ALBALQA APPLIED UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

UNIT OPERATIONS LAB-1

Sampling Technique

NAMES:
Sereen AlAtyat
Saja Majdi
Sara almasaeid
Noor Ghazal
Dania Mahmoud

LAB TIME : Sunday

DATE : 12/3/2023

Experiment (1)
 Sampling Technique

Objective:
1- To study the properties of the row materials.

2- To determine the amount of useful metals and the ratio of the other

metals. 3-To study the effect of the existence of other metals and impurities.

Theory:
Sampling procedures cover the practice of selecting representative quantities of test material in
the field, to evaluate bulk materials. Examples of the test materials are bulk granular solids,
slurries, sludge's, grains, and solid fuels. It is necessary to be able to sample bulk materials during
shipment and during processing operations. Taggart (1945) defined sampling as: "The operation
of removing a part convenient in size for testing, from a whole which is much greater bulk, in
such a way that the proportion and distribution of the quality to be tested (e.g., specific gravity,
metal content, recoverability) are the same in both the whole the part removed (SAMPLE)."

Procedure:
In the practical part, we implemented two methods.
The first method is coning an quartering method.
The sample was poured and took the shape of a cone and then compressed to make the outer
surface in the form of a circle and then divided into quarters.
Take every two opposite quarters.
The error rate in this process is rather large because each individual takes a quarter in a way that
is different from the other individual. Thus, the representative sample has its specifications and
measurements different from one person to another.
The second method is sample splitters.
The sample was poured into the device, which consists of a series of chutes, and the sample was
flowed through the chutes and divided randomly into two equal fractions. The process is repeated
more than once until the desired size of the representative sample is reached.

The error rate in this process is less than the previous process.
The reason for the error ratio is that when the material is repeatedly divided into smaller fractions
with a shotgun, the errors from each cleavage stage will be added together, increasing the
variance between samples.

1- Coning and quartering:

Coning and quartering is a process that preserves particle correlations within each quadrant, and
this effect is worsened by combining quarters. Essentially, one has obtained a two-increment
sample containing one-half of the original mass. Thus, there is some tendency to maintain the
variability due to grouping and segregation problems. In coning and quartering, there is also the
difficulty of creating the initial pile so that all of the particles are randomly distributed across
each quadrant. Coning and quartering is not recommended since it is a lot of effort just to reduce
the grouping and segregation error by two (the number method is performed.

2- Sample Splitters:

These are often called riffle or chute splitters، it consist of a series of chutes that run in alternating
direction.
The one we used in the lab is Riffle Splitting (which known as Jones Splitter) is a mechanical
device with a series of alternating chutes that deposit one-half of the sample into one discharge
bin and the other half into a second bin, They are available in many sizes and some provide
splitting of a sample into more than halves, such as fourths or eighths, in one operation.
Riffle splitters can perform well, but the results rely on the skill and training of the operator.

3- Table Sampler:

A table sampler consists of an inclined surface with various triangular prisms placed to divide the
sample as the surface is vibrated and the particles move from the top to the bottom . Like the
riffle splitter, this device splits the sample in one pass. However, the number of increments
associated with this technique is small with a tendency to allow large grouping and segregation
errors to remain. The device is also bulky and not readily available. This method has little to offer
for recommendation. The method should suffer from operator bias in pouring the sample into the
apparatus in the same manner that degrades the performance for coning and quartering, and for
riffle splitting. The initial location on the table with respect to the other parts of the sample will
bias certain particles toward a particular subsample. In effect, some of the initial correlation
derived from the placement of the sample is maintained, and that means that some of the
grouping error is maintained.
Discussion:
We applied two methods in this experiment, coining and quartering method and sample splitters,
we noticed that the second method is better because each one uses a different fourth.