arsebiTi saxeli.

1. arsebiTi saxelis raoba. metyvelebis nawilTa klasifikaciis mixedviT, s a x e l T a, Soris ZiriTadi adgili
a r s e b i T s a x e l s uWiravs. arsebiTi saxeli im sabazo mniSvnelobebs (semantikas) moicavs, rac adamianis
garemomcveli samyaros mravalferovan sagnobriv Semadgenlobas asaxavs. samyaros enobrivi Secnoba
upirvelesad misi sagnobrivi mravalferovnebis saxeldebiT xorcieldeba.
arsebiTi saxeli, laTinuri terminiT _s u b s t a n t i v i, aris metyvelebis nawili, romelic obieqtur
sagnobriv sinamdviles asaxavs. rogorc substantivi aris enobrivi amsaxveli, aRmniSvneli s u b s t a n c i i s a,
arsebiTi saxeli aseve asaxavs sagnobriv arss, saganTa arsebobas. `arsebiTi saxeli hqvia sityvas, romelsac
sagnobrivi warmodgena axlavs~ (a. SaniZe). sagani am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc ganzogadebuli
cneba, romelic moicavs rogorc realur sagnebs, ise imgvar realobebs, romlebic adamianis cnobierebis mier aris
gaTanabrebuli sagnebTan (a. arabuli).
SeniSvna: SesaZlebelia erTi da igive sityva, semantikur mimarTebaTa mixedviT, sagansac
Seesabamebodes da movlenasac (Sdr.: `axalgazrdoba Seikriba~ da `axalgazrdoba bednieri xanaa~. amgvarad:
arsebiTi saxeli amoicnoba kiTxvebiT: `vin~ da `ra~; anu: yoveli sityva, romelic `vin~ an `ra~ kiTxvas
Seesabameba, a r s e b i T i s a x e l i a.
arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarsobrivi jgufebi. vinaidan arsebiTi saxeli sityvaTa metad mravalricxovan klass
warmoadgens da es klasi leqsikur-semantikuri araerTgvarovnebiTac gamoirCeva, upirvelesad yuradRebis
miqcevas moiTxovs arsebiT saxelTa Sida Sinaarsobrivi klasifikacia, garkveuli semantikuri jgufebis arseboba
gramatikulad erTiani klasis SigniT. miT umetes, rom amgvar dajgufebas garkveuli kavSiri aqvs arsebiTi saxelis
formawarmoebis kanonebTan, semantika raRac gamoZaxils formawarmoebaSic povebs.
arsebiT saxelTa Sinaarsobrivi klasifikaciis niSniT gamoiyofa ramdenime leqsikur-semantikuri kategoria:
a) `vin~ _ `ra~ opozicia (jgufi);
b) `sulieri~ _ `usulo~;
g) `konkretuli~ _ `abstraqtuli~;
d) `sakuTari~ _ `sazogado~;
e) krebiT saxelTa jgufi;
v) nivTierebaTa saxelebi;
z) moqmedebis saxeli.
davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani:
`vin~ da `ra~ opozicia. aRniSnul Sinaarsobriv opoziciaTagan umTavresia adamianis dapirispireba
danarCen sagnobriv samyarosTan (sulierTanac da arasulierTanac), rac qarTuli enis erT-erTi specifikaa. vin
(anu adamiani) upirispirdeba yvela sxvas cocxalsac da aracocxalsac:
`vin~_jgufSi Sedis sityvebi, romlebic adamians aRniSnavs arsobrivad Tu rangobrivad (profesiulad):
deda, mama, da, Zma, kaci, qali, biWi, bavSvi, Tavadi, mebaduri, eqimi...
SeniSvna: Tu ukanaskneli tipis saxeli Tavad wodebasa Tu profesias gamoxatavs, is `ra~_jgufSi
gaerTiandeba (Sdr.: `r a gamoxval? _ `eqimi~). yvela danarCeni arsebiTi `ra~_jgufs ganekuTvneba _ rogorc
sulierTa (cxovelTa), ise usuloTa (mcenareTa, sxva saganTa) aRmniSvneli: cxvari, mtredi, ÚWianWvela, muxa,
qoxi, Tixa, Tafli...
`vin~ _ `ra~ kategoriis siRrmuli semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi qarTulSi mJRavndeba saxelisa da zmnis
formawarmoebisa da sityvawarmoebis calkeul ubnebze (Sdr. qalaq-el-i da qalaq-ur-i...).
`sulieri~ _ `usulo~. kategoria `s u l i e r i~ _ `u s u l o~ gulisxmobs saganTa klasis gayofas sicocxlis
`mqoneblobis~ mixedviT. oRond es opozicia ar udris `cocxali~ _ `aracocxalis~ dapirispirebas, vinaidan, am
opoziciis mixedviT, mcenareebic `cocxal~ klasSi moeqceva, xolo winamaval klasifikaciaSi mcenareebi
`usuloTa~ jgufs ganekuTvneba.
amdenad, s u l i e r T a qveklasSi gaerTiandeba saxelebi, romlebsac sulieri (mSvinvieri) arseboba aqvs da
Tavisi ZaliT gadaadgileba SeuZlia (a. arabuli):
a) cxovelebi (lomi, xari, ciyvi, dedofala...)
b) frinvelebi (arwivi, orbi, mercxali, wiwkana...)
d) Tevzebi (selapi, delfini, loqo, kalmaxi, Gorjo...)

1
 e) mwerebi da qvewarmavlebi (futkari, krazana, oboba, gveli,
xvliki...)
u s u l o T a rigs ganekuTvneba yvela danarCeni: xe, Zeli, qva, kibe, mTa, sila...
`sulierisa~ da `usulos~ semantikuri gansxvaveba Tavisebur gamovlinebas povebs gramatikaSic, kerZod,
am sxvaobas gviCvenebs saxelis ricxvis asaxva zmnaSi.
`konkretuli~ _ `abstraqtuli~. kategoria `k o n k r e t u l i~ _ `a b s t r a q t u l i~ ukavSirdeba arsebiTi
saxelis aRsaniSnis sagnobriv substancias. `konkretuli~ gulisxmobs iseT sagnobriv arsebobas, romelic
adamianis (aRmqmelis) grZnobaTa organoebiT (SexebiT, mxedvelobiT, smeniT, ynosviT, gemovnebiT)
aRiqmeba. magaliTad: yvavili, GRrubeli, siTbo, suni, simware...
ganyenebul (abstraqtul) substanciaTa aRqma grZnobaTa organoebiT SeuZlebelia, radgan maT fizikuri
(sagnobrivi) arsi ara aqvs, maTi aRqma mxolod gonebismieria (an grZnobismieria _ misi ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobiT): arseboba, sikvdili, siyvaruli, silamaze, mSveniereba, ocneba.. .
SeniSvna: am TvalsazrisiT `g r Z n o b i s a ~ da `S e g r Z n e b i s ~ mniSvnelobebi unda gaimijnos:
`SegrZneba~ pirveli qvekategoriis gagebas moicavs _ `grZnobaTa organoebiT aRqma~, xolo `grZnoba~ _
upirvelesad abstraqtul gancdas gulisxmobs.
`sakuTari~ _ `sazogado~: am opoziciis semantikur Sinaarss qmnis konkretul arsebiT saxelTa
mimarTebis Tavisebureba Sesabamis obieqtTan. `sazogado saxels~ cnebiTi Sinaarsi aqvs, rac imas gulisxmobs,
rom Sesabamisi arsebiTi saxeliT aRniSnul yovel saganSi moiazreba sxva msgavs saganTa erToblioba.
magaliTad, sityva skami gulisxmobs mravalgvar, magram erTfunqciur (`dasajdomi~) aRsaniSns: ufexos,
samfexas, zurgians, magars, rbils da misT. `sakuTari saxeli~ SinaarsiT aracnebiTia _ iqneba is erTi `sagnis~
aRmniSvneli, Tu `saganTa krebulisa~.
mag.: giorgi, mcxeTa, aragvi, burduli, leki, sparsi... amdenad, aq gadamwyvetia ara is, rom sakuTari `e r
T s~ miemarTeba, xolo sazogado `m r a v a l s~, aramed is, rom sakuTars, sazogadosagan gansxvavebiT,
cnebiTi Sinaarsi ara aqvs, Tundac is `mravals~ miemarTebodes (a. arabuli). Sdr. gvari da jabadari: gvari
Sinaarsobrivi cnebaa naTesaobrivi kavSirisa, xolo jabadari am kategoriis kerZoobiTi saxelia. sakuTari
saxelebia:
pirTa saxelebi (luka, lile...), gvarebi (buaZe, dvali...), cxovelTa Serqmeuli saxelebi (niSa, nikora...),
fsevdonimebi (vaJa-fSavela, mTis niavi...), adgilTa (wyneTi, Tergi...), qveyanaTa (dania, erayi...), eTnosTa
(Turqi, kolxi...) saxelebi, planetebis (venera, saturni...) saxelebi, periodul gamocemaTa Serqmeuli saxelebi
(`droSa~, `lelo~...), obieqtTa, dawesebulebaTa Serqmeuli saxelebi (`merani~, `nakaduli~...)... sakuTari
saxelebis Tavisebureba morfologiaSi Tavs iCens saxelTa brunebisas (saxelobiTi, wodebiTi...).
krebiTi saxelebi. k r e b i T s a x e l e b s, rogorc ufro mcire, kerZoobiT jgufs, Cveulebisamebr,
semantikuri opoziciis gareSe gamoyofen xolme; Tumca aqac igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs opozicia `arakrebiTi~
_ `krebiTi~. pirvelia yvela is aRsaniSni, romelic sagnobriv `calkeobas~ (`erTeulobas~) gulisxmobs. mag.: xe,
magida, kalami, kedeli... k r e b i T saxels forma mxolobiTisa aqvs, magram SinaarsiT mravlobiTia; oRond
masSi Cans simravle ara im sityvisa, romelic krebiTad warmogvidgeba, aramed _ sul sxva sityvisa; mag.: xalxi
(a d a m i a n e b i s simravle), gundi (f r i n v e l T a simravle), fara (c x v r e b i s simravle), rema (c x e n e b
i s simravle), xrova (m g l e b i s simravle) da misT.
amgvarad, krebiTi saxeli aRniSnavs erTgvarovan saganTa k r e b u l s, erTianobas, `erTmTlianobas~.
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac erTi da igive arsebiTi saxeli, konteqstis mixedviT, SeiZleba
`calebrivic~ iyos (mag.: `c x v a r i cxvaria, magram, Tu gacxarda, cxariao~) da krebiTic (mag.: `vxedav
mecxvares joxiT mxarzeda, win uZRvis c x v a r s a, midis mTazeda, cx v a r i c bevri hyavs Tavis
Tmazeda...~).
aseTebia: Zroxa (`wamsve Z r o x a S i me mikres Tavi...~), Rori (`GR o r i s mwyemsi~), mtredi (`m t r
e d i s gundi~), foToli (`tyem moisxa f o T o l i...~), vaSli (`v a S l i davkrifeT~...), nayofi (`n a y o f i
dacvivda~...) da sxv. krebiT saxelTa semantikas angariSi unda gaewios ricxvSi SeTanxmebis TvalsazrisiT:
maTi krebiTi Sinaarsi ricxvSi gramatikul SeTanxmebas ar moiTxovs (xalxi Seikriba), magram zmnis fuZis
supletur monacvleobas ganapirobebs (xalxi dasxda).

2
 nivTierebaTa saxelebi. nivTierebaTa saxelebis Tavisebureba is aris, rom maT konkretuli sagnobrivi
saxe ara aqvT, maTi nivTieri arseboba `amorfulia~, isini raime masis, nivTierebis zogad Sinaarss gamoxataven.
rogorc amboben, aseT obieqtebs Tvladi substancia ara aqvT _ an fxvier masas qmnian, an _ Txevads, an _
airovans, an, ubralod, nivTierebas gamoxataven. Sdr.:
a) `tyvia gavarda~: aq tyvia konkretuli sagnis saxelia.
b) `tyvia madnis saxiT moipoveba~: aq tyvia niavTierebas aRniSnavs.
nivTierebaTa saxelebia: rkina, oqro, vercxli, puri (rogorc marcvleuli), wyali, GRvino, Saqari, sila, miwa
da sxv. nivTierebaTa saxelebs mravlobiTi ar ewarmoeba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Sesabamisi
nivTierebebi `dafasoebulad~ aris warmodgenili (Sdr.: Rvinoebi, wylebi, miwebi...).
moqmedebaTa saxelebi. m o q m e d e b a T a saxelebi kidev erTi kategoriaa arsebiT saxelTa klasSi,
vinaidan es jgufi moicavs iseT Tavisebur saxelebs, romlebic faqtobriv zmnuri Sinaarsisaa. rogorc cnobilia, es
erTeulebi formiT (gramatikulad) arsebiT saxelebs ganekuTvneba, xolo semantikurad (warmomavlobiT) zmnebs
_ isini nazmnari saxelebia. mag.: xatva masdaria xatavs zmnisa da masSi arsebiTad SenarCunebulia is
Sinaarsi, rasac zmna warmogvidgens; magram morfologiuri statusiT xatva brunebadi sityvaa, anu arsebiTi
saxelia `ra~_jgufisa. aseTia yvela masdari ugamonaklisod. masdaris es mdgomareoba aris mizezi imisa, rom
maTi nawili saboloood gasubstantivda. mag.: Sroma, simRera, ltolva, siyvaruli, swavla, gansja da sxv.
rogorc vxedavT, arsebiT saxelTa leqsikur-semantikuri sistema araerTgvarovan suraTs gviCvenebs;
miTiTebul kategoriebs Soris aris araTanabari da araTanmimdevruli mimarTebebi. magram mainc SeiZleba am
sistemis garkveuli ierarqiuli sqemis saxiT warmodgena.
arsebiTi saxeli warmoebis mixedviT. arsebiT saxelTa klasSi, bunebrivia, Tavs iyris nairgvari
warmomavlobisa (uZvelesi leqsemebi, nasesxobebi, derivatebi, kompozitebi...) da nairgvari enobrivi fenis
Semonatani (arqauli, dialeqturi, Jargonuli...) leqsikuri erTeulebi. enis leqsikuri fondis, maT Soris, arsebiT
saxelTa, erTerTi Zlieri Senakadi aris axali sityvawarmoeba; derivatebs didi adgili uWiravs saxelur feZeebSi.
warmoebis mixedviT arsebiT saxelTa daxasiaTeba gulisxmobs imas, rom erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos,
erTi mxriv, saxeluri semantikis (amosavali) Zir-fuZeebi, xolo meore mxriv, maTgan, agreTve sxva metyvelebis
nawilTagan warmoqmnili axali leqsikuri erTeulebi. am TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi saxelebi gaiyofa or ZiriTad
jgufad:
1. p i r v e l a d i saxelebi: xe, mTa, saxli, wyali, miwa, ca, gza, ezo, qali, kaci, deda, mama, yuri, Tvali,
puri, rZe, cxvari, Txa...
SeniSvna: a. e. w. pirvelad saxelebSi aRmoCndeba rogorc Zireuli qarTuli (mag. wyali), ise uZvelesi
nasesxebi leqsika (mag. puri), rac istoriul-etimologiuri Ziebis saqmea da saxelTa gramatikuli daxasiaTebis
TvalsazrisiT ar aris aqtualuri.
b. SesaZlebelia e. w. pirveladi saxeli etimologiuri analizis gziT struqturul segmentacias
eqvemdebarebodes (anu misi istoriuli `warmoqmniloba~ dasturdebodes), magram es am saxelis (fuZis)
Sesabamisi jgufisadmi gankuTvnilebas ar Secvlis, vinaidan am klasifikaciaSi warmoqmnilad CaiTvleba fuZe
mxolod moqmedi derivaciis safuZvelze.
2. m e o r e u l i anu w a r m o q m n i l i saxelebi: arsebiTi saxelis axali fuZis miReba SeiZleba moxdes
nebismieri metyvelebis nawilisagan mravalferovani warmomqmneli (sityvamawarmoebeli) modelebis
safuZvelze. TavisTavad warmoqmnili saxelebi or jgufad ganiyofeba:
a) afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba;
b) kompozicia.
arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba warmoqmnili iyos faqtobriv yvela metyvelebis nawilisagan:
_ Tavad arsebiTisagan: xel-i → xeloba, saxelo, xelosani...
_ zedsarTavisagan: wiTel-i → wiTela, rbil-i → rbilobi...
_ ricxviTisagan: erT-i → erToba, sam-i → sameba, as-i →aseuli...
_ nacvalsaxelisagan: Tav-i → Tavisian-i, Tvis-i → Tvisoba; me → meoba; urTierT-i → urTierToba...
_ zmnizeda: aq(a) → aqaoba, saaqao, qveS → qveSeT-i...
_ zmna: kerav-s → kerva; rbi-s → sirbili, uyvar-s → siyvaruli...
_ udetrebi: ara → araoba, ho → hooba, albaT → albaToba da sxv.

3
 afiqsebi (prefiqs-sufiqsebi), romlebic gamoyenebulia amgvari sityvawarmoebis dros, aseve
mravalferovania:
kompoziciis gziT warmoqmnili arsebiTi saxelebi adasturebs fuZeTa SeerTebis yvela im SesaZleblobas,
rac, sazogadod, kompozicias axasiaTebs da am gziT mravalricxovani saxelebia warmoqmnili:
_ reduplikacia: beberi, gorgola, gvirgvini, firfita...
_ toladSerwymuli anu orcnebiani kompozitebi: da-Zma, mTa-bari, mter-moyvare...
_ erTcnebiani kompozitebi, romelTa miReba nairgvari fuZiTa da formiT xdeba: Zmiswuli, ciskari,
gulTmisani, weliwadi... (detalurad ix. k o m p o z i c i a).
SeniSvna: gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdara warmoqmnili zedsarTavi
saxelis gasubstantiveba, sakace, mxatvari, mSobeli, moZRvari, maswavlebeli...
arsebiT saxelTa semantikuri jgufebis codna aucilebelia maTi gramatkuli analizisaTvis. xSirad sityvis
semantika xdeba safuZveli misi gramatikuli Taviseburebisa.