AL-Balqa Applied University Faculty of Engineering Technology

Chemical Engineering Department

Unit operation 1 laboratory
Experiment (2.1): Determination of solid particle flow rate

Experiment(2-2): Determination of Angle of repose for solid

partical

Instructor: Dr. Banan Hudaib

Students:

‫دانيه محمود الغويري‬

‫سيرين سليمان العطيات‬

‫سجى مجدي الزيود‬

‫سارة عالء الدين المساعيد‬

‫نور مصطفى الغزال‬

Time: Sunday (11:30-2:30)

Objective (2.1):
1- To determine the flow rate of solid particles.
2. To study the parameters affecting the motion of solid particles.

Objective (2.2):
1- To determine the angle of repose for solid particles 2-
To study the parameters affecting the angle of repose.

Theory (2.1):
solid particles Flow index: it is the ability of solid particles to flow and fill different shapes .it
also measures the mass quantity of solid (in grams) that flows vertically through an opening of
4mm in one second.
SPFI = m(g)/t(s)

Factors that affect the flow:

1- Specific gravity (density) of solid particles High density high friction → slow flow

2- Volume of particles:

Large particles → low surface area per gram (low friction) → high flow.

3- Shape of particles:
Spherical particles low surface area per gram (low friction) →→→ high flow

4. Humidity of particles:

Humid particles→→ high friction among particles → low flow.

5- Temperature of particles:

High temperature of particles low friction+ high flow.

Theory (2.2):
The angle of repose is: The angle between a line of repose of loose material and a horizontal
plane.

Depending on flow properties, particulate solids are divided into two classes: -Cohesive: wet
clay b- Non-cohesive: dry sand, plastic chips.
 Angle of repose Explanation
25-30° Very free-flowing
30-38° Free flowing
38-45° Fair flowing
45-55° Cohesive
>55° Very cohesive

This angle of repose can be measured in the, laboratory using the funnel test. This test form
part of the standard tests backed up by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
In the funnel test, granular material is placed in a funnel and then is slowly deposited on a
horizontal surface as shown in Fig.

The granular material moves over the face of the accumulated triangular pile. When the
movement stops, the inclination of the pile represents the angle of repose.

Apparatus:
Samples like sand, salt, rocks.

Funnel

Beaker.
Paper.

Ruler.

Protractor.
Stopwatch.

Balance.

Procedure (2.1):
1. prepare the sample of different materials to be studied.
2. Prepare the flow rate equipment.
3. Weight a certain amount of solid particles.
4. Fill the cone with a certain amount of solid particles.
5. Let the particles to flow down (vertically) through the opening into the baker recorded
the time of flowing.
6. Calculate the SPFI.
 7. Repat for another sample with larger particles.
8. Tabulated your results.

Procedure (2.2):
1. Allow the flow of powder from funnel to paper.
2. Measure the height.
3. Mark the base of bile, then remove the powder.
4. Measure the diameter of formed circle.
5. Take the average of two diameters.
6. Calculate the radius.
ℎ
7. Calculate tan𝜃=𝑟
8. Tabulate your data.

Calculations :-

Resin →
Mass =80 gram
Time =2.58 second
𝑚 80
SPFI = = =31g/s
𝑡 2.58
𝐷1 = 13.3 𝑐𝑚
D2 =13.5 cm
D3 =13.7 cm
 𝐷1+𝐷2+𝐷3 13.3+13.5+13.7
D(avg) = = = 13.5𝑐𝑚
3 3
High (h)=1.5cm
𝐷(𝑎𝑣𝑔) 13.5
R(avg)= = = 6.75𝑐𝑚
2 2
−1 ℎ 1.5
𝜃 = tan = tan−1 =12.53
𝑟 6.75

_________________________________________________________

sand →
Mass =80 gram

Time =1.68 second

𝑚 80
SPFI = = = 47.62𝑔/𝑠
𝑡 1.68

D1=10.6cm

D2=10.1cm

D3=10.2cm
𝐷1+𝐷2+𝐷3 10.6+10.1+10.2
D(avg)= = = 10.3𝑐𝑚
3 3

High(h)=2cm
 𝐷(𝑎𝑣𝑔) 10.3
R(avg)= = = 5.15𝑐𝑚
2 2

ℎ 2
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 21.22
𝑟 5.15
______________________________________

salt→
Mass=80gram

Time=2.02second
𝑚 80
SPFI= = = 39.6 g/s
𝑡 2.02

D1=9.9cm

D2=9.7cm

D3=9.8cm
𝐷1+𝐷2+𝐷3 9.9+9.7+9.8
D(avg)= = = 9.8𝑐𝑚
3 3

High(h)=1.4cm
 𝐷(𝑎𝑣𝑔) 9.8
R(avg)= = = 4.9𝑐𝑚
2 2

ℎ 1.4
𝜽 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 15.95
𝑟 4.9
Solid particles Average radius Angle of repose Flow ability(SPFI)

reisn 6.75 cm 12.53 31 g/s

sand 5.15 cm 21.22 47.62 g/s

salt 4.9 cm 15.95 39.6 g/s

Conclusion:
The experimental revealed that there is a relationship between the size and irregularity of the
granular materials with regard to the angle of repose. The larger (in terms of volume) and
more irregular the granular material grains the higher the angle of repose.
It's wet sand that doesn't come down from the funnel so just calculate by the angle.