2-3

v = v0
初始时刻弦静止， v=0 v=0
速度按线性分布
0 l 2 l x
长度单位[m]
∞
8v0 nπ nπ nπc
η ( t , x ) = ∑ 2 2 sin sin kn x sin ωnt kn = ωn =
n =1 l k n ωn 2 l l
∞
8v0l nπ nπx nπct
= ∑ 3 3 sin sin sin
n =1 n π c 2 l l
无偶次
8v0 振动
n 2 π 2ωn
2-13
ξ
0 x
Fa cos ωt = K mξ
F = Fa cos ωt F + FK = 0
Fa cos ωt
FK = − K mξ ξ=
Km

0 x 0ξ x

F F
FK = − K mξ

0 x ξ 0 x

F F
FK = − K mξ
 2-13

F Fa e jωt
v =
=
Zm Zm

F F F
=ξ = =
jω Z m   Km  Km
jω  Rm + j  ω M m − 
  ω 
 2-13
ξ (t , x ) = ( A cos kx + B sin kx ) cos(ωt − ϕ )
ξ (t , x) F = Fa cos ωt
SEBk cos kl cos (ωt − ϕ ) =
Fa cos ωt
0 l x
 ∂ξ  Fa cos ωt
ξ ( x =0 ) = 0 SE   = Fa cos ωt B=
 ∂x  ( x =l ) ESk cos kl cos (ωt − ϕ )
ξ = B sin kx cos(ωt − ϕ )

Fa cos ωt 当 kl << 1 (低频，短棒)

ξ= sin kx
ESk cos kl cos kl ≈ 1, sin kl ≈ kl
参考位置 x = l
Fa cos ωt F ES
ξ ( x =l ) = = Km =
Km Km l
 2-13 ξ (t , x ) = ( A cos kx + B sin kx ) cos(ωt − ϕ )

F = Fa cos ωt ξ (t , x)

0 l x
 ∂ξ  ξ ( x =l ) = 0
− SE   = Fa cos ωt
 ∂x  ( x =0 ) A cos kl + B sin kl = 0

− SEk (− A sin kx + B cos kx )x =0 cos(ωt − ϕ ) = Fa cos ωt

Fa cos ωt Fa cos ωt sin kl

B= − A=
ESk cos (ωt − ϕ ) ESk cos kl cos (ωt − ϕ )
当 kl << 1 (低频，短棒)
Fa
ξ (t, x ) ( tan kl cos kx − sin kx ) cos ωt tan kl ≈ kl
ESk
参考位置 x = 0
Fa cos ωt F ES
ξ ( x =0 ) = = Km =
Km Km l
 1 ∂ 2η ∂2 ∂2
2-21 ∇η= 2 2
2

c ∂t
c=
T
σ
2
∇ = 2+ 2
∂x ∂y
y
矩形膜 ∂ 2η ∂ 2η 1 ∂ 2η
b 2
+ 2 = 2 2 分离变量法
∂x ∂y c ∂t

设解为：η = X (x )Y ( y )e
j ωt

0 a x
∂2 X ∂ 2Y ω
∂ 2 X (x ) 2
2
Y + X + k XY = 0 k =
2
+ k x X (x ) = 0 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 c
∂x 2 2
k = kx + k y
∂ 2Y ( y ) 2 2
1 ∂ X 1∂Y 2

2
+ k yY ( y) = 0 2
+ 2
+ k x
2
+ k 2
y =0
∂y X ∂x Y ∂y
X (x ) = Ax cos k x x + Bx sin k x x
Y ( y ) = Ay cos k y y + B y sin k y y

η = ( Ax cos k x x + Bx sin k x x )(Ay cos k y y + B y sin k y y )e jωt

 2-21 η = ( Ax cos k x x + Bx sin k x x )(Ay cos k y y + B y sin k y y )e jωt
y η ( x =0 ) = 0 η ( x =a ) = 0
b η ( y =0 ) = 0
Ax (Ay cos k y y + B y sin k y y )e jωt = 0
η ( y =b ) = 0
Ax = 0
a x k 2 = k x2 + k y2
Bx sin k x a (Ay cos k y y + B y sin k y y )e = 0
0 j ωt

边界条件： nπ mπ
kx = , n = 1,2,3... Ay = 0 k y = , m = 1,2,3...
η ( x =0 ) = 0 a b
nπ mπ jωn ,mt
η n ,m = Bn ,m sin x sin ye 简正振动方式
η ( x =a ) = 0 a b
n2 m2
η ( y =0 ) = 0 ωn ,m = ck n ,m = πc 2 + 2 简正频率
a b
η ( y =b ) = 0 ∞ ∞
nπ mπ jωn ,mt
η = ∑∑ Bn ,m sin x sin ye
n =1 m =1 a b
 − jϕ n , m
复数 ，设为:η a n,m e
2-21 ∞ ∞
nπ mπ jωn ,mt
η = ∑∑ Bn ,m sin x sin ye
y n =1 m =1 a b
∞ ∞
nπ mπ
b η = ∑∑η a n,m sin x sin y cos(ωn ,mt − ϕ n ,m )
n =1 m =1 a b
c
f1,1 = 5 基频 与基频比值
0 a x 4a
c
f1, 2 = 8 2 2: 5 ≈ 1.26
4a
n2 m2 c
ωn ,m = ck n ,m = πc 2 + 2 f1,3 = 13 13 : 5 ≈ 1.61
a b 4a
ωn ,m c n2 m2 c ≈ 1.84
f n ,m = = + 2 f 2,1 = 17 17 : 5
2π 2 a 2
b 4a
c 2 :1 =2
设：a : b = 1 : 2 f1, 4 = 20
4a
c c
简并
f n,m = 4n 2 + m 2 f 2, 2 = 20
4a 4a