BIOLOGY

- LIVING ORGANISMS IN
THE ENVIRONMENT
 AFFIRMATION

I AM A WINNNER
I WILL NOT WASTE MY TIME
WHEN THE JOURNEY GETS HARD , I WILL NOT BE DISCOURAGED
I WILL WORK HARDER
I WILL TRUST GOD
I WILL BE SUCCESSFUL
I CAN!
 OBJECTIVES
• RECALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
THINGS.
• GROUP LIVING ORGANISMS FOUND IN A NAMED
HABITAT BASED ON OBSERVED SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES
• CLASSIFY ORGANISMS INTO TAXONOMIC GROUPS
BASED ON PHYSICAL SIMILARITIES
HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT A
LIVING THING IS?
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• BIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF LIFE AND HOW THINGS
STAY ALIVE.
• ALL LIVING ORGANISMS, MICROSCOPIC TO
GIGANTIC, POSSESS CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS.
• THESE ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE THAT
DISTINGUISH LIVING THINGS FROM NON-LIVING
THINGS.
 MOVEMENT
• LIVING ORGANISMS CAN MOVE. PLANTS SHOW
GROWTH MOVEMENTS.
• ANIMALS CAN MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE TO
FIND FOOD OR MATE
 RESPIRATION

• RESPIRATION IS A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT

HAPPENS IN ALL LIVING CELLS, INCLUDING
PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS. IT IS THE WAY
THAT ENERGY IS RELEASED FROM GLUCOSE SO
THAT ALL THE OTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSES
NEEDED FOR LIFE CAN HAPPEN.
• THE ENERY RELEASED DURING RESPIRATION IS
NEEDED TO CARRY OUT ALL LIFE PROCESSES.
 SENSIBILITY/ IRRITABILITY

• LIVING ORGANISMS CAN RESPOND TO THE

CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
AND THE WORLD AROUND THEM.
• THESE PROCESS USUALLY INCREASE THEIR
CHANCE OF SURVIVAL
 GROWTH

LIVING ORGANISMS INCREASE IN MASS , SIZE AND

NUMBERS.
 REPRODUCTION

THIS IS THE PRODUCTION OF NEW ORGANISM

 EXCRETION
• ALL LIVING THINGS MAKE WASTE PRODUCTS
DURING METABOLISM. THESE MUST BE REMOVED
FROM THE BODY.
 NUTRITION
• ALL LIVING ORGANISMS NEED FOOD WHICH IS
USED AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY.
• PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD BY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS . ANIMALS GET THEIR FOOD BY
EATING PLANTS OR OTHER ANIMALS.
THE MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISM
THE MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISM

PROTOCISTS
ANIMALIA

PROKARYOTES

KINGDOMS

FUNGI
PLANTAE
 THE MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISM

• TAXONOMY IS A SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH NAMING, DESCRIBING

AND CLASSIFICATION OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS INCLUDING PLANTS.

• ALL ORGANISM USED TO BE CLASSIFIED OR PLACED INTO TWO

KINGDOMS OR MAIN GROUPS ANIMALS AND PLANTS, DEPENDING ON
WHETHER THEY GET THEIR FOOD FROM OTHER ORGANISM OR MAKE
THEIR OWN FOOD. HOWEVER,LIVING THINGS ARE MORE DIVERSE THAN
THIS.
• THERE IS NOW A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF FIVE KINGDOMS:
PROKARYOTES, PROTOCISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
 THE MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISM

• VIRUSES DO NOT FIT INTO THIS CLASSIFICATION. THEY ARE THE

SMALLEST ORGANISMS. THOUGH ITS DIFFICULT TO THINK OF THEM
AS LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY ONLY ‘LIVE’ INSIDE ANOTHER
LIVING CELL.
• THEY ALSO DO NOT HAVE A TRUE CELLULAR STRUCTURE LIKE OTHER
ORGANISMS.
• BILLIONS OF VIRUS EXIST AROUND US AND IT IS ONLY WHEN THEY
ENTER THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM THAT THEY SHOW SOME OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE. THERE THEY CAN REPRODUCE AND GROW
IN NUMBERS.
 PROKARYOTES
• BACTERIA ARE AMONGST THE SIMPLEST OF ORGANISMS - THEY ARE
MADE OF SINGLE CELLS. THEIR CELL STRUCTURE IS SIMPLER THAN
THE CELLS OF EUKARYOTES AND CELLS ARE SMALLER, MOST ARE 0.2
ΜM - 2.0 ΜM.
• THESE CELLS DO NOT CONTAIN MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES SUCH AS A NUCLEUS AND MITOCHONDRIA.
• BACTERIAL CELLS ARE CALLED PROKARYOTIC CELLS.
 PROTOCTISTS

• PROTOCTISTS ARE MICROSCOPIC SINGLE-CELLED
ORGANISMS.
• SOME PROTOCTISTS, SUCH AS AMOEBA, HAVE
FEATURES LIKE AN ANIMAL CELL. OTHERS, SUCH
AS CHLORELLA, HAVE CHLOROPLASTS AND ARE
MORE LIKE PLANTS.
• SOME PROTOCTISTS ARE PATHOGENS. FOR
EXAMPLE, PLASMODIUMIS, THE PATHOGEN THAT
CAUSES MALARIA.
PROTOCTIST

AMOBEA
 FUNGI

• MUSHROOMS, TOADSTOOLS AND MOULDS (SUCH

AS MUCOR) ARE MULTICELLULAR FUNGI.
• YEAST IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SINGLE-CELLED
FUNGUS.
• FUNGAL CELLS HAVE A CELL WALL MADE
OF CHITIN (REMEMBER THAT PLANT CELL WALLS
ARE MADE OF CELLULOSE).
 FUNGI

Some Fungi Are Pathogens, For Example The Fungal

Infection Which Causes Athlete’s Foot.
• Multicellular Fungi, Such As Mucor, Are Organised
Into A Mycelium - Which Is Made From Thread-like
Structures Called Hyphae.
• The Hyphae Contain Many Nuclei.
 PLANTAE

• Trees, Plants And Other Species Of Vegetation

Make Up Part Of The Plantae Kingdom
• These Autotrophic Things, Whose Cells Contain
Cellulose And Chlorophyll Are Essential For Life On
Earth Since They Release Oxygen Through
Photosynthesis. As Regards Their Method Of
Reproduction, This May Be Either Sexual Or
Asexual.
 ANIMALIA

• THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA IS THE MOST EVOLVED AND IS

DIVIDED INTO TWO LARGE GROUPS - VERTEBRATES AND
INVERTEBRATES. THESE ANIMALS ARE MULTI-CELLED,
HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES WITH AEROBIC
RESPIRATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND THE ABILITY
TO MOVE. THIS KINGDOM IS ONE OF THE MOST DIVERSE
AND COMPRISES MAMMALS, FISH, BIRDS, REPTILES,
AMPHIBIANS, INSECTS AND ANNELIDS, AMONG OTHERS.
WHAT DID YOU LEARN TODAY?