Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Artificial Sweeteners: January 2019
Artificial Sweeteners: January 2019
net/publication/338073242
Artificial Sweeteners
CITATIONS READS
4 24,834
1 author:
Periyasamy Anushkkaran
Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
18 PUBLICATIONS 72 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Periyasamy Anushkkaran on 20 December 2019.
Review Paper
Artificial Sweeteners
Anushkkaran Periyasamy
ABSTRACT
Artificial Sweeteners provide the sweetness of natural sugar without the calories and produce a low
glycemic response. These sweeteners are used instead of sucrose (table sugar) to sweeten foods and
beverages. Consumers and food manufacturers have long been interested in dietary sweeteners to
replace sucrose in foods. This article goes into a lot of details about the different types of sweeteners
such as saccharin, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame and sucralose, their uses, chemistry and
their potential effects on health. These sweeteners form acute and chronic effects on human health.
bacteria. This occurs due to acid made from by the pancreas following a large sugar or
sugar on the tooth surfaces. Simple sugars in carbohydrate based meals. [5] To reduce
foods are the primary energy source of these these activities, most of the people are using
bacteria. [4] Reactive hypoglycemia refers to artificial sweeteners.
low blood sugar that occurs after a meal The main five sugar substitutes for
usually within 4 hours after eating. This can use in a variety of foods are saccharin,
occur in both people with and without acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame
diabetes and is thought to be more common and sucralose. Characteristic features of
in overweight individuals. Reactive these five artificial sweeteners are given in
hypoglycemia is known as the result of too the Table 1.
much insulin being produced and released
1.1 Structural requirements for sweetness sweeteners account for more than 50% of
The generally accepted theory for the human consumption; sugar replacement by
phenomenon of sweetness was developed artificial sweeteners is simple, as
by Shallenberger and Acree. According to carbohydrates do not play any important
this theory, a molecular system of a proton functional role in beverages. Other
donor and proton acceptor is necessary. important applications are fruit flavored
Changes in the distance between groups, as dairy products and desserts. [7]
well as changes in electronic structure 1.2.2 Tabletop sweeteners
influence the occurrence of the sweet taste For household use, artificial sweeteners are
and may change the general taste formulated into table-top sweeteners, such
perception, sometimes eliminating as sweetener tablets, powders and spoon-by-
sweetness totally, or changing it to spoon products, and liquids.
bitterness. [6] 1.2.3 Pharmaceuticals
Artificial sweeteners are used to mask
1.2 General Uses undesired flavors and tastes of active
1.2.1 Foods and Beverages pharmaceutical ingredients, e.g., bitterness,
Foods and beverages are the most whenever the pharmaceuticals are intended
important fields of application of artificial for use by diabetics. Sweeteners are used in
sweeteners, with calorie reduction being the syrups, and soluble tablets and powders.
main goal. Single sweeteners or 1.2.4 Cosmetics
combinations with other sweet substances. Several types of cosmetics, especially oral
Artificial sweeteners can be used in diabetic hygiene products, are sweetened to make
foods and beverages; depending on the type them more pleasant for consumers. For oral
of product, either as single sweetening hygiene products (e.g., toothpaste,
agents or combined with bulk sugar mouthwash, etc.), noncariogenic ingredients
substitutes suitable for diabetic have to be used. The desired sweetness level
consumption. Beverage uses of artificial
Saccharin
Figure 1. Synthesis of saccharin (Remsen-Fahlberg synthesis)
After ingestion, saccharin is not for this reason is sometimes combined with
absorbed or metabolized. Instead, it is other sweeteners. For an example, saccharin
excreted, unchanged via the kidneys. [1] is often used with aspartame in diet
Slightly bitter taste and metallic taste and carbonated soft drinks. [3] The form used as
an artificial sweetener is sodium salt and and stable under high temperatures. So it
calcium salt, especially by people restricting does not break down in heat, therefore often
their dietary sodium intake. [1] used in baked products. It is used in over
1.3.3 Uses 4000 products in approximately 90
Important fields of application are countries. The “K” refers to the mineral
soft drinks, tabletop sweeteners, and potassium, which is naturally found in our
desserts. For taste reasons, blends with other bodies. [3]
artificial sweeteners, or combinations with 1.4.1 History
reduced sugar levels are preferred wherever Acesulfame-K was discovered in
such blends are approved. In oral hygiene 1967 by chemist Karl Clauss and Jensen
products, saccharin masks undesired tastes during investigations on oxathiazinone
of other ingredients. In starter feed for dioxides. The sweet taste was found by
livestock, saccharin is used to avoid reduced chance. Several other oxathiazinone
feed intake after weaning. Besides its dioxides taste sweet but have less favorable
applications as an artificial sweetener, characteristics. Acesulfame-K was approved
saccharin is used in electrolytic nickel in the United States in 1988 for specific
deposition. Addition of saccharin to the uses, including a tabletop sweetener. In
nickel salt solutions increases the hardness 1998, the FDA approved acesulfame-K to
and brightness of the nickel plate. This be use in beverages. In specially, it has been
effect is apparently specific to saccharin. [10] used to decrease the bitter aftertaste of
1.3.4 Toxicology aspartame. FDA continues to support the
Saccharin causes a headache, breathing use of acesulfame-K in diabetic and low-
difficulties, skin eruptions and diarrhea. calorie food. [1]
1.4.2 Chemistry
1.4 Acesulfame potassium Acesulfame-K is formed by an
This is a general purpose sweetener, initial reaction between 4-chlorophenol and
white crystalline structure, high-intensity, sodium. Synthesis of acesulfame-K is
non-nutritive sweetener, non-carcinogenic explained in Figure 2.
Aspartame breaks down into small vision, brain tumors, eye problems, memory
amounts of methanol, aspartic acid and loss and nausea. [15]
phenylalanine during the digestion. The aspartame consists of aspartic
Methanol is non-drinking alcohol, injecting acid which is a well-documented
of that can lead to toxicity and death within excitotoxin. 3 amino acids such as
a few hours. The body also breaks down this glutamate, aspartate and cysteine that excite
methanol into formaldehyde which turns our neurons can be called as excitotoxin.
into formic acid in the liver. Formaldehyde These neurotransmitters (amino acids)
and formic acid both are toxic. excessively stimulate the nerve cells to
Our body produces formaldehyde in either damage or kill. Excitotoxicity may be
amounts thousands of times greater than we involved in spinal cord injury, stroke and
get from the sweetener which is used by the hearing loss. [16]
body to make important substances. Formic
acid rarely builds up because the body uses 1.6 Neotame
formaldehyde so quickly and if there were Neotame is the newest sweetener
an excess, it would be eliminated through and a derivative of aspartame. A t-butyl
urine or broken down into CO2 and water. group is added to the free amine group of
Finally, the aspartame in diet produces so aspartic acid. This could be a super sweet
little amount of ethanol. [14] deal for food and beverage manufacturers,
1.5.3 Uses all the sweetness of sugar without a metallic
The sensory characteristics of after-taste plus at a fraction of the amount of
aspartame allow its use in all common sweetener needed compared to other sugar
sweetener applications. Limitations are substitutes. The neotame was approved in
imposed by its susceptibility to hydrolytic 2002 as a general purpose sweetener,
decomposition and limited temperature excluding in meat and poultry by FDA. [1]
stability. 1.6.1 History
1.5.4 Toxicology After the success of aspartame in the
FDA has mandated packaging bear a market, there were calls for developing a
warning label to prevent individuals with novel sweetener possessing additional
the rare genetic disorder phenylketonuria qualities such as higher heat stability, fewer
from ingesting the aspartame. restrictions and higher sweetener potency
Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of which means less amount to achieve the
metabolism that leads to attenuated same sweetness at a lower cost. Therefore
metabolism of the amino acid scientists synthesized thousands of
phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria can lead to compounds based on the simple structure of
behaviour problems and mental disorders. aspartame. End of the research, neotame
Individuals who suffer from this disease came up with the desirable qualities among
have an insufficient amount of the enzyme those synthesized compounds. Neotame was
phenylalanine hydroxylase which is approved by FDA for general use in 2002.
[17]
required to breakdown the phenylalanine.
Without the presence of this enzyme, 1.6.2 Chemistry
phenylalanine accumulates. When we add the t-butyl group to
Due to the methanol, aspartic acid the free amine group of aspartic acid, it
and phenylalanine which came from the leads to a second hydrophobic group and
digestion of aspartame can cause the results in a product that is 30-60 times
following symptoms: headache, blurred sweeter than aspartame. [18] Figure 4 shows
the synthesis of neotame.
How to cite this article: Periyasamy A. Artificial sweeteners. International Journal of Research
and Review. 2019; 6(1):120-128.
******