DRUGS MECHANISM OF ACTION SIDE EFFECTS NURSING

RESPONSIBILITY
1.Epinephrine/ Stimulates alpha-, CV: Pounding heartbeat, tachycardia, -Monitor heart
Adrenalin beta-, and beta2- flushing, hypertension rate, blood
adrenergic pressure, pulse
Dose; receptors resulting CNS: nervousness, restlessness,
1 mg/ml/amp in relaxation of dizziness, headache, insomnia, -Use extreme
Route:IV smooth muscle of lightheadedness caution when
the bronchial tree, calculating and
cardiac stimulation GI: Nausea, vomiting preparing
and dilation of doses;
skeletal epinephrine is a
vasculature; small very potent
doses can cause drug.
vasodilation via
beta2 vascular -Protect drug
receptors; large solutions from
doses may produce light, extreme
constriction of heat and
skeletal and freezing.
vascular smooth
muscle; decreases -shake the
production of suspension for
aqueous humor injection well
and increases before
aqueous outflow; withdrawing the
dilates the pupil by dose.
contracting the
dilator muscle Injection
-rotate SC
injection sites to
prevent
necrosis;
monitor sites
frequently

-make sure
resuscitation
equipment
available

-resuscitation
drug for
anaphylactic
reaction must
be available
 -cardiac
monitor must
2.Diphenhydramine/ CNS: drowsiness, diiziness, be attached to
Anti histamines headcahe client.
EENT: blurred vision, tinnitus
DOSAGE: CV: hypotension, palpitations
Acts as an inverse
50mg/ml/amp GI: anorexia, dry mouth, constipation, 1.Assess
agonist at the HI
ROUTE: IV nausea dizziness and
receptor thereby
GU: anorexia, dry mouth drowsiness that
reversing the
effects of histamine Respiratory: chest tightness, might affect
on capillaries, thickened bronchial sections gait, balance
reducing allergic and other
reaction symptoms. functional
activities.
2.Assess blood
pressure
periodically and
compare to
normal values.
Report a
sustained or
symptomatic
decrease in BP
or other cardiac
symptoms
3.Monitor
respiratory
function at rest
and during
exercise. Notify
physician if
patient
experience’s
any
troublesome
wheezing,
tightness in the
throat or chest
or abnormal
bronchial
sections.
4.Monitor
symptoms of
seasonal
 allergies or
allergic skin
reactions
5.When treating
anaphylaxis
assess for
signs of
3. Hydrocortisone/ successful
Adrenal corticosteroid treatment
50mg/ml/amp, IV/ q2, Insomnia, heartburn, anxiety, including
q4, or q6 abdominal distention, diaphoresis, decreased skin
Inhibits acne, mood swings, increased
accumulation of reactions and
appetite, facial flushing, delayed
inflammatory cells increased
wound healing, increased
at inflammation susceptibility to infection, diarrhea or airway patency
sites, phagocytosis, constipation. and ventilation.
lysosomal enzyme
release, synthesis
and/or release of - Monitor
mediators of electrolytes,
inflammation. B/P, weight,
Reverses serum glucose.
increased capillary - Monitor for
permeability. hypocalcemia
Therapeutic Effect: (muscle
Prevents/suppress twitching,
es cell-mediated cramps),
immune reactions. hypokalemia
Decreases/prevent (weakness,
s tissue response
paresthesia
to inflammatory
[esp. lower
process.
extremities],
nausea/vomitin
g, irritability,
EKG changes).
4. Metochlorpromide/ - Instruct pt/SO
Anti- emetic to report fever,
DOSAGE: sore throat,
10mg/ml/amp restlessness,drowsiness,fatigue, muscle aches,
ROUTE: IV anxiety, insomnia, confusion sudden weight
GI: nausea, bowel disturbances, gain, swelling,
acts by increasing
CV: hypertension,SVT, bradycardia visual
sensitivity to
Hematologic: disturbances,
acetylcholine,
leukopenia,neutropenia,agranulocyto behavioral
results in increased
sis changes.
 motility of the upper Endocrine: fluid retention,
GI tract and galactorrhea 1.Assess for
relaxation of the allergy to
pyloric sphinter and metoclopramide
duodenal bulb. 2.Monitor BP
Gastric emptying 3.Monitor for
time and GI transit extrapyramidal
time are shortened. reactions
Facilitates 4.Instruct
intubation of the patient to report
small bowel and involuntary
speeds transits of a movement of
barium meal. the face, eyes,
Produces limbs, severe
sedation , induces depression and
release of prolactin, severe diarrhea
increases 5.Check and
5. Vitamin K/vitamin/
circulating monitor vital
antihemorrhagic
aldosterone levels signs every 4
10mg/amp/IM/IV/PRN and is an anti hours
emetic. 6.report any
Pain, swelling, or soreness at the unusual
injection site may occur. Temporary swelling, severe
flushing, taste changes, dizziness, dizziness and
rapid heartbeat, sweating, shortness trouble
of breath, or bluish lips/skin/nails breathing

Vitamin K is
essential to the 1.Assess urine
hepatic synthesis of for hematuria
prothrombin (Factor 2.Assess Hct,
II) and factors VII, platelet count,
IX, and X. It urine/stool
contributes to the culture for
activation of an occult blood
6.Paracetamol/ enzyme necessary 3.Assess for
Analgesics, Anti to the formation of decrease in BP,
pyretic prothrombin. increase pulse
rate, complaints
DOSAGE: of
150mg/ml/amp abdominal/back
ROUTE: IV CV: chest pain, dyspnea pain , severe
GI: hepatic toxicity and failure, headache
 jaundice 4.Monitor PT,
GU: acute renal failure, renal tubular international
necrosis normalized ratio
Hematologic: hematuria, anuria, routinely in
to inhibit neutropenia, leukopenia, hemolytic those taking
prostaglandin anemia anticoagulants
synthesis in the
CNS and, to a 1.Do not
lesser extent, block exceed the
pain impulses recommended
through peripheral dosage
action. Acts 2.Reduce
centrally on dosage with
hypothalamic heat- hepatic
regulating center, impairement
producing 3.Avoid using
peripheral multiple
vasodilation (heat preparations
loss, skin containing
erythema, acetaminophen.
diaphoresis). Carefully check
all OTC
products
3.Give drug
with food if GI
upset occurs
4.Discontinue
drug if GI upset
occurs.
5.Discontinue
drug if
hypersensitivity
reactions
occurs.
6.Treatment of
overdose.
Monitor serum
levels regularly,
N-acetycystine
should be
available as
specific
antidote.
JOURNAL
SUMMARY:
HIV/AIDS is an exceptional epidemic that demands an exceptional response. Much
progress has been made in a short space of time, despite many scientific and
programmatic challenges. In the absence of a protective vaccine or a cure, prevention
and access to antiretroviral treatments are the best options to slow down the HIV-1
pandemic. Broad implementation of these principles needs improved infrastructures in
resource-constrained regions, which have been and will continue to be most affected.
The fact that HIV-1 is predominantly sexually transmitted and disproportionately affects
populations that are already socially or economically marginalized, or both, poses many
ethical, social, economic, and political challenges.
The increasing number of infected women and the disproportionate burden of infection
in resource-constrained settings creates a scientific imperative to ensure research is
done for people and in settings who stand to benefit most. The most affected countries
face many other economic, political, and development challenges, which have raised
issues in undertaking multicenter and multicounty research. Research addressing
women-specific topics (such as effect of sexual hormones on transmission and disease
progression, viral diversity, and antiretroviral potency) and women-specific prevention
interventions including microbicides is crucial. We are probably at one of the most
hopeful and optimistic points in our response to the pandemic. There is definitely more
attention being directed to HIV-1, more resources , more civil society mobilization, more
governments speaking up, more possibilities for treatment, and more evidence about
what prevention and treatment strategies will work than in previous years. The
unrelenting growth of the pandemic tells us that current strategies are not enough.
Clearly, we need to do some things differently, while also increasing the scale and
magnitude of current strategies in keeping with the pandemic.

NURSING EDUCATION:

VACCCINES a safe, protective, and inexpensive vaccine would be the most efficient
and possibly the only way to curb the HIV pandemic. Despite intensive research,
development of such a candidate vaccine remains elusive. Safety concerns prohibit the
use of live-attenuated virus as immunogen. Many different approaches with
recombinant technologies have been pursued over the past two decades. Initially,
efforts were focused on generating neutralizing antibodies with recombinant monomeric
envelope gp120 (AIDSVAX) as immunogen. This vaccine did not induce neutralizing
antibodies and, not unexpectedly, the phase III trials failed to show protection. Antibody
mediated HIV-1 neutralization is complicated by the high genetic diversity of the variable
Env regions, epitopes masked by a carbohydrate shield (glycosylation), and
conformational or energetic constraints. Since CD8 T-cell responses control to some
extent viral replication in vivo, recent vaccine development has focused on eliciting
cellular immune responses. Overcoming pre-existing immunity against replication
incompetent immunogenic vectors (eg, recombinant adenovirus type 5) is one of the
challenges.

Reference:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2913538/

REFLECTION:

Life for an individual becomes hell after being tested positive for AIDS. It is not only
the disease but also the social stigma and discrimination, felling of being not loved and
being hated acts as a slow poison. We need to instill the belief among them, through our
love and care, that the HIV positive patients can still lead a long and healthy life. Though
AIDS is a disease, which cannot be cured or eradicated from society, the only solution to
AIDS lies in its prevention and awareness. We must have our regular and periodical health
checkup so that we don’t fall prey to such deadly diseases. We must also encourage and
educate others to do the same. With the widespread awareness about the disease, much
fewer adults and children are dying of AIDS. The only way to fight the AIDS disease is
through creating awareness.

If you are living with HIV, know that you can take control of the virus. It should not
have control of your life or your future. Today’s HIV medication can stop the virus from
replicating and damaging your immune system. You should be able to be as healthy
with HIV as you were without it by keeping your appointments with your health care
provider and taking your HIV medication every time. If you achieve and maintain an
undetectable viral load, you will stop HIV from damaging your immune system and have
effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. HIV
treatments will not, however, protect you or your partner from other sexually transmitted
infections.

“HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands
and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it.” – Princess Diana.
As a student nurse I interact with people who have different illness. In
our three days duty at the ER of Baguio Gen. I was able to see and
communicate to patient who has HIV. He has multiple diseases