UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre of Diploma Studies

________________________________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT

Kod & Nama Kursus

DAC22303 FLUID MECHANICS
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji
IMPACT OF A JET
Title of Experiment
Seksyen
2
Section
Kumpulan
AB4
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar DR. MUHAMMAD AZRAIE BIN ABDUL KADIR

Nama Ketua Kumpulan Matrik No. AA200311

ABDUL AZIZ BIN MARYANI
Name of Group Leader Matric No.

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)

Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
1. NUR AQILAH BT HISHAM AA200404 Teori, Objektif & Prosedur 10
Theory, Objectives & Procedures
2. SITI NURAISYAH BT Data
AA200762 20
ZULLAZZAMAR Data

3. Analisis & Keputusan 25

Analysis & Result

4. Perbincangan 25
Discussion

5. Kesimpulan & Cadangan 15

Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
6. References 5

Tarikh Ujikaji
12/4/2022
Date of Experiment
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
26/4/2022 100
Date of Submission TOTAL

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT RUBRIC

Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Theory, Theory and other information Theory and other information Theory and other information Theory and other information Theory and other information
objective, regarding the laboratory is not regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is partly regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is well 2
procedure presented presented minimally presented presented with some mistakes presented
(10%)
Data Data is not represented or is not Data lacks precision Good representation of the Accurate representation of the Accurate representation of the data
(20%) accurate Greater than 20% difference data using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs using tables and/or graphs
with accepted values Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise Graphs and tables are labeled and
4
accepted values Less than 10% difference with titled
Precision is acceptable accepted values Data is precise with less than 5%
difference with accepted values
Analysis / Result Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
(25%) analyzed analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
Analysis is not relevant Analysis is inconsistent Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly 5
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Discussion No discussion was included or A statement of the results is A statement of the results of Accurate statement of the Accurate statement of the results of
(25%) shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection the lab indicates whether results results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis whether results support the hypothesis
5
hypothesis Possible sources of error and what
Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
Conclusion & Conclusion & recommendation Conclusion & recommendation Conclusion & recommendation Conclusion & recommendation Conclusion & recommendation was
Recommendation was not presented was minimally presented was presented somewhat was presented accurately and presented accurately and relevant to
(15%) accurate and relevant to result relevant to result obtain from the result obtain from the laboratory work 3
obtain from the laboratory work laboratory work with minor
mistakes
Reference Reference was not presented in Reference was minimally Reference was partly Reference was presented in Reference was presented in proper
(5%) the report presented in the report presented in somewhat proper proper format and relevant to format and relevant to the laboratory
format and relevant to the the laboratory work with some work 1
laboratory work minor mistakes

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 100

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

LAB WORK ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (INDIVIDUAL)

Student Name: ABDUL AZIZ BIN

Lab Demonstration Rubric
MARYANI Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET
(Assessment Form)
Matric No.: AA200311
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Participation Not shows any Shows little commitment to Demonstrates Demonstrates Actively helps to identify group
(15%) commitment to group goals group goals and fails to commitment to group goals, commitment to group goals goals and works effectively to meet
3
and fails to perform assigned perform assigned roles but has difficulty performing and carries out assigned them in all roles assumed
roles assigned roles roles effectively
Procedural Do not selects appropriate Selects appropriate or Selects and applies Selects and applies the Selects and applies appropriate
Knowledge or appropriate skills and/or inappropriate skills and/or appropriate skills and/or appropriate strategies and/or strategies and/or skills specific to
(15%) strategies required by the strategies required by the strategies required by the skills specific to the task the task without error, and applies
3
task and makes critical errors task and makes critical errors task, but makes a number of without significant errors some in innovative ways
in applying them in applying them non-critical errors in doing
so
Safety (5%) Ignore all the safety Requires constant Requires some reminders Follows safety procedures Routinely follows safety
procedure even after reminders to follow safety to follow safety procedures with only minimal reminders procedures without reminders 1
constantly reminder procedures
Use Of Very incompetence to use Uses tools, equipment and Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment and
Equipment tools, equipment and materials with limited and materials with some and materials with materials with a high degree of
(15%) materials competence competence considerable competence competence 3

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 50

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

LAB WORK ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (INDIVIDUAL)

Student Name: NUR AQILAH BINTI

Lab Demonstration Rubric
HISHAM Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET
(Assessment Form)
Matric No.: AA200404
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Participation Not shows any Shows little commitment to Demonstrates Demonstrates Actively helps to identify group
(15%) commitment to group goals group goals and fails to commitment to group goals, commitment to group goals goals and works effectively to meet
3
and fails to perform assigned perform assigned roles but has difficulty performing and carries out assigned them in all roles assumed
roles assigned roles roles effectively
Procedural Do not selects appropriate Selects appropriate or Selects and applies Selects and applies the Selects and applies appropriate
Knowledge or appropriate skills and/or inappropriate skills and/or appropriate skills and/or appropriate strategies and/or strategies and/or skills specific to
(15%) strategies required by the strategies required by the strategies required by the skills specific to the task the task without error, and applies
3
task and makes critical errors task and makes critical errors task, but makes a number of without significant errors some in innovative ways
in applying them in applying them non-critical errors in doing
so
Safety (5%) Ignore all the safety Requires constant Requires some reminders Follows safety procedures Routinely follows safety
procedure even after reminders to follow safety to follow safety procedures with only minimal reminders procedures without reminders 1
constantly reminder procedures
Use Of Very incompetence to use Uses tools, equipment and Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment and
Equipment tools, equipment and materials with limited and materials with some and materials with materials with a high degree of
(15%) materials competence competence considerable competence competence 3

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 50

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

LAB WORK ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (INDIVIDUAL)

Student Name: SITI NURAISYAH

Lab Demonstration Rubric
BINTI ZULLAZZAMAR Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET
(Assessment Form)
Matric No.: AA200762
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Participation Not shows any Shows little commitment to Demonstrates Demonstrates Actively helps to identify group
(15%) commitment to group goals group goals and fails to commitment to group goals, commitment to group goals goals and works effectively to meet
3
and fails to perform assigned perform assigned roles but has difficulty performing and carries out assigned them in all roles assumed
roles assigned roles roles effectively
Procedural Do not selects appropriate Selects appropriate or Selects and applies Selects and applies the Selects and applies appropriate
Knowledge or appropriate skills and/or inappropriate skills and/or appropriate skills and/or appropriate strategies and/or strategies and/or skills specific to
(15%) strategies required by the strategies required by the strategies required by the skills specific to the task the task without error, and applies
3
task and makes critical errors task and makes critical errors task, but makes a number of without significant errors some in innovative ways
in applying them in applying them non-critical errors in doing
so
Safety (5%) Ignore all the safety Requires constant Requires some reminders Follows safety procedures Routinely follows safety
procedure even after reminders to follow safety to follow safety procedures with only minimal reminders procedures without reminders 1
constantly reminder procedures
Use Of Very incompetence to use Uses tools, equipment and Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment Uses tools, equipment and
Equipment tools, equipment and materials with limited and materials with some and materials with materials with a high degree of
(15%) materials competence competence considerable competence competence 3

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 50

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our own effort. We also admit not to
receive any help from any third party during the preparation of this report and pledge that
everything mentioned in the report is true.

in
_________________
.

Student Signature (Group Representative)

ABDUL AZIZ BIN MARYANI

AA200311

26/4/2022
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No.
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
IMPACT OF A JET Checking No
Effective Date
Revised Date

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To verify theories of forces generated by impact of the jet on different shapes of vane.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Describe the deflection of the jet generates forces on the vane.

2. Identify the relationship between force and rate of momentum flow in the jet.
3. Measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a plate.

3.0 THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT

A jet of water is produced when water is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered nozzle. The
jet will impinge on a vane, of different shapes. Vanes usually used are flat plate, inclined plate, curved
plate and hemispherical cup. Equation used to determine the force of jet impact (Fy) is given as:
A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, typically through a nozzle,
aperture, or orifice. Jets have the ability to fly large distances without dispersing. When compared to
the surrounding fluid medium, jet fluid has more momentum. If the surrounding medium is considered
to be composed of the same fluid as the jet and has a viscosity, the surrounding fluid is carried along
with the jet in a process known as entrainment (Plesniak, 2012).

Fy = Q (Vy1 - Vy2 cos ), Vy1 = initial velocity Vy2 = final velocity (after impingement)

where, V

1. Flat plate

Figure 3.1: Flat plate

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Revised Date

For the flat plate, ϴ = 90°, so that Vout = 0

2. 120° curved plate

Figure 3.2: 120° curved plate

where, from analysis, velocity after impingement

1. Hemispherical cup

where, velocity after impingement

Figure 3.3: Hemispherical cup

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Revised Date

4.0 EQUIPMENT

i. Hydraulic bench

ii. Jet impact apparatus

iii. Stopwatch

iv. Vernier caliper

Given: Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm

Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81 ms– 2
From analysis, slope of the graph as in theory is given by:
(a) Flat plate =

(b) 120° curved plate =

 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No.
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(c) Hemispherical cup =

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Remove the top plate and the transparent cylinder first. Then, measure the nozzle's diameter.
Connect the flat plate to the lever that holds the jockey weight.
2. Assemble the apparatus's top plate and cylinder. Connect the hydraulic bench's supply pipe to
the apparatus's inlet pipe.
3. The equipment is initially levelled, and the lever is balanced (as indicated by a tally supported
from it) by setting the jockey weight to zero and then adjusting the knurled nut above the spring.
4. Any force produced by the jet's impact on the vane is measured by moving the jockey weight
along the lever until the tally indicates that it has been restored to its original balanced position.

5. The nominal weight is placed on the lever first (it is recommended that the initial and
incremental weights equal 20g). The bench supply valve is then opened, allowing water to
enter.
6. The force on the vane will displace the lever, which is subsequently balanced by sliding the
jockey weight along the lever. Then, close the opening at the hydraulic bench's base.
7. On the lever, record the flow rate and weight.
Repeat steps 1–7 for the 120° curved plate and hemispherical cup.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No.
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IMPACT OF A JET Checking No
Effective Date
Revised Date

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

Information and equations for calculation:

Density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
Cross-section area of nozzle, A = 78.5 mm2
Mass of jockey weight = 0.6 kg
Distance from center of vane to pivot of lever = 0.15 m
Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2

Figure 6.1: Force experiment

From Figure 6.1, when it is moved a distance y meter from weigh beam pivot, the corresponding force,
F (N) on the vane is obtained, by taking moments about the pivot, as:
0.15F = 0.6gy
F = 4gy
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Revised Date

6.1 CALCULATION

1. Record the readings in the table below.

a) Flat plate

Distance of Flow rate, Q

𝑭𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 =𝝆𝑸𝟐 /𝑨 𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑= 4gy
jockey (m) 𝟑
(𝒎 /s)
0.01 2.09×10 0.556 0.392
0.02 2.64×10 0.888 0.784
0.03 3.07×10 1.201 1.177
0.04 3.57×10 1.624 1.569

b) 120° curved plate

Distance of Flow rate, Q

𝑭𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 =𝟑𝝆𝑸𝟐 /𝟐𝑨 𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑= 4gy
jockey (m) (𝒎𝟑 /s)
0.01 1.40×10 0.375 0.392
0.02 2.19×10 0.916 0.784
0.03 2.59×10 1.282 1.177
0.04 2.84×10 1.541 1.569

c) Hemispherical cup

Distance of Flow rate, Q

𝑭𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 =𝟐𝝆𝑸𝟐 /𝑨 𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑= 4gy
jockey (m) (𝒎𝟑 /s)
0.01 1.37×10 0.478 0.392
0.02 1.85×10 0.872 0.784
0.03 2.37×10 1.431 1.177
0.04 2.59×10 1.709 1.569
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Revised Date

Example of calculation:

a) Flat plate

𝐹 =
/ ( . × / )
= . ×

= 0.888 N

b) 120° curved plate

𝐹 =
× / ( . × / )
= × . ×

= 0.916 N

b) Hemispherical cup

𝐹 =
× / ( . × / )
= . ×

= 0.872 N

d) Force experimental
𝐹 = 4gy
= 4 × (9.81 m/s ) × (0.01𝑚)
= 0.392 N

7.0 QUESTION

1. Compare the value between theory value and experimental value.

Based on the theory value and experimental value calculated using the formula, The
experimental value differs from the theory value in that it is bigger than the theory value, based
on the calculated and obtained results.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No.
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Revised Date

2. From the result, comment on the value comparison.

There are several errors that may have an impact on the data acquired throughout the
experiment. Next, Substances in the reservoir and fluids, such as dust, block the flow of air
through both dams. After that, the pump's condition, which caused vibrations throughout the
bench, also resulted in an irregular flow of water throughout the experiment. Conducting the
experiment in a room where the fan conditions cause the water surface to undulate due to the
passage of air around the environment is one of the environmental factors that affect the
findings of the experiment.

3. Give a conclusion for this test.

In conclusion, the experimental and theoretical values are completely different as a result of
several errors that occurred throughout the experiment. However, the value is adequate, and
the experiment is regarded a success because the purpose, which is to verify the forces created
by the jet's impact on different shapes of vane, has been preserved. we can formulate that the
hemispherical has a higher pressure because it has a larger surface area.

8.0 DISCUSSION

When comparing the three types of deflectors, the data show that the flow rate for the
hemisphere is the lowest and provides the most force. Because of the increased surface area, the flow
rate decreases. Furthermore, because of the way a water jet behaves when it meets a flat surface, the
force exerted on a hemispherical plate is greater than on other plates. It generates a radial sheet that
impinges on the inner wall of the enclosing cylinder and then divides, with some water flowing below
and the rest flowing above. Despite the fact that the spray obscures vision, it looks like some water
falls on the topside of the vane.

The parallax mistake is one of the errors in this experiment. This is because the pointer may
not be precisely set to zero while setting it. Aside from that, there's a chance you'll make a mistake
when tuning the primary cock. The pointer may not be exactly at zero if the primary valve does not
open properly. To obtain data with a high degree of precision, several measures must be followed. To
begin, ensure that the apparatus is in good working order and that the experiment is repeated
numerous times to guarantee that the readings are accurate. Second, to ensure a continuous water
flow rate, always set the control valve to the highest setting (pump). Calculate the standard height after
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No.
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
IMPACT OF A JET Checking No
Effective Date
Revised Date

that to confirm that the weight height and the standard height are the same. To avoid a parallax error,
we must align our eyes perpendicular to our balancing position.

9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As a result, the hemisphere's flow rate is found to be the lowest. The force generated by the
hemisphere plate is greater than that generated by the other two vane forms. The recommendation for
overcoming the error is to guarantee that the observer's eye is 90° perpendicular to the measurement
or positioning. Then, to ensure accurate results, ensure that the apparatus is in excellent working order.
With the measurements taken, it is possible to reduce error to a minimum and obtain an accurate
reading in order to avoid big changes in the gradient value of the slope. Then, in order to obtain an
accurate result, ensure that the instrument is in excellent working order.

10.0 REFERENCES

1. Guo, B., & Liu, G. (2011). Mud Hydraulics Optimization. Applied Drilling Circulation Systems,

81–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381957-4.00004-8

2. Motasem, E., Abushaban, M., Eng, Fedaa, M., & Fayyad. (n.d.). EXPERIMENT (3) IMPACT OF

JET. http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/t77328/files/Experiment-31.pdf

3. Experiment 4 Impact of a Jet. (n.d.).

https://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~gerry/class/EAS361/lab/pdf/lab4_impactOfJet.pdf

4. Khalil, M., Alastal, E., Mohammed, Y., & Mousa. (n.d.). Hydraulics Lab (ECIV 3122) Experiment

(3): Impact of jet. http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-3-hydraulics-lab-.pdf

5. Swain, P., Prakash, C., & Swain. (n.d.). Fluid Dynamics 2016 FLUID DYNAMICS LECTURE NOTES

MODULE-IV Department of Civil Engineering VSSUT, Burla Prepared By.

https://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1525500163.pdf