.
• 8. Repeat the process, checking for breathing every 2
minutes (5 cycles or so), until help arrives. If the victim
wakes up, you can stop CPR.
COMMON CPR MISTAKES
Rescue breathing (mouth to mouth) mistakes:
• In adequate head tilt
• Failing to pinch the nose shut
• Not giving slow breaths
• Failing to watch chest and listen for chest exhalation
• Failing to maintain tight seal around victim’s mouth and or
nose
COMMON CPR MISTAKES

Chest compression mistakes

• Pivoting at knees instead of hips
• Wrong compression site
• Bending elbows
• Shoulders not above sternum
• Fingers touching chest
• Heel of bottom hand not in line with the sternum
COMMON CPR MISTAKES

Chest compression mistakes

• Placing palm rather than the heel of the hand on sternum
• Lifting hands off chest between compression (bouncing
movement)
• Incorrect6 compression rate
• Jerky or jobbing compression rather than smooth ones
CPR EDUCATIONAL VIDEO
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dela Cruz, Sonia G. (2005). National Development via National Service

Training Program. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp

Del Rosario, Ed. D. (2012). Resurreccion et. al. National Service Training
Program 1. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.

Lee, Sergio J. (2007). National Service Training Program: 2nd Edition.

Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM
1
Module 8: Health Program, Common Illnesses and their Prevention
OBJECTIVE
To discuss the common illness and how to prevent them.
Overview

This session focuses on common

illness, their effects on the body and
how we can prevent them.
Terminologies Related to Disease

Carrier is any person who

Infection is the invasion of
harbors the organism and is
the body by harmful
capable of transmitting it to
organisms such as bacteria,
another individual showing
fungi, protozoa, rickets or
no signs or manifestation of
viruses.
the disease.
Terminologies Related to
Disease
Communicable disease is an illness cause by an
infectious agent that is transmitted directly or
indirectly to a well person through an agency and
a vector or an inanimate object.

Contact is any person or animal that is in closely

association with an infected person, animal, or
freshly soiled materials.
Terminologies Related to
Disease

Contagious disease is a disease that is easily Disinfection is the process of eliminating infective
transmitted from one person to another directly or microorganisms from the contaminated instruments,
indirectly. clothing, or surroundings by physical means or
chemical.
Terminologies Related to Disease

Infectious disease is
transmitted not only by
Host is an animal or
ordinary contact but
plant or which a parasite
requires direct contact
leaves.
of the organism through
an opening in the skin.
General Infection Control Measure

1 2 3
Apply good basic Cover existing Avoid invasive
hygiene practices wounds or skin procedures if
with regular hand lesions with suffering from
washing. waterproof chronic skin lesions
dressings on hands
General Infection Control
Measure
Avoid contamination of person by
appropriate use of protective clothing.

Protect mucous membrane of eyes mouth

and nose from blood splashes

Prevent puncture wounds, cuts and

abrasions in the presence of blood
General Infection Control
Measure

Avoid Avoid sharps usage where possible

Institute Institute safe procedures for handling and

disposal of needles and other sharps

Institute Institute approved procedures for sterilization

and disinfect surfaces
 CLEAR UP SPILLAGES
OF BLOOD AND OTHER
BODY FLUIDS
General PROMPTLY AND
DISINFECT SURFACES
Infection
Control
Measure INSTITUTE A
PROCEDURE FOR THE
SAFE DISPOSAL OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE
Hand Hygiene

Why is Hand Hygiene important?

■ Hand Hygiene refers to removing or killing
microorganisms (germs) on the hands. When
performed correctly, hand hygiene is the single
most effective way to prevent the spread of
communicable diseases and infections. In health
care, hand hygiene is used to eliminate transient
microorganisms that have been picked up via
contact with patients, contaminated equipment or
the environment. Hand hygiene may be performed
either by using soap and running water, or with
alcohol-based hand rubs.
 In health care, hand
hygiene is required:

When Before and after contact

should with any patient/resident,
their body substances or
Hand items contaminated by
them
Hygiene be
performed?
Between different
procedures on the same
patient/ resident
 Before and after performing
invasive procedures

When should
Hand Hygiene
be Before preparing, handling,
serving or eating food or

performed? feeding a patient/resident

After assisting
patients/residents with
personal care (e.g. assisting
patient to blow nose, toileting
or doing wound care)
 Before putting on and after
taking off gloves

When
should After performing personal
Hand functions (e.g. using the toilet,
blowing your nose)
Hygiene be
performed?
When hands come into contact
with secretions, excretions,
blood and body fluids (use
soap and running water
whenever hands are visibly
soiled)
Standard Precautions
■ Assume that every person is potentially infected
or colonized with an organism that could be
transmitted in the healthcare setting and apply
the following control practices during the
delivery of health care.
 Hand Hygiene
■ During the delivery of healthcare,
avoid unnecessary touching of
surfaces in close proximity to the
patient both contamination of clean
hands from environmental surfaces

Standard and transmission of pathogens from

contaminated hands surfaces.

Precautions ■ When hands are visibly dirty,

contaminated with proteinaceous
material, or visibly soiled with blood
or body fluids, wash hands with
either a non-antimicrobial soap and
water or an antimicrobial soap and
water.
 Standard
■ Gloves Precautions
■ Wear gloves when it could be
reasonably anticipated that contact
with blood or other potentially
infectious materials, mucous
membranes, non-intact skin, or
potentially contaminated intact skin
(e.g., of a patient incontinent of stool
or urine) could occur.
■ Wear gloves with fit and durability
appropriate to the task.
■ Wear disposable medical
examination gloves for providing
direct patient care.
■ Wear disposable medical
examination gloves or reusable utility
gloves for cleaning the environment
or medical equipment.
Standard Precautions

Gowns
■ Wear a gown, that is appropriate to the task, to
protect the skin and prevent soiling or
contamination of clothing during procedures and
patient-care activities when contact with blood,
body fluids, secretions, or excretions is anticipated.
■ Wear gown for direct patient contact if the patient
has uncontained secretions or excretions.
■ Remove gown and perform hand hygiene before
leaving the patient’s environment.
Standard Precautions

Mouth, Nose, Eye Protection

■ Use PPE to protect the mucous membranes of
the eyes, nose and mouth during procedures
and patient-care activities that are likely to
generate splashes or sprays of blood, body
fluids, secretions and excretions. Select masks,
goggles, face shields, and combinations of each
according to the need anticipated by the task
performed.
 ■ In addition to Standard
Procedures, use Contact
Precautions, or equivalent,
for specified patients known
or suspected to be infected
or colonized with
epidemiologically important
microorganism that can be
transmitted by direct contact
with the patient (hand or
Contact skin-to-skin contact that
occurs when performing
Precautions patient-care activities that
require touching the
patient’s dry skin) or indirect
contact with environmental
surfaces or patient-care
items in the patient’s
environment.
Contact Precaution

Patient Placement
■ Place the patient in a private room. When the
private room is not available, place the patient in a
room with a patient who has active infection with
the same microorganism but with no other
infection. When a private room is not available and
chorting is not achievable, consider the
epidemiology of the microorganisms and the
patient population when determining patient
placement. Consultation with infection control
professionals is advised before patient placement.
Gloves and Hand Washing
■ In addition to wearing a gown as outlined under Standard Precautions,
wear gloves (a clean, non-sterile gown is adequate) when entering the
room. During the course of proving care for the patient, change gloves
after having contact with infective material that may contain high
concentrations of microorganisms (fecal material and wound drainage).
Remove gloves before leaving the patients room and wash hands
immediately with an anti microbial agent or a waterless antiseptic agent.
After glove removal and hand washing, ensure that hands do not touch
potentially contaminated surfaces or items in the patient’s room to avoid
transfer of microorganisms to other patients or environments.

Contact Precaution
Contact Precaution

Gown
■ In addition to wearing a gown as outlined under Standard
Precautions, wear a gown ( a clean, non-sterile gown is
adequate) when entering the room if you anticipate that your
clothing will be substantial contact with the patient,
environmental surfaces, or if the patient is incontinent or has
diarrhea, an ileostomy, a colostomy, or wound drainage not
contained by dressing. Remove the gown before leaving the
patient’s environment. After gown removal, ensure that clothing
does not contact potentially contaminated environmental
surfaces to avoid transfer of microorganisms to other patients or
environments.
Contact Precaution

Patient Transport
■ Limit the movement and transport of the patient
from the room essential purposes only. If the
patient is transported out of the room, ensure that
precautions are maintained to minimize the risk of
transmission of microorganisms to other patients
and contamination of environmental surfaces or
equipment.
Contact Precaution

Patient-Care Equipment
■ When, possible, dedicate the use of non-critical
patient-care equipment to a single patient (or
cohort of patients infected or colonized with the
pathogen requiring precautions) to avoid sharing
between patients. If use of common equipment or
items is unavoidable, then adequately clean and
disinfect them before use for another patient.
Contact Precaution

■ Additional Precautions for Preventing the Spread

of Vancomycin Resistance
■ Consult the HICPAC report on preventing the
spread of Vancomycin resistance for additional
prevention strategies.
Common Communicable Disease
Amoebiasis
■ Amoebiasis is an infection in the bowel, particularly the colon,
characterized by diarrhea. This infection can be fatal in infant
and to older people with low resistance. The main risk is due
to dehydration from loss of fluid.
Common Communicable Disease

Method of Prevention
■ Thoroughly cook all raw foods.
■ Thoroughly wash raw vegetables and fruits before eating.
■ Reheat food until the internal temperature of the food reaches
at least 167° Fahrenheit.
■ And do not forget that part of the microwave cooking process,
includes careful instructions of the standing times to ensure
the food is completely cooked before it is served.
Common
Communicable Disease
Chicken Pox
■ Chicken Pox is highly infectious disease caused
by virus that is transmitted by airborne droplets
from infected patients. Common symptoms are
mild fever, body malaise, and itchy rash of dark
red pimples from the trunk to the face, scalp
and limbs. The pimples develop into blister then
scabs which drop off after 12 days.
 Method of
Prevention

Common Active immunization

Communicable with vaccine as
Disease necessary.

Avoid exposure as
much as possible to
infected person.
Common
Communicable Disease
Cholera
■ Cholera is an acute infection of the small
intestine by bacteria which cause vomiting and
diarrhea (rice water stools leading dehydration).
The disease is contracted from the food and
drinking water contaminated by the feces of
patient infected.
 Method of Prevention

Food and water supply must be

protected by fecal contamination.

Water should be boiled or

Common chlorinated.
Communicable
Disease Milk should be pasteurized.

Sanitary disposal of human feces is a

must.

Sanitary supervision is necessary.

 Dengue Fever

Common
Communicable
Disease Dengue or break bone fever is a
viral disease transmitted to man
principally by mosquito. Symptoms
include severe pain in the joints
and muscles, headache, sore
throat, fever, and an irritating
rash.
Common Communicable
Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Prevention and control muscles must be
geared towards the elimination of mosquito.
■ Breeding places destruction of larvae.
■ Screening of homes and use of repellants.
■ A broad public education program for all the
preventive measures.
 Influenza
Common
Communicable
Disease
Influenza is a highly
contagious viral infection
that affects the respiratory
system. The viruses are
transmitted through
coughing and sneezing.
Headache, fever, loss of
appetite and generalized
body weakness are the
common symptoms.
Common
Communicable Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Avoidance of crowded places
■ Immunization
■ Educate the public about basic personal hygiene
 Malaria

Common
Communicable
Disease Malaria is an infectious disease
caused by the presence of
parasites in the red blood cells.
The disease is transmitted by a
mosquito bites. It result to fever,
shaking chills, sweating and even
convulsions.
 Method of Prevention

Malaria cases should be reported.

Screening for infected patients for

Common the carrier mosquitoes
Communicable
Disease Destruction of mosquito breeding
grounds.

Use of insecticides, mosquito nets

and insect repellants at home

Blood donors should be properly

screened.
Common Communicable
Disease
Measles
■ Measles are highly infectious viral disease that
mainly affects children. It can be easily
transmitted through body secretions. This may be
considered on of the most common and most
serious of all children diseases.
Common
Communicable Disease
Method of Prevention
■ Since the disease is infectious all throughout the
period, individuals should avoid association
with infected patients.
■ Immunization is highly important.
Common Communicable
Disease
Pneumonia
■ Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs
caused by bacteria in which air sacs are
filled with pus and turns the lungs into solid
state. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even
chemicals may cause pneumonia.
 Method of
Prevention
•Prevent common cold,
Common influenza and other
Communicable respiratory infections.
Disease
•Immunization
•Avoid exposure to
cold, pollution and
conditions of fatigue
or alcoholism.
Common
Communicable Disease
Tuberculosis
■ Tuberculosis is a chronic sub-acute and acute
infectious disease that affects the lungs and
characterized by the formation of tubercles to
the nearest nodules. Many people become
infected with no signs of symptoms. Infected
people tend to transmit this through coughing
and sneezing.
 Method of Prevention

Submit all babies for BCG immunization.

Common
Communicable Avoid crowded places.
Disease
Improve nutritional and health status.

Fro infected persons, advise them to

prophylactic measures such as x-rays and
tuberculin test.
Bibliography

Dela Cruz, Sonia G. (2005). National Development via National

Service Training Program. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp

Del Rosario, Ed. D. (2012). Resurreccion et. al. National Service

Training Program 1. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.

Lee, Sergio J. (2007). National Service Training Program: 2nd

Edition. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM 1

MODULE 9: DISASTER
MANAGEMENT & DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
 To discuss the preparation that should be
OBJECTIVES done during disasters.
OVERVIEW

THIS SESSION FOCUSES ON

THE DIFFERENT PREPARATION
WE MAKE DURING DISASTER.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Preparing for a disaster can reduce the fear, anxiety and losses that disasters cause. A
disaster can be a natural disaster, like hurricane, tornado, flood or earthquake. It might
also be man-made, like a bioterrorist attack or chemical spill.You should know the risks
and danger signs of different types of disasters.You should also have a disaster plan. Be
ready to evacuate your home, and know how to treat basic medical problems. Make
sure you have the insurance you need, including special types, like flood insurance.

No matter what kind of disaster you experience, it causes emotional distress. After a
disaster, recovery can take any time. Stay connected to your family and friends during
this period.
 Process of ensuring that an organization (1)
has complied with the preventive measures,
(2) is in a state of readiness to contain the
effects of a forecasted disastrous event to
minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to
property, (3) can provide rescue, relief,
rehabilitation, and other services in the
aftermath of the disaster, and (4) has the DISASTER
capacity and resources to continue to PREPAREDNESS
sustain its essential functions without being
overwhelmed by the demand placed on
them. Preparedness for the first and
immediate response is called Emergency
Preparedness.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-
powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at home.

Learn first aid.

WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

Learn Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.

Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an

Make up earthquake.

Don’t Don’t leave heavy objects on shelves (they’ll fall during

leave earth quake).
WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

ANCHOR HEAVY FURNITURE, LEARN THE EARTHQUAKE PLAN AT

CUPBOARDS, AND APPLIANCES TO YOUR SCHOOL OR WORKPLACE.
THE WALLS OR FLOOR.
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

Stay calm! If you’re indoor, stay inside. If you’re outside, stay

outside.

In you’re indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the

building, stand in a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a
desk or table). Stay away from the windows and outside doors.
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

If you’re outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or

anything that might fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might
fall off the building or the building could fall on you).

Don’t use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and
fire don’t mix.
 If you’re in a car, stop the
car and stay inside the car
WHAT TO DO until the earthquake stops.
DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE
Don’t use elevators (they’ll
probably get stuck anyway).
WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
Check yourself and others for
injuries. Provide first aid for
anyone who needs it.
Check water, gas, and electric
lines for damage. If any are
damaged, shut off the valves.
Check for the smell of gas. If
you smell it, open all the
windows and doors, leave
immediately, and report it to
the authorities (use someone
else’s phone).

Turn on the radio. Don’t use

the phone unless it’s an Stay out of damaged buildings.
emergency.

Be careful around broken glass

and debris. Wear boots or
sturdy shoes to keep from
cutting your feet.
WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).

Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground
has stopped shaking.

Stay away from damaged areas.

If you’re at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the
person in charge.

Expect aftershocks.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Fire Prevention
 Of course, the best way to practice fire safety is to
make sure a fire doesn’t break out in the first place.
That means you should always be aware of potential
hazards in your home, start by keeping these tips in
mind.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Check all electrical appliances, cords, and outlets

Look around your house for potential problems. And unless you’re a trained
electrician, be careful about do-it-yourself electrical projects. Studies have shown
that many home fires are caused by improper installation of electrical devices.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Be especially vigilant about portable heaters

 The number of residential fires always goes up during colder
month, peaking between December and February. Portable
space heaters substantially contribute to this increase.
Before plugging in your space heater, make sure you know
how to use it safely.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Be careful in the kitchen

 Did you know that cooking is the leading cause of home fires in the United
States? The kitchen is rife with ways for a fire to start: food left unsupervised on
a stove or in an oven or microwave; grease spills; a dish towel too close to the
burner; a toaster or toaster oven flare-up; a coffee pot accidentally left-on.

 Always supervise kids while cooking and practice safe cooking habits – like
turning all pot handles in so they can’t be accidentally knocked over and not
wearing loose-fitting clothing that could catch fire around the stove.
 Check the fireplace
 Fireplaces should be kept clean and
covered with a screen to keep
sparks from jumping out. Only
wood should be burned in the

FIRE SAFETY fireplace – paper and other

materials can escape while burning
and ignite nearby items. Never leave

TIPS a fire burning unattended and make

sure a fire is completely
extinguisher before leaving the
house or going to bed. Have the
chimney professionally cleaned
once a year.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Beware of Cigarettes

According to the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), Cigarettes are the no. 1
cause of fire deaths in the United States and Canada, killing about 1,000 per year. Most are
started when the ashes or butts fall into couches and chairs. If you smoke, be especially
careful around upholstered furniture, never smoke in bed, and be sure cigarettes are
completely out before you toss them in the trash.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Keep fire extinguishers handy

Be prepared for any accidents by having fire extinguishers strategically placed

around your house – at least one on each floor and in kitchen (this one should be
an all-purpose extinguisher, meaning it can be used on grease and electrical fires),
the basement, the garage, or workshop area. Keep them out of reach of children.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS

Practice Fire Drills at Home

 Kids have fire drills at school and adults have them at work. Why shouldn’t you
have them at home, too? Fires are frightening and can cause panic. By rehearsing
different scenarios, your family will be less likely to waste precious time trying to
figure out what to do. Discuss and rehearse the escape routes you’ve planned for
each room of your home. Designate a meeting place outside your house or
apartment building that is a safe distance away (a mailbox, a fence, or even a
distinctive-looking tree will do) where everyone can be accounted for after they
escape.
PREPARING FOR A TYPHOON

Plan a head
 Determine whether you can remain in your home during the typhoon.You may
be able to ride out a weak typhoon with a small storm surge but will need to
evacuate for stronger storms. Listen for warnings from your local officials or
weather personnel in situations where evacuation is ordered. Note the
evacuation routes and plan to leave early.
 Make lists of television and radio stations where you can get storm information,
phone numbers to call in case of emergencies and locations of storm shelters.
Get directions for the emergency shelters.
PREPARING FOR A TYPHOON

Designate a location for you and your family members to meet if

you get separated and the number of an out-of-state relative to
call to say everyone is safe. That out-of-state person starts the
phone tree to others on your list after learning you are okay.

Find a place to take your pets where they will be safe if you
have to evacuate. Most storm shelters won’t allow pets.

Remember to shut off electricity, water and gas to your home

before evacuating.
PREPARING FOR A TYPHOON

Assemble a Typhoon Kit

 Pack food that doesn’t have to be refrigerated or cooked
along with disposable plates, bowls, forks, knives and spoons.
Each person and pet in the home should have enough to eat
for three days.
 Store water. Each person needs three gallons of clean water
to drink and to use for washing. Pets also need water.
PREPARING FOR A TYPHOON

Include a first aid kit in your typhoon kit.

Remember to pack board games, card decks and a

battery-operated radio.

Throw in a box of garbage bags and paper towels.

 Pack Pack your Bags

PREPARING Pack a small bag or backpack for each

FOR A Pack person in the home. It should include
clothes and toiletries for three days.
TYPHOON

Bundle a blanket and pillow for each

Bundle person and place them in garbage bags (to
keep them dry) to take along if evacuating.
PREPARING FOR A TYPHOON

 Include a small bag of photos and documents you

can’t afford to have destroyed, such as wills and
wedding albums.
 Place everyone’s bag and bed bundle near the door
so they can be quickly loaded into the car if you
decide to evacuate. Fill the car with gas.
AFTER TYPHOON

Avoid going out for a picnic or excursion immediately after a

typhoon. It is usually calm after a typhoon. Wait until the
typhoon has totally left the place.

Listen to radio announcements to know about the typhoon

and the weather.
AFTER TYPHOON

 Check the roofs or construction of your house. Is

your roof was damaged? Check and fix it.
 Is there any injured or is their any neighbors injured
during the typhoon? Bring them to the nearest
disaster coordinating council hospital or medical
centers?
PLAN FOR  Develop a Family Disaster Plan. Please
see the “Family Disaster Plan” section for
TSUNAMI general family panning information.
PLAN FOR TSUNAMI

 Learn about Tsunami risk in your community.

Contact your local emergency management office or
American Red Cross Chapter. Find out if your home, school,
workplace or other frequently visited locations are in
tsunami hazard areas. Know the height of your street above
sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or
other high-risk waters. Evacuation orders may be based on
these numbers.
 If you are visiting an area at risk for
Tsunami, check with the hotel, motel, or
camp ground operators for tsunami
evacuation information and how you would
be warned. It is important to now PLAN FOR
designated escape routes before a warning TSUNAMI
is issued. If you are at risk from tsunamis, do
the following:
  Plan an evacuation route from
your home, school, workplace, or any
other place you’ll be where Tsunamis
present a risk. If possible, pick an area
100 feet above sea level or go up to
two miles inland, away from the
coastline. If you can’t get this high or
far, go as high as you can. Every foot
inland or upwards makes a difference.

PLAN FOR You should be able to reach your safe

location on foot within 15 minutes.
After a disaster, roads may become

TSUNAMI impassable or blocked. Be prepared

to evacuate by foot if necessary. Foot
paths normally lead uphill and inland,
while many roads parallel coastlines.
Follow posted Tsunami evacuations
routes; these will lead to safety. Local
emergency management officials can
help advise you as to the best route
safety and likely shelter locations.
  Practice your evacuation
route. Familiarity may save your

PLAN FOR life. Be able to follow your escape

route at night and during inclement
weather. Practicing your plan makes

TSUNAMI the appropriate response more of a

reaction, requiring less thinking
during an actual emergency
situation.
PLAN FOR TSUNAMI
 Use a NOAA Weather Radio with tone-alert feature
to keep you informed of local watches and warnings. The
tone alert feature will warn you of potential danger even if
you are not currently listening to local radio or television
stations.

 Talk to your insurance agent. Homeowners’ policies do

not cover flooding from a Tsunami. Ask about the National
Flood Insurance Program.
PLAN FOR TSUNAMI

 Discuss Tsunami with your family. Everyone should know what to do in

case all famly members are not together. Discussing Tsunamis ahead of time will
help reduce fear and anxiety, and let everyone know how to respond. Review
flood safety and preparedness measures with your family.

 Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit. Please see the section “Disaster Supplies
Kit” for general Supplies Kit information. Tsunami-specific supplies should include
the following:
 Evacuation Supplies Kit in an easy-to-carry container (backpack) near your door.
 Disaster Supplies Kit Basics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dela Cruz, Sonia G. (2005). National Development via National Service Training
Program. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp

Del Rosario, Ed. D. (2012). Resurreccion et. al. National Service Training Program 1.
Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.

Lee, Sergio J. (2007). National Service Training Program: 2nd Edition. Quezon City: C
& E Publishing, Inc.
NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING
PROGRAM 1:
MODULE 10-NSTP 1- DRUG ABUSE AND
PREVENTION

Module 10: Drug Abuse and Prevention

 To discuss the kinds of drugs and its effects
OBJECTIVES and how to prevent it.
OVERVIEW

This session focuses on drug abuse and its effect and

how to prevent it.
 Drug abuse is a serious
public health problem
that affects almost
every community and
family in some way.
BACKGROUND
Each year drug abuse
results in around 40
million serious illnesses
or injuries among
people in the United
States.
 Drug Abuse also plays a role in many major social
problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress and
child abuse. Drug Abuse can lead to homelessness,
crime and missed work or problems with keeping a job.
BACKGROUND It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are
different types of treatment for drug abuse. But the best
is to prevent drug abuse in the first place.
GENERAL SIGN OF DRUG USER

Mood swings; irritable and

Sudden change in behavior grumpy and then suddenly
happy and bright

Withdrawal from family Careless about personal

members grooming
 Loss of interest in hobbies, sports, and other favorite activities

Changed sleeping pattern; up at night and sleeps during the day

Red or glassy eyes

Sniffly or runny nose

GENERAL SIGN OF DRUG USER

Problems at school

REASON FOR
Drinking and driving DRUG USE

Unplanned sexual
activity and consequent
pregnancy or sexually
transmitted disease.
Emotional trauma
over guilty feelings

Criminal activity,
often to support
their habit REASON FOR
DRUG USE
Physical problems,
including alcohol
poisoning

Death
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECTS)

STIMULANTS – DRUGS WHICH EXAMPLES: AMPHETAMINE, COCAINE

INCREASES ALERTNESS AND PHYSICAL
DISPOSITION.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY
ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Hallucinogens – drugs which affect sensation, self awareness and

emotion. Changes in time and spaces perception may be mild or
overwhelming depending on the dosages.

Examples: marijuana, mescaline

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY
ABUSED DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Sedatives – drugs that reduce Examples: barbiturates,

anxiety and excitement. tranquilizers, alcohol
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMMONLY ABUSED
DRUG (ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS)

Narcotics – drugs
that relieve pain and
often induce sleep.
Examples: morphine,
heroin
 Alcohol
Alcohol is of course the most commonly used
COMMONLY and widely abused psychoactive drug in the
DRUG ABUSE country. Street names/ slang terms are Booze,
Juice and Sauce. It is ingested orally. Types
& THEIR include beer, wine, and liquor. Narconon
provides effective treatment for alcohol
EFFECTS abuse.
 Effects of Alcohol Abuse
 Reduces sensitivity to pain.
COMMONLY  Narrows the visual field, reduces resistance
DRUG ABUSE to glare.

& THEIR  Interferes with the ability to differentiate

intensities of light.
EFFECTS
 Reduces ability to make decisions.
COMMONLY
DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Marijuana
 Marijuana is the most
frequently used illicit
drug in America and has
been linked to harming
a developing fetus. It
has the same or similar
effects as depressants,
stimulants, and
hallucinogens.
Marijuana cigarettes
yield almost four times
as much tar as tobacco,
creating a higher risk of
lung damage.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Marijuana Abuse

Increases in heart rate, body temperature, and appetite.

Drowsiness

Dryness of the mouth and throat

Reddening of the eyes and reduction in ocular pressure.

COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Cocaine

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the

brain. Cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known
drugs. The pure chemical, Cocaine Hydrochloride, has been an abused
substance for more than 100 years, and coca leaves, the source of
Cocaine, have been ingested for thousands of years.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

May cause extreme

Effects of Cocaine
anxiety and
Abuse
restlessness.

Twitches, tremors,
Chest pain, nausea,
spasms, coordination
seizures.
problems.

Respiratory arrest and

cardiac arrest.
 Methamphetamine
 Today, Methamphetamine is second only to
alcohol and marijuana as the drug used most
frequently in many Western and Midwestern
states. Seizures of dangerous laboratory
COMMONLY materials have increased dramatically-in
some states, fivefold. In response, many
DRUG ABUSE special task forces and local and federal
initiatives have been developed to target
& THEIR Methamphetamine production and use.
Legislation and negotiation with earlier
EFFECTS source areas for precursor substances have
also reduced the availability of the raw
materials needed to make the drug.
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse

Increase wakefulness and physical activity.

Decrease appetite.

Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of light.

Reduces ability to make decisions.

COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Heroin

Heroin is an illegal addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most
rapidly acting of the Opiates. Heroin is processed from Morphine, a naturally
occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy
plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky
substance known on the streets as “Black Tar Heroin.”
COMMONLY DRUG ABUSE &
THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of Heroin Abuse

Surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by a warm

flushing of the skin.

Alternately wakeful and drowsy state

Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of

light.

Impaired night vision, vomiting, constipation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dela Cruz, Sonia G. (2005). National Development via National

Service Training Program. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp

Del Rosario, Ed. D. (2012). Resurreccion et. al. National Service

Training Program 1. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.

Lee, Sergio J. (2007). National Service Training Program: 2nd

Edition. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.