EMBANKMENT DAMS Requirements of solid gravity dam foundations are very stringent, The embankment dams, on the athe hand, need not havea rocky foundation and canbe built on regular good quality soil, The other advantages in favour of embankment dams ar: (i) Construction plant is relatively simple as only the earth handling machinery is needed. (ii) Costly and scarce material ike cement can be dispensed with oa large extent (iii) Most often, embankment dams can be designed to utilize the locally available material without much processing. (iv) The first cost of an embankment dam is much less than that of a solid gravity dam, in spite ofthe larger section (v) Earthen dams become stronger with age, (vi) In seismic zones, embankment dams may be preferred to gravity dams, due to ther inherent adaptability, Embankment dams may be constructed either as the earth dams or as the rockfill dams, Nowadays, eartherockfill (combination ofthe two) is also often employed. Earthen dams are being constructed for more than lst 2000 years but inthe twentieth century, the development in earth roving machinery and the advancement inthe knowledge of soil mechanics has encouraged the construction of embankment dams to a much greater extent, The 224 m high Oroville dam in USA, 300 mhigh Nurek dam in Tajikistan, 242m Mica dam in Canada, 261 m dam at Tehri in Uttarakhand (India (Fig. 8.10) are some ofthe outstanding examples,More than 71% of al the dams nthe word are banent ams. In th pest, construction of embankment dams was a slow process, but now with the evelopment of eats moving machinery this duvhac is removed Gant dams suchas Trbela in Paks, wis foil embankment volume of 11.7 mill ve een const with grat speed. At the peak pend of working the daily placement there was as much as 225,60 Appendix athe nd ofthe book shows some of th pest dams the word cing bythe volume ofthe mati wd. Earthen Dams Otherwise known as eof dams, theso basically consi of cabling in small compacted layers and raising the embankment ins mound shape wproximately trapezoidal in seton. Since he compaction i done by ring these dans ar also kaoor ax vole dan. The alirative ‘method of raising the emarkrent sy Jetng si sy in which as its known as anc Alf dams. The crt moving machinery normaly needed forthe operation inch ues, leds ‘nd dampers xing eh onthe brow pits and ullazers, snd ies fr eel ad ing for compaction, Theo basic requirement of eaten dams are (4) reasonable depres of imperiousncs, and (i) sabity under al condi of waking, Parcy sandy soils maketh it requirement impossible, while clayey sil do not satis the second enterion Incondiors of adden drawdown, ly romain saute with water and becomes ‘unstable. Hone, i is clear that ony carefully sclcted and blended ca has 1 be sod for cebarnens. Te types of design Fr ertn dams arin vouDos [209 (a) Homogeneous seton (6) Diaphragm type ant (e) Zona seston (a) The homogeneous type wilize sandy clay sls ands presi restricted nly for small ams. Te ene section is made ofthe same ype ofl (Fig. 8.11) unlike the zoned The dphragm type (Fg. 8 1106), sow obsolete, has a solid cuof inthe form of a ‘masonry or once wal etending throughout the eight oh erhonment This imparts Impervious burhomogenciy ofthe action ofthe earth assis os That isthe reason {i it going into dbuse. Moreover, the poseconsiructonsetlerent inthe enbarkent nu Noundstone olen cue cracking he dpa oat 30 6) eet Tpesctearendan, (c) Zoned section isthe most poplar ype use nowadays ia which rosseeson a the dam ‘sided ito zonen (Fg (6) The eer mnes are more porvins o have a fe Chaining property wh the nc on, ote core rons they a calle are made po fm almost pervs clayey soln rer fo check sxpage, The zones ually ae only to in nubet—one, tha lay ore the tht, a pervious shel Big dams may have ‘more than two ses, with proper dilerent for every rome ‘The seepage lines fora homogeneous section anda zoned section are shown in Fig. 8.12 Ths ‘would clerylstate the importance of carn offeing resistance to seepage. The ental zone ‘oer arelately impermeable coe with seleed somal ike sand cle. The core ne fms. shout 40-70% of the dam section Along both face o he ete, waded erie ateston F.812 Sespagotnae mearan dre2a0_[ War Powe Encoeranes 2c athe outer 2nes consis of pevios rateil necessary or silty After and a roe oe ‘im at collecting and dining out ary scepge Watt. Tis ater discussed subsoqucnly. The scission estes isl wo oaly welled dans. ‘An eutien das ay fl due piping (he constant removal o ol gains dw spas), “ovencpping, ough kas dear seg dc to eration, aah of te, cond kage, ‘umageio slop paving due to waveactonandrans cc. Thus whl designing the dam, poses ‘ofall such flues shouldbe sti and analysed Te owlets aed pence re akin a as psbl, dough tnnl inthe hillside on ether se of th am They way be source of woable, IF provided in he bay ofthe dar. () Preventing seepage: Soepuge trough the foundations ofthe dam shoul be prevented 50 at ‘th resting nus, or example cet piingand sloughing, mey be checked, Seepoge underesth ‘ko exes upward pees dav Wo uplit An elftive man prevent semade i provide ostive etfs inthe upper Iyers othe faundaton deposts and hacking with mperis ‘Sky sci: The usual dep ofthe cutoffs between ISPs and 45% of he oa eight of he dam land the witha the botiom ofthe order of 0.2-0' ims the mania head of was. The cut-off ‘shouldbe prefirably euended up the nmperiou layer othe foulabon. What the inpexvious totum st great depth, only pti cosas re provided Cate ay be daphagr wall of ‘coneret, se! sos pls orimper cus ly. Oth esctive methods to check seepage ar through ‘)upstam clay blankets nd (i) goutinjctions forma groutcurain. Clay bank frinstanss is provided at Tarbes, wile grou curtains provided at Rmganga, Ins. (i) Proving desing: Dsinagencarth dims sully provide the form rsa fier fan connect oa rk posm in the toe of he downstram siope ofthe dary shown i Fig .13(0 A all mor flee way of dunaze is by the provision of imal vertical or sloping fier, ls known as chimney drains (Fig. 8.130) and (e)] extnding up to oF near the top of he ‘rn An inclined dei sia the oe shown in Fig 8 15 hs ben povided in Ramgariga dan (UP) India and vertical dramas Fig 8.13() in Balrcadam (Ocha), nin The rain da of th Ramganga mulpurpos scheme (lms installed capacity 198 MW) is 121 metes high end (25 mss lng and sone of tie highest sractares of his Lind inthe com. (tree ia P.82 Typecctrare\Upntream dope protection: Sane of the meds for prtsting the eth darn pes Damped sone ripen, Hand-placed rp, (rent spa, CConcrite satn or concrete Hock, ‘Binurnos paving on 6 Plaming on slopes. ‘The wal practice in India sto us the it two maths. The thickness orthe psp dopends ‘on the wave height andthe impoet fore. Accordingly the hikes ofprotstion may vary beeen 45 cand 100 ca, Erp the thieknes of ipsap is acommended 0 be tim 1.5 ies is average rock size The sizeof the rock pos for rips 20035 cm. the hight of wane the servi is mae than 175-2.0m, du to high dyna force ofthe Waves, Fr 1 se reinfeed corte slabs of sizes up to 10 m = 10 mand thick-ncss varying betwen 2 m and (05 mas isthe usual practice in Rusia and neighbouring counties. 1 typical ernest of Tei dam (Uitraknd, is) e gvon in Fig, 814 showing the ‘ype of ete drain, seepage protection ee (0) ryenisco (Bmp (28) Gpotma ae (apn ater at 2 7254) (apc ay a 38.) (@ conten goaes (0 Grutosean 10) Urdegrd gana ry Fig. 818, Man damsetono! ei pop Coney THDC na. Figure B15 shows atypia rossscton of the main rnbonkmet of Tarbela dam in Pakistan (148 mihigh) one ofthe wel’ asst rolled dams This has asloping cre whichis supped fn he upstream and downsrsam sides by welFgradd granular shal A chimey dain sloping ‘steam hes een joi. Contino with core an mpervious Mkt exter 1,738 ei the ‘upstream diction. The upstrcom slope proto agaist wave atom by 8 pap 70nc an he ‘owns slope aginst rnwater erosion by fee dining slope proecon. (2) Main components () Ditferent zonesWom Pa Ena amy SC sarap eae Bama QELEIET unre ON Fig.015 Croneaecton! Tatami The Ui caren dam, over ver Tap Iria, sa zoned oll embankment 68.8 high nd 4k ng of wich 021.48 mish rolled and be romaningsstone maser icerporating spillway; pour da ee, Isa inclined inpervieus coe, semperiousupstean sel an Fandom iy zone with dowasueam semper ious sell Fe dni ot the seqpage water, bth 'ncined and hoon filers and rl ek nes re pow (iv Design of earth dams: Design feat dam is dane fequey by pirical rls and on the Isis oF experience of the existing dams and thi perfamance. The preliminary design, Us, consists in selecting the height ofthe dam, stop wid, prea and downsrear slopes, ara: system, imperious cre ee. mentioned bry as below Height of the dam. Height of te carinn dam shouldbe such tha itis mot ove. at any tee. ‘Thus fer studying wave eight, winl sev, ely naxizoum water elevation ee de feboard ‘varying hstween 3 and S ms provided depending upon the treo splway and eight of he fm. a ao deze of sesme activity atthe proposed site. Thus, for contd spilways and height ofthe dam over 60m, the usual valu of fceboardrecarmended by USB (United Stats Buaeas of Reclamation is 3m above the gate cess, Top wh The top wid ofthe ean da sho nach that tll eevee hepatic line is essed within the dam and earthquake forces and wave ston donot mp Safety. USBR prescribes a tp widh 8 given bythe flowing fonmala for dams of beiaht greater han 20m ae 65(1+ 1.5)! where i th eight of he dam,Dow | 3 For low dams th empirical formula tht canbe adopted is: Ba 5+3 -Aminansm wih of about 3. mis sully provide. {psream and dowensiream sees. The tram slope may range fom 2:14 41 depending pon the characteristics of the material inthe body ofthe dar andthe foundation hight of the dam and its ype- However tho usual up- steam pes ae 2% or. Thedownsream siopesare generally 21 for pervios, downstea zone and 24:1 fr inpervious embarinemt tht tess oa good Foundation sl, Drainage system. Is lost imposible to achiev a erst impervious dam andes such hee is always some sospage duuah the body of Uh dan. Fequeally used methods of convolling seopae ate. provision ofan impervious Blanket on upsueam fics, la core or Upham, rt ‘ras ce, Seepage water colle though th drains consisting of ok oe a hoa chimney dam s desenbed cari. The filter duis, however, have to Bevery carefully designe ‘USB prescribes the folowing erteria rte muti: Dis of ther marr Dys of base water Dis of ier materia Djs ofa mata o wo 2or more (40) The gain sie cwve size disbsion curve) ofthe itr sould be oly sini t that of theta water Here, th subsp (15 cr 85) to D indicts the gain sze of which he pacentag show by the subscip is finer Condon () above ensures hat the Hier should be substanally moee peal han dens they proc, orn i) cscs ht Fier fo pene pe, (Over the nthity yer, thre hs been continuo development nthe dein drag sytem of earthen dans. Cenralcore Thee coremadeup of eave inperiaus materiale clayey sis provided to being down seepage tough the dam, The thicknew of the cre dependent pon the type of imate fo thecore and shells permis seepage, minimum practical width an design fice luyers Homever, the thickness ofthe creat any eve! should mot be les than he height ofthe embankment a that love, 0 thatthe average hydraulic gradient i less tan unity. The practical ‘widhof eco atthe erestothedam taken may be about mtoallow placement atconsidation of impervious embarkment material by tucks, ols, daze ef. The core maybe load ther ‘evry and vertically o¢# maybe exis sloping both hve their advantages. ‘Beas dam (Ini), an embankment of ca core and grave shel, having a eight of 132.59 m stove the deepest undstion vel a 100.6 abovebed eve, 1981 manga te eres and as ‘creat wth of 13.72 m, The impervious coe is made upof blended clay shale ad sad some ‘matcal having fier material and pervious gavel shell zon, on bah ses (see aso Chaps 19) ‘vd tt er dost contain mre han 5 or emt of trl Serhan O07224_| Ware Poves Enancrnne (6) Seepage through the damn and through foundation strata: The runt of cepa may he ‘ctrmine by consncing flow net which fe 8 network of two sts of caves called ea otal ins (ies of equal poten or had), and sreamlinss oo ines, normal 0 es ote iss, The direton of seqpage i always perpendicular othe equ-potemal lines. The Porton between two sucessive low line sealed Now chumtel (Fig, 816) The distance tetwcon flo ns purposely kept xl oat ete coupe s,s hat ty fr setof approxima curvilinear suas, Fg 816 Tow towont 1s the nurber of lw chanel im he flow nt Ni, the umber of potemtal drops init ‘n't totl head causing the low and ‘isthe cosficet of pamesbiiy, ‘hon the dsharge (eepage) gow be Mow net per mete with given by ap ‘The upstcam slope canbe taken as line of 100% equipotent while dowastieam fice and round surface i an equipotent Hine of 04 1uhe dan has zowaincined t,he the Fier op rented as ro potential ine. The op flow tn, calle he pret i th seepage line blow whic the cath saturted and postive hydrostatic pressures exis isthe dam. The peat ine has amosperc Hyrostac pressure. On soto elevation View of the dam, the ‘tet ine canbe loated analytically, graphically or experimentally, The Now-ne peters ae ‘ktrmined mone smal by kcal sag) whup wherein the espa ghee ied bythe curentthough conductors. Thus, the Darcy's w governing the flow of water trough the sei is arsizous © Ohm's law govering the fw of elec curems housh conducts. (i) Equipment for the construction of embankment: Some of the varus earth moving smuchinery and compoction equipment sel in connection with he canton of as rake ‘mare: (2) Exemvating equipment like serapers, shovels, buckst excavate (6) Hauling equipmen ike tucks, belt conveyors () Spreading machinery ike bulldozer, gers (@) Rollers and rhe compacting equipmentDow | 28 (Compaction s done layer by layer, uly tr near the optimum mais contea ofthe soi ‘Coase gravel te not compacted by slg but by vibeaing equipment. Rollers may be of te Falowing ype (@) Paounatictyred rollers (a) Shoxp fot oles ud) Smoot whea lls 0) Vibrating (0) Tracks, les and dumpers. (vi) Stabitty of earthen dams: The most generally aceaped method to check te staily of conten dane is Karwan a lpscle cr Swe crcl) alysis. involves am asnption of ‘rule nfs within he embankment an the Foundation log which sea Flare may ake ce The analysis consists i calculating the sca sess that Would he necessary to Prevent & Slide long his failure surfs and comparing thom With the ata shearing forces that ae avaiable to cause the movement Incase de vato ofthe to is seater dun ne, dh da cane alld ‘horsey safe, a acl paste, det the uncertain Ivo othe il mas, the tio may ave to be Kept toa mini of 1.5. Such analyses have to he carried ut fr varus eandtons| sch as @uing construction condition’, reserva il ondton'endpid drawdown condition | ‘While he slice maid isin coramon uso, the nc mais imitations of te med ae as teow (@)Tocarlysiss two-dimensional The act ilu otenbasaheeimensiomal carat (u) The she surface isan arbitanly assumed surisce. Asa mater of fact, there sno reson ‘why ithas to fllow any aeometical eave. (i) Avene of sack lide sacs have to be atalyned oobi acral sce ah which the sflty Fair is the Jenn eae day, this anal was theeine quite ‘cumbersome. With the availablity of many package computer programs now this ‘rocedure hs become simp ‘Varios inprosed procures of analysing stability, ther than the slipciele meta, have ented im rcent yes an are described relevant rat. The rot promising amongst ‘hose is thefts lament mcthd, which consis im conceptualizing si uss asan assemblage of Aisee geometrical canentscomected at nodal points and then analysing th structure far ‘late beuviou by manera poses. ockfll Dams ‘Rosi dams are embankment das ta ely onthe fil ofthe ook piso sth major swuctural clement Rock i achieved either by lowe damping or by handling nibble r by vibratory compaction of rockin layers. Large rckil das are usually founded on rocky sil but the ‘oundaton ack necdnct bea svongasmcedd fr aravity dams, Such dars ae array ch quake resistant wits igh dogresof stl: probably fortis eon that roel dams have bes sed mare ad me fo ver high dams. Nak, he wow’ highest da (Tajikistan), aoc dm. An eset feature ofall ockill dams tha, in oder to retain water, there has o be an ‘pervious and impormsabeeyerallalong the nz dam, Based he ypc Tas mpevious layer, the oil dame can be classified in two main ype,© Impervious membrane type, whee te mpervows bye coxsiss ofa membrane of concep conto aso st, lcd nthe upsam slope othe tool Te membrane rts on a abble thin of hands! ne, which tm, ts shen in Fp 87a Tay anton (Een oe ie area Fip.817 Tiled (4) Te cat ea ype, where the pervious layer i inthe fon ofa coe of impervious carthin the dy the dam Sch dams als ken crtherock dom [Fig 170) The eaten core maybe cna and vertical a nthe earthen dame cr wnsyometrical an sloping a in Kishas dam (Fig. 18) In such dams, the cores separated ro the ‘ockfl by appropritly dined add ir on bth sides. In err oki a thre was, excep uing, no worl compaction proce; bt sinc 94 vibratory roles of IDtonnes shove ave bean used success forthe compaction teil The maximum siz ofthe oc alowed would governedby the tarsportation nique ted, Pieces as voluminous as 2m have eon used inthe past the present practice is 10 use somewhat salle toes, The fins, in no case, are pete. Membrane type dams are cre han the earthen coe type. Fur, fo as greater than 10m, the mersrane type seldom consdeod a thee is nadesuste infomation about the ‘membrane bchaviour under high heads. The thicknes of the conetete membrane is gency pendent yp the nsx head of water w be retained; it could be minim of | pr cet of the had There is onal reinforeement of 5 percent each way Thenatally-dimped rock has pe of about Lt hero Ivrea. The downer Si slopes are usualy kept a this lope or sight Nair. The upstream slopes are ther el of ‘lar (pt 1.751) for membrane types and maybe as muchas 25: fr high dams wits earthen coves Mod och il dum are coms by lacing fagmented rockin zontal ayers uss ithe case of earth dams, Zemin ofthe dam may be doe i ock mari with diferent properics| 'stwheused, Insucha cas, lowersrength rock pices ar placed in th: prs which are subjected to lower steses, Same empleo the menbrae ting tin he bay of he amr amo he arc, ho {Nae Ths pe, hones, 40 Vy coma.‘wepmpenresn 118s228_| Warm Power Exacta For handplace rubble cushions in embeame type dus, care stake to yal the anes ‘mth stable surfaces and vous ae filled wth quay spall The thickness he cushion nceass {fom 180 3 mat the top tas much as 5 per cet ofthe tal height at he bot Tn carton core types, the dsign of the caren cores fon sim ines a in compost dar cout curs. Te the des of the rock il ae well ret the rock il dams do allow moderate smowst of overtopping which can sometimes e locks upon asan advantage. In sucha cs, the ibankmest sloping surases do ned specal prtetion and anchoring ARCH DAMS, Arh dams are curved in pln arcing toon the two abuumens ofthe alley wit the comves {aceon the waterside, The thst of water is rested to large degree by arch action alone (0a sul exten by eater ational) and eace dene section reais inasttof comressice. Since the weight ofthe dam isn called upon o withstand the water pesure, the oval bulk of fn arch dm is much les than that of «gravity dam and, therefore, fr high ams, thee isa substantial sving in canting So sto gvea gona idea about the slnderes of such das, Fig. 8.19 shows two pica arch dams designed by Andie Coyne, a famous dam designe, Tolls hm hss ater) Corsica ea BS igh dar ut ts ras thickness oly 2-65 Le Gage dam (shadoned duet excessive cracks) im France had argximum thickness of only 138m fora ight of 38m. “The Mauvoisin (Swvizclan) ach dam with 2 ight of 20.5 mis tated as ove ofthe highest sonccte das nthe world and as crest length fof 520 m, bose thickness of $3.5 m and crest thins of 12 m, Contact have been finalized (2013) fr 3 3158 oy high arch dam for he 1,500 AW fabian hycroqoorr chore, wich vill be among the highest in his cago ‘ery high arch dam, which bas soc the st cof time is Vaio in Hay the section of whish sR B1®. Twotmoxtrncama, shown in Fig. 8.20, Thomas hss suggested the flowing (abitary definition for the wars hin, thick o are groity inthe context of ach dams Thin arch — ticks Fess dan 0.2 dium ach —— tsk baween 02 and 03 Tack ach thcknes renter than Of Ach goviy — thickness exceeding 0.58 Gone ll curved dams woe the base thickness i ess than 0.6 are casi as th dams Prev, the arch dams were snlly favoured or Vatype gong with the ret mgt ep ao being less han 4.5. As the valley won, its main advantage of saving the cont ‘volume over hat ofthe ravi dam siminises, In reseat years, however, ah das have been ale somewhat wide valley giving net wieght tts igi eater than & 5,expt eto ovr vi Fesm vaousan, Types of Arch Dam ‘Ach dams can be describe under es basie pes: () Consant as arch dam (i) Comsan ange arch da (i) Nanaberadnsvarable angle och dam, he constant rads arch dam has the upc face of «vertical cylindrical shape with a cirulardiectr. The dam soaked upon as consisting of sere of sacks-up arches ifferent ‘levatons each of which has its cenrsonveical xs Fig. 8.211), Thearches are esined by ‘he thin yi frmla. The corsa raliwarch dar ate lave bullies ded hice increas uniformly with depth The constant angle arch dams ws ach radi srs wth depth accompanied by the eceing with of the valley oan he base. Tis mds the shape ofthe dam and insta of ‘ert endl sarc on fhe ar ide, roduc douensuvatae sure. Ths ees he ‘volume dam. Asiniale nthe nex paragraph, wenconsantangle arch damsare designed ty thi yin formal, they eve the moe cconnmal cena angle of 133 degre [Fig 8210) ‘Te thd vary of ert dams isa combination ofthe above to type ad is sch hat iter Uh rio no the central ange eins const [Fi 8 21¢)). ‘Mont othe crest designs ar of either the seco a he id type ar he constant radio ‘ype is adopted very seldom may also be nok that log theoretically, accoing to hin cylinder formula, te mos economical angi 133", actual acice,here i very te mail increas inthe cost ithe angles grou smaller even by a muchas 20" degrees. Since smallus | 23 tangles cause the arch hus 1 be more nearly normal tothe valley slopes designs with smaller angles are to be prefered, Sometine, arches wih vroble carats and radi tht creme foward shutments ae rade ur of they prone rem dation Inaxnmetical valley ako, sechadevian tore ‘sabe Thin Cylinder Method of Designing Arch Dame (One ofthe earliest mets of design is the cylinder method. This assumes the stesses inthe dam ston tobe thesame ana thin yin. Whi ealulsting tres ths way the bending montents (of tho arch and canlever ae nogestod a als the boundary coniions Thickness of the arch: Lt tbe the thickness ofthe tc, the average rasan he angle acne the achat the conte he 2, a shown in Fig. #22. At any depth henry of presue pi expresed as Pr wh, where ws the specifi weight of water Since this reste sadly he tl rizstl hyo bce ating slag he axis of the steam uit eit seven by (pa wh2rsin@= 2uh sin (632) ‘whore 2r sin isthe projet lena from abuamen! to dbument This pressure forces balanced by the reaction of the abutraents, Thus, if Ris the reaction at each abutment thn i component ‘opposite tothe direction of pressure force is 2 in ® and as such, 2h rsin@= 28s @ or Rowhe 63 gation (8.3) gives the maxim comprenive force develped inthe arch and is elo the abument reaction The compressive Swe induced inthe arch, theo, 630232_| Ware Power Enanernn Taking th allowable compressive sues forthe materia ofthe arch the thickness of the arch given by vir =e 635 f Most economicel angle: The most esonomcl central angle fr the ach dn the one which equies minimum cone fra given san, loading and sts. Volume Moth conetete pr uit height with respect o Fig 822 ven by P= 7.284 where di th conection are of the ach, And dnt Ao, tor (om Eqn, 835) Hence Ano 639) whore Ci «consent. Therein, ace 63) Now; from Eqn, (8.20) sin 25nd es) Siig vara 89 se ronda] 2 Sov inn fateh i east _g * saint : coc hich gives the most economical angle. The value of 28, however, canbe taken to be varying between 100° and 140%, Preliminary Design of a Double-Curvature Dam ‘Tne USBR provides guidelines othe preliminary esianof rh Gams. From the sacral ih, an he chord lengths, (sight ine distance i mates at crest elevation between abuts assumed to have been excavated sour oc) and (stag line dance in meres a 0.15 hove the has, between abutments assumed 1 have Been excavated o sound roel) the verticalDawe | 283 ate ou verso) tgs sereten F823 Preanny dirensors ctor dan seeton atthe arch crown (known asthe row cantilever) canbe deseribed with retinas 10 Fig. 823 a5 follows: Thickness ot eres Te = QOMEE+ 2L,) m (i 1, = COOL L ATE (i) Ticks 0.48 4 Tuas 7095 Tom 0) Crown cnilever projections at crest USP = Maximum ypteam potion = DSP = Maximom downstcam projection = 7 (9) Chon cantilever projections at bse USP = 06 DSP= 0337, (00, Crowa camilever projections a 45 #1 USP 095% psp=0 ‘Samat, clatomp forthe ve of eaezte,prptoning of eantilevery te, fave ao been siggsded. These expressions are of ws fr the nial dean of ach dams nal pes of canyons Moder Analytical Methods Th thn cline theory s highly smplifed and avery approximate approach © what, in lis, a complex siucturl prblem, Th tae of tess ina arch dam ian ncaa espa othe dam234 | Worx Foran Esanacnne ‘82 whole wextmal oa uo ination dtomatios. The thin yin comply ignoes this aspect and teat the problem without considering the interaction hetwcen the arches. In ect ‘yea, some more sophisticated methods have bswn developed fo the analysis of ech das. The ‘mors important ofthese mths are described bit, below: “Tala method: a this mt he oa spi to he dans supped 0 be shared between the horizontal ach laments and vertical canblever clement, mich away tha at cach nesting, ott of ort nd vert lamers th delstons notations match comply The posse ‘sesseaially of uial-andad wameat matte that isto becaied owt ina step-by-step manne Iwas developed by the United Stes Bure of Reclamation, lial, he diferent kinds of adusunens ‘weretoocimbenme huttheappication of lcctwoni ital computer fave comely edie the ime and manpower required fr ths typeof analy. “Theory of shel: The method of wating tbe whole dam a shin shal was fst stampa by ‘Toelke in 1938 Hall the variables foaled ate scrpuloly considered he drei equations Insc o he sel theory become very complicated and ales imposible solve. Hence us rocedie i to adopt suitable simplijing asumption. For insunce, theory of eyinrcl Sells ‘could be exiended 9 doublecurvature sucess an inal approsination Tho ect of vertical ‘ratte coud then be sutabWy snorted in the slat, With he nseaing ws oF eaters ‘more and mar rigorous solutions are hecoing popula Finite clement method: This ss modem schnigu> in structural analysis. The basic cones Ihaeistorgesentacotinuous, two-dimensional sysien as anassemblas of nit, Woden fat elements, interconnected it 3 fate munber of ral poms. The elements could be ier angie or eyindeea sls ortnangolr fr denble curve shlls) Anais of hiscalizod sSrucure can hes be cad out by standard methods of structural analysis, This ensiss in ist <étrmining the tities of th inva elerents and then suprposng ther 1 obtain ol i= ‘ss. Simultaneous equations has onthe forss and displacements at nodal pois ea then be framed and wiv ite clement echngaemolve age amount ofcompulton andthe cha am bosom: practicable only wana high spect digital compe. ‘iia ofthe above methods ae practically satisactory, they do make ite compromises ‘with realty Moreover, he irr openinss inthe dar, the deare of heteroaenciy of foundations, the chavo underarm rewes ite othe ajo factor which are peneraly apron imate ‘ich arlyses. The physical model testing of arch dams lo, although a sphisticsed technique ‘ow, has i own limitations. Such developments, however, have tremendously incrasod the confidence of the dam bur in are dams. “Moderna analss deploy Hine and roti dynamic analyses, The sie designe also ‘we thrcaimensional non-tnce ink lent analysis. ‘Some ofthe woll-known ach das ofthe world are Inguri dam (272m) ia Gora, Sayano- ‘Sbushershaya dam (22m) and Chiskey da (233m) in Rusia, Ertan double cuvatute arch da (10m) in Chin, Meine das (220 m) ix Momenoo, Abu da (209m) in USA and Kh srs (16891) nia. Another Ss ap largest low boy mull ech and tress i, ‘owas Dancl-Johnson dam (214m) sin Canada and hasan assceiated powerhous: known 2s ‘Manicouazan 5 (1528 MW), The Kara) dam (ran) (ce Fig 82a) 2 double curvature arch da haying hcknas of 32 mat be bse and 785 mat the euday’ wih a sight of 17 ‘Another doar arch ar in ann Shad Rsjace (Tyan) with hight of 19m. Figae '8.24) shows 775m long Eton double curvature arch dam (240 9) in ChinaFe 824 (o)Kund cam andpowerouse) Eta ach an Pras E400, Cia). “The oly arch dam in Indi so ithe Luli dm, Located in a naow V-shape gore, itis doublecuvaute, nonvertiw sirtre having oe of he hist sto inthe wel, wih 3 base with of 19.31 manda top wth 742 m. The length of the dam atthe crest 366 mad its height i 168.91 m Fig 825), Figure 8.26 shows a view of Oymupaar rch darn of 18S 1 ogi in TukeyDow | 237 ‘Arch dams that are thicker and have a substan gravy action are known as erch-gavity ums, Sayano-Stushensaya dam (which fered eavy damages ints pomerbowse i 2009 and ‘ro loss, ft an been raha rent part oprain was aren 2012 wath ve new turbines! was expec to take Seo years toe fally optional) san atcgravity dam with 3 hoight of 242m, crest nth of 10744 my, crest thickness of 2S mand base tncknes of 15.7 m. ‘Tae main advantage ofthe atch dam s that although lot led works equed it oeds uch less volume of concrete ax corm 4 gravity darn, For example or 4110 igh darn for \icoriaiaSi Lanka, the arch da conert volume woul he 0.85 M cum as agaist the gravity dam conrete volume of LM eu. m. Gravity dams are geerally 5 costier than arch dams BUTTRESS DAMS ‘urs dams tin wate with the ep of sloping watertight membranes whic re supportod on the rear side by a Sriss of equidistant batreses normal t the dam ais. Wate presen the sloping deck swans the foundations dough these buses that ct ike columns. tren dare mach hte han gravy darn Als, Hmstion die opi re ble wih hese as only pat of he founda ora support: burtesse Foundation eater to becomes case. Although te bute tarsmiteencetaed ead to thoes he overall requirements ofthe fusion are no as srngent sn ease of gravity or arch dns, The dam is ‘sherry tbl agsins! overnite vertical compet a th war ene om the sloping deck the need o arises, the hgh ofthe dam cane casi asd subsequent see tac Dla Ce rien ee a. 427- Pattee. Buttress dams (lt kb ype) sally ce reinfercerment forthe deck sta lo buttress andar alo temmed ae RCC dams on that esount Tit reinforcement oss balance against the ‘coo i he volume of th cone. Th constuction sa spsiaizd job ea spc 2 ‘of famework and expt servis. Busnes dam have ben bu up a bight of 150m ‘A soa carp x Akan I daria Spi, whic a ight of 133m204 | Woe Pra Enc Types of Buttress Dams ‘Terie ange varity inte design trem ae. Ths ae deed bebo: (9 Fistor Anbar dom Teeth de dt ss fam age of men 5 and tly on aes ed, Te tick te ab ge hy xc Te uri of rire te pens pen he men of rence eer ote. (1 Suter dam Insp tes ed a ne byt ited of ft deck. These ches hohave a8 walereang thentmoceschng azo ah of he ae fs) Ife ach scr np town gate, are wou tbe yn ion bt (Coon morc chal ct by two adjacent arches woul nays be Blane wr conde of equim) The acc do st net any Terese hey wad bef ste of comes sonewnan Tie he rc och uy Dai Jaan da Cand 3 min F420 Panotmpnocten (iy Sott-hcad bunress dan Inthis ype, the buss head ise nlred tthe shape of bulb, All such solid Beds abuting ‘echober creates weeny suri Fig, 529) Therrasive hea ne inastteofmession ned do no need reforezrment The fae slope ofthe order of 6? to the borzomal. 820 Roucteastateas dar, (00) Cellar o holo grviy dam Ths is ch similar othe soho tres dar and can be descr as hollowed out gravity darn. ts upstroam face is either vertical or inte Figure $0 shows a prt plan of hollow granty dam Te 196m high above foundation) ‘ma ap am on Parana iver and wing das ‘nb sdesare hallow avi concet bates ‘dams, The main dam isconsruced as 16 locks fo 34 m wid, eich campasing to butteses vwthahas egthof273 mand a height of upto 1962 Thisispreseny th highest hollow vigBows | 29 dhe in be word ftlowed by 129m high Hz n China Ths din exh ‘halo ravi das could eatechnclly female atamative to embanken. ach savy dams up weight of 196 m. Suh {hemeteabo brown ee Marl pete ‘ms Tn Pakistan, butres dam is uit 3 arto Tass pojet core. nn, thee odtecing bret ibaa ewan of old maltple arch dam near Hyer =o 9.821 lane econ amaniretend bo Design ofthe buts fer all the typss_ 78,831, Mealedeeancl aa ofa git da oly theutres beng hgh _ (or Cee aroner Rarer ton ad slends has tobe chock agaist atta bucking also. When designed as inline colurms, he butresescouldhave a open ype strat. utr das ae not ikl to provide competion to arch dams or embankinent Gans aes hat cal for very high dar. Photo-latic analysts btress nd arch dams is an important olin ress nays Figute {31 shows an eld section ofa masive-heabutres dam with wochromates due yoetc lena Ascused above is somewtat sina to at252_| Wars fowea Examen Example 02 We stands on the pte seo gry dam of wing wtion vp the al eight of 35m Th bs ofthe dn 260m, The pil pes imamay colon kay be asd (i) No esion eis syutr log the as tbe da, (i) Th dun ae agit sg. {ut Te mania compressive ses in the Hoy ofthe da ses han the allowable cg sna ofthe mati hen 3 1 ge (in) The dar is see aint ovenuraig, “Tike the ccs ran hts he bse ad own 8.75 an anit wig | tetra 20 Ego wigtorteam wet hawe = Fas 262400 109 as “The mainun congas ss asus athe we sd i gen by Jressmion seostghn? ich is es hate allowate crating tengo I hfe? Hee, safe The Astor of sty ast ovemarning i ven by rye Be te 6 he am of sling mens and 2, the an of oven mses sum of ovenuing momen 72 +2 a rey 6125005 23 422mm 2 326 3 i « EM, #715000 #000 0K Sabie moment = 2 ong 2 26 Leman 2 o 2M, s199OKg-n pn 180.00. 9 P52 BE winesDosw | 2 ens, st. Up pom face Ue EAB $ 0503525 1000 2 Net eral force 8 = =U 8622 tres Iydesae resus £10005 125 tomes “The um of momen fal the fess the me sens ssazz0- 2 -25-012500 ran 735000 o 24,1790 16 beans be onl os = Me Te iat « 305m 7 ater 505m 395m orn ene deeapamyubere sng he ase « e<433m Heme proved Bs ctr of safety asst sing» SE (2 oss 12500 L0s5>12s4_| Waser Powun Exc Example 83 | axder wo tine the spage Blow a carton dam Now net was dave 8 shown | Fg A6-Tindet he seg er meve wit of he date ead 63 mand he cock ‘of pmsl of thea 90.8 Seton: ‘he dicta i geen og tn Ny rem te awe: ass A m0.Setty There, Example 84 ‘Clea the nesta tthe of feb, 170. og wih the ups pe of 13H: IN ofa CHRD having a ead 185 m Sune he conte sens of 25000 MPa 60 ays. Seto Her, = 188m, rose p= 188 Ma, Sb ches (6 geserthan 125m) 00045 118778 9 Therefore, ses pL A5/08775=21080P5 Apply Hooks aw, 1 Fa wate ee tie ei 16 #25 00MM, 52108 MPa This acelin ess than te pms yal fe * 2001