PLANT PHYSIOLOGY STOMATAL MOVEMENT ro Laie a BD eevsed oncanvation QB icine pain |) re Aa hes ABSORPTION OF WATER AND ASCENT OF SAP oS ‘Mesophyil Air cavity Lower epidermis: Transpiration by leaves. ‘Conduction by xylem vessel Wate vapour through stomata Q\ serena Wat Soil particles pasdy hair i, Xylem cortex / Pertycle Vessel Endodermis Epiblema 79PHLOEM LOADING & FOOD TRANSPORT (Pressure Flow Hypothesis) XYLEM PHLOEM Companion SOURCE call {leaf cell) Companion cell Source cell H'ions pumped out Hons return ‘to companion cell wth sucrose Sucrose diffuses into sieve tube element Companion ‘SINK (root cell) ‘Phloem loading requires active transport “Proton pumping and co-transpor (symport) of sucrose and H’ enable the calls to accumulate sucrose High H” concentration Cotransporter Source cell ATP o oe a Low H' concentrationLATERAL TRANSPORT OF MINERALS AND WATER IN ROOTS (Apoplast and Symplast Pathways) Uptake of soil solution by the hydrophilic walls of root hairs provides Casparian strip accessto the apoplast. Patiay _endoteral Mineral and water that cross the plasma membranes of root hairs enter | along apolast the symplast. ‘As soll solution moves along the apopiast, some water and minerals are transported into the protoplast of cells of the epidermis and cortex and then move inward via the symplast. Pathway: Within the transverse and radial walls of each endodermal cell is the through Casparian strip, a belt of waxy material (purple band) that blocks the symplast passage of water and dissolved minerals. Only water and mineralsin the ssymplast, by crossing the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell, can passinto the vascular cylinder. Casparian strip eo, =" ay e eee 2. Symplastic route Root hair OK Vessels (Xylem) Enidomis cores ‘Ensegerme Vesela, finest NITROGEN CYCLEPHOTOSYSTEM II In each energy transfer some energy is lost as heat. But enough energy is passed to P680 to eject an electron to the tlectron transport system, LIGHT REACTION Lainie STROMA (Low concentration) Thylakbid membrane 82sore CALVIN CYCLE : DETAILED DIAGRAM exRtbulose Sphosphste(Se) gare 2evyjdose 2aRivose Spiephate Sphosshate buss 1.5 bisphosphate eS ee) (Rue) 2ucke zxSedoneptise 7-shosphete(7e) 60) 2 _2xSedoheptlosg1.7-bisohoepnate7o) i2aTP eer 200° 2xDiAP_DeErhrose phosphate Sphosphate 30) ) 1213 lephosorolycrat (2c) 2xFrcloe *5-isphosphal (6) nosphete-PGAL)(8) —_Gucone (ee “ 4 2xDHAP (80) 2=CAP (80) Poftigey "Braise + rotspronie Dror sone ey S85 83GLYCOLYSIS AND ITS REGULATION Glucose arp—> | gy ® oP. Hexokinase: Pi Glucose-6-P — soe g —+ are [rss ADP¢—— Fructose-t,6-bisP ——————1 Aldolase ‘Triose-P-isomerase alyceraldehyde-3-P 2NAD'——> | | GAP Dehydrogenase 2NADH 2H'¢— +—2H0 41,3-diphosphoglycerate 2appP——+ OAT. Phosphoglycerate kinase ‘S-phosphoglycerate { | Prosphapycerte mutase 2-phosphoglycerate }—— aT citrate 20+ { | Erase phosphoenolpyruvate CC) app Pyruvate kitase © 2atp —— pyruvate To theTCA CycleELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS) IN MITOCHONDRIA Cytosol Outer Membrane Intermembrane Space ,,- °¥t- (Fe) # cyt. Fe") Of NADH \ Nao FAD \. 120, HOOT 2H Matrix H Inner Membrane H HO ADP ATP AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF RESPIRATION ADP nucleic -1-f +) star! Ape cl pee tert Starch NAD lucose-6-phosphate «—+» cellulose NADP — <_ nucleo- ¢_ pentose ¢-—~ SHOR S-BIOSP FMN tides * phosphate alyceraldghyde-3- dinydroxy Con cee eHKININS indole acetic snytvose-t- <7 phosphate hosphate phospiioenol- “a pews Pyruvate glyeerols-phosphate + ctyptophan _ shikimic acid ee i = alkaloids phenylalanine phospholipi rue dlerine “~~ acetycoA HgninGetaigg “~~ oh, > taty dics + ‘oxaloagetéle titrate gibberellins carotenoids aspattate matte Krebs \.,, “maton evcle abscisic acid fumarate: Pete otutarat ASodlutaratew siutamate icone chlorophyll other amino phytochrome acids cytochrome + catalase protains 85ENZYME ACTION bee, pow wy’ UN. (- swemmenerg —««Exaymenberss —Enamra pon erode cg ae onion nok cbr sehen re ov Peroxide ov Water Oxygen COENZYME ACTION no SP Coenzyme — ‘Apoenzyme Cofactor Holoenzyme (Protein portion), inactive __{nonprotein portion), activator (whole enzyme), active ENZYME INHIBITION NORMAL BINDING OF SUBSTRATE; ACTION OF ENZYME INHIBITORS : Altered Substrate ! Competitive active site 5 inhibitor ee site : N = NS i” Enzyme t Noo: : compative| : init Allosteric site : Competitive inhibition Non competitive inhibition 86DISCOVERY OF AUXIN : PHOTOTROPIC RESPONSE OF GRASS SEEDLINGS Darwin (1880) —w $n A —~ |} intact apex apex. excised shielded Boysen-Jensen (1913) (oe mia barrier gelatin barrier inserted unilaterally inserted subapically DISCOVERY OF AUXIN : TROPIC RESPONSE OF GRASS SEEDLINGS Qa Paal (1919) tip replaced off-center = curvature in dark Went (1926) Q 8 a tip incubated on gelatin or agar block tip replaced by block but off-center, curvature in dark Curvature? 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0:25 0.30 IAA in gelatin or agar block (mg/L) 87PHOTOPERIODISM , # df ©) a od \\i/ \ / of | | Light Flash of Darkness Critical phot Nght opera N | Flash of light \\i/ (a) Short-day (long-night) plant. Flowers when duration of available light is shorter than a critical photoperiod. A fash of light interrupting the dark period prevents flowering Long-day (short-night) plant. Flowers only ifthe duration of available light is longer than a ertical photoperiod. brief fash Of light interrupts the dark period inducing flowering EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR A FLOWERING HORMONE + 24 hours > 4 24 hours > * 24 hours > Short-day plant ‘grown under short-day ‘conditions will lower _~ =| | Long-day plant grown under short-day conditions doesn't flower a Sho Long-day plant grafted to short-day plant induced to flower by transmission of florigen hormone across grafts