PHILOSOPHY
REVIEWER AND LECTURES
EXAMINATION
MODULE 1 & 2
PHILOSOPHY AND ITS HOLISTIC APPROACH
 A philosopher’s way of thinking can be
described as “abstractive”. This means that it
rises from the level of everyday life to a higher
level that gives a bird’s eye view of the whole.
MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
 Etymologically, the word “philosophy comes
from two greek words, Philla, meaning “love”
and Sophia, meaning “wisdom”.
FOUR THINGS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED:
 Science – Philosophy includes investigation,
which is systematic. It starts with having
thoughts forming questions.
 Natural Light of Reason – Philosophy uses
reason to investigate. The Philosopher uses
his natural capacity to think without the help of
any other laboratory instrument or
investigative tools. This is also called human
reason or unaided reason.
 Study of All Things – Other sciences concern
themselves with a particular object of
investigation.
 First Cause or Highest Principle –
Philosophy seeks the fundamental truth of
everything.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
METAPHYSICS
 Metaphysics comes from the words Meta
which means beyond/after and Physika which
means physical. This branch study things
beyond the physical.
EPISTEMOLOGY
 Epistemology comes from the words
Episteme which means knowledge and Logos
which means study or “Study of Knowledge”.
This branch deals with the nature, sources,
limitations, and validity of knowledge. It
focuses with the truth and its justification.
LOGIC
 Logic comes from the Greek word logike
which means an analysis of human thought.
This branch is the science of correct thinking.
It distinguishes good from bad reasoning. It is
important to underpin that logic does not
provide us knowledge for logic is considered
as a tool to validate our human thoughts.
SECOND SEMESTER
3RD QUARTER
AESTHETICS
 Aesthetics is the science of the beautiful in its
various manifestations. This branch deals not
only with what is attractive but what is
valuable.
MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE WORD
“PILOSOPO” AND ITS TRUE MEANING
 In the Philippines, the term “pilosopo”
connotes the image of a comical, and
sometimes annoying, character. It is often
used to describe someone who plays with
words, or twists commonsensical reasonings
in order to come across as funny. Sometimes
the pilosopo is also described as “KSP”
(kulang sa pansin) because their incessant
questioning gives the impression that they are
desperate for attention.
THE FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY
 Filipinos do have their own philosophy. As part
of the east part of the world, their philosophy is
rooted with religious beliefs and myths.
THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF FILIPINO
PHILOSOPHY
1. Loob or Kalooban
Filipinos believe in innate goodness of the human
being. A Filipino believes that every person is good by
nature. He upholds values of loyalty, hospitality,
pakikisama, respect to authority and concept of utang
na loob. Filipino ethics is engraved to the wholeness of
a person. Give high regards with dignity, pride,
respect, and family-orientedness.
2. Filipino Philosophy of Time
A Filipino believes in the Gulong ng Palad process of
life which entails that there is a right time for
everything. He believes that things happen for a
reason with relations to time. As the saying goes, oras
mo na or hindi mo pa oras. He clings to unmitigated
optimism that one day; all things will go for the better
and reasons out bad happenings for wrong timing.
3. Bahala Na
The Bahala Na philosophy started in the pre-spanish
period with the belief of Bathala, elements and the like.
This philosophy is the most outstanding virtue to
Filipinos. It involves complete trust in the Divine
Providence or Fate – having the acceptance of
whatever the outcome of his decisions. It is also
characterized by the courage of taking risks.