RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS

MILITARY SCIENCE - 2

WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

QUIRINO S CALONZO
2007

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Chapter 5-11
COVERAGE FOR
FINAL EXAM

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 CHAPTER 5

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Personal Hygiene and Sanitation is every soldier’s responsibility. The

command is the mirror-image of its Commander. The state of the health of
men and the condition they work-in reflect the leadership, discipline and
supervision in the unit. If one or several members of an operating unit become
sick due to bad sanitation, the effective strength of the unit is reduced thus
diminishing its fighting capability and efficiency.

Rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow but some
carelessly disregard them. It is therefore necessary to constantly remind the
members of the unit on the importance of observing proper hygiene and
sanitation.

1. Individual Hygiene

The following are the basic health guidelines:

a. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath once everyday.

As a minimum, bathe your feet, hands and private parts. If possible, change
your underwear and socks after bathing. When water is scarce, you may bathe
at least twice a week. If water availability is worst, scrub your body regularly
with clean wet cloth.

b. Change your underclothing daily if possible, If not, at least

twice a week. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bug that may keep you itchy.

c. Change clothing, shoes or socks immediately after they are

get wet to avoid getting colds, athletes foot and other illnesses.

d. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after

waking up and before going to bed. Brush your teeth on the inside and
outside, away from the gums and towards the cutting surface of the teeth.

e. Always wash your hands with soap and water after doing
fatigue duty, after engaging in strenuous exercise, before eating and after
coming out of the comfort room.

f. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible.

You may contact disease from infected mess gear or personal articles of
others. For the same reason, avoid borrowing and lending your own pipes,
towels, shoes, etc.

g. When mosquito’s and other flying insects are present in

you area, be sure to use your mosquito net. Tuck it well around your bedding
and ensure that there are no holes before sleeping. Take your anti-malaria
tablets regularly, many soldiers became fatal casualties due to their
indifference to this tiny but effective anti-malaria tablets.

h. Never drink water from any untreated source until has been
declared safe for drinking by your medical officer. When purification tablets
(such as halazone) are available, use them to threat your drinking water. If
there are none, you may consider boiling your water at least fifteen minutes to
kill the harmful bacteria’s germs that may be present.

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 i. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the
head area for your unit.

j. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity may

do equal damage to your health as extreme exertion or fatigue.

k. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate with infected

woman who may be carries of these diseases. If you think you have caught
any of these sexually transmitted diseases report to your medical officer at
once. Any venereal disease can be cured much easier and quickly on its early
stage. Untreated VD may result to death or permanent damage to your body.

l. As a leader, you must set an example of personal

cleanliness and sanitation. Bathe, shave and wear clean clothes daily.
Observe all the precautions mentioned above and require everybody to do the
same.

2. Camp Sanitation

Camp Sanitation refers to the rules of cleanliness and sanitation

which soldiers should follow to keep and maintain camps.

a. When putting up camps and bivouacs, build them around a

sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements, such as the location
of the galley, the head and the billeting areas of the men.

b. Control your water supply. Purify drinking water in a

manner approved by the medical officer. When water source is a stream or a
river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human
consumption. Washing and bathing points must always be downstream from
points used for human consumption. Of course, in the case of tactical camps,
these watering points must be well secured against enemy harassment.

c. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the

galley, mess hall, and water supply but not too far from the living areas. As
much as possible, heads and urinals should be situated downwind of above
mentioned areas. In the construction of heads, follow the prescribed design.
When situation allows a straddle type head trench may be constructed easily.
The trench should be dug one foot wide, two and half feet deep and four feet
long or longer depending on the number of men who will use it. The earth
removed in digging is piled at the end of the trench with a can or shovel so
that each men can cover his waste with soil after using the trench. Wooden
plants may be used to improve the stepping area of this type of head. When
leaving the camp be sure to cover the trench completely. A simple field urinal
may as easily be constructed.

d. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be

stored in clean receptacles. Garbage, leftovers and other refuse must be
disposed of at designated dumping areas or garbage pits, where they may be
covered with soil or burned. When improperly disposed and left uncovered,
insects, especially flies, feed on these garbage, pick up the germs and later
transfer them to your food. Dysentery and other illness may then result.

e. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents

and other pests may include flies, mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches
and rats. The simplest way to control the increase of these pests is to cut-off
their nourishment by screening heads, galleys and messes and by disposing
waste properly. You must also drain or soil stagnant pools of water to kill the
larvae of insects when in the field. Bury empty ration cans and turns split

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coconut husks upside down to prevent disease carrying insects and rodents
to breed or feed on them.
B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

FIRST AID – immediate treatment administered to a victim of injury or

illness before the services of a doctor or corpsman can be obtained.

1. Four Life Savings Steps:

a. Stop the bleeding – by elevating, direct pressure and by

applying tourniquet.

b. Protect the Wound – by applying first aid dressing.

c. Prevent or Treat Shock – keep the victim lying down with

his/her hear lower than the body. Loosen any tilt clothing. Keep the casualty’s
convertible warm by wrapping with blanket. If she/he is unconscious, place
him at his/her sides, prevent checking on vomits and other fluid. Give him
fluid by mouth with warm stimulants such as coffee, tea or cocoa, remember
Alcohol is not stimulants fluid.

d. Restore Breathing – if a casualty stop breathing you must

give artificial respiration immediately. The sooner you begin artificial
respiration, the more likely you are to succeed in restoring breathing.

2. WOUNDS:

Wounds – any break in the continuity of the skin/tissue of the

body.

a. Classification of Wounds

1) Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or mucus

membrane.
2) Close Wound – involves underlying tissues without a
break in the skin or mucus membrane.

b. Types of Wounds

1) Abrasions – results from scraping (abrasing) the

skin. Bleeding is minimal and limited to ruptured small veins and capillaries.
2) Incised Wound – cuts, commonly caused by sharp
objects the degree of bleeding depend on the deep and extent of a cut. Deep
cuts may involves blood vessels and may cause extensive bleeding, they may
also damage muscles tendons and nerves.
3) Lacerated Wound – jagged, irregular or blunt breaks
or tears in the skin. The destruction of tissues is greater in.
4) Fracture Wounds – caused by pointed objects such
as pin, ice pick, nails and splinters.

- external bleeding is usually minor, but the

fracturing object may penetrate deeply into the body and thus damage organs
and cause severe internal bleeding.
- generally are not flushed out by external bleeding,
therefore they are more likely than other wounds to become infected, tetanus
organism grow rapidly in the absence of air.

5) Invulsions – involve forcible separation or tearing or

tissue from the victim’s body, commonly caused by animal bites and
accidents involving motor vehicles and heavy machinery.

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 c. Complication of Wounds

1) Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from the

wounds.
2) Infections – the healing process is delayed by
infection.

TREATMENT:

1) Control Bleeding:

a) Direct pressure – is a place where the main

artery to the injured person or part lies neat the skin surface and over a bone.
Pressure at such a point applied with the fingers or with the hand, no first aid
materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress the artery
against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from heart to the wounds.

The pressure point is that which is:

(1) Nearest to the wound

(2) Between the wound and the main part of the
body.

It can be seldom maintained for more than fifteen

minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct pressure is
being applied to a serious wound. If bleeding continues, you may have to
apply a Tourniquet.

2) Use of Tourniquet

Only when the direct pressure, elevation and

pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from a limb, or when blood is gushing
from a major wound such as a limb amputation, should a tourniquet be
applied. The use of a tourniquet can cause the loss of the limb below the hand,
hence it must be used as a last resort.

3) Tourniquet Application

a) Place the tourniquet around the limb and

between the wound and the heart. Never place directly over the wound or
fractured.

b) For amputation or partial amputation of the

foot, leg, hand and arm for bleeding from the upper arm or thigh, place the
tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.

c) For hemorrhage from the forearm with no

associated amputation, place the tourniquet just above the wound or
amputation.

d) When possible, place the tourniquet over the

smooth sleeve or trouser leg to prevent skin from being pinched or twisted.

e) Once a tourniquet has been applied, inspect it

and the dressing frequently to see if the tourniquet has slipped and if any sign
or further bleeding is present. If necessary, tighten the tourniquet but under
no circumstances loosen it. It should only loosened by medical personnel.

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 f) It needs to be loosened for 2 –3 seconds in
every 20-30 minutes, and piece of wood, stick, etc.

d. Fracture

Fracture - are broken bone or skull.

The two classes of fracture

1) Simple or Close Fracture – no break in the continuity

or no injury to the skin. It is free from air and infection.

2) Compound or Open Fracture – one in which, there is

wound communicating with the broken ends of the bone is broken into more
than two (2) pieces.

Complicated when there are also injuries in the adjoining

vessels, nerves or muscles.

Treatment for fracture

1) Determine the full extent of injuries and dress the

wound.
2) Immobilize (Splint) the fracture to prevent further
damage.

Treatment for the neck and back fracture:

1) Lay the patient on his back.

2) Place a small pad under his back and under the
hollow of his neck.
3) Prepare improvised liter.

e. Artificial respiration

The standard method of artificial respiration are the mouth-

to-mouth, the chest pressure and back pressure arm lift methods.

1) Mouth to Mouth Method

The mouth-to-mouth (also mouth to nose) method is

considered to be more effective and reliable. In resorting to this method, a first
aider should follow certain steps or procedures:

Step 1 – place the victim on her/his back immediately. Loosen her/his

clothing to allow free circulation of air in the body of the victim.

Step 2 – Clean the victim’s mouth and throat. Free the victim’s mouth
and throat of dentures, food and obstructions.

Step 3 – Move the victim’s head backward at chin-up position with the
neck stretched to ensure free passage of air.

Step 4 – Lift the lower jaw forward. Hold the jaw by grasping (with
thumb) the corner of the victim’s mouth.

Step 5 – Press the victim’s nose or seal her/his mouth to prevent air
leakage.

Step 6 – Blow air forcefully with your mouth into the victim’s mouth or
nose until the victim’s chest rises. (This step is not advisable for babies).

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 Step 7 – When the victim’s chest has risen, listen to any sign of
respiration. Repeat this step 15 to 20 times per minutes or until breathing is
observed.

Step 8 – Periodically between breathing, remove the air blown into the
victim’s stomach by pressing her/his stomach gently.

Mouth to Nose Methods – The same procedure was made or

should be done. But instead of mouth, close his nose with your thumb and
fore finger.

If the casualty’s Jaw are so tightly closed:

a) Thumb-jaw-Lift – is the best method to open

the mouth.
b) Two-Hand-Jaw-Lift

2) Chest Pressure Method

The second method of artificial respiration is the

chest pressure method. In all manual methods of administering first aid, the
first thing to do is to observe the proper positioning of the head to avoid
obstruction of air passage. Observe the steps for the chest pressure method.

Step 1 – Position the victim’s face upward and place something under
her/his shoulder to raise and allow the head to drop backward.

Step 2 – Kneel near the victim’s head, then grasp her/his arms at her/his
wrists. Cross both arms, then press them over the lower chest. This allows the
air to flow out.

Step 3 – Immediately release pressure and pull the arms outward and
upward over the victim’s head and backward as far as possible. This causes
the air to rush in.

Repeat this cycle at 20 times per minute, checking the mouth frequently
for obstructions. Take note that the head should be a little lower than the
trunk. Keep the mouth as clean as possible.

3) Back Pressure Arm Lift Method

For the back pressure arm lift, the steps to follow are:

Step 1 – With the victim’s face positioned downward, bend her/his

elbows and place her/his hands on the top of the other. Turn her/his head
slightly and extend it as far as possible. See to it that the chin juts out.

Step 2 – Kneel near the head of the victim. Place your hands on the flat
of her/his back with palm just below the victim’s armpits.

Step 3 – Rock the patient forward until the arms are approximately
vertical. Allow the weight on the upper part of the body to exert steady and
even pressure downward.

Step 4 – Draw the victim’s arms upward and towards you. Apply enough
lift to feel resistance and tension at her/his shoulder. Then lower her/his arms
to the ground. Repeat this cycle about 20 times per minute.

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 3. SNAKE BITE

a. Poisonous Snake Bite – has elliptical eyes and leave two (2)
fang marked.
b. No Poisonous Snake Bite – has around eyes and single
fang marked.

Signs and symptoms of snake bite:

1) General discoloration on the skin due to destruction,

RBC
2) Marked pain and swelling
3) General weakness and paralysis
4) Shortness of vision
5) Dimness of vision
6) Dropping of eyelids
7) Slurring of speech
8) Nausea and Vomiting
9) Shock
10) Increase salvation and sweating

First aid for snake bite:

1) Keep the victim from not moving around.

2) Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably lying
down.
3) Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or below
head level.
4) Apply tourniquet 2-4 inches above the bitten area,
but not around the joint and around the head, neck or trunk.

5) Cut should be 1/8 inch deep and1/4 wide directly over

each fang marked or bite.
6) Transport the victim immediately to the nearest
hospital as soon as possible.

4. BANDAGING AND SPLINTING FRACTURE:

a. Prepare an improvised splitting.

b. Strips or rolls gauze or other materials that are use or
wrapping or binding any part of the body to hold compress in place.
c. Prepare an improvised litter.

5. DROWNING

Drowning is the aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the airway

caused by spasm of the larynx in the water.

CAUSE:

a. Cramps – muscles undergo marked spasm and would

totally incapacitate a swimmer because of severe pain.

b. Hyperventilation – excessive deep breathing of the lungs

before swimming under water, the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood

is lowered by the forced exhaling of air during deep breathing. The circulation
of the blood to the brain and normal functioning of the brain may be greatly
altered. There is lung congestion in salt water drowning and lung collapse in
fresh water submission.

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 6. POISONING

Poisoning is the introduction of any substance, solid, liquid or

gas, into the body that tends to impair health or may cause death.

TREATMENT:

a. Induce Vomiting – insert the blunt end of a spoon or your

finger in the back of a victim mouth.
b. Neutralize and dilate the poison – by giving a pure milk or
water with charcoal.
c. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.

7. BURNS

Burns is an injury that result from heat, chemical agents or

radiation.

Classification

a. First Degree Burns – involve the superficial layer of the

skin, healing occurs rapidly. It is redness, swelling and pain.
b. Second Degree Burns – deeper than first degree burns,
blister formation, considerable swelling, more painful because the nerve
ending are destroyed in 3rd degree burns.
c. Third Degree Burns – involve complete loss of all layers of
the skin.

Treatment

a. 1st Degree Burns - this can be immerse immediately in cold

water or place ice wrapped.
b. 2nd Degree Burns – causing skin blister, cover the skin with
sterile dressing but don’t open the blister.
c. 3rd Degree Burns – don’t pull stock clothing from burns, cut
clothing away from burned area. Scrub hands with alcohol or similar collation
before applying dressing to prevent contamination.

8. EVACUATION OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED

a. From battle area to casualty collection point

1) By means of improvised liter

a) Materials, Jacket, pole or strong pole.

b) Rolled blanket.
c) Empty sack of rice.

2) By means of two (2) man carry

a) Arm carry
b) Supporting carry
c) Chair
d) Etc.

3) Responsibility

Organic medical personnel and members of the unit.

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 b. From casualty collection point to field hospital

1) by land using ambulances or other vehicles

2) by air using helicopters
3) by water transport
4) Responsibility

Field hospital and designated service support unit

c. From field hospital to rear areas (Station or General

Hospitals)
1) Military and commercial modes of transportation
2) Responsibility

Army Support Command

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 CHAPTER 6

DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. CEREMONIES

1. PARADE

a. Definition. A parade is a military ceremony wherein a body of

troops is formed before its Commanding Officer or other high-ranking officer for the
display of its condition, members, equipment and proficiency. It includes exercise in
the manual of arms, the report on the members of the various units present or
accounted for, the publication of orders, etc. and ends with a pass in review.

b. Distinctive Features. The preparation and organization of troops

for a parade are similar to those for a review. However, in a parade, since the
commander is also the reviewing officer, the distance between the troops and the
commander is greater than that for a review. Other features are: the band conducts
sound off; the inspection is omitted; reports are rendered; orders are published; and
the officers and guidons are marched forward and centered on the commander. If
retreat is scheduled, it is conducted in lieu of Honors To The Nation. This means that
the Retreat is already the HONORS TO THE NATION.

c. Types of Parades and Their Sequence

1) Ceremonial Battalion Parade

a) Formation of Troops

(1) Units are moved to their position on the

ready line in the most convenient manner. The commander prescribes the assembly
area, the routes, sequence, and time of arrival on the line. He and his staff take their
post prior to Adjutant’s call.

(2) The procedure for moving from the ready

line to the final line is the same as that for a review.

b) Sound Off

(1) After the battalion has been formed,

aligned, and given parade rest on the final line, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT and
assumes the position of parade rest. He remains facing the formation.

(2) At the directive IHUDYAT, the band plays

three sounds off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord, the band moves
forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a left turn to march across
the front of the troops. At the left of the line of the troops, the band countermarches
and returns over the same ground to the right of the line. After passing beyond the
right of the line of troops, the band executes a right turn, countermarches again, and
halts in its original position. When the band has halted, it ceases playing at the next
convenient place in the music and will again play three sound-off chords. (Trooping
the line by the band may be eliminated when ceremonies are conducted indoors
during inclement weather and when space is limited).

Note: Retreat, when scheduled, is integrated at this point. Upon completion

of the IHUDYAT chords, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT ANG PAGSILONG and
goes back to parade rest. The band plays Retreat (by the trumpet section). Upon
completion of Retreat, the Adjutant comes to Attention and directs, MGA
BALANGAY HUMANDA, then TANGHAL SANDATA. The Adjutant faces about and
salutes. The band plays TO THE COLOR or THE NATIONAL ANTHEM. At the
conclusion of To the Color or the National Anthem, the Adjutant comes to order and

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faces about and directs: BABA SANDATA. After the last unit comes to order arms,
the Adjutant faces front. The commander and his staff assume PARADE REST,
ATTENTION, PRESENT ARMS, and ORDER ARMS with the Adjutant. The
Adjutant’s salute is the signal for the band to play TO THE COLOR or THE
NATIONAL ANTHEM.

d. Honors to the Nation

1) If Retreat is not conducted, the Adjutant (after the band

has completed sound off) assumes the position of attention and directs: MGA
BALANGAY HUMANDA at TANGHAL SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders assume the position of attention, face
about, and command in succession: BALANGAY, DA then TANGHAL, TA. They
face front and salute.
3) When all units are in TANGHAL TA, the Adjutant faces
front and salutes. Band plays the NATIONAL ANTHEM.
4) The Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his
command: PUGAY KAMAY, NA on the first note of the music.
5) Military spectators rise and execute hand salute and its
equivalent for the civilians.

e. Presentation

1) Upon completion of the National Anthem, the Battalion

Commander and his staff execute on his command: BABA KAMAY, NA. The
Adjutant terminates his salute, faces about, and directs: BABA SANDATA.

2) Unit commanders terminate their salute, face about, and

command: BABA, TA, and then face front.

3) When all units are at Order Arms, the Adjutant faces

about, salutes and reports: ”Ginoo, handa na po ang patikas”.

4) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and

commands: SUMALUNAN KA. The Adjutant trots forward, passes by the Battalion
Commander’s right, and takes his post as the right flank member of the staff.

f. Manual of Arms

1) After the Adjutant has joined the staff, the Battalion

Commander commands such movements in the manual of arms, as he may desire.

2) The commander directs: ”HUMANDA SA PAGSASANAY

SA PAGHAWAK NG SANDATA”. He then in sequence, commands: SA KANANG
BALIKAT, TA; KALIWANG BALIKAT, TA; AGAP, TA; BABA, TA; SIYASAT, TA; and
BABA, TA.

g. Report

1) When the manual of arms has been completed, the

Battalion Commander then directs: TANGGAPIN ANG ULAT.

2) The Adjutant trots forward, halts to his position at the

center of the command and directs: MAG-ULAT. Unit commanders in succession,
from right to left, salute and report: “Ginoo __________ balangay, narito na po lahat
o napag-alaman”. The Adjutant returns each commander’s salute.

3) After receiving the reports, the Adjutant faces front,

salutes, and reports: “Ginoo, narito po lahat o napag-alaman”.

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 h. Publishing of Orders

1) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and directs:

IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN.

2) The Adjutant faces about and gives the orders: MAKINIG

SA KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA NGAYON, PUNONG PANLARANGAN
(NAME OF OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA (NAME OF OFFICER), SA
UTOS NI (NAME OF OFFICER), MGA PINUNO, HUMARAP AT PUMAGITNA, KAD.

h. Officers Center March

1) At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers from the

Company Commanders to Platoon Leaders including Guidon Bearers execute
Center Face. After the command of execution of KAD is given, the Officers and
Guidon Bearers march off to the center and halt at predetermined number of steps
upon reaching their designated markers. The senior Company Commander then
commands: MGA PINUNO, RAP, KAD. At the last note of RAP, the Officers and
Guidon Bearers face toward the Battalion Commander’s position and shoves off at
the command KAD.

2) When they are approximately 12 paces in front of the

Battalion Commander, the senior Company Commander commands: MGA PINUNO,
TO. At TO, they count silently. At the count of four, they execute the salute and bring
there hands down at seven (Guidon Bearers start to execute the equivalent salute at
the count of three and return same starting at the count of six). The Battalion
Commander acknowledges the salute, then commands: MGA PINUNO,
SUMALUNAN, KAD.

3) The group of officers executes about face and shoves off

towards the center of the troops. As they approach the line of their respective
positions, the senior Company Commander commands: MGA PINUNO, TO, RAP,
KAD. At the command TO, they halt, and almost simultaneous with RAP, they face
their respective positions and shove off with the command KAD. At a predetermined
number of steps, they halt to occupy their respective positions and face front at the
same time.

i. Pass in Review

1) When all officers have returned to their posts and the

band has stopped playing, the Battalion Commander directs: PASAMASID.

2) The battalion passes in review in the same manner as

prescribed for a review except that the units render honors

when they are six steps to the left of the Troop Commander and staff, and terminate
honors when the units are six steps to the right of the commander of troops and
staff. The Troop Commander and staff then assume the role of the reviewing party at
their location on the field.

3) When the last elements of troops have passed the

reviewing stand and executed ready front, the band stops playing.

4) Spectators may rise and applause after the parade is

completed.

2. Ceremonial Brigade Parade

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 a. The brigade is ordinarily formed in line with battalions in mass
formations. The parade is the same as the ceremonial battalion parade with the
following exceptions:

1) The Brigade Commander is substituted for Battalion

Commander, and brigade for battalion, in the description.

2) Across the front of the brigade, the band passes in front

of the line of Battalion Commanders during the sound off.

b. The battalions execute present arms, order arms, parade rest,

and come to attention on the command of execution of their respective
commanders. Report is rendered by the Battalion Commander instead of the
Company Commanders.

c. At the command of execution KAD, of MGA PINUNO,

PUMAGITNA, KAD the Battalion Commanders, their staff, and Colors close on the
line of Battalion Commanders and staffs. The Company Commanders face to the
half right or half left in marching and close on a line four steps to the rear of the
battalion color. The Guidon Bearers face half right of half left in marching and close
on a line four steps to the back of the Company Commanders. The other officers
face the Guidon Bearers.

d. When the officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors have closed and
faced to the front, the senior battalion commander commands PASULONG, KAD.
The center officer of the leading rank is the guide. On the command of the senior
Battalion Commander, the officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors halt with the leading
ranks six steps from the Brigade Commander. The commands TANGHAL, TA and
HANDA, RAP are given by the senior Battalion Commander.

e. The Brigade Commander commands MGA PINUNO,

SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the Colors execute
reverse march. All others execute about face. On the command of execution KAD,
the officers, Colors, and Guidon Bearers march forward. The senior battalion
commander commands MGA PINUNO, TO so that the rank of Battalion
Commanders is on line with its original position. The senior Battalion Commander
then commands SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the
Battalion Commanders and staff face outward, the battalion Color guard executes
wheeling movements, and on the command of execution KAD the color guard
marches back to its original position. The Company Commanders, Guidon Bearers,
and other officers face to the half right or half left in marching and move back to their
original positions.

3. Street Parade

a. For street parade, troops are formed and marched in the most
convenient manner. Street parade may include military vehicles. Towed or
transported weapons add to the drama of a street parade. Cargo vehicles are
included only when it is desired to increase the size of the display.

b. Practical formations for street parades are:

1) Columns of threes and fours.

2) Two or more columns of threes and fours abreast.
3) Mass formation.

c. The vehicles move in single column of twos, threes, or fours

abreast, as the width of the street permits.

d. In order to keep military units in the same cadence, units should

not march between two bands.

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 4. Evening Parade

a. Organization. The Ceremonial elements shall be composed of

the following:

1) One brigade of two battalions (two companies of two

platoons each).

2) Band of not less than 30 members with a band

conductor.

3) Two color bearers for the National and unit colors, and
two color guards.

B. MILITARY HONORS

1. General

a. In the Continental Army, honor guards were used as protective

measures and as a means of showing the improvement in discipline in the newly
formed army. They were probably selected specifically for their sizes and strengths
and maybe their proven prowess in combat. Today, the honor guard formation is
considered to be a special courtesy to visiting dignitaries.

16
 b. Members of the guard are selected for their soldierly
appearance and superior discipline. An Honor Guard consists of a band, Colors,
salute battery (when available and appropriate) and a formation of troops. Honor
guards render personal honors to persons with high military or civilian rank or
position upon arrival or departure from a military command. Honor guards are not a
substitute for those ceremonies appropriate in a review or parade.

c. An Honor Guard should not be so large so as to compromise

the exceptional standards required of honor guards. The minimum size of the
company honor guard should be two (2) platoons and the battalion honor guard
should be two (2) companies. Uniforms will be those prescribed by the Commander
of the receiving unit.

d. There shall be a designated military host who will take part in

the ceremony. He briefs the honoree of the sequence of events and advises him of
actions that will take place during the conduct of honors.

e. Prior to the arrival of the person(s) to be honored, the honor

guard commander positions the band, the troops, and salute battery from right to
left, in that order. The troops are formed in line of companies or platoons with the
Colors positioned at the center. When conditions dictate, the salute battery may be
located separately but its control and purpose must not be impaired.

2. Definition of Terms

a. Cordon Honors – a type of honors rendered to a guest in lieu of

or in addition to full military honors. This may be in the form of foyer, ramp/plane
side, concourse and side boy’s honors.

b. Dais – an elevated platform where the honoree and the military

host stand to give distinction and prominence.

c. Honoree – A high-ranking local/foreign military officer or civilian

to whom honors are accorded.

d. Honor Guard – consists of a band, Colors, salute battery (when

available and appropriate) and a formation of troops tasked to render personal
honors to persons entitled upon arrival/departure from a military command or
saluting base/station.

e. Honors – ceremonies rendered to local/foreign military officers

and civilian dignitaries as a gesture of courtesy and a tribute to his rank and/or
position.

f. Inspection – the close examination or observance of honor

guard by honoree.

g. Military Host – an officer designated to escort and receive the

honoree and advises him of actions that will take place during the conduct of honors.

h. Ruffle and Flourish – a ruffling drumbeat and funfair played in

honor of a high official at a ceremonial reception.

i. Saluting Station – camps, posts, stations, national shrines and

other places where firing of gun salute is authorized.

j. Two-man Guard - a type of honors consisting of two soldiers

and an officer given to civilian or military dignitaries for practical purposes.

17
 3. Policies

a. Personal Honors

1) Military Officers

a) Only AFP general or flag rank officers in the active

service are entitled to military honors unless otherwise directed by the CSAFP.

b) A retired general/flag officer making an official visit

shall likewise be accorded with appropriate honors.

c) Newly-promoted generals will only be rendered

with full military honors at GHQ, their respective Major Service camps and their own
headquarters.

d) Full military honors will no longer be given to

commanders going to another place/unit located within their headquarters in the
same camp/station. Instead, cordon honors will be appropriate for the occasion.

e) Civilian dignitaries making official visits shall be

accorded appropriate honors during arrival and departure from military
installation/station.

f) When two or more persons entitled to honors

arrive at or depart from military installation/station at the same time, each in turn
shall be honored if they arrived successively. However, in cases when the most
senior guest has been accorded honors, no honors shall be accorded to newly
arrived junior guests.

g) Should a person entitled to honors arrive at a

military installation / station at the time when honors have already begun, the
ceremony shall continue but the senior officer shall receive departure honors.

h) If the honoree has a personal flag with him, the

flag bearer shall be positioned three steps behind the honoree and shall follow the
honoree during the inspection of troops and return to his original position thereafter.

i) If the honoree is a President or a Head of State,

the honoree must be positioned at least six inches right forward of the host dais.

j) No honors shall be rendered by troops in trenches.

k) Honors shall not be rendered by troops directly

engaged in war campaigns, exercises and disaster relief operations.

l) During personal honors at the same place and in

compliment to the same person, whether civilian or military, guns shall never be fired
more than once in a calendar year, except for a President or Head of State or when
International Protocol requires.

m) In all cases, the national flag must be at full staff

when honors are being accorded.

n) No military honors will be accorded during a

national holiday except for a President or Head of State or when International
Protocol requires.

18
 o) No honors will be accorded after the flag retreat
and before flag raising except honors for the President or his designated
representative.
p) Philippine National Police and Philippine Coast
Guard are not entitled to military honors.

4. Unit Honors

a. Local Deployment

1) A ceremony shall be conducted to welcome/send off

unit’s arriving/departing for deployment outside unit AOR for a period of not less than
six months.

2) The Commander or his representative (at least two-levels

up) shall be responsible in welcoming/sending off units under his jurisdiction.

b. Foreign Deployment

1) Major Service concerned shall be responsible for the

ceremony in honor of units arriving/departing from/for overseas deployment.

2) The Major Service Commander shall welcome/send off

arriving/departing units of his command.

3) Spouses/parents of deployed personnel shall be invited

to send off or present leis to the officers and men of the departing / arriving unit.

4) The Chief of Staff, AFP or a civilian dignitary may be

invited to welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing from/for overseas duty.

5. Gun Salute

a. Gun salute shall be under the direction of a commissioned

officer.

b. The National Flag shall always be at full staff at the time the
salute is rendered.

c. Gun salute shall only be fired during the conduct of arrival /

departure honors at the following saluting stations / bases:

1) Military Camps / Bases

(a) Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo - GHQ, AFP

(b) Fort Andres Bonifacio - HPA
(c) AFP Unified Command Headquarters
(d) National Shrines

 Rizal Park
 Libingan ng mga Bayani
 Aguinaldo Shrine
 Corrigidor National Shrine
 Dambana ng Kagitingan
 Capas National Shrine
 Los Veteranos National Shrine
(e) Other Places
 Malacañang Palace
 Philippine International Airports\ as directed by
CSAFP.

19
 d. The national salute is done by firing 21 guns successively. This
salute is rendered in honor of: the National Flag; the President of the Philippines;
Heads of State; and Former Presidents. During National Heroes Day, the National
Flag shall be displayed at half-staff from reveille to midday at all posts, camps,
bases and stations. Prior to the rendering of honors the band of field music will be
played.

6. How Honors Are Rendered

a. The President

1) The President shall be received at the salute base or at

the building where he shall be entertained.

2) A 21–gun salute shall be fired during the arrival/departure

honors.
3) In a situation wherein honors will be rendered to the
President outside of military camps and without military units present in the area, a
two-man Honor Guard shall be present at the bottom steps of the aircraft to render
honors. The most senior military commander in the area shall lead them. When the
President steps down from the plane, the honor guards are positioned facing each
other and welcome the President by a salute. The left man commands PUGAY
KAMAY, NA (if without arms) or TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) as the President
approaches and commands BABA KAMAY, NA (if without arms) or BABA, TA (if
with arms) after the President passed by them.

4) In case the President was already given full military

honors at the point of disembarkation, the President shall no longer be given full
military honors at the area where the President will be going.

5) In case the President will be rendered full military honors

in the place of engagement, the President will be given cordon honors at the point of
disembarkation.

Arrival Honor

6) In case the President arrived in front of the troops already

massed and assembled for parade and review in honor of the President, the full
military honors shall be waived to avoid redundancy in rendering honors. Instead,
cordon honors will be appropriate. If the parade and review is to be rendered in
another place of engagement, military honors will be given.

7) Unless otherwise military honors or cordon honors will be

given to the President, a two-man honor guard will always be present at the bottom
of the aircraft and render salute as the President steps down or boards the plane.

8) During the presidential official visit in both Houses of

Congress like in the State of the Nation Address, the President will be accorded
cordon honors before entering the house.

9) During Independence Day celebration, the President will

be accorded full military honors in front of the grandstand.

10) In case the President or Head of State arrives from the

aircraft and exits by the tube of the terminal, a cordon honors will be positioned to
render honor to the President or Head of State.

b. To certain dignitaries – A president of a foreign republic or a

foreign sovereign shall be rendered the honors prescribed in paragraph (a) above

20
except that the national anthem of his country shall be played first to be followed by
the Philippine National Anthem.

c. To Ex-Presidents and Vice Presidents – The Ex-President and

Vice President of the Philippines shall be rendered the honors prescribed for the
President, except that the flourishes shall be followed by a march in lieu of the
National Anthem and the Vice President shall receive a salute of 19 guns. If no band
is present, the bugles shall sound To the Colors after the ruffles and flourishes.

d. To Ambassadors – Foreign Ambassadors will be given one

military honors during their stay in the country. This will be done during their
presentation of credentials at the Malacañang Palace.

e. Civilian and military dignitaries hereunder shall be rendered

salutes and honors with music (which is considered an inseparable part of the salute
and will immediately follow the ruffles and flourishes without pause):

Civilian Dignitaries.
RFLS &
RANK GUN SALUTE FLRS MUSIC SIZE
ARR DEP
President 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
President-elect 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
Ex-President 21 21 4 March Bn
A sovereign or head of 21 21 4 Nat’l anthem Bn
state of a foreign
country
Head of Gov’t 19 19 4 March Bn
Vice President 19 19 4 March Bn
Chief Justice 19 19 4 March Bn
Senate Pres 19 19 4 March Bn
Speaker of the House 19 19 4 March Bn
of Reps
SND 19 19 4 March Bn
USND 17 17 4 March Coy
Note: Provincial governor/municipal mayor hosting military camps will no
longer be given arrival/departure honors during his visit to the camp/base by the unit
concerned.
Military Officers.
RFLS &
GUN SALUTE FLRS MUSIC SIZE
ARR DEP
Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
Vice Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
General 17 17 4 Gen March Bn
Lt General 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major Svc Comdr 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major General 13 - 2 Gen March Coy
Brigadier General 11 - 1 Gen March Coy

7. Procedures

a. Arrival and Departure Honors (Individual)

1) Full Military Honors. Initially, the honor guard battalion

shall be at parade rest. The Honor Guard Commander (HGC) brings the unit to
attention as soon as the honoree arrives. The military host, who escorts him in front
of the honor guard battalion and leads him to the dais, meets the honoree.

21
 a) The HGC faces about and commands TANGHAL,
TA then faces about and presents sword together with his staff, while the honoree
and military host execute hand salute.

b) Appropriate number of ruffles and flourishes shall

be played by the band to be followed by an appropriate music, General’s March or
National Anthem as the case maybe. Gun salute, if any, shall commence with the
first note of the ruffles and shall be evenly distributed until the last note of the music.

c) After the last note of the music, the HGC carries

sword with the staff then faces about and commands BABA, TA. He faces about and
salutes the honoree, saying “Handa na po and tanod pandangal upang libutin”.

d) The honoree acknowledges the salute and the

HGC carries his sword and escorts him and the military host for the inspection of the
honor guards. As they approach the Colors, six paces before it, the HGC commands
TANGHAL, TA. The HGC presents sword while honoree and military host execute
hand salute for the Colors. Three steps after the Colors, HGC commands BABA, TA.
The HGC executes carry sword while the honoree and the military host drop their
hand salute. They continue marching toward the last elements. The HGC continues
marching with the honoree and host up to the point where he reels off from the two
personages and proceeds to his position in front of his staff. The honoree and
military host march directly back to their original positions at the dais.

e) At this point, the HGC faces the honor guard

battalion and commands TANGHAL, TA. He then faces about and executes present
sword together with his staff. The honoree acknowledges the salute and HGC and
staff execute carry sword. The HGC faces about and commands BABA, TA. The
HGC executes about face and salutes the honoree, saying “Tapos na po ang
parangal”.

f) In case the honoree is more than one, the most

senior honoree will be the one at the dais. In case all are of the same rank or
category, one will occupy the dais and the rest will align beside the honoree to be
bestowed with honors. During the inspection they can join the inspection of the
troops. They will follow at the back of the main honoree for the period of the
inspection.

g) During inclement weather, arrival and departure

honors will be waived, except honors to be accorded for the President and Head of
State. They will be accorded with cordon honors, if practicable.

b. Cordon Honors /Honor Guard

1) In addition to a scheduled honor guard ceremony, a

honor cordon ceremonies will be used during the arrival or departure of the
President and certain dignitaries: welcoming or bidding farewell to distinguished
visitors and visiting military camps. The ceremony consists of a select group of
soldiers with characteristics associated with honor guards, designated to honor and
provide security at the immediate arrival and departure site. This type of honors may
also be used for other government and military officials, and foreign dignitaries, if
practicable.

2) The honor cordon normally consists of two squads, a

cordon commander and a host. The size of the squad is equal to the number of gun
salute the honoree is entitled to. When deemed appropriate, the commander may
designate a band, colors and distinguishing flags.

22
 Honor Cordon (ARRIVAL AND DEPATURE FORMATION).

POINT OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

BAND IS OPTIONAL AND ITS

LOCATION WILL BE DICTATED
BY SPACE

8. Honor Cordon Formations.

a. Arrival Honors (Honor Cordon)

1) Arrival. Upon arrival of the craft or vehicle, the cordon is

marched at a position near the exit (ramp) in two columns, centered to the exit,
faced to the center and dressed with about three steps distance between the ranks.
As the honored guest and greeting party depart the immediate vicinity of the exit,
and approach within three steps of the host, the cordon commander commands
TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) or PUGAY KAMAY, NA (if with arms) and the cordon

23
members salute simultaneously. After the honored guest and all greeting party
members have cleared the formation, the cordon commander commands BABA, TA
(if with arms) or BABA KAMAY, NA (if without arms) and the cordon members come
to order arms simultaneously.
2) Departure. The formation for the honor cordon upon
departure is basically the same as that described during arrival. At the approach
(about three steps) of the honored guest and host, the cordon commander
commands TANGHAL, TA and the cordon executes present arms. When the
honored guest has entered the conveyance, the cordon commander commands
BABA, TA and remains in place until the conveyance has departed. If it is an aircraft,
the honor cordon exits as soon as the honoree has boarded the aircraft.

3) When a band and Colors are part of the arrival or

departure ceremonies, they are positioned accordingly. The band plays appropriate
music during the ceremony. The organizational color is dipped in salute when the
honored guest approaches to within six steps. After he passes, it is returned to the
carry positions. As soon as the guest enters the conveyance ceremony, the colors
and distinguishing flags depart the area with the honor cordon.

9. Arrival and Departure Honors (Unit). Initially, the unit is formed in mass
in front of the grandstand. When the Guest of Honor / Speaker (GOH) or his
designated representative arrives at the grandstand, the Unit Commander (UC)
brings his troops to attention. When the GOH has taken his seat, the UC brings his
troops to present arms and present his troops to the GOH. The GOH acknowledges
the presentation. At this point, the band plays appropriate march music (everybody
in the grandstand should likewise stand). After the last note of the March music, the
UC brings back his troops to attention. The Chaplain proceeds to the lectern to lead
the invocation, afterwards, he returns to his position (everybody takes his seat after
the invocation).

a. Awarding. The emcee formally announces the start of the

awarding. The UC and unit colors move forward at a predetermined point and halt
while the GOH goes down the grandstand assisted by the host to present the award.
The adjutant reads the citation of the award before it is presented to the UC. The
GOH and the host return to the grandstand after the presentation of award. The UC
and unit color proceed back to their former positions.

b. Speeches. The host introduces the GOH before he proceeds to

the lectern to deliver a welcome address. If previously ordered to bring his troop to
parade rest, the UC brings his unit to attention after the address of the GOH.

c. Recessional. The UC and his troops sing Pilipinas Kong Mahal.

The band thereafter for the recessional shall play appropriate music. At this juncture,
the spouses/parents proceed toward the troops to present leis to the officers and
enlisted men of the unit. Parent/spouses join their respective relatives for the
dismissal.

Note: Procedures for the send-off ceremony of unit departing for overseas
deployment/duty shall be the same as the welcome ceremony except that the
awarding and presentation of leis are omitted in the program. Likewise, the band
instead of March music plays the National Anthem during the presentation of troops.

24
 CHAPTER 7

MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

Mission of Field Artillery (FA)

The mission of filed artillery is to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy

with timely and accurate field artillery fires in support of the ground forces and to
assist in the integration of all fire support assets into combined arms operations.

Capabilities and Limitations

Capabilities - Maneuver and FA commanders must capitalize on the following

FA capabilities in order to optimize its employment and combat power:

1. FA can provide fires under all conditions of weather and in all types of
terrain. The field artillery can provide fires in support of maneuver forces during the
most adverse weather conditions and in all types of terrain: during day, night, and
periods of extremely thick fog; in jungles; behind hill masses; and in mountains.

2. FA can shift and mass fires rapidly without requirement to displace.

The greatest effect of FA is achieved by maneuvering (shifting) the fires of widely
dispersed FA units onto a target in a surprise attack (massing). Successive volleys
from the same weapon or unit give the enemy time to react and seek protection, but
the simultaneous impact of a heavy volume of fires from several FA units is
devastating. Maneuver and FA commanders must consider employing massed fires
by multiple units of field artillery to generate maximum combat power.

3. FA can add depth to the battle. The extended ranges of FA provide the
maneuver commander the ability to influence battles with firepower without moving
the maneuver forces to the area of contact. It also provides the necessary deep
harassment and interdiction of the enemy second echelons and supply routes.

4. FA can fire a variety of shell and /or fuze combinations. One of the
greatest capabilities of FA is its flexibility in providing a variety of munitions. The FA
illuminating shell is one of the primary means of battlefield illumination. Smoke
rounds can be employed to suppress hostile observers that require line of sight and
weapons, such as tanks and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM’s). External fuel
containers on enemy tanks can be punctured with airbursts of high explosive (HE)
and set fire by white phosphorous, improved conventional munitions (ICM) are
particularly effective against personnel. The anti-personnel (Flachette) munitions can
provide excellent close-in defense. Dual purpose improved conventional munitions
(DPICM) are effective against lightly armored vehicles and personnel targets.
SADARM or copperhead is for armored targets.

5. FA can deliver chemical fires.

6. FA can provide continuous support by judicious displacement.

Limitations - The FA has limitations that must be recognized and considered

when planning for its use.

1. FA has limited self-defense capability against ground or air attack. A

field artillery battery lacks the weapons and personnel to adequately defend itself.
FA units are particularly vulnerable to enemy mechanized units. This can be offset
by concealment and the ability of the artillery to displace rapidly.

2. FA has limited capability to destroy point targets without considerable

ammunition expenditure. FA weapons generally are area fire weapons. The inherent

25
probable error and large number of uncontrollable variables ( such as weather,
propellant temperature, projectile, etc) preclude FA weapons from being able to hit a
specified point repeatedly.

3. FA has a firing signature that makes it vulnerable to detection by

enemy target acquisition assets. FA firing units are extremely lucrative targets, and
their distinctly audible, visible, and electromagnetic signatures makes them highly
vulnerable to enemy detection and attack. To offset this vulnerability and ensure
their survival, friendly FA units must employ active and passive defense measures.

B. FORWARD OBSERVER

1. Definition of Terms

a. Target Acquisition - involves detecting suitable targets and

determine their ground location.

b. Adjustment of Fires - Necessary to obtain effective fire on the

target when the accuracy of the battle or target location data is questionable.

c. Surveillance of the Fire Effect - Since the observer can see the
target, he can direct fire and report its effect to the Fire Direction Center.

d. Battlefield Surveillance - is a very important by product of

artillery observation. Observation must report all information about the enemy
activity and must use the following acronym; SALUTE

S-ize A-ctivity L-ocation U-nit T-ime E-quipment

2. Observed Fire Procedure

It is the method of requesting and adjusting observed indirect fires

such that it will hit the target.

3. The Fire Support Gunnery Team

The fire support gunnery team consists of three sub-teams which are
of equal importance:

a. The Forward Observer. This team may be composed of trained

forward observers or the subordinate leaders themselves. It serves as the eyes and
ears of the gunnery team.

1) He locates the target.

2) He makes the call for fire to the FDC.
3) He adjusts fire, if necessary.
4) He conducts surveillance of fire for effect.

b. The Fire Direction Center. This sub-team serves as the nerve

and brain of the gunnery team. They receive the fire request, make necessary
computations and give orders to the firing element.

c. The Firing Element. This acts as the muscles, the arms and legs
of the gunnery team. The firing elements receive orders from the fire direction center
and carry out necessary corrections on the support weapons as directed.

4. Methods of Locating Targets

a. Grid Coordinates Method - The Observer gives the grid

coordinate location of the target to the nearest ten meters (eight digits) and the
direction (azimuth) of the target as viewed from his position.

26
 Example: Grid TT 13452879
Direction 1500 mils

** Mil - A unit of angular measurement that divides a circle into 6,400

units. A unit of mil subtends a width of one meter at a distance of 1,000 meters.

1 degree = 17.77777 mils

b. Polar Plot Method - is used when the observer and the target
are on different elevation. The observer in locating the target gives the three
elements of distance (from his position to the target), direction (azimuth of the target
as viewed from his position) and the vertical interval (difference in elevation between
his position and that of the target)

Example: Distance - 1000 meters

Direction - 2000 mils
Vertical Interval - Down 150

c. Shift from a Known Point - In this method, the observer gives

the location of the target based from a known point. This could be a prominent
terrain feature, previous targets or anything identifiable both on the man and ground.
This method involves the following elements: direction (azimuth of the target from
his position), lateral shift ( linear shift as whether left or right), range shift ( whether
add or drop) and vertical interval ( difference in the elevation between the known
point and the target whether up or down.

Example: From Hill 148

Direction - 2900 mils
Right 400
Add 200
Down 40

5. Accuracies and Announcement of Data:

The observer will normally round off and announce his data as follows:

a. Direction - to the nearest 10 mils

b. Deviation - to the nearest 10 meters
c. Vertical Change - to the nearest 5 meters
d. Grid Coordinates - to the nearest 10 meters

6. Determination of Distance:

a. Estimate of distance:

1) Ranging rounds method

2) Flash and sound method

b. Computation of distance Mil Relation Formula:

M = angle of mils
W = lateral distance
R = range

7. Measurement of Angle

a. Use of angle - measuring devices

b. Aiming circle
c. BS's Scope
d. Use of hand and fingers.

27
 1) One finger (pointer) - 30m
2) Two fingers (pointer & middle) - 70m
3) Three fingers (pointer, middle & ring) - 100m
4) Four fingers (excluding thumb) - 125m
5) Close fist - 180m

8. Call for Fire

Call for fire is a clear, concise, formatted message sent by the

observer to the FDC that includes all of the information the FDC needs to engage
the target. It is a request not an order. It must be understood, recorded and read
back without error by the FDC. The normal call for fire has six elements and is
transmitted in maximum of three parts with a break and a read back after each part.

a. Identification - This is the most important element in a request

for fire. This establishes first contact with the Fire direction Center.

b. Warning - This gives notice that all transmission should be given

priority. It is preliminary order send by the observer to alert the FDC that he is
requesting for Artillery fires.

c. Target Location - Location of the target in any manner described

earlier.

d. Target Description - Nature of the Target.

e. Type of Engagement- This may or may not be omitted. This

includes the fuse setting desired, type of projectile to be used and the special way to
engage the target.

f. Method of Fire and Control - In this last element, the observer

must decide whether to Adjust Fire of Fire for Effect.

Example of Call for Fire:

Blaster this is Capricorn

Fire Mission, Battery Over
Direction 1300 mils
Distance 800 meters
Up 100, Over
Enemy Machine Gun Nest
HE, Fuze Quick Adjust Fire, Fire when Ready, Over

Adjustment phase:

First Correction: Correction, Left 90, Drop 400, Over

2nd Correction: Correction, Right 45, Up 200,Over
3rd Correction: Correction, Right 10, Down 100, Over
4th Correction: Correction, Up 50, Battery 10 rounds, FFE, Over

End of Fire Mission, Enemy Position Completely destroyed, Out.

C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS

1. Definition of Armor

Armor is combined arms force designed to conduct mounted combat

employing armor-protected vehicles as principal means of accomplishing a ground
combat mission. Armor operates normally within a force structure that may include
tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery, engineers, armored cavalry and army aviation,

28
support on the battlefield by a flexible and rapid communication system and a mobile
logistics system.

2. The Role of Armor

Armor conducts decisive highly mobile, ground environment warfare,

primarily offensive in nature and characterized by a predominance of mounted
combat through the use of both ground and air vehicles.

Armor units fight normally as combined arms forces of two or more

arms, each complimenting the other and aiding the forward movement of the force
by employing its own special capabilities. The organization of these combined arms
forces is tailored by cross-attachment to use favorable characteristics of each type
unit to compliment the strength and compensate for the weakness of other units.
Commensurate with its intended employment, the resulting force varies in degree of
armor protection, mobility and ability to deliver fire.

3. Definition of Terms

a. Armored Vehicle – any vehicle, wheeled or tracked, designed

especially for use in combat, integrating mobility, firepower and armor protection.

b. Armor Commander – the most senior officer or Non-

commissioned officer (NCO) of an armor unit, detachment platoon or section.

c. Force Element Commander – the most senior officer or NCO

of an operating unit. A force may include elements of other units under or OPCON to
it.

d. Unit Commander – designated commander of a PA unit, either

infantry battalion, rifle company or light armored company.

e. Ambush Site – any portion of a route that affords advantages to

a waiting enemy such as, a concealment or cover, fields of fire, observation and
avenues of approach and withdrawals.

f. Critical Area – any area where there is a majority of enemy

influenced barangays or where the NPA is actively present.

4. Characteristics of the Armor

a. Armor Protection – Armor is the tank reason for being, not

mobility or big gun, although both are desirable and will compete with armor or a
tank design. Armor is designed to keep the crew, and the weapons capable of
inflicting punishment upon the enemy safe.

Three (3) ingredients determine just how effective a tank’s

armor protection system or package will be. They are:

1) The thickness of the armor package.

2) The material and composition of the armor package.

3) The slope/angle of the armor package relative to an

incoming weapon.

b. Firepower – Armor units contains machine-guns, mortars,

howitzers and tank guns. These are particularly suited for:

1) Destructive fire against hard and pinpoint targets

2) Quick fire at particular target
3) Firing on fixed line during darkness

29
 c. Mobility – Tracked vehicles enable armor units to move at high
speed on roads and trail and have excellent cross country mobility. However,
obstacles can restrict their mobility. With engineer assistance, some of these
restrictions can be overcome.

d. Flexibility – It is complimented by mobility which enables a

commander to concentrate and to switch fire power on the battlefield. It results from
the ability to reach immediately to orders passed by ratio.

e. Intensive and Flexible Communications – The entire

communication structure is designed to facilitate command and control.

f. Shock Action – Shock action is provided by the tanks. The

shock effect of the tanks depends upon surprise achieved by speed and mobility,
upon use of tank guns at effective ranges, and upon closing with the enemy.

5. Types of Armor Units and Mission

a. Tank Units – To close with and destroy enemy forces by means of

fire, maneuver and shock effect in coordination with other arms.

b. Mechanized Infantry – To close with the enemy using fire

maneuver, to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by close combat fire or
counter attack.

c. Cavalry / Light Armor Units – To provide security, perform

reconnaissance and to engage in offensive defensive and delay operations as an
economy of force unit.

6. Capabilities and Limitations

a. Capabilities:

1) Conduct operations requiring a high degree of firepower,

mobility armor protection and shock effect.
2) Attack or depend under hostile fire and during limited
visibility conditions.
3) Destroy enemy mounted or dismounted.
4) Command and control attached mechanized infantry.
5) Participate in amphibious operations.

b. Limitations:

1) Limited maneuverability in built-up areas, wooded and

rugged terrain.
2) Vulnerable to anti-tank weapons
3) Slow speed in crossing water obstacles
4) Difficulty identifying enemy infantry and AT gunners in
close terrain
5) Limited fuel supply in extended operations

7. Armored Vehicles of the Philippine Army

a. ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER (APC)

GENERAL DATA:

Crew: 1 - Commander
1 - Driver
11 - Passengers

30
 ARMAMENTS:

Primary 1 Cal. 50 M2 Mounted

(Range 1,830 Meters)
Secondary Two (2) 7.62 mm M60 Mounted (at Cargo Hatch)
Max. Eff Range - 1,100 Meters
Max. Range - 3,725 Meters

COMMUNICATION: (Anyone)

AN / VRC Series 25 Miles

UK / VRQ 301 9.7 ML (LOW), 13 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Speed Forward 42.5 MPH

Speed Reverse 9.2 MPH
Cruising Range 300 Miles
Fuel Consumption 3.2 MPG
Max. Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 3 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Weight (Cbt Load) 24,238 Lbs

NET Weight 21,027 Lbs
Fuel Capacity 420 L ADF2
Engine 191 ½ inch
Length 191 ½ inch
Width 106 inch
Height 98 ¼ inch.
Ground Clearance 16 inch.

b. COMBAT VEHICLE RECONNAISSANCE TRACKS

SCORPION TANK (CVR (T) Scorpion Tank)

GENERAL DATA :

Crew - Three (3) :

1 - Commander, 1 - Gunner / Radio Operator, 1 - Driver

ARMAMENTS :

Main gun 76mm cannon

Eff Range (Direct fire) 2,200 Meters
Max. Range (Semi direct fire) 5,000 Meters
Co- Axial gun 7.62 mm MG
Max. Eff Range 1,100 Meters
Max. Range 3,725 Meters
6 – Smoke Grenade Discharger

COMMUNICATION:

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Forward / Reverse

(Max. Allowed) 72.4 KPH (45 MPH)
Cruising Range (Approx.) 640 Km (400 Miles)
Fuel Consumption Road (Approx.) 1.6 Km / Lit
Max Grade Ascending 60% Slope

31
 Speed in Water 6 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Battle Weight (Max.) 17,500 Lbs.

Fuel Capacity 423 Lit (V-95)
Engine Jaguar XK 4.2 Reien OHC
Length Overall (Gun Frwrd) 4.55 Mtr (14 ft – 11 in)
Width Overall 2.18 Mtr (7 ft 2 in)
Height 2.10 Mtr (6 ft 11 in)
Ground Clearance 0.35 cm (1 ft 2 in)

c. COMMANDO V-150S

GENERAL DATA:

Crew - Five (5)

1 - Commander
1 - Driver
` 1 - Gunner
1 - Rear gunner
1 - Radio operator

ARMAMENTS:

1 Cal 50 MG
Eff Range 1,830 Mtrs
Max. Range 6,800 Mtrs
2 – 7,62 mm MG (Co-axial)
12 – 12.76 mm tubes – Smokes

COMMUNICATION:

UK/VRC - 64 9.7 ML (Low), 1.3 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Max. Speed 56 MPH

Max. Gradient Climbable 60%
Cruising Tange (Road) 500 Miles
Fuel Consumption 2.5 km/lit
Fuel Consumption (cross-country) 2.1 km/lit

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Battle Weight 24,000 lbs

Length Overall 6.15 Mtrs (242 in)
Width Overall 2.26 Mtrs (89 in)
Height Overall 1.98 Mtrs (78 in)
Ground Clearance 64.7 cm (25.5 in)
Fuel Tank Capacity (2) 300 Ltrs ADF2
Engine Cummins 4 cycle Diesel V-8

d. SIMBA ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLE (AFV)

GENERAL DATA;

2 - Crew
1 - Commander / Gunner
1 - Driver
8/10 - Riders

32
 ARMAMENTS:

1 - Browning M@ QCB 0.50 inch MG

2 - Twin Barrel 6 mm Grenade Launchers

COMMUNICATION:

AN / VRC - 64 - 5 miles

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Max. 100 km/hr

Vertical Obstacle Climb 0.45 m
Tilt Angle 35 Degrees
Max. Gradient 60%
Hill Climb (33%)- 9 kph
Range (On roads) 660 km (412.5 miles)
Approach Angle (Hill) 45 Degrees

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Length 5.35 m
Width 2.50 m
Height 2.57 m
Ground Clearance (Hill) 0.45 m
Ground Clearance (Axle) 0.33 m
Payload 1600 kg.
Engine - Perkins Phaser TV
Turbocharger TV8 540
Fuel Tank (Max.) 296 Ltrs Diesel ADF2

D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE

1. Definition of Terms:

a. Unconventional Warfare (UW) – a quasi-military activity

describe by commonly used but seldom defined terms such as economic, political,
psychological, guerilla warfare, underground escape/evasion activities.

b. Guerilla Warfare – comprises combat operations in enemy

controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous forces of a
military or paramilitary nature to achieve limited activities.

c. Escape and Evasion – is the part of unconventional warfare

whereby friendly military personnel and other selected individuals are enable to
emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to areas under friendly control.

d. Subversion – consist of covert and clandestine action by

resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and political
potential of the enemy.

2. General Classification

a. UW includes the three (3) interrelated fields of guerilla warfare,

escape & evasion, and subversion.

b. UW maybe either strategic or tactical in nature are normally

under a unified command for the purpose of assisting and supporting conventional
military effort.

33
 3. Conduct of Operation

a. UW is conducted by organizations trained and equip to operate

directly against enemy target in hostile areas.

b. UW must closely be coordinated to civilian agencies that have

responsibilities in economic, political and psychological operation.

4. Coordination of Operations

a. UW are planned and coordinated at a national level and may

require the participation of several agencies of the government.

b. To discharge this responsibility, the theater commander

develop, organize, plan and support UW operation.

1. Related Activities

a. To produce the desired effect, UW operation must be supported

by psychological operation designed to influence the target population and by civil
affairs operation designed to reinforce government capabilities.

b. UW produces intelligence to support conventional forces.

6. UW in Support to Conventional Operations

a. Commanders in the field should ensure that UW operations

support conventional military operations.

b. The nature of a particular operation in a target area will be

influenced by many factors such as ideological matters and the effectiveness of
mass media communication.

c. UW is particularly useful when application of force is limited or

discrete or when a commitment of a conventional force is not practical.

7. Psychological, Political & Economic Influence

a. Psychological, political and economic influence effect of other

military operation may have immediate or long term impact on UW operation.

b. Close coordination of conventional, psychological, civil affairs

and UW operations is required to obtain the necessary support of the local
population.

c. The political consequences of sponsoring guerilla and other

resistance forces must be carefully considered, support of political groups that are
unpopular with the local population or incompatible with friendly national interest
maybe detrimental to long term objective

d. Guerilla forces may developed diverse political objective,

rivalries among leaders may result from personal ambition.

7. Influence of Conventional Operations

a. Conventional operations may affect the attitudes of the local

population in a manner that influences the effectiveness of UW operations, for
example destruction of religious facilities.

34
 b. PSYOPS directed at the enemy civilian population can
contribute to popular acceptance and influence the people to cooperate with the
military operations in the area.

8. Effect of Conventional Operations

a. UW forces can directly support conventional military operation in

destroying enemy rear facilities and desolation of his strength and resources.

b. Enemy of UW operations must be countered. Counter measures

include the use of consolidated psyops in conjunction with civil affairs and the use of
combat troops or irregular para-military units in counter guerilla role.

9. Guerilla Warfare

a. Guerilla warfare comprises combat operations in enemy

controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous forces of a
military or paramilitary nature to achieved limited objectives

b. Normally, the primary mission of guerilla forces is to penetrate

enemy lines of communication and conduct attacks against critical enemy
installation as prescribed by commander.

c. Guerilla warfare is characterized by offensive action carried out

by relatively small unit with emphasis on mobility, elusiveness and surprise.

d. Tactical guerilla operation is closely coordinated with and can

support the tactical operation of conventional military.

e. In nuclear war, the fluidity of operation, the disruption of

communication, the dispersion of units and the mass movement of people would
lead the opportunities for the development of guerilla forces.

10. Guerilla Missions

a. Guerilla forces provide maximum assistance in support of

advancing ground forces by attacking targets in enemy rear areas at decisive times
or over a prolonged area.

b. Guerilla operation should be coordinated with the overall

interdiction program.

c. Mission assigned guerilla forces must be within their

capabilities.

d. Guerilla forces maybe used to assist airborne and airmobile

operation by occupying key terrain such as drop and landing zone.

e. Guerilla forces can furnish target information and exploit the

effect of nuclear and other fire.

13. Reinforcement of Guerilla Forces

Maybe reinforced by fire support, aircraft and other combat support

element.

35
 14. Communication

Special Forces operating in enemy controlled areas must be provided

with communication equipment, those which are normally non electronics such as
messenger a visual signs.

15. Combat Service Support Considerations

a. Guerilla forces make maximum use of supplies obtained from

civilian sources and those acquired from enemy in the area.

b. Combat support for the guerilla is usually provided through the

special forces units.

c. Initial combat service support consists of minimum essential

supplies and equipment commensurate with the size of guerilla forces and its
intended for operations.

d. Normally air transport is the most effective method of delivering

supplies to the guerilla forces.

16. Demobilization

As friendly conventional forces uncover the areas of guerilla

operations, the ability of guerilla force to support operation effectively diminished,
guerilla units retained beyond their period of usefulness may become a liability.

17. Evasion and Escape (E&E)

a. E&E is the part of unconventional warfare where by friendly

military personnel and other selected individuals are able to emerged from enemy
held or hostile areas to areas under friendly control.

b. The objectives of E&E are to provide allied military forces

personnel and other selected individual means to avoid capture, to escape or be
removed from enemy held or hostile territory.

c. E&E system move independently as guerilla forces.

d. Provide detail guidance concerning the principles and

techniques of E&E..

18. SUBVERSION

Subversion consists of covert and clandestine action by resistance

group to reduce the military economic, psychological and political potential of the
enemy. It includes such activities as infiltration, espionage, propaganda, sabotage or
terrorism.

Employment of Subversion

a. Subversion is used to determine confidence and disrupt social

institution to achieve a desired political objective.

b. Subversion is designed to exploit such potential vulnerabilities

as widespread popular grievances and dissatisfaction corrupt, oppressive,
premature, nationalistic ambition of the people or their leader.

36
 19. 7 PHASES OF UNCONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS

a. Phase I – Psychological Operations

Prepare how the resistance movement and the local population

will accept the presence of forces.

b. Phase II – Initial Contact

Some form of contact prior to infiltration to somehow have

an accurate assessment of the resistance and arrange for the reception.
c. Phase III - Infiltration

Movement to Guerilla base is accomplished and area

assessment begins.

d. Phase IV – Organization

Rapport is established with the resistance force; the command

structure and command and control relationships are defined.

e. Phase V – Build-Up

Characterized by a expansion of the resistance elements and

their activities including supplies and armaments.

f. Phase VI – Combat operation

Numerous and wide scale operations are executed

accompanied by continues psychological operations and expansions.

g. Phase VII - Demobilization

It comes once the overall mission has been accomplished.

Arms and ammunitions are brought under control and resistance forces are assisted
by the government to achieve their economic stability.

E. THE INFANTRY PLATOON TACTICS

1. Definition of Terms

a) Platoon – is a tactical infantry unit normally composed of three

squads and under the command of a lieutenant.

b) Squad – is small number of men organized to act together in

work or in a military maneuver and under the command of a corporal.

c) Tactics – is the science and art of using a fighting force to the

best advantage having regard to the immediate situation of combat.

2. Characteristics

The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It is

consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a platoon sergeant. Each
rifle squad is composed of nine men per squad leader. The platoon can operate as
a single unit under the platoon leader. The squad is also designed and trained to
conduct decentralized independent operation when required.

37
 3. Tactics

PLATOON OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Units undertake offensive operations to destroy the enemy and his will
to fight; to seize terrain; to learn the enemy strength and disposition, divert, or fix the
enemy. Infantry platoons and squads normally conduct offensive operations
independently. The company commander’s application of combat power at the
decisive point determines the outcome of the battle. Offensive operations include
movements to contact, raids, reconnaissance and security operations and
ambushes.

a. Movement to Contact. A movement to contact is an offensive

action that seeks to gain or regain contact with the enemy. Usually a unit moving to
contact lacks detailed information about the enemy. Upon making contact, a unit
identifies the enemy strengths and weaknesses as it develops the situation.

1) Make enemy contact with the smallest element possible.

2) Prevent detection of element not in contact until they are
in the assault.
3) Maintain 360 degree security at all time.
4) Report all information quickly and accurately.
5) Generate combat power rapidly upon contact.
6) Fight though at all lowest level possible.

b. Infiltration – Infiltration is a form of maneuver in the offense. It is

a means of reaching the enemy’s rear without fighting through prepared defense.
Infantry platoons infiltrate to move into or through an area without being seen or
heard. An infiltration is not an end in itself but a means to an end. Its purposes are:

1) To gather information
2) To attack the enemy position from the rear areas.
3) To conduct raids or ambush in enemy rear areas.
4) To captured prisoners.
5) To seize the terrain in support of the operations.
6) To aid a main attack.

An infiltration has five phases:

1) Patrol – Find gaps, weak areas in enemy defense and

enemy positions.

2) Prepare – Make plans, give orders, coordinate with order

and flanks unit, and rehearse.

3) Infiltrate – Use the specified infiltration method. A void

contact and ignore ineffective enemy fire. Three methods of infiltrations are:

a) Multiple Lane – When many gaps exist and the

terrain can support a large number of lanes, each squad uses its own lane.

b) Single Lane – Staggered squad, unit move along a

single lane at staggered times. This method can be used when gaps exist or when
the ground restricts the number of lanes.

c) Single Lane One Squad – A single gap exist on

which the whole squad can move at the same time.

38
 4) Consolidate – Done in enemy rear or along final linkup
point, then, move to an assault position or an objective rally point to continue
mission.

5) Execute – Carry out the assign mission. The mission can

be to destroy enemy forces or equipment, seize key terrain or an area, capture
prisoners or gather information.

c. Types of Attack. An attack is an offensive action characterized

by movement supported by fire. There are two types of attack: hasty and deliberate.
They are distinguished chiefly by the time available for preparation. Additionally,
special – purpose attacks include raids and ambushes. Successful attacks depend
on concentrating the maximum possible shock and violence with surprise. The
objective is to shatter the enemy’s nerve, ruin his synchronization, unravel his plan,
and destroy his units, cohesion and the willingness of his soldiers to fight. A
successful attack combines scheme of maneuver with a coordinated plan of direct
and indirect fire support. The focus of an attacking platoons fire and maneuver is the
weak point, vulnerable flank, or rear of an enemy. Once he has identified the point
attack, the leader establishes a base of fire to kill, fix, and suppress the enemy at the
point. He then maneuvers the rest of his force to a position from which it can assault.

1) Hasty Attack. A hasty attack is conducted with the forces

immediately available to maintain momentum or to take advantage of the enemy
situation. It does not normally allow for extensive preparation.

2) Deliberate Attack. A deliberate attack is carefully planned

and coordinated. More time is available to perform through reconnaissance
evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat strength, analysis of
various courses of action, and other factors affecting the situation. It is generally
conducted against a well organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or
has been conducted and failed.

3) Raid. A raid is an operation involving a swift penetration

of hostile territory to secure information, to confuse the enemy, or to destroy his
installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal after completion of the assigned
mission.
4) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack by fire from
concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy unit. It combines the
advantages and characteristics of the offensive with those of the defense.

d. Initiative in the attack. Seizing and retaining the initiative

involves more that just achieving tactical surprise ,it involves a process of planning
and preparing for combat operations, finding the enemy first, avoiding detection,
fixing the enemy, locating of creating a weakness, and maneuvering to exploit that
weakness with a quick and violent assault.

1) Plan and Prepare. Leaders used the troop-leading

procedure to make sure that all necessary steps are taken to prepare an operation,
Leaders use the estimate of the situation to analyze the factors of METT-T and to
determine the best course of action and to ensure that leaders, soldiers, and their
equipment can perform the task necessary to accomplish the mission.

2) Find the Enemy. Platoon leaders find the enemy by

knowing he fights, by analyzing the terrain in light of his knowledge, and by actively
reconnoitering to locate him.

3) Avoid detection. Platoons avoid detection by moving

along the least expected, generally the most difficult, route. They use the terrain to
mask their movements. They use proper camouflage techniques and move with
stealth. This allows the platoon to capitalize on surprise.

39
 4) Fix the Enemy. Platoons and squads fix enemy forces by
employing suppressive fires that kill exposed enemy soldiers and destroy their
weapons. As a minimum, they render the volume and accuracy of the enemies’ fire
ineffective.

5) Find and create a weakness. Leaders look for vulnerable

flanks, gaps in lines, or lulls in enemy fire. When they cannot readily find a
weakness, they create one with suppressive fire and the surprise effect of its
suddenly coming from an unexpected direction.

6) Maneuver to exploit the weakness. Leaders must exploit

this weakness by moving to the best covered and concealed position and then
assaulting to destroy, defeat, or capture the enemy.

7) Consolidate and reorganize. Finally, platoons and squads

must quickly consolidate the position to defend it against an enemy counter attack.
Units then reorganize themselves and prepare to continue the mission.

e. Control Measures. Leaders utilize control measures to regulate

or direct the platoons movement, position, and fire.

1) Control Measures are not intended to restrict the exercise

of initiative (the function of command). Leaders use control measures to clarify their
intent, focus the platoon or squad effort and ensure synchronization. Each control
measure should have a specific purpose that contributes to mission
accomplishment.

2) Control measures can be drawn on a map, overlay,

sketch, or terrain model. Control measures should be easily identifiable and simple.
Graphic control measures in the offense include assembly area, attack position, line
departures boundaries, route, release point, start point, axis of advance, direction of
attack, phase line, checkpoint, assault position, objective, contact point, linkup point,
infiltration lane probable line of deployment and limit of advance.

f. Attack During Limited Visibility. Attacks during limited visibility

achieve surprise, avoid heavy loses, cause panic in a weak and dis- organized
enemy, exploit success, maintain momentum, and keep pressure on the enemy.
Platoons and squads attack whenever possible during limited visibility. Darkness,
fog, heavy rains, falling snow, and the smoke and dust of combat create limited
visibility conditions that allow infantry platoons and squad to move undetected.

1) Fundamentals. The fundamentals of the daylight attack

apply to limited visibility attacks. Limited visibility attacks require:

a) Well-trained squads.
b) Natural light sufficient to employ night vision
devices.
c) A simple concept with sufficient control measures.
d) Detailed, successful reconnaissance on the
objective, routes, points support-by-fire positions and other key locations.

2) Considerations. Leaders must consider the increase

difficulty during limited visibility operations in performing the following:

a) Controlling the movement of individuals and

squad.
b) Identifying targets and controlling direct and
indirect fires.
c) Navigating and moving.
d) Identifying friendly and enemy soldiers.

40
 e) Locating, treating, and evacuating casualties.
f) Locating and bypassing enemy obstacles.

PLATOON DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The immediate purpose of defensive operation is to cause an enemy

attack to fail. However, a defense may be conducted for any of the following
reasons.

a. To cause an enemy attack to fail

b. To gain time
c. To concentrate forces elsewhere
d. To control essential terrain
e. To wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive
operations
f. To retain tactical, strategic, or political objective

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE

Regardless of why the defense is undertaken or how it is described,

several fundamentals govern its conduct. The following are five (5) fundamentals of
the defense;

a. Understands the enemy – The defenders must be thoroughly

familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the enemy, including the enemy’s
weapon systems and equipment. He must know the organization of the enemy units
and how they are deployed to the attacks. It is normally the responsibility of the
battalion S2 to provide this information.

b. See the Battle – Before the enemy attacks the commander’s

familiarity with how the enemy fights and with the terrain on which the battle will be
fought allows him to visualize these things. The commander must clearly
communicate to his subordinates how he “sees the battle”. His visualization of the
battle is the basis of his concept of operation. As the battle begins, the Commander
positions himself where he can best observe his sector for the most critical part of
his sector. He uses all available surveillance measures.

c. Fight as a Combined Arms Team – Field artillery, engineers,

Infantry, air defense, artillery, tank, tactical aircraft, attack/assault helicopters, and
electronic warfare elements all contribute to mission success. The commander
integrates available assets so that their combined effect on the enemy is far greater
than the sum of their individual effects. Each asset in given circumstances can be
the arm most critical to the defense. The commander must insure that each member
arm is integrated So that the strengths of each are maximized and their
vulnerabilities reduced.

d. Exploit The Advantages Of The Defender – The defender has a

number of advantages that allow him to defeat an attacking force much larger than
his own. The defender can analyze the terrain in detail and note every feature that
increases his chances of success. The attacker, on the other hand, must feel his
way over the terrain, seeing each new compartment for the first time. The defender
can prepare positions, construct obstacles, and conceal his efforts advance. The
attacker must guess where the defender is located or spend considerable effort
finding his exact positions. The defender can initiate the fight from stationary
positions, which are difficult to detect and which provide cover from enemy fire. The
attacker must react to the defender and must either fire while moving or loss
momentum by seeing covered positions. The defender can develop flexible plans
for control of fire, movement, communication, and logistics to fit any predictable
situation. The attacker must adhere to a more rigid scheme that risks destruction, or
he must alter his plan and risk, an uncoordinated effort. The attacker also may have

41
to re-supply his units while they are on the move. The defender can use his
hardened positions to shield himself from the effects of nuclear weapons.

e. Concentrate Combat Power At Critical Times and Places – in

developing his defense, the commander may identify a sector that is critical to the
overall success of his defense. To maintain the integrity of his defense, the
commander may identify that sector for his main effort and give it additional combat
power.

DEFENSIVE FRAMEWORK

In the defense, the battlefield is organized into four areas, namely;

a. The Deep Battle – The deep battle is normally the primary

concern of corps, and division commanders. However, battalions may participate in
the deep battle as maneuver elements of a larger force. Initially, the deep battle
includes all the defenders actions to destroy or disrupt the enemy’s attack beyond
the CFA in the corps and division areas of influence. Normally, this includes action
against enemy forces within 72 hours of the corps FLOT. For example, it includes
such actions as battlefield air interdiction, tactical air reconnaissance, electronic
warfare, tactical nuclear fires, chemical fires, long range field and missile artillery
fires, and deep spoiling attacks by maneuver units. These deep attacks may initially
be directed at the threat’s first echelon forces. However, as the advancing first
echelon’s attack forces confront the covering force (CF), the deep battle will continue
against second echelon elements. The idea is to fight the enemy throughout the
depth of his formations and destroy his ability to concentrate his combat power
against forces in the MBA.

b. Covering Force Area (CFA) – The CFA begins forward of the

Main Battle Area (MBA) at the line of contact or the Forward Line of Own Troops
(FLOI) and ends at the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA). The objective of a
covering force is to provide security, delay the enemy’s attack while engaging him,
and force the enemy to reveal the location and direction of movement of his man
thrust. CF Commander is charged with gaining and maintaining contact with the
enemy, slowing the enemy’s advance, reducing the enemy’s strength and reporting
the enemy’s movements. This must be done far enough forward to allow time for
forces in the MBA to concentrate and prepare positions. The CF strips away enemy
reconnaissance units, forces the enemy to maneuver to bypass, and defeats the
enemy when he launches hasty attacks. As he moves, brings up artillery and
masses for a deliberate attack, the enemy will reveal his composition, strength, and
intended direction of attack.. As the enemy deploys, the defending commander
should be alert to developing opportunities to seize the initiative. CF also seeks to
deceive the enemy as to the actual location of the MBA. The CF battle is normally
fought by the most mobile units available. When infantry elements fight in the CFA,
they should be augmented with more firepower and mobility assets if the threat is
motorized or armored. Infantry may contribute significantly to the CF battle in
restrictive terrain where it can fight or more without being exposed to the full
firepower and mobility of armored elements. When operating as part of the CF, the
infantry battalion may be ordered to defend, delay or counterattack. It must be able
to withdraw from its initial positions when ordered to do so.

c. Main Battle Area – The decisive battle for main effort is fought in
the MBA. Here, forces will be positioned to stop enemy attacks. Counterattacks will
be launched to destroy or capture the attacking forces, and the defender will seize
the initiative from the attacker. The bulk of the division’s combat and combat
support forces will be in the MBA. For example, a division may have most of its
battalions in the MBA, but some battalions may initially be under operational control
of a corps covering force. The division or brigade MBA is bounded by lateral sector
boundaries, the FEBA, and the rear area.

42
 d. `Rear Area – The division controls the area behind brigade rear
Boundaries. Division command control, and support activities are located there.
Battalions retained as division reserve may also be in the rear area. The rear area
must be protected since the facilities there are critical to the overall defense and are
vulnerable to armor thrusts and to airborne and airmobile attacks. Therefore, a
battalion in the rear area may be given the role of providing security in the rear area.

TYPES OF DEFENSE

Army doctrine prescribes many techniques for defense. These

techniques range from a static defense designed to retain terrain to a dynamic
defense focused only on the destruction of the enemy. Defenses are predominantly
static or dynamic, based upon the mission, the enemy, the terrain and the troops
available. There are three types of defensive missions; defend in sector, defend
from a battle position and defend in strongpoint.

a. Defend in Sector

The most frequent and least restrictive defensive mission

receive is to defend in sector. It requires the defense of an area defined by two
lateral boundaries, a rear boundary and the forward edge of the battle area.
Coordination is made to insure that overlapping fields of observation and fire exist
and that there are no gaps in the defense.

b. Defend in Battle Position

This requires the defense of an area on the ground. The symbol

that designates the size of the force that is to occupy that battle position also
indicates the orientation of the force on the ground.

c. Defend in a Strongpoint

The defense in a strong point is essentially an antitank battle

position which physically cannot be overrun or bypassed by tanks and can be
reduced by infantry only with the expenditure of much time and overwhelming
forces. It requires considerable time, engineer effort, and barrier material to
construct. The terrain on the flanks of the strongpoint must restrict the advance of
the attacker, or else the battalion faces an increased risk of isolation and destruction.

TYPES OF FORMATION:
a. Squad in Line -- This formation has the following
characteristics:
1) Cover maximum frontage
2) Provides little security to the flanks and rear
3) Allows for speed amount of immediate fire forward.
.

b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It has the

following characteristics;
1) Easy to control
2) Provide good all around security
3) Make the best used of the movement techniques

c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line, squads

travel in file, it has the following characteristics;

43
 1) Easy to control
2) Facilitate speed of movement
3) Provide maximum frontage
4) Flexible in nature

. CREW SERVED WEAPONS TRAINING

1. 60MM MORTAR

60mm M2 Mortar

For mobile platoon and company level action, an easily portable weapon for
use between the effective ranges of hand grenades and the 81mm mortar was
needed. Hence, the 60mm M2. The bipod was often left attached to the tube for
speed in bringing the mortar into action, and the combination was readily carried by
two men, with ammunition in complete rounds being carried by supporting troops.

Infantry mortars are normally employed in defiladed positions, such as the

reverse slope of a hill or ridge, so as not to be vulnerable to enemy direct fire
positions. Hence direction and altitude settings are normally controlled indirectly by a
forward observer, or an aiming stake about 10-25 yards forward of the gunner, and
the rounds are normally dropped down the barrel. The 60mm M19 could be used as
a direct fire weapon by attaching the small M1 base plate to the barrel. This reduced
the mortar weight substantially, and greatly lowered the weapon profile in the open
during fluid engagements where targets were close and in direct view. In such
situations, however, the recoilless rifle or bazooka were usually more effective.

Comparing weight of material to destruction delivered at the target, mortars

are very efficient. "The infantry's artillery", they provide small infantry units artillery-
like fire support when artillery either was not available, or could not be moved
forward fast enough. The initial Chinese Communist assaults of November and
December 1950, did not bring artillery, but they did bring mortars, and used them

44
with great effectiveness.

General Data

a. Weight: 42 lbs assembled; barrel 12.8 lbs;

bipod 16.4 lbs; base plate 12.8 lbs.

b. Length: 28.6 in.

c. Muzzle Velocity (HE): 535 fps

d. Max Range (HE): 1000 yds effective (1985 yds max)

e. Rate of Fire: 18 rpm normal; 30-35 rpm max

f. Sight: 4 collimator

Ammunition

a. M49A2 HE: most widely used, 3.07 lbs, range max 2,000 yds;
effective range up to about 1,000 yds due to dispersion, produces over 200
fragments, with an effective bursting radius of 17 yards.

b. M302 WP: weight : 4.02 lbs, muzzle velocity 439 fps, both a
smoke producer and a casualty-inducing weapon.

c. M83 illuminating round: weight 3.7 lbs; length 14.28 in; range
max 1,000 yards; height about 800 feet; parachute attached, falling about 10
feet/sec; illuminate burned about 25 seconds, producing 110,000 candlepower,
illuminating an area of about 100 yards diameter.

Propelling charges for mortar ammunition:

Consist of square powder increments and an ignition charge. The full

charge consists of an ignition cartridge and four equal propellant increments
(bundles of sheet powder, in waterproof cellophane bags) assembled to the base of
the round as issued. The increments are fitted into slots of the fin blades. To prepare
the charge for firing, it is only necessary to remove any increments not required for
the range desired.

The mortar is then fired by removing the safety wire and inserting a
complete round in the muzzle. The elevation of the barrel allows the round to slide
towards the base, where the ignition cartridge strikes the firing pin located inside the
base cap. The flame from the exploding cartridge ignites the propelling charge, the
gas pressure drives the round up and out, arming the fuze. (The M19 may be set
either to DROP fire, as just described, or to LEVER fire, where the ignition cartridge
is actuated manually by triggering a lever.)

45
2. 81MM MORTAR

a. CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS:

1) Smooth Bore
2) Muzzle loading
3) High angle - of - fire
4) Single Shot - drop fire

b. TABULATED DATA:

1) Weight of barrel or cannon - 28 lbs

2) Weight of base plate (M3) - 25 lbs
3) Weight of base plate (M23A1) - 48 lbs
4) Weight of bipod or amount - 40 lbs
5) Elevation (Approx) - 800 mils to 1500 mils
6) Per turn of elevating crank (approx) - 10 mils
7) Traverse:

Right or left from center (approx) 95 mils (9½ turns)

Total turns of hand wheel for full traverse (approx 190 mils ( 19 turns)
8) Bursting radius - 34 meters
9) Rate of fire:

Rds/ min. Period

Sustained 3 (charge 8) indefinitely

46
 5 (charge 6) indefinitely
Maximum 12 (charge 8)2 minutes
12 (charge 6)5 minutes

10) Range (approx) 4,737 meters

14, 803.12 ft
4,934.376 yards

c. PARTS OF MORTARS:

1) Barrel
2) Bipod
3) Base Plate:

d. POSITION AND DUTIES OF MORTAR CREW:

1) Squad Leader - behind the mortar, where he can

command and control the squad
2) Gunner No. 1 - On the left side of the mortar, where
he can manipulate the sight and elevation and the traversing assy.
3) Assistant Gunner No. 2 - on the right side of the mortar
and ready to load.
4) First Ammo Handler No. 3 - to the right rear of the mortar,
prepares the ammo and pass it to the assistant gunner.
5) Second ammo handler No. 4 - behind the mortar,
maintaining ammo for firing. Provide security of the mortar position.

e. MISFIRE:

Misfire - occurs when a cartridge is loaded into the barrel but

fails to fire, usually, the cartridge strike the primer but fails to function.

f. CAUSES OF MISFIRE

1) Defective primer or ignition cartridge

2) Defective or damage firing or other parts of firing
mechanism.
3) Loose firing pin bushing
4) Firing pin fouled or obstructed by remnants from previous
cartridge.
5) Excess oil or water in bore.
6) Cartridge not fully inserted in fin assembly
7) Mis-aligned stabilizing fin
8) Foreign matter or excess paint on the gas check band.

g. TYPES OF AMMUNITION USED

1) High Explosive, HE - for use against personnel and light

materials.
2) White Phosphorous, WP - for screening, producing
casualty, incendiary action and signaling.
3) Illumination, Ill - for battle field illumination and signaling.
4) Target Practice, TP - for training.

h. COLOR OF CARTRIDGE:

1) HE - olive drab (marking in yellow)

2) WP - smoke, gray with yellow hand (marking in yellow)
3) ILL - gray (marking in yellow)
4) TP - blue (marking in white)

47
C. CAL .50 MACHINE GUN

M2 .50 Caliber [12.7mm] Machine "Ma Duce"Gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber (12.7mm) Machine Gun, is a World War II

era automatic, belt-fed, recoil operated, air-cooled,
crew-operated machine gun. The M2 is crew
transportable with limited amounts of ammunition
over short distances. This gun has a back plate
with spade grips, trigger, and bolt latch release.
The gun is equipped with leaf-type rear sight, flash
suppressor and a spare barrel assembly. By
repositioning some of the component parts,
ammunition may be fed from either the left or right
side. A disintegrating metallic link-belt is used to feed the ammunition into the
weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot (ground M2), as well as automatic fire.

John Moses Browning (1855-1926) of Ogden, Utah, is considered by

many to be the greatest firearms designer ever to live. He invented many innovative
and popular sporting and military weapons produced by his own company, as well
as Winchester, Colt, and other domestic and foreign manufacturers. His military
arms are credited-even by the enemy-with giving the United States and its allies
weapons superiority in every conflict of the 20th century. Of the .50-caliber machine
gun, German Field Marshal Herman Göring said, "If the German Air Force had had
the Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently

TECHNICAL DATA

  M2HB

Country of Origin USA – (Saco Defense)

Date Of Introduction 1938

1-4 (crew leader, gunner, assistant gunner,

Crew
ammunition bearer)

Caliber 0.50 in (12.7 mm)

Cartridge .50 Caliber Browning (12.7 x 99 mm)

System of Operation Recoil

Cooling Air

Weight 84 lb (38.1 kg)

Length 65.13 in (1,654.3 mm)

Barrel Weight 24 lb (10.9 kg)

Barrel Length 45 in (1,143.0 mm)

Barrel Rifling R.H., eight grooves, pitch 1 in 15 inches (381 mm)

Basic Load (vehicle mount) 400 rounds

100 rounds in ammo c

Ammunition Weight
: 35 lb (16 kg)

48
 Performance

Single shot
Sustained: Less than 40 rds/min, in bursts of five
to seven rounds
Rate of Fire
Rapid: More than 40 rds/min, fired in bursts of five
to seven rounds
Cyclic: 450-550 rds/min

Maximum Range 7,440 yd (6,800 m)

Area Target: 2,000 yd (1,830 m)

Maximum Effective Range
Point Target (single shot): 1,640 yd (1,500 m)

M3 Tripod

Weight With T&E Mechanism

44 lb (20 kg)
and Pintle

Height of M2 on Tripod 12 in (304 mm)

M63 Anti-aircraft Mount

Weight 144 lb (65 kg)

Height 42 in (1,067 mm)

Maximum Elevation 85°

Maximum Depression 29°

Maximum Traverse 360°

a. DESCRIPTION

The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is an automatic, belt-fed, recoil-

operated, air-cooled, crew-operated machine gun. This gun may be mounted on
ground mounts and most vehicles as an anti-personnel and anti-aircraft weapon.
The gun is capable of single-shot (ground version M2), as well as automatic fire and
was used to a very limited degree as a sniper weapon during the Vietnam war. The
weapon provides automatic weapon suppressive fire for offensive and defensive
purposes. This weapon can be used effectively against personnel, light armored
vehicles; low, slow flying aircraft; and small boats. The M2 machine gun uses the M3
Tripod. The principal night vision sight used with the M2 is the AN/TVS-5.

By repositioning some of the components, the M2 is capable of

alternate feed. Ammunition can be fed into the weapon from the right or left side of
the receiver; however the U.S. Army uses only left-hand feed.

b. OPERATION

The cycle of functioning is broken down into basic steps:

feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and cocking.
Some of these steps may occur at the same time.

Cycle of functioning

(1) Feeding. Feeding is the act of placing a cartridge in the

receiver, approximately in back of the barrel, ready for chambering. When the bolt is
fully forward and the top is closed, the ammunition belt is held in the feedway by the
belt-holding pawl.

49
 (a) As the bolt is moved to the rear, the belted
ammunition is moved over and then held in a stationary position by the belt-holding
pawl. At the same time, the belt-feed pawl rides up and over the link, holding the first
round in place. When the bolt is all the way to the rear, the belt-feed slide moves out
far enough to allow the belt-feed pawl spring to force the pawl up between the first
and second rounds.

(b) As the bolt moves forward, the belt-feed slide is

moved back into the receiver, pulling with it the next linked cartridge. When the bolt
reaches the fully forward position, the belt-holding pawl will snap into place behind
the second linked cartridge, holding it in place. The extractor will then grasp the rim
of the first cartridge, preparing to release it from the belt on the next rearward
motion.

(c) As the bolt then moves to the rear, the extractor

will pull the cartridge with it, releasing it from the belt. As it moves to the rear, the
extractor is forced down by the extractor cam, causing the cartridge to be moved into
the T-slot in the bolt face, preparing the cartridge to be chambered. It is connected
under the extractor switch on the side of the receiver until it is repositioned by the
forward movement of the bolt, and pressure of the cover extractor spring forces it
over the next round.

(2) Chambering. Chambering is placing the cartridge into the

chamber of the weapon. During this cycle, the bolt moves forward, carrying the
cartridge in the T-slot in a direct route to the chamber of the weapon. At the same
time, the extractor rides up the extractor cam and when the bolt is fully forward, the

50
extractor grasps the next linked cartridge

(3) Locking. The bolt is locked to the barrel and barrel

extension.

(a) Initially, the bolt is forced forward in counter-recoil

by the energy stored in the driving spring assembly and the compressed buffer
disks. At the start of counter-recoil, the barrel buffer body tube lock keeps the
accelerator tips from bounding up too soon and catching in the breech lock recess in
the bolt. After the bolt travels forward about 5 inches, the lower rear projection of the
bolt strikes the tips of the accelerator, turning the accelerator forward. This unlocks
the barrel extension from the barrel buffer body group and releases the barrel buffer
spring. The barrel buffer spring expands, forcing the piston rod forward.

(b) Since the cross groove in the piston rod engages

the notch on the barrel extension shank, the barrel extension and barrel are also
forced forward by the action of the barrel buffer spring. Some of the forward motion
of the bolt is transmitted to the barrel extension through the accelerator. As the
accelerator rotates forward, the front of the accelerator speeds up the barrel
extension; at the same time, the accelerator tips slow down the bolt.

(c) Locking begins 1 1/8 inches before the recoiling

groups (bolt, barrel extension, and barrel) are fully forward. The breech lock in the
barrel extension rides up the breech lock cam in the bottom of the receiver into the
breech lock recess in the bottom of the bolt, locking the recoiling groups together.
The recoiling groups are completely locked together three-fourths of an inch before
the groups are fully forward

(4) Firing. The firing pin is released, igniting the primer of the
cartridge.

(a) As the trigger impressed down, it pivots on the

trigger pin, so that the trigger cam on the inside of the backplate engages and raises

51
the rear end of the trigger lever. This in turn pivots on the trigger lever pin assembly,
causing the front end of the trigger lever to press down on the top of the sear stud.
The sear is forced down until the hooked notch of the firing pin extension is
disengaged from the sear notch. The firing pin and firing pin extension are driven
forward by the firing pin spring; the striker of the firing pin hits the primer of the
cartridge, firing the round.

(b) For automatic firing, the bolt-latch release must be

locked or held depressed, so that the bolt latch will not engage the notches in top of
the bolt, holding the bolt to the rear as in single-shot firing. The trigger is pressed
and held down. Each time the bolt travels forward in counter-recoil, the trigger lever
depresses the sear, releasing the firing pin extension assembly and the firing pin.
This automatically fires the next round when the forward movement of the recoiling
groups is nearly completed. The gun should fire about one-sixteenth of an inch
before the recoiling groups are fully forward. Only the first round should be fired with
the parts fully forward. The gun fires automatically as long as the trigger and bolt
latch are held down and ammunition is fed into the gun.

(5) Unlocking. The bolt is unlocked from the barrel and barrel
extension.

a) At the instant of firing, the bolt is locked to the

barrel extension and against the rear end of the barrel by the breech lock, which is
on top of the breech lock cam and in the breech lock recess in the bottom of the bolt.
When the cartridge explodes, the bullet travels out of the barrel; the force of recoil
drives the recoiling groups rearward. During the first three-fourths of an inch, the
recoiling groups are locked together. As this movement takes place, the breech lock
is moved off the breech lock cam stop, allowing the breech lock depressors (acting
on the breech lock pin) to force the breech lock down, out of its recess from the
bottom of the bolt. At the end of the first three-fourths of an inch of recoil, the bolt is
unlocked, free to move to the rear independent of the barrel and barrel extension.

(b) As the recoiling groups move to the rear, the

barrel extension causes the tips of the accelerator to rotate rearward. The
accelerator tips strike the lower rear projection of the bolt, accelerating the

52
movement of the bolt to the rear. The barrel and barrel extension continue to travel
to the rear an additional three-eighths of an inch, or an approximate total distance of
1 1/8 inches until they are stopped by the barrel buffer assembly.

(c) During the recoil of 1 1/8 inches, the barrel buffer

spring is compressed by the barrel extension shank, since the notch on the shank is
engaged in the cross groove in the piston rod head. The spring is locked in the
compressed position by the claws of the accelerator, which engage the shoulders of
the barrel extension shank. After its initial travel of three-fourths of an inch, the bolt
travels an additional 6 3/8 inches to the rear, after it is unlocked from the barrel and
barrel extension, for a total of 7 1/8 inches. During this movement, the driving
springs are compressed. The rearward movement of the bolt is stopped as the bolt
strikes the buffer plate. Part of the recoil energy of the bolt is stored by the driving
spring rod assembly, and part is absorbed by the buffer disks in the backplate.

(6) Extracting. The empty cartridge case is pulled from the

chamber.

(a) The empty case, held by the T-slot, has been

expanded by the force of the explosion; therefore, it fits snugly in the chamber. If the
case is withdrawn from the chamber too rapidly, it may be torn. To prevent this, and
to ensure slow initial extraction of the case, the top forward edge of the breech lock
and the forward edge of the lock recess in the bolt are beveled. As the breech lock is
unlocked, the initial movement of the bolt away from the barrel and barrel extension
is gradual.

(b) The slope of the locking faces facilitates locking

and unlocking and prevents sticking. The leverage of the accelerator tips on the bolt
speeds extraction after it is started by kicking the bolt to the rear to extract the empty
case from the chamber.

(7) Ejecting. The empty cartridge case is expelled from the

receiver.

53
 (a) As the bolt starts its forward movement (counter-
recoil), the extractor lug rides below the extractor switch, forcing the extractor
assembly farther down until the round is in the center of the T-slot of the bolt.

(b) The round, still gripped by the extractor, ejects the

empty case from the T-slot. The last empty case of an ammunition belt is pushed out
by the ejector.

(8) Cocking. The firing pin is withdrawn into the cocked

position.

(a) When the recoiling groups are fully forward, the

top of the cocking lever rests on the rear half of the V-slot in the top plate bracket. As
the bolt moves to the rear, the top of the cocking lever is forced forward. The lower
end pivots to the rear on the cocking lever pin. The rounded nose of the cocking
lever, which fits through the slot in the firing pin extension, forces the extension to
the rear, compressing the firing pin spring against the sear stop pin (accelerator
stop). As the firing pin extension is pressed to the rear, the hooked notch of the
extension rides over the sear notch, forcing the sear down. The sear spring forces
the sear back up after the hooked notch of the firing pin extension has entered the
sear notch.

(b) The pressure of the sear and firing pin springs

holds the two notches locked together. There is a slight overtravel of the firing pin
extension in its movement to the rear to ensure proper engagement with the sear.
As the bolt starts forward, the overtravel is taken up and completed when the
cocking lever enters the V-slot of the top plate bracket, and is caromed toward the
rear; pressure on the cocking lever is relieved as the bolt starts forward.

c. AMMUNITION

Ammunition is issued in a disintegrating metallic split-linked belt

(M2 or M9 links). The preferred combat ammunition mix for the M2 machine gun is
four API (M8) to one API-T (M20) with M9 link. M2 ammunition is packaged in a
metal box containing 100 linked rounds. Each box of 100 rounds weighs
approximately 35 pounds (16 kg).

 M1 High Pressure Test.

 M1, M10, M17, M21 Tracer.
 M1, M23 Incendiary.
 M1A1 Blank.
 M2 Dummy.
 M2, M33 Ball.
 M2 Armor-Piercing (AP).

54
  M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API).
 M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer (API-T).
 M903 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP). Lined barrel only.
 M962 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator Tracer (SLAP-T). Lined barrel only.

d. FIRING POSITIONS

The tripod firing positions are prone, sitting, and standing. They
are assumed in the following manner:

(1) The prone position is used when firing from the tripod
that is set in a low position. It is assumed by lying on the ground directly behind the
gun. The gunner then spreads his legs a comfortable distance apart with his toes
turned outward. His left elbow rests on the ground, and his left hand grasps the
elevating handwheel of the T&E. His right hand lightly grasps the right spade grip
with his right thumb in a position to press the trigger. The position of his body can
then be adjusted to position his firing eye in alignment with the sights of the weapon.

(2) The sitting position can be used when the tripod is set in a high
or low position. The gunner sits directly behind the gun between the legs of the
tripod. He may extend his legs under the tripod or cross them, depending on his
physique. The gunner then places both elbows on the inside of his thighs to get the
best support. He grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E with the left hand, and
lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right hand. He must ensure that the right
thumb is in position to press the trigger

(3) The standing position is used when the gunner is firing

from a fighting position. This position is assumed by standing directly behind the gun
with the feet spread a comfortable distance apart. The gunner grasps the elevating
handwheel of the T&E with the left hand. He lightly grasps the right spade grip with
the right hand, ensuring that the right thumb is in a position to press the trigger.

55
Adjustment of the body is allowed in order to align the firing eye with the sights on

the weapon

The vehicular firing position for the M2 is standing. It is

assumed by constructing a solid platform to stand on, using sandbags or
ammunition boxes; or, in the case of the M113 APC, using the commander's seat.
The gunner must then ensure that his platform is high enough to place the spade
grips of the gun about chest high. He grasps the spade grips with both hands and
places both thumbs in a position to press the trigger. The gunner holds the gun
tightly to his chest for stabilization; his elbows should be locked tightly to his sides.
He sights over the weapon and adjusts his position by flexing his knees and leaning
forward to absorb any recoil.

The anti-aircraft firing position uses a standing position

when firing from the M63 mount. To assume the position, the gunner stands with his
feet spread comfortably apart with his shoulders squarely behind the gun. When the
gunner is engaging aerial targets, he grasps the upper extension handles with both
hands. When engaging low-level aircraft or ground targets, he grasps the lower
extension handles with both hands.

The kneeling position may be used; it has the advantage

of presenting a lower profile of the gunner and also aligns the gunner's eye closer to
the axis of the barrel.

56
 e. WEAPON CAPABILITIES

In the urban environment, the M2 machine gun provides high-

volume, long-range, automatic fires for the suppression or destruction of targets. The
M2 provides final protective fire along fixed lines and can be used to penetrate light
structures. Tracers are likely to start fires.

The M2 machine gun is often employed on its vehicular mount

during both offensive and defensive operations. If necessary, it can be mounted on
the M3 tripod for use in the ground role or in the upper levels of buildings. When
mounted on a tripod, the M2 machine gun can be used as an accurate, long-range
weapon and can supplement sniper fires.

When shooting at ground targets from a stationary position, the

gun is fired in bursts of 9 to 15 rounds. When firing at aircraft, a continuous burst is
used rather than several short bursts. When firing on the move, long bursts of fire
are walked into the target. Enemy ATGM gunners, lightly-armored vehicles, and
troops can be suppressed with a heavy volume of fire until a force can destroy or
bypass the opposition.

D. 7.62MM M60 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUN

1. Roles of the Machinegun

The machinegun supports the rifleman in both the attack and defense.
The machinegun is capable of engaging distant targets with a heavy volume of
controlled and accurate fire that is beyond the capability of individual weapons. It
provides the rifleman with the heavy volume of close and continuous fire necessary
to accomplish his mission in the attack.

2. Description

a. General. The M60 machinegun is an air cooled, belt-fed, gas-

operated automatic weapon. The weapon fires from the open-bolt position.
Ammunition is fed into the gun by a disintegrating metallic split-link belt. Two barrels
are issued with each weapon. The weapon features fixed head space which permits
rapid changing of barrels.

57
 b. Sights. The M60 has front sight permanently affixed to the
barrel. The rear sight leaf is mounted on a spring-type dovetail base. It can be folded
forward to the horizontal when the gun is to be moved. The range plate on the sight
leaf is marked for each 100 meters, from 300 meters, to the maximum effective
range of 1,100 meters. Range changes may be made by using either the slide
release or the elevating knob. The slide release is used for making major changes in
elevation. The elevating knob is used for fine adjustments, such as during zeroing.
Four clicks on the elevating knob equal a 1-mil change of elevation. The sight is
adjustable for windage knob is located on the left side of the sight. One click on the
windage knob equals a 1-mil change of deflection.

c. Safety. A safety lever is located on the left side of the trigger

housing. It has an S (SAFE) and F (FIRE) position. On the SAFE position the bolt
cannot be pulled to the rear or released to go forward. The cocking handle, on the
right side of the gun, is used to pull the bolt to the rear. IT MUST BE RETURNED
MANUALLY TO ITS FORWARD POSITION EACH TIME THE BOLT IS MANUALLY
PULLED TO THE REAR.

d. Flash Suppressor. A flash suppressor is affixed to the muzzle of

the barrel. The ribs of this suppressor vibrate during firing and dissipate flash and
smoke.
e. Bipod Mount. The M60 can be effectively fired from the integral
bipod mount. The hinged shoulder rest provides support for the rear of the gun. The
movable carrying handle provides a method for carrying the gun short distances and
can be positioned out the gunner's line of sight.

f. Tripod Mount. The M122 tripod mount provides a stable and

durable mount for the M60 machinegun. Firing the gun from a tripod permits a high
degree of accuracy and control.

3. General Data.

Ammunition ......................7.62mm ball, tracer, armor piercing, armor

piercing incendiary, blank, dummy. Armor piercing and armor piercing incendiary are
not authorized for training.

Length of gun ............................ ......... 43 1/2 inches

Weight of gun ..................................... 23 pounds
Weight of tripod mount M122 with
traversing and elevating mechanism
and pintle and platform group ........ 19.5 pounds
Maximum range .......................................... 3,725 meters
Maximum effective range ........................... 1,100 meters
Height of gun on tripod
mount M122 ................................................. 16 1/2 inches
Rates of fire:
Sustained .......................................... 100 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every 10 minutes)
Rapid ...................................................... 200 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every two minutes)
Cyclic ............................. Approximately 550 rounds\per minute (Change
barrel every one minute)
Basic load of ammunition (on crew) ............. 600 to 900 rounds
Gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers (one attached to the
weapon).
Assistant gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers
Ammunition bearer, when present, carries three 100-round bandoleers per
gun.
Maximum extent of grazing fire obtainable
over level or uniformly sloping terrain.. 600 meters
Elevation, tripod controlled ........................ +200 mils

58
Elevation, tripod free .................................. +445 mils
Depression, tripod controlled ..................... -200 mils
Depression, tripod free .............................. -445 mils
Traverse, controlled by traversing
and elevating mechanism ……….............. 100 mils
Normal sector of fire ................................. 875 mils (with tripod).
Tracer burnout.................. Approximately 900 meters

59
 ANNEX - RA 7077

Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila

A. Fourth Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty third day of July, nineteen
hundred and ninety

______________

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT,

ADMINISTRATION,ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, MAINTENANCE AND
UTILIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF
THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:

ARTICLE I

TITLE

Sec 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the
Philippines Reservist Act."

ARTICLE II

DECLARATION OF POLICY

Sec. 2. The Regular Force. - It is the policy of the State to maintain a

standing or regular military force in times of peace consonant to its adequate and
actual needs for the security of the State but which can be rapidly expanded by the
well-disciplined Citizen Forces in the event of war, invasion or rebellion.

Sec 3. The Security and Socioeconomic Development of the State. The

Citizen Armed Force shall be provided maximum opportunity to participate in
safeguarding the security of the State and in assisting in socioeconomic
development.

Sec. 4. The Call to Personal Military and Civil Service. – The Citizen
Armed Force shall be so organized, trained, developed and maintained as to ensure
their readiness to immediately respond to the call to service.

Sec. 5. The Public Awareness. - The State shall promote and develop
public support to and awareness of the important role of the Citizen Armed Force as
protector of the people and the State.

Sec. 6. The Manpower of the Citizen Armed Force. – The manpower

objective of the Citizen Armed Force shall conform to projected and actual needs. It
is not envisioned by the State to have a nation under arms, unless extremely
necessary.

60
 ARTICLE III

MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCE

Sec. 7. Mission. - The mission of the Citizen Armed Force, alternately

referred to as the Reserve Force, is to provide the base for the expansion of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of war, invasion or rebellion; to assist in
relief and rescue during disaster or calamities; to assist in socio economic
development; and to assist in the operation and maintenance of essential
government or private utilities in the furtherance of overall mission.

Sec. 8. Organization. - The Reserve Force shall be organized into five

(5) components, namely:

(1) The Army Reserve Component;

(2) The Air Force Reserve Component;
(3) The Navy Reserve Component;
(4) The AFP-Wide Technical Reserve Component; and
(5) The Affiliated Reserves.

Sec. 9. Organization of Reserve Components. – The organization of

each component of the Reserve Force and the manpower objective of each
component shall be as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and
approved by the President of the Philippines. The organization, structure, manning
and equipment of reserve units shall conform to the organization of the regular force .
Reserve units of a battalion type or equivalent shall be organized on a provincial
basis, and reserve units of a brigade and division type or equivalent, on a regional
basis. The organizational structure and manning of the affiliated reserve units shall
be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and shall as much as possible
conform to their existing civilian organization.

Sec. 10. Affiliated Reserves. - As the President shall approved upon

recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense, certain private and
government entities, corporations, establishments and organizations at the national,
provincial and municipal levels which provide essential public services such as
water, light, transportation and communications which are necessary to support the
prosecution of national defense plans or to meet an emergency shall be organized
as affiliated units of the Reserve Force. These affiliated units shall be constituted by
appropriate orders to be issued by the Secretary of National Defense, given unit
designations and assigned to the appropriate reserve components of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP). The roster of the officials and employees of these
affiliated units shall be included in the orders of constituting the units. These units
shall be so utilized in times of war or emergency to ensure the continuous and
uninterrupted provision of the essential services they are rendering.

ARTICLE IV

DEFINITION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 11. Citizen Soldiers. - The citizen soldiers, alternately

referred to as reservists, who compose the Reserve Force are those reservists of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines who are incorporated into the Reserve Force,
as follows:

(1) Graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) basic

and advance courses who were issued orders as enlisted reservists or reserve
officers or the AFP;

61
 (2) Graduates of authorized basic military training instructions who, as
a result thereof, were issued orders as enlisted reservists or reserve officers;
(3) Ex-servicemen and retired officers of the AFP and other armed
forces that have diplomatic relations with the Philippines who were honorably
discharged or retired from the service and who are Filipino citizens upon their
applications;
(4) Recognized World War II guerillas who were honorably discharged
from the service;
(5) Commissioned and noncommissioned officers under the Affiliated
Reserves category and graduates of the National Defense College of the Philippines
(NDCP); and
(6) Commissioned, non-commissioned officers and privates under
the existing laws including those procured under project 36-70 and included in the
present AFP roster before the enactment of this Act and those to be commissioned
or enlisted after the enactment of this Act.

ARTICLE V

CATEGORIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 12. Categorization of Citizen Soldiers. - There shall be three (3)

categories of citizen soldiers of AFP reservists: the First Category Reserve, the
Second Category Reserve, and the Third Category Reserve based on age.

(1) First Category Reserve - The First Category Reserve shall be

composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between eighteen (18) years
and thirty-five (35) years, inclusive.
(2) Second Category Reserve. - The Second Category Reserve shall
be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between thirty-six (36) years
and fifty-one (51) years, inclusive.
(3) Third Category Reserve. - The Third Category Reserve shall be
composed of the able-bodied reservists who are above fifty one (51) years of age.

Sec. 13. Classification of Reserve Force Units. - Based on the

categorization provided in Section 12 above, the Reserve Force units shall further be
classified into the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve and the Retired Reserve
based in their operational readiness for immediate deployment/utilization.

(1) Ready Reserve. - The Ready Reserve shall be composed of citizen

soldiers belonging mostly to the First Category Reserve and others as provided in
this Act who shall be organized, trained and maintained as mobilizable ready
reserve subject to call at any time to augment the regular armed force of the AFP not
only in times of war or national emergency but also to meet local emergencies
arising from calamities, disasters and threats to peace, order, security and stability in
any locality, including the need to provide assistance in relief and rescue work and
other civil assistance activities.

Any reservist or citizen soldiers belonging to the Second Category

Reserve and/or the Third Category Reserve, particularly the commissioned and
noncommissioned officers, who will volunteer to serve with the Ready Reserve shall
be allowed, if qualified and fit for duty, to join and actively participate as part of the
Ready Reserve and shall serve with an appropriate Ready Reserve unit.

Furthermore, members of the AFP Affiliated Reserved units of various

government and private utilities and services considered essential for the
preservation of the economic stability of the country or particular locality, such as
power and electricity, water supply, transportation and communications, among
others, regardless of their categorization shall be classified as Ready Reserve.

62
 All citizen soldiers belonging to the First Category Reserve, except
those exempted under this Act, shall be required to serve with Ready Reserve units
and will have assignments and promotions in accordance with existing policies of the
AFP until transferred to the Standby Reserve by virtue of their age.

The following citizen soldiers may be exempted from rendering service

with said reserve units:

(a) Active members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the
Philippine National Police;
(b) Those who are residing abroad but only during the duration of
their absence from the Philippines;
(c) Those who are physically and mentally unfit to serve their tour of
duty;
(d) Those who are convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude; and
(e) Those who may be exempted from duty for valid reasons which
may be authorized on a case-to-case basis by appropriate and competent authority.
For this purpose, the AFP shall issue such appropriate guidelines, rules and
regulations as may be necessary.

(2) Standby Reserve - The Standby Reserve shall be composed of

citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the Second Category Reserve and the Third
Category Reserve, except as provided in this Act. The members of the Standby
Reserve shall be organized and assigned to specified reserve units and shall be
maintained through annual assembly tests to update their records and their present
addresses, among others. The Standby Reserve may be mobilized or ordered to
active duty only in times of national emergency or war. The ranks of the members of
the Standby Reserve may be upgraded if they voluntarily participate in training or
serve with the Ready Reserve units in their areas or if their Standby Reserve units
undergo retraining. They will however be encouraged to upgrade their military
knowledge and skills by taking up nonresident or resident courses which shall be set
up for the purpose.

(3) Retired Reserve - The Retired Reserve shall be composed of

citizen soldiers who have qualified for retirement through length of service, old age
or disability. For this purpose, sixty-five (65) years shall be considered as the
retirement age. However, if qualified and fit for duty, a member of the Retired
Reserve may be ordered to active duty in times o local or national emergencies if he
volunteers for active duty and when the Secretary of National Defense determines
that there are not enough qualified citizen soldiers with his special skills and
qualifications in the Ready Reserve or the Standby Reserve in his particular area of
residence.
ARTICLE VI

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Sec. 14. Compulsory Military Registration and Training. - All male

citizens between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty-five (25) years who are not
reservists shall be required to register for military instruction. Registration shall take
place in suitable registration places to be prescribed by the city or municipal
government between the dates of April First and Seventh commencing

one (1) year after the effectivity of this Act. Biennial registrations shall be held during
the same period in succeeding years.

Sec. 15. Exemption from Compulsory Military Training. – The following

are exempted from military training:

(1) Members of the clergy of any religious order or sect, except if

they volunteer;

63
 (2) Those in the active service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and police members of the Philippine National Police;
(3) Superintendent and uniformed members of the National
Penitentiary, corrective institutions, and insane asylums; and
(4) Licensed air and maritime pilots, navigators and merchant marine
officers.

Sec. 16. Registering Officer. - For the purpose of registration as provided

for in Section 14 hereof, the city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities and
municipalities are hereby designated as registering officers. The Secretary of
National Defense shall prescribe and provide the forms to be used in registration
and prescribe the procedures for the conduct and reporting of the results of the
registration.

Sec. 17. Persons Disqualified or Exempted from Registration. The

following persons are disqualified by law from employment in government service;

(1) Persons who are disqualified by law from employment in

government service;
(2) Those who are physically or mentally unfit as certified by and
AFP medical officer;
(3) Those suffering incarceration awaiting trial by a court of law:
Provided, That upon their release from custody they shall without delay register;
(4) Those convicted by final judgment of criminal offenses involving
moral turpitude;
(5) Students of colleges, universities and similar institutions who
are undergoing ROTC training during the pendency of their training recognized by
the military authorities as among those undergoing training to qualify as reservists;
and
(6) Those persons who are constituted as members of affiliated
units for the duration of time that they hold such membership: Provided, That upon
the termination of their membership, they shall be subject to military training.

Sec. 18. Selection of Registrants for Compulsory Training. Registrants

who are to undergo compulsory training as provided for in this Act shall be selected
in the month of May every year by drawing of lots by a board of canvassers. The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the procedure for the selection of
registrants.

Sec. 19. Board of Canvassers. - There is hereby created a board of

canvassers, one (1) for each province and chartered city, for the purpose of
selecting the registrants who will undergo compulsory military training as provided
for in Section 18 hereof. The board shall be composed of the following:

(1) IN PROVINCES

Division Superintendent of Schools............................Chairman

Provincial Prosecutors….............................................. Member
The appropriate military commander as the
Secretary of National Defense may designate ...........Member

(2) IN CHARTERED CITIES

City Superintendent of Schools ..................................Chairman

City Fiscal ..................................................................…Member
Chief of Police................................................................Member

Sec. 20. Quota for Compulsory Training. - The Secretary of National

Defense shall furnish each provincial governor and city mayor with the quota of
registrants for compulsory military training to be drawn from their respective province

64
or chartered city. The quota for the province shall be broken down into municipal
quotas.

Sec. 21. Acceptance of Registrants Volunteering for Military Training. -

Registrants who are not selected for compulsory military training but who volunteer
for such training may be accepted and allowed to undergo military training: Provided,
That said volunteers shall physically qualify for fitness after examination for training
and shall be made to execute a written statement that they volunteered for training
at their own will.

Sec. 22. Registration of Citizens Residing or Working Abroad. -Filipino

citizens residing or working abroad, when they become liable to register for
reservists' training under this Act, shall register with the nearest diplomatic or
consular office of the Republic of the Philippines which shall transmit the registrants'
data to the Secretary of National Defense.

Sec. 23. Notice to Selected Registrants. - The board of canvassers shall

cause the immediate and adequate publication of the names of the registrants who
have been selected in accordance with Section 18 hereof and at once notify the
registrants concerned to report to the acceptance board of the city or municipality
where they reside. The board of canvassers shall furnish each acceptance board
with the list of the registrants whose names were drawn.

Sec. 24. Acceptance Board. - There is hereby created an acceptance

board in each municipality and chartered city which shall examine and classify
registrants whose names have been referred to it by the board of canvassers and
pass upon the registrants' fitness for training and application for deferment, if any.
The decision of the board shall be by majority vote. The Secretary of National
Defense shall prescribe the procedure for the operation of the acceptance board.

Sec. 25. Composition of the Acceptance Board. - The board shall be

composed as follows:

(1) IN CHARTERED CITIES

Local Civil Registrar ...............................…….....…… Chairman

City Health Officer ..................................…........…… Member
Chief of Police .............................................. ..….…….Member
One Civic Leader .............................................….…….Member
(to be chosen by local civic organizations)

(2) IN MUNICIPALITIES

Local Civil Registrar/ Municipal Treasurer ………….…Chairman

Municipal Health Officer .................................…………. Member
Chief of Police ................................................… ………. Member
One Civic Leader (to be chosen by local civic
organizations)…………………………………..…………...Member

Sec. 26. Classification of Selected Registrants. - Registrants shall

undergo physical examination to be conducted by the health officer. The acceptance
board shall then classify them into the following categories:

(1) Class A -- Fit for unlimited service;

(2) Class B -- Fit for limited service only;

(3) Class C -- Deferred until later date; and
(4) Class D -- Exempted for mental/physical reasons.

65
 Sec. 27. Deferment from Training. - The acceptance board, upon
evaluation of the evidence to support application for deferment, may grant deferment
on the following grounds and conditions:

(1) Individuals who are indispensable to the support of their dependent

families may be granted deferments not exceeding two (2) years after which they
shall be subject to training;

(2) Students enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

in colleges and universities are automatically granted deferment which shall not
extend beyond the period they are to complete their basic ROTC training. Students
who successfully completed such training shall be exempted. Those who fail to
complete, or discontinue the training, shall be subject to training;

(3) Seminary students of any religious sect shall be granted

deferments for not exceeding the prescribed course in the seminary. Those who
complete the course shall be exempted from training. Those who fail to complete
shall be subject to training;

(4) Cadets of the Philippine Military Academy and of other military or

police service academies, local or foreign to include cadets of the Philippine
Merchant Marine Academy and other similar local merchant marine academies duly
recognized by the Government for the training of officer candidates, including those
selected for cadetship in such academies, shall be granted deferments for not
exceeding two (2) years. Those who successfully completed at least one-half (1/2) of
the prescribed period of the course shall be exempted from training. Those who fail
to complete one-half (1/2) of the prescribed period shall, upon their discharge from
their courses, be subject to training;

(5) High school students who are in their last year of schooling may be
granted deferment for not more than one (1) year;

(6) Selected registrants residing or working abroad shall be granted

deferment for the duration of their stay abroad; and

(7) Elected officials and presidential appointees whose appointments

are passed upon by the Commission on Appointments, during their incumbency.

Sec. 28. Appeal from Decision of the Acceptance Board. – When the
acceptance board denies the claim of an individual for deferment, he may within
thirty (30) days after receipt of written notification by the board appeal his case in
writing directly to the Secretary of National Defense. The Secretary of National
Defense shall be accorded the right to enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel and to present evidence in his behalf. The decision of the Secretary of
National Defense or his duly authorized representative shall be final.

Sec. 29. Expenses of the Acceptance Board. - The expenses incident to

the operation of the acceptance board shall be borne by the Department of National
Defense which shall include the funds therefore in its annual appropriations. The
nature and amount of such expenses shall be prescribed by

the Secretary of National Defense. The members of the acceptance board shall not
receive any salary or compensation for their services in the board. They shall be

entitled to receive allowances as the Secretary of National Defense shall prescribed.

Sec. 30. Final Acceptance by the Board. - The registrants who shall have
been finally qualified and selected by the acceptance board shall be reported to the

66
Secretary of National Defense. Those selected shall upon instruction report to the
designated military camp of unit for training.

Sec. 31. Procurement of Reservist Officers and Noncommissioned

Officers for Affiliated Reserve Units. – Key officers and employees of government of
private entities, corporations, establishment and organizations which have affiliated
units shall be encouraged to undergo military training to qualify them as reserve
officers or noncommissioned officers. As such, they shall be assigned to key
positions in the affiliated units where they are employed and called to active service
with these units once they are activated.

Sec. 32. Security of Tenure in Government or Private Employment While

on Military Training. - An employee in the Government including one in a
government-owned or controlled corporation or private employment with monthly
operating volume of not less then Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) and
not less than twenty (20) employees who undergoes military training shall not be
separated or terminated from such employment, shall not be considered as having
forfeited his seniority status, if any, and shall continue to receive the salary he was
receiving prior to his call to military training. In the case of private employment,
payment of basic salary during such military training. In the case of private
employment, payment of basic salary during such military training shall be in
accordance with existing laws or with his company's policies on its employees on
leave from his employment. Upon termination of his military training, he shall resume
his former position or, if not practicable, he shall be assigned to a new position
without diminution of his pay and allowances, provided he is honorably terminated or
discharged from such training or service; otherwise, his record of dishonorable
discharge from military training or service shall be taken into account as to whether
or not he should be reinstated to his former employment.

Sec. 33. Draftee Training and Service. - As may be ordered by the

President, male citizen between the ages of eighteen (18) and thirty-five (35) shall
be called to training and active service for a period not to exceed twenty-four (24)
months, broken down into training period of not more than six (6) months and an
active service period of not more than eighteen (18) months. Registrants will be
selected for draftee training and service in accordance with Sections 14 to 26 hereof.
A draftee may volunteer and be accepted for an extension of active service of not
more than twelve (12) consecutive months, after which his services as draftee shall
be terminated. A draftee during the period of his active duty service to include the
extension of such service is entitled to receive all the pay and allowances due his
grade as received by any member of the regular force: Provided, That, upon
termination of his draftee service, he shall receive a separation gratuity of not less
than one (1) month salary for every year of his service to include the period of six (6)
months shall be considered a complete year for purposes of this gratuity.

Sec. 34 Retention for Maximum Hospitalization. – A reservist/draftee

who is injured or contracts a disease or sickness while undergoing training and
service, not due to his intentional misconduct, willful failure or neglect, or vicious or
immoral habits, shall be retained beyond the period of his reservist/draftee service
with his consent for the necessary hospitalization and medical care until such time
that he recovers, or is determined that further hospitalization will not improve his
condition. During the period of hospitalization, he shall be entitled to subsistence
allowances and hospitalization benefits as are available to the members of the
regular force who are patients in armed forces hospitals.

ARTICLE VII

CITIZEN MILITARY TRAINING

67
 Sec. 35 Basic Citizen Military Training. - Registrants finally selected for
military training pursuant to Section 30 shall undergo a basic military training for a
period of not more than six (6) months. The Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the course of instruction.

The course of instruction shall include, among others, subject

on moral virtues, patriotism, discipline, support for and adherence to the
Constitution, and respect for the right of civilians.

Sec. 36 Citizen Military Training. - There shall be established in every

province at least one (1) training center for the conduct of citizen military and
reservist training with a minimum training capacity of one (1) infantry rifle company
at a time. These training centers shall form part of the reserve component
organization of the major services and shall be referred to as citizen military training
centers.

Sec. 37. Incorporation into Training. - Upon reporting to their assigned

training centers, the selected registrants shall be physically examined and if found fit
for the service shall be inducted into service. Where a change of training center is
necessary to provide the requisite training, the commanding officer of the training
center shall be authorized to issue the necessary orders covering his transportation
and provide the funds for the purpose: Provided, That no registrant shall be
transferred to a training center outside his province or designated training center
except in the case of Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force registrants if there are
no air or naval training centers thereat.

Sec. 38. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) – Military training for
students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is
mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the National Defense Act and the 1987
Constitution.

Sec. 39. Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools. - At such colleges,

universities and similar institutions of learning that request for the conduct of military
training in their institutions, there shall be established and maintained Reserve
Officers" Training Corps units as the Secretary of National Defense may approve,
which shall conduct military training for the students of such institutions for the
purpose of producing enlisted and officer reservists. The program of instruction shall
be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and may include instruction to
prepare female students for military service: Provided, That, such course of
instruction shall not exceed two (2) academic years in the case of enlisted reservists,
and four (4) academic years in the case of officer reservists which shall include as
necessary summer or probationary training of not more than sixty (60) consecutive
days, The first two (2) years ROTC training, which is mandatory, shall hereafter be
referred to as basic ROTC while the second (2) years after said basic ROTC, which
is voluntary, shall hereafter be referred to as advance ROTC. The allocation of
ROTC units to the various major services of the AFP shall conform to the projected
manpower needs of their respective reserve components.

Sec. 40. Acceptance for Advance ROTC. - Students who volunteer for
advance ROTC shall be screened by an ROTC acceptance board which is hereby
created for the purpose, composed of the commandant of the ROTC unit, a
representative of the school nominated by the school authorities, and a military
physician. The student volunteer shall be physically examined for fitness for training
and shall further be made to execute in writing a testament that he volunteered for

training of his own volition. Where the student is below eighteen (18) years of age,
he shall be required to obtain his parent's or guardian's consent. In the case of
student volunteering for reserve officers' training, they shall further be subject to
competitive examination in order to select the best material. The students
undergoing advance ROTC shall be referred to as advance ROTC cadets.

68
 Sec. 41. Organization and staffing of ROTC Units. – The Secretary of
National Defense shall prescribe the organization and staffing of ROTC units.
Reserve officers in the active service as well as qualified enlisted and officer
reservists in the inactive status shall be given priority to handle training instruction
and to assist in the administration and shall be entitled to receive honoraria and
other allowances as the Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe.

Sec. 42. Funds for Maintenance and Operation of school ROTC Units.-
The funds for the establishment, maintenance and operation of ROTC units shall be
provided for in the regular annual appropriations of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. Such appropriations shall provide for the full funding support for
advance ROTC only. The school of the student may not be required to spend any
amount for the establishment, operation and maintenance of ROTC training:
Provided, that the school requesting for such establishment shall provide the training
ground and office facilities free of charge. The advance ROTC cadets shall each be
provided free two (2) suits of fatigue uniform with headgear, belt and one (1) pair of
combat boots for the duration of the training. However, those taking the basic ROTC
are required to pay a reasonable ROTC fee, the amount to be determined by the
Secretary of National Defense in coordination with the school official concerned.

Sec. 43. Scholarship Incentive for Advance ROTC Training. - Students

undergoing advance ROTC who belong to the upper five percent (5%) of their
academic class shall be provided a tuition subsidy of fifty percent (50%) of their
annual tuition for the period of their advance ROTC. The funds for this purpose shall
be carried in the annual appropriations of the AFP. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall
promulgate the guidelines for the implementation of this provision.

ARTICLE VIII

INCORPORATION INTO RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 44. Elected Officials and Presidential Appointees.- Elected official

appointees may be commissioned in the Reserve Force subject to the existing AFP
rules and regulations.

Sec. 45. Award of Ranks and Assignments to Reserve Units of

Graduates of ROTC. - Graduates of basic ROTC shall be given a reserve enlisted
rank and serial number and assigned to reserve units and mobilization centers in
their provinces. The ranks to be awarded shall be from private to sergeant or its
equivalent: Provided, That the quota for noncommissioned officers shall not exceed
five percent (5%) of the authorized strength of the unit to which the reservists shall
be assigned after graduation: Provided, further, That those to be awarded rank
above private shall be chosen based on merit. Those who continue to the advance
ROTC course shall continue to carry their enlisted rank until after their successful
completion of advance ROTC.

Sec. 46. Disposition of Graduates of Advance ROTC. – Those who

successfully completed the advance ROTC course shall be recommended for
commission in the reserve force as second lieutenants and assigned to the reserve
units and mobilization centers in their provinces. Those with manifest potential may

be commissioned in the regular force as second lieutenants subject of the criteria for
regular officers of this rank for that particular service. Those who fail to complete the
course shall be conferred the enlisted rank of sergeant or its equivalent and similarly
assigned to reserve units and mobilization centers. Probationary training as a
requisite before commissionship shall be determined by the major service concerned
based on technical skills, experiences or qualifications of the applicants.

69
 Sec. 47. Notification of reserve assignment. - The reservists shall be
notified in writing of his assignment to a reserve unit and a mobilization center. He
shall be made to acknowledge receipt in writing of such notification.

Sec. 48. Reservists Registry. - The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall
provide all city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities and municipalities of the list of
those who have successfully completed military training, indicating therein, among
others, the rank, serial number, reserve unit assignment and mobilization center. It
shall be the duty of the local civil registrar to maintain and update the reservist
registry.

ARTICLE IX

MAINTENANCE, TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATION OF RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 49. Accounting of Reservists. - All reservists, particularly those

belonging to the Ready and Standby Reserves, shall be accounted for, their records
and status updated and present whereabouts ascertained in order to ensure their
readiness to the call to duty. As far as practicable, the services of the national and
local reservists and veterans organizations will be tapped to assist in the accounting
of reservists.

Sec. 50. Organization for Maintenance and Administration of the Reserve

Force. - The major services shall be responsible for the administration, training,
equipage and maintenance of their respective reserve components subject to the
regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. In the General
Headquarters, AFP and in each Major Service Headquarters, there shall be a staff
division of the level of the principal coordinating staff which shall be dedicated to
planning and policy formulation for the administration, development, organization,
training, equipage, maintenance and utilization of their respective Reserve Force
component. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall create an AFP Reserve Command within
one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act. In the case of the major services, there
shall further be a separate unit dedicated to the implementation of such plans and
policies. In staffing the command structure of these units, preference shall be given
to qualified reserve officers in the active service and integrates.

Sec. 51. Training of Individual Reservists and Reserve Units. - Maximum

opportunity shall be afforded the reservists to update their skills through compulsory
or voluntary training. Such training shall have for its principal purpose the
enhancement of the readiness of the individual reservists and reserve units to
respond to the call to service. To this end, there shall be two (2) types of training :

(1) Compulsory training of not less than thirty (30) days but not
more than sixty (60) days for reserve units and/or individual reservists in a given
year preferably to First Category Reservists; and

(2) Voluntary training subject to the capability of the AFP to provide

training. Individual reservists, commissioned and non-commissioned officers shall be
encouraged to undergo training on a voluntary basis to upgrade their

proficiency with priority to the officers of the Standby Reserve units. The Secretary of
National Defense shall prescribe the course of instruction for the aforementioned
training. The services of qualified individual enlisted and officer reservists shall be
utilized to the maximum in the conduct of ROTC and reservists' training.

Sec. 52. Reserve Officers' Nonresident Instruction. - Each major service

shall conduct on a continuing basis non-resident instruction for the purpose of
maintaining and updating the proficiency of its reservist officers, particularly key

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officers of Ready Reserve units. Such instruction shall prepare these reserve officers
to assume duties up to brigade command and staff or equivalent. The reserve
officers undertaking such course shall be given priority for call to annual duty training
or service with their units or with other AFP units. Successful completion of the
nonresident course will be equivalent to having undertaken one (1) annual active
duty training tour.

Sec. 53. Active Duty Tour for Training of Reserve Officers. – In order to
improve their professional competence and leadership qualities reserve officers in
the inactive status shall be called active duty for a period not exceeding two (2)
years without extension: Provided, that the quota for such active duty shall as far as
practicable be proportionately distributed to the provinces and cities based on their
reserve units, with priority to units of Ready Reserve I: Provided, further, that ;the
reserve officers called to active duty shall as far as practicable serve in the province
of their reserve unit assignment. A reserve officer who has served his tour shall not
be called again to active duty until after five (5) years, except in case of mobilization.

Sec. 54. Classification and Maintenance Readiness of Reserve Units. -

Units which are composed of reservists of the Ready Reserve shall be classified as
to degree of readiness to respond the call to the service, as follows:

(1) Ready Reserve I - Units classified as Ready Reserve I shall be

maintained in a high degree of readiness as to be ready for operational employment
in not more than seven (7) days after activation. The individual and crew served
weapons and individual clothing and equipment shall be ready for distribution upon
their activation. The whereabouts of their reservists shall be constantly ascertained.
As necessary, these units shall carry an excess of twenty percent (20%) of their
authorized personnel strength to compensate for those who may fail to report or be
late in reporting for duty.

(2) Ready Reserve II - Units classified as Ready Reserve II shall be

maintained in a degree of readiness as to be ready for operational employment in
not more than fifteen (15) days.

The Chief of Staff, AFP shall select and recommend to the Secretary
of National Defense the reserve units under Ready Reserve I and Ready Reserve II:
Provided, That in areas threatened by insurgency, there shall be at least one (1) unit
of infantry battalion strength under readiness status of Ready Reserve I.

Sec. 55. Mobilization Stock. - The minimum essential individual and

organizational equipment and supplies shall be procured, stored and maintained for
selected Ready Reserve units to enhance rapid transition to readiness required for
employment in the shortest possible time.

Sec. 56. Training as Requisite for Promotion. – Successful completion of

training pursuant to Sections 51 and 52 hereof shall be a requisite for promotion in
rank in the inactive status.

Sec. 57. Classification of Reserve Officers in the Inactive Status. -There

shall be only one (1) classification of reserve officers in the inactive status regardless
of their source or nature of commission. Likewise, There shall be only one (1)
seniority and lineal list for all reservist officers in the inactive status regardless of
their source of commission, subject to the rules and regulations to be prescribed by
the Secretary of National Defense.

Sec. 58. Status of Reservist on Training. - Reservist on compulsory

training shall be subject to military law. They shall not receive pay but shall be

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entitled to allowances and burial benefits as provided by law. Reservists on
voluntary training are also subject to military law but shall be entitled to allowances.

ARTICLE X

UTILIZATION OF THE RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 59 Mobilization. - The utilization of the Reserve Force in times of

emergency to meet threats to national security shall be through mobilization:

(1) Full Mobilization. - Full mobilization shall be through the joint act of
Congress and the President. When full mobilization is ordered, all units of the Ready
and Standby Reserves will be activated, the reservists constituting them are called
to active duty, and the units activated are placed on operational readiness. All other
reservist not assigned to any unit or those assigned to reserve pools shall be
organized into replacement units;

(2) Partial Mobilization. - Partial Mobilization shall be through the joint

act of Congress and the President. When partial mobilization is ordered, only the
units of the Ready Reserve are necessary to meet the threat will be activated, the
reservists assigned to these units are called to active duty and the activated units
are placed on operational readiness. The President will specify the units to be
activated; and

(3) Selective Mobilization. – Selective mobilization shall be by

authority of the President. Selective mobilization may be ordered to meet a local
threat or emergency situation. When so ordered, only selected units of the Ready
Reserve of the localities involved are activated and the reservist assigned to them
are called to active duty; or active auxiliary units are organized and volunteer
reservists are called to active auxiliary service for the purpose, under such rules and
regulations as the Secretary of national Defense may prescribed.

Sec. 60. Status of Reservists under Mobilization. - An enlisted or officer

reservist when called to active duty by virtue of mobilization shall receive all the pay
and allowances, medical care, hospitalization and other privileges and benefits
prescribed by law or regulations for officers and enlisted personnel of the regular
force.

Sec. 61. Mobilization Centers. - There shall be established in each

province as many mobilization centers as needed corresponding to the number and
distribution of reservists in the province to which reservists will report when
mobilization is ordered. The citizen military training center in the provinces
established under this Act may also be used as mobilization centers. The location of
these centers shall be given the widest public information by the local executives.

Sec. 62 Demobilization. - When the threat or emergency for which

demobilization had been ordered has passed, the President shall order the
demobilization of the reserve units activated and the reservists of such deactivated
units shall be reverted to inactive status.

Sec. 63. Auxiliary Service. - For the purpose of helping maintain local
peace and order, meeting local insurgency threat, assisting in rescue and relief
operations during disasters and calamities, health welfare activities and participating
in local socioeconomic development projects, the President may call upon the
reservists in the affected or concerned localities to volunteer their services. Such
volunteer services shall be referred to as auxiliary service and shall be two (2) types:

(1) Civil Auxiliary Service. - Civil auxiliary service covers service

rendered in helping maintain law and order, assisting in rescue operations,

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 (2) participating in socioeconomic development projects, delivery of
health services and any other nonmilitary activity. Female reservists shall be given
greater participation in this regard. Reservists serving under this category shall not
be armed. Those who have licensed firearms may be granted permit to carry
firearms only when they are actually performing duties in maintaining peace and
order, provided adequate control measures are instituted by the proper authorities
concerning the carrying and use of firearms. In no case shall the reservists be
vested with police powers.

(3) Military Auxiliary Service. - Military Auxiliary Service covers

service rendered in meeting local insurgency threat. Reservists serving under this
category will be organized into Ready Reserve Units. They must be issued and
allowed to carry firearms: Provided, that these reservists will be utilized only for the
defense of their localities and will not be employed outside their localities. Elected /
appointed local government officials are expected to perform their duties and
responsibilities in their respective peace and order council levels or similar
organizations efficiently and effectively to enhance a total integrated system
approach against threats to national security.

The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe rules and

regulations to implement this section in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior
and Local Government.

Sec. 64. Status of Reservists on Auxiliary Service. - A reservist

performing auxiliary service shall not receive payment but shall be entitled to receive
allowances and burial benefits as provided by law. With this consent, a reservist may
continue to render such services without receiving the allowances due him. A
reservist serving military auxiliary services is subject to military law; whereas, a
reservist serving civil auxiliary service is not.

Sec. 65. Women Reservists. - Women shall have the right and duty to
serve in the AFP. The relevant standards for admission, training and commissioning
of women shall be the same as those required for men, except for those essential
adjustment in such standards required because of physiological differences between
men and women.

ARTICLE XI

FUNDING

Sec. 66. Funding. - All funds previously appropriated for the

administration, development and training of the reserve component of the AFP and
which will subsequently and hereafter be appropriated for the purpose shall be used
exclusively for the purpose of implementing the provisions of this Act.

To sustain the efficient and effective administration,

organization, training, maintenance and utilization of Ready Reserve units and keep

them appropriately and adequately equipped and in a state of readiness, as well as

provide for the adequate training of citizen soldiers or reservists, adequate funds for
this purpose, as may be requested or recommended by the AFP, shall be
appropriated and made available on a continuing basis.

The President shall utilize a portion of the Military Assistance

Fund available from any source to augment the appropriation for the Reserve Force.

ARTICLE XII

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 TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Sec. 67. Retention of ROTC Units in Colleges and Universities. -ROTC
units in college and universities shall continue with ROTC training in accordance
with this Act.
ARTICLE XIII
Penalties
Sec. 68. Penalties. - Failure of reservists to respond to the call to
compulsory training or service shall be punishable in accordance with the Articles of
War, and those convicted by a court martial shall be liable for imprisonment of not
less than two (2) months to not more than twelve (12) months. Citizen who fail to
register for compulsory military training or who after having selected to undergo such
training or who after having selected to undergo such training and had been notified
thereof fail to report for training shall, upon conviction by the civil court, be
punishable and liable for imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to not more
than three (3) months.
Sec. 69. Failure to Provide Updated List of Registrants. – Failure of
registrars and canvassers to provide an updated listing of registrants under their
responsibility shall, upon conviction by civil court, be punishable and liable for
imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to not more than three (3) months
under Sections16 and 19 of this Act.

ARTICLE XIV
RESCISSION AND EFFECTIVITY
Sec. 70. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules
and regulations which are inconsistent or in conflict with any provision of this Act are
hereby repealed or amended.
Sec. 71. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved,

SGD SGD
JOVITO R SALONGA RAMON V MITRA
President of the Senate Speaker of the House
of Representative

This act which originated in the House of Representatives was finally passed
by the House of Representatives and the Senate on April 22, 1991 and March 19,
1991, respectively.

SGD SGD
EDWIN P ACOBA CAMILO L SABIO
Secretary of the Senate Secretary General
House of Representative

Approved: June 27, 1991

SGD
CORAZON C AQUINO
President of the Philippines

BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION

PURPOSE:

To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the community, personal
responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while instilling in them self-esteem, teamwork, and self-
discipline. It prepares students for responsible leadership roles while making them aware of their
rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens. It provides instruction and rewarding
opportunities that will benefit the student, community, and nation.

OBJECTIVES:

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 a. The objectives of the ROTC program are:

1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve as

commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine Army.

2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts and principles of

military art and science to develop leadership and managerial potential.

3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor, responsibility, and good

citizenship.

b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound foundation for their
future professional development and effective performance essential to success in any career.

A. TITLE: Basic ROTC POI for 2nd Semester (MS 2)

B. DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks

NR OF PERIODS
Lecture (L)
SUBJECT SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION & Practical
References
Exercises
(PE)
1. PHYSICAL Organizing the cadets by Squad / platoon / 1
ORGANIZATION OF Company and its equivalent of the Cadet Corps. (1PE)
THE CADET CORPS Course orientation (General Provisions, Attendance,
AND COURSE Grading System, Merits System, Conditions of the
ORIENTATION Service).
2. GENERAL   7
MILITARY SUBJECT  
a. PA Organization Combat Units, Combat Support Units and Combat
Service Support Units (all units of PA) 1L
b. Troop Leading Steps in TLP
Procedure 1L
c. Problem solving Problem identification, courses of actions and
Process adoption of best course of action. 2L
d. Reservist and Sources, Classification, organization, Category, 2L
Reserve Force Benefits System of Reservist. Orientation on
Development Reservist Administration, Manpower Development,
Reserve Force Development, Retiree and Public
Affairs.
e. Introduction to Five (5) basic pillars of logistics: supply, 1L
Logistics transportation, maintenance, facilities and
installations and other logistics services
3. SMALL UNIT  
7
TACTICS
a. Patrolling Definition of terms; types and organization of patrol; 1L, 3DPE
Fire and maneuver; Field demonstration, SF & SR
organization and capability demonstration
b. Raids Definition of terms, Types and technique purpose 1L
c. Ambuscades Different types of ambush 1L
d. Rifle Squad Tactics Movement techniques / Formations used; Fire Team 1L
Formations (Infantry)
4. INDIVIDUAL / UNIT 16
TRAINING
a. Visual Tracking Memory training, reading of trail signs. 1L, 1PE
b. Military Ropes and knot tying, rappelling techniques, river
1L, 1PE
Mountaineering crossing techniques
c. Jungle Base Site selection, Jungle base activities and survival
1L, 3PE
Operation techniques
d. Marches and Definition of terms; Classification of troop
Bivouacs and Land movements; (Tactical and Admin); Control
Navigation measures in the proper conduct of foot and 1L, 3PE
vehicular marches; selection and occupation of
bivouac area. Day Navigation
e. Military Stakes Map Reading, Assembly / Disassembly of weapons,
4PE
signal communication, first aid, Small Unit Tactics
5. MARKSMANSHIP Fundamental of firing, types of firing positions 2 (1L, 1D)
TRAINING (prone, sitting, kneeling, standing to prone and

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 standing to sitting). Correct sight picture,
Triangulation and coach and pupil techniques,
Familiarization firing
6. INDIVIDUAL 4
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES  
a. Personal Hygiene & Health maintenance and sanitary practice, types
Sanitation and treatment of communicable diseases, Measures
1L
to protect and improve health responsibility for
military sanitation.
b. 1st Aid/Basic Life Types of wounds and treatment, Application of
Support 1 (AR-CPR) tourniquet and casualty, Intro to Basic Life Support, 1L, 2PE
ABC BLS, Respiratory and Cardiovascular System,
Technique of Basic CPR, Evacuation Procedure.
7. FAMILIARIZATION Actual firing of rifles 4PE
FIRING
8. Basic Obstacle Obstacle courses in various camps 4
Course (1D/3PE)
9. EDUCATIONAL Tour on military historical sites, Museum, Military 4PE
TOUR camps / installation.
10. DRILLS AND   10
 
CEREMONIES
a. Drills Conduct of dismounted drills, school of soldiers w/o
1L 7PE
arms
b. Ceremonies Ceremonies; parades; inspections; honors 1L 1PE
11. TEST & Graded Examination 1
EVALUATION  
TOTAL 60 Hrs
* MANDATORY SCOPE
READINGS
a Intro to Artillery Classification, Capabilities and Limitations of FA
Operations weapons; Field Artillery Organizations; Missions;
fundamentals and Employment
b. Forward Observer Intro; Purpose of Employment of FO; Methods of
Locating Targets (Grid coordinate, Polar
coordinates and shift from a known point); Elements
of call for fire.
c. Intro to Armor Classification of Armor Vehicles; Capabilities and
Operations Limitations of Armor; Armor organizations; Mission
d. Intro to Definition of terms; concepts in unconventional
Unconventional warfare 7 phases of UW (Psychological operations,
Warfare Infiltration, Initial contact, Organization,
Development, Training, Combat employment and
Demobilization
e. Platoon Tactics Definition of terms, characteristics and tactics;
Platoon formation (Infantry)
. f. Crew Served  
Weapons Training
a. 60mm Mortar / 81 Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
mm Mortar Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly
b. Cal 50 MG Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly
* - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the PA Website.

Module/Subject Lecture Practical TOTAL

I. Physical Orgn / Orientation 1 1
II. General Military Subjects 7 7
III. Small Unit Tactics 4 3 7
IV. Individual / Unit Training 4 12 16
V. Marksmanship 1 1 2
VI. Individual Protective Measures 2 2 4
VII. Familiarization Firing 4 4
VIII. Basic Obstacle Course 1 3 4
IX Educational Tour 4 4
X. Drills and Ceremonies 2 8 10
XI. Test & Evaluation 1 1
Total Periods/Hours 22 38 60

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