5 - Transmisi Daya Electric15 April 2021

TRANSMISI DAYA ELEKTRIK
Eko Priyono, ST.MT
Chapter V
15 April 2021
Load Management
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BUDI UTOMO

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK ELEKTRO
1
NO COM PROMISE WITH SAFETY , EKO PRIYONO
REFERENCE
2
3
For My Lovely Children
I give you nothing but
KNOWLEDGE
4
5
Saya Hanya Ingin
Sharing tak Curriculum Vitae
peduli yang lain Nama : Eko Priyono,ST,MT.
TTL : Jakarta 6 Maret 1978
Pendidikan : S1 Teknik Mesin
: S2 Teknik Elektro
Karier :
• Kernet Bus Mayasari Bakti ( P26 & P 9BC )

• Blue Bird & GamyaTaxi Driver
• Senior Mechanic Hotel Mercure Slipi, Jakarta
• Engineering Associate The MayFlower Marriot Executive Apartment, Jakarta
• Chief Engineer Hotel Acacia, Jakarta
• Engineering Manager Hotel Crowne Plaza Jakarta
• Chief Engineer Pakubuwono View Apartment, Jakarta
• Chief Engineer Hotel Sedona, Manado
• Regional Engineer PT Lor International Hotel, Solo
• QMS Engineering Auditor Mulia Group, Jakarta
• Building Manager Tamansari Lagoon Manado
• Director Of Engineering The Six Senses Bali
• Director Of Engineering The Alila SCBD Jakarta
Email : echoguardiola@gmail.com
Phone : +6285311057362
 PLAN YOUR WORK & WORK YOUR PLAN

 KNOWLEDGE IS USELESS UNLESS IMPLEMENTED & SHARED
 DO THE BEST GOD WILL DO THE REST
PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO
PRIYONO 6
They Don’t
Know !!!
Why
Peoples
Make a
Mistakes ?
They Don’t
CARE !!!
If They Don’t Know : Let’s Learn Together

If They Don’t Care : Ke laut aja lu !!! #Gue Mah Emang Gitu Orangnya wkwkwkwk
PLAN YOUR WORK & WORK YOUR PLAN , EKO 7

PRIYONO
Objectives
 Mengerti Karakteristik Beban Tenaga
Listrik
 Mencegah PLBT
Knowledge Is Useless Unless Implemented & Shared By : Eko Priyono

# PLBT #
 Is a condition when you are facing the technical problems and you don’t
know what to do, do not have any idea what to do because your lack of
knowledge.
 Its time to say I amPLBT so I have to learn about it, to makes me

UNDERSTAND and I can have the SOLUTION.
 The best way to learn something its coming from inside you not from
outside you
 So if you have a problem just say PLBT and I have to Learn ha ha ha ha
 Ngerti apa ora rikane sooooooon wkwkwkwkwwk
PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO

PRIYONO
Electric Meter Types
 An electric meter is the device used to measure the electricity sold

by the electric utility company.
 Meteran listrik adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur listrik
yang dijual oleh perusahaan penyedia listrik.
 It deals with two basic quantities: energy and power. Energy is

equivalent to work. Power is the rate of doing the work.
 Ini berkaitan dengan dua kuantitas dasar: energi dan daya. Energi
setara dengan kerja. Kekuasaan adalah kecepatan melakukan
pekerjaan.
PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Power applied (or consumed) for any length of time is energy. In other
words, power integrated over time is energy. The basic unit of power is
watt.
 Daya yang digunakan (atau dikonsumsi) untuk jangka waktu berapa
pun adalah energi. Dengan kata lain, daya yang terintegrasi dari waktu
ke waktu adalah energi. Unit dasar daya adalah watt.
 The basic electrical unit of energy is watthour.

 Unit energi listrik dasar adalah watthour.


 A watthour meter is used to measure the electric energy delivered to residential,
commercial, and industrial customers and also used to measure the electric energy
passing through various parts of generation, transmission, and distribution systems.
 Pengukur watthour digunakan untuk mengukur energi listrik yang dikirim ke pelanggan
perumahan, komersial, dan industri dan juga digunakan untuk mengukur energi listrik yang
melewati berbagai bagian sistem pembangkitan, transmisi, dan distribusi.
 A wattmeter measures the rate of energy, that is, power (in watthours per hour or simply
watts).
 Alat pengukur watt mengukur tingkat energi, yaitu daya (dalam watthours per jam atau
hanya dalam watt).
 For a constant power level, power multiplied by time is energy.

 Untuk tingkat daya yang konstan, daya dikalikan dengan waktu adalah energi.


 Electric meters could be of two types: the electromechanical meters
and electronic (or also called digital) meters.
 Pengukur listrik dapat terdiri dari dua jenis: pengukur elektromekanis
dan pengukur elektronik (atau disebut juga digital).
 Figure 2.18 shows a single-phase (electromechanical) watthour

meter; Figure 2.19 shows its basic parts; Figure 2.20 gives a diagram
of a typical motor and magnetic retarding system for a single phase
watthour meter.
 Gambar 2.18 menunjukkan meteran air fase tunggal
(elektromekanis); Gambar 2.19 menunjukkan bagian dasarnya;
Gambar 2.20 memberikan diagram motor tipikal dan sistem
perlambatan magnetik untuk meteran air satu fasa.


 The magnetic retarding system causes the rotor disk to establish, in combination with the
stator, the speed at which the shaft will turn for a given load condition to determine the
watthour constant.
 Sistem perlambatan magnet menyebabkan cakram rotor membentuk, dalam kombinasi
dengan stator, kecepatan di mana poros akan berputar untuk kondisi beban tertentu untuk
menentukan konstanta watthour.
 Figure 2.21a shows a typical socket-mounted two-stator poly phase watthour meter.
 Gambar 2.21a menunjukkan meteran watt fase poli dua stator yang dipasang di soket.
 It is a combination of single-phase watthour meter stators that drive a rotor at a speed

proportional to the total power in the circuit.
 Ini adalah kombinasi stator meter watthour fase tunggal yang menggerakkan rotor pada
kecepatan yang sebanding dengan daya total di sirkuit.



 The watthour meters used to measure the electric energy passing through various parts of
generation, transmission, and distribution systems are required to measure large quantities
of electric energy at relatively high voltages.
 Pengukur daya yang digunakan untuk mengukur energi listrik yang melewati berbagai
bagian sistem pembangkit, transmisi, dan distribusi diperlukan untuk mengukur energi
listrik dalam jumlah besar pada tegangan yang relatif tinggi.
 For those applications, transformer-rated meters are developed.

 Untuk aplikasi tersebut, pengukur pengenal transformator dikembangkan.
 They are used in conjunction with standard instrument transformers, that is, current
transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs).
 Mereka digunakan bersama dengan trafo instrumen standar, yaitu trafo arus (CTs) dan
trafo potensial (PTs).

 These transformers reduce the voltage and the current to values that are suitable
for low-voltage and low-current meters. Figure 2.21b shows a typical transformer-
rated meter. Figure 2.22 shows a single-phase, two-wire watthour
electromechanical meter connected to a high-voltage circuit through CTs and PTs.
 Trafo ini mengurangi tegangan dan arus ke nilai yang sesuai untuk pengukur
tegangan rendah dan arus rendah. Gambar 2.21b menunjukkan pengukur
pengenal transformator tipikal. Gambar 2.22 menunjukkan meteran elektromekanis
satu fasa, dua kabel watthour yang terhubung ke sirkuit tegangan tinggi melalui CT
dan PT.

 A demand meter is basically a watthour meter with a timing element added. The meter
functions as an integrator and adds up the kilowatthours of energy used in a certain time
interval, for example, 15, 30, or 60 min.
 Meteran permintaan pada dasarnya adalah meter air dengan elemen waktu yang
ditambahkan. Meteran berfungsi sebagai integrator dan menjumlahkan kilowatthours
energi yang digunakan dalam interval waktu tertentu, misalnya 15, 30, atau 60 menit.
 Therefore, the demand meter indicates energy per time interval, or average power, which is
expressed in kilowatts.
 Oleh karena itu, meteran permintaan menunjukkan energi per interval waktu, atau daya
rata-rata, yang dinyatakan dalam kilowatt.
 Figure 2.23 shows a demand register.

 Gambar 2.23 menunjukkan daftar permintaan.





 Electronic (or Digital) Meters
 Utility companies have started to use new electronic (or digital) meters with
programmable demand registers (PDRs) since 1980s.
 Perusahaan utilitas sudah mulai menggunakan pengukur elektronik (atau digital) baru
dengan register permintaan terprogram (PDR) sejak 1980-an.
 At the first stage of the evolution, the same electromechanical devices used electronic
registers.
 Pada tahap pertama evolusi, perangkat elektromekanis yang sama menggunakan
register elektronik.

 Such electronic register provided a digital display of energy and demand

to an electromechanical meter.
 Register elektronik semacam itu memberikan tampilan digital energi dan
permintaan ke meteran elektromekanis.
 In the last stage of the evolution, the meters became totally electronic (or
solid-state) designed meters.
 Pada tahap terakhir evolusi, pengukur menjadi pengukur yang didesain
secara elektronik (atau solid-state).

 Such electronic meters have no moving parts. They are built instead around large-scale
integrated circuits, other solid-state components, and digital logic.
 Pengukur elektronik semacam itu tidak memiliki bagian yang bergerak. Mereka dibangun di
sekitar sirkuit terintegrasi skala besar, komponen solid-state lainnya, dan logika digital.
 The operation of an electronic meter is very different than the electromechanical meters.
 Pengoperasian pengukur elektronik sangat berbeda dengan pengukur elektromekanis.
 The electronic circuitry samples the voltage and current waveforms during each electrical
cycle and converts them into digital quantities.
 Sirkuit elektronik mengambil sampel bentuk gelombang tegangan dan arus selama setiap
siklus listrik dan mengubahnya menjadi besaran digital.

 Other circuitry then manipulates these values to determine numerous electrical parameters,
such as kW, kWh, kvar, kvarh, PF, kVA, rms current, and rms voltage.
 Sirkuit lain kemudian memanipulasi nilai-nilai ini untuk menentukan banyak parameter
kelistrikan, seperti kW, kWh, kvar, kvarh, PF, kVA, arus rms, dan tegangan rms.
 A PDR can also measure demand, whereas a traditional register measures only the amount
of electricity used in a month.
 PDR juga dapat mengukur permintaan, sedangkan register tradisional hanya mengukur
jumlah listrik yang digunakan dalam sebulan.
 A demand profile shows how much electricity a customer used in a month.

 Profil permintaan menunjukkan berapa banyak listrik yang digunakan pelanggan dalam
sebulan.

 Industrial and commercial customers are billed according

to their peak demand for the month, as well as their kWh
consumption.
 Pelanggan industri dan komersial ditagih sesuai dengan
permintaan puncak mereka pada bulan tersebut, serta
konsumsi kWh mereka.

 Utilities have been using supplementary devices with the traditional meters to measure
demand.
 Utilitas telah menggunakan perangkat tambahan dengan pengukur tradisional untuk
mengukur permintaan.
 But the PDR measures total kWh used, demand, and cumulative demand by itself.
 Tetapi PDR mengukur total kWh yang digunakan, permintaan, dan permintaan kumulatif
dengan sendirinya.
 Here, measuring cumulative demand is a security measure. If the cumulative demand doesn’t
equal to the sum of the monthly demands, then someone may have tampered with the meter.
 Di sini, mengukur permintaan kumulatif adalah ukuran keamanan. Jika permintaan kumulatif
tidak sama dengan jumlah permintaan bulanan, maka seseorang mungkin telah merusak
meteran.

 It will automatically add the demand reading to the cumulative each time it is
reset, so a meter will know if someone reset it since he or she was there last.
 Ini akan secara otomatis menambahkan pembacaan permintaan ke kumulatif
setiap kali disetel ulang, jadi pengukur akan tahu apakah seseorang menyetel
ulang karena dia terakhir kali ada di sana.
 The PDR may also be programmed to record the date each time it is reset.
 PDR juga dapat diprogram untuk mencatat tanggal setiap kali direset.
 The PDR can also be programmed in many other ways.

 PDR juga bisa diprogram dengan banyak cara lain.

 For example, it can alert a customer when he reaches a certain

demand level, so that the customer could cut back if he or she
wants it.
 Today, electronic meters can also measure some or all of the
following capabilities:
 Misalnya, dapat mengingatkan pelanggan ketika dia mencapai
tingkat permintaan tertentu, sehingga pelanggan dapat
mengurangi jika dia menginginkannya.
 Saat ini, pengukur elektronik juga dapat mengukur beberapa atau
semua kemampuan berikut:

 Time of use (TOU): The meter keeps up with energy and demand in
multiple daily periods.
 Waktu penggunaan (TOU): Pengukur mengikuti energi dan
permintaan dalam beberapa periode harian.
 Bidirectional: The meter measures (as separate quantities) energy

delivered to and received from a customer. (It can be used by a
customer who is able to generate electricity and sell to a utility
company.)
 Dua arah: Meteran mengukur (sebagai jumlah terpisah) energi yang
dikirim ke dan diterima dari pelanggan. (Ini dapat digunakan oleh
pelanggan yang mampu menghasilkan listrik dan menjualnya ke
perusahaan utilitas.)

 Interval data recording: The meter has solid-state memory in which it can
record up to several months of interval-by-interval data.
 Perekaman data interval: Pengukur ini memiliki memori solid-state yang
dapat merekam data interval demi interval hingga beberapa bulan.
 Remote communications: Its built-in communication capabilities allow the

meter to be interrogated remotely via radio, telephone, or other
communications media.
 Komunikasi jarak jauh: Kemampuan komunikasi internal memungkinkan
pengukur diinterogasi dari jarak jauh melalui radio, telepon, atau media
komunikasi lainnya.

 Diagnostics: The meter checks for the proper voltage, currents, and
phase angles on the meter conductors.
 Diagnostik: Pengukur memeriksa tegangan, arus, dan sudut fasa
yang tepat pada konduktor pengukur.
 Loss compensation: It can be programmed to automatically

calculate watt and var losses in transformers and electrical
conductors based on defined or tested loss characteristics of the
transformers and conductors.
 Kompensasi kerugian: Dapat diprogram untuk menghitung watt dan
var kerugian secara otomatis pada transformator dan konduktor
listrik berdasarkan karakteristik kerugian yang ditentukan atau diuji
dari transformator dan konduktor.

Reading Electric Meters
 By reading the register, that is, the revolution counter, the

customers’ bills can be determined.
 Dengan membaca register, yaitu penghitung revolusi, tagihan
pelanggan dapat ditentukan.
 There are primarily two different types of registers: (1)

conventional dial and (2) cyclometer.
 Ada dua jenis register yang berbeda: (1) dial konvensional dan
(2) cyclometer.

 Figure 2.24 shows a conventional dial-type register. To interpret it, read the
dials from left to right.
 Gambar 2.24 menunjukkan register tipe dial konvensional. Untuk
menafsirkannya, baca dial dari kiri ke kanan.
 (Note that numbers run clockwise on some dials and counterclockwise on

others.) The figures above each dial show how many kilowatthours are
recorded each time the pointer makes a complete revolution.
 (Perhatikan bahwa angka berjalan searah jarum jam pada beberapa dial dan
berlawanan arah jarum jam pada yang lain.) Angka di atas setiap dial
menunjukkan berapa kilowatthours yang direkam setiap kali penunjuk
membuat revolusi penuh.



 As shown in Figure 2.24, if the pointer is between numbers, read the smaller one.
 Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2.24, jika penunjuk berada di antara angka, bacalah
yang lebih kecil.
 The number 0 stands for 10.

 Angka 0 berarti 10.
 If the pointer is pointed directly at a number, look at the dial to the right.
 Jika penunjuk diarahkan langsung ke sebuah nomor, lihat dial di sebelah kanan.
 If that pointer has not yet passed 0, record the smaller number; if it has passed 0, record the
number the pointer is on.
 Jika penunjuk tersebut belum melewati 0, catat angka yang lebih kecil; jika telah melewati 0,
catat nomor tempat penunjuk berada.

 For example, in Figure 2.24, the pointer on the first dial is between 8 and 9;
therefore read 8.
 Misalnya, pada Gambar 2.24, penunjuk pada dial pertama adalah antara 8 dan 9;
Oleh karena itu bacalah 8.
 The pointer on the second dial is between 3 and 4; thus read 3.

 Penunjuk pada dial kedua adalah antara 3 dan 4; demikian membaca 3.
 The pointer on the third dial is almost directly on 8, but the dial on the right has not
reached 0 so the reading on the third dial is 7.
 Penunjuk pada dial ketiga hampir langsung ke 8, tetapi dial di sebelah kanan belum
mencapai 0 sehingga pembacaan pada dial ketiga adalah 7.

 The fourth dial reading is 8.

 Pembacaan dial keempat adalah 8.
 Therefore, the total reading is 8378 kWh.

 Oleh karena itu, pembacaan totalnya adalah 8378 kWh.
 The third dial would be read as 8 after the pointer on the 10-kWh dial reaches 0.
 Putaran ketiga akan dibaca sebagai 8 setelah penunjuk pada putaran 10 kWh
mencapai 0.
 This reading is based on a cumulative total, that is, since the meter was last set at 0,
8378 kWh of electricity has been used.
 Pembacaan ini didasarkan pada total kumulatif, yaitu sejak meter terakhir disetel
pada 0, 8378 kWh listrik telah digunakan.

 To find the customer’s monthly use, take two readings 1 month apart and
subtract the earlier one from the later one.
 Untuk mengetahui penggunaan bulanan pelanggan, ambillah dua
pembacaan dengan selisih 1 bulan dan kurangi pembacaan sebelumnya
dari pembacaan berikutnya.
 Some electric meters have a constant, or multiplier, indicated on the meter.

 Beberapa meter listrik memiliki konstanta, atau pengali, yang ditunjukkan
pada meteran.
 This type of meter is primarily for high-usage customers.

 Jenis pengukur ini terutama untuk pelanggan yang sering menggunakan
alat berat.

 Figure 2.25 shows a cyclometer-type register.

 Gambar 2.25 menunjukkan register tipe siklometer.
 Here, even though the procedure is the same as in the conventional type,
the wheels, which indicate numbers directly, replace the dials.
 Di sini, meski prosedurnya sama seperti pada tipe konvensional, roda,
yang menunjukkan angka secara langsung, menggantikan dial.
 Therefore, it makes possible the reading of the meter simply and directly,
from left to right.
 Oleh karena itu, memungkinkan pembacaan meteran secara sederhana
dan langsung, dari kiri ke kanan.

 Instantaneous Load Measurements Using Electromechanical Watthour Meters
 The instantaneous kilowatt demand of any customer may be determined by making field
observations of the kilowatthour meter serving the customer.
 Permintaan kilowatt seketika dari setiap pelanggan dapat ditentukan dengan melakukan
observasi lapangan terhadap kilowatthour meter yang melayani pelanggan.
 However, the instantaneous load measurement should not replace demand meters that
record for longer time intervals.
 Namun, pengukuran beban sesaat tidak boleh menggantikan meteran permintaan yang
merekam untuk interval waktu yang lebih lama.
 The instantaneous demand may be determined by using one of the following equations:
 Permintaan sesaat dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan salah satu persamaan berikut:


 Since the kilowatt demand is based on a short-time interval, two or more demand
intervals should be measured.
 Karena permintaan kilowatt didasarkan pada interval waktu yang pendek, dua atau
lebih interval permintaan harus diukur.
 The average value of these demands is a good estimate of the given customer’s
kilowatt demand during the intervals measured.
 Nilai rata-rata permintaan ini adalah perkiraan yang baik dari permintaan kilowatt
pelanggan tertentu selama interval yang diukur.

Example 2.17
 Assume that the load is measured twice with a watthour meter that
has a meter constant of 7.2 and the following data are obtained:




Example 2.18
 Assume that the data given in Example 2.17 are the results of load measurement with
watthour meters and instrument transformers.
 Suppose that the new meter constant is 1.8 and that the ratios of the CTs and PTs used
are 200 and 1, respectively.
 Determine the instantaneous demands for both readings and the average demand.




Assume that the new meter constants are 1.2 and that the ratios of the current and
potential transformers used are 80 and 20, respectively.
Determine the following:
a. The instantaneous kilowatt demands

b. The average kilowatt demand
c. The instantaneous kilovar demands
d. The average kilovar demand
e. The average kilovoltampere demand






WARNING
1. IQRO = Belajar
2. Belajar mencegah PLBT, Planga-plongo, Gaji kecil.
3. Keep On Learning Guys
6
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TRANSMISI DAYA ELEKTRIK

Eko Priyono, ST.MT

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BUDI UTOMO

I give you nothing but

• Kernet Bus Mayasari Bakti ( P26 & P 9BC )

 PLAN YOUR WORK & WORK YOUR PLAN

If They Don’t Know : Let’s Learn Together

PLAN YOUR WORK & WORK YOUR PLAN , EKO 7

Knowledge Is Useless Unless Implemented & Shared By : Eko Priyono

 Its time to say I amPLBT so I have to learn about it, to makes me

 So if you have a problem just say PLBT and I have to Learn ha ha ha ha

 Ngerti apa ora rikane sooooooon wkwkwkwkwwk

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO

Electric Meter Types

 An electric meter is the device used to measure the electricity sold

 It deals with two basic quantities: energy and power. Energy is

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

Electric Meter Types

 The basic electrical unit of energy is watthour.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

Electric Meter Types

 For a constant power level, power multiplied by time is energy.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

Electric Meter Types

 Figure 2.18 shows a single-phase (electromechanical) watthour

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

Electric Meter Types

 It is a combination of single-phase watthour meter stators that drive a rotor at a speed

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 For those applications, transformer-rated meters are developed.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Figure 2.23 shows a demand register.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Electronic (or Digital) Meters

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Such electronic register provided a digital display of energy and demand

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 A demand profile shows how much electricity a customer used in a month.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Industrial and commercial customers are billed according

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 The PDR can also be programmed in many other ways.

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 For example, it can alert a customer when he reaches a certain

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Bidirectional: The meter measures (as separate quantities) energy

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Remote communications: Its built-in communication capabilities allow the

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

 Loss compensation: It can be programmed to automatically

PLAN YOUR W ORK & W ORK YOUR PLAN , EKO PRIYONO

Reading Electric Meters

 By reading the register, that is, the revolution counter, the