Mass Transfer

CHE304

Chapter 26
Convective Mass Transfer
Dr Mohammed Gamal Mohammed

1
Convection vs Diffusion

https://youtu.be/wUUsDxj8OU4

2
Heat Transfer vs Mass Transfer

Convective HT Convective MT
Convective HT

Convective MT

3
Types of Convection
Natural Convection Forced Convection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPhZzsAgc7Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E75vzYEfCnI

4
Convection in Industry
Gas-Liquid Contact Operations Liquid-Liquid Contact Operations
(Distillation, absorption, …) (Liquid-liquid extraction)

https://youtu.be/00sQks-5Rn8 https://youtu.be/yejOUXzDQKM 5
General Equation of Convection Mass Transfer
Convection mass transfer is a mode of mass transfer where the species is transferred from a point
to another due to the fluid motion.
The convection flux is directly proportional to the driving force:
𝑁𝐴 ∝ Δ𝑐𝐴
The proportionality constant is called the “Mass transfer coefficient” and is given the symbol 𝑘𝑐
Convection mass transfer flux is expressed as:
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 Δ𝑐𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴,∞
Mass transfer coefficient combines the effects of all the parameters affecting mass transfer:
• Fluid physical properties
• Flow geometry
• Flow properties
6
Convection Flux
Equation of mass transfer by convection can be written in terms of
different units of concentration, for example:

Units of mass transfer coefficient

Concentration representation Flux equation
(in gmol, cm2, atm and sec)

Liquid molar concentration 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 Δ𝑐𝐴 𝑐𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐

Gas partial pressure 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝐺 Δ𝑝𝐴 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Liquid mole fraction 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑥 Δ𝑥𝐴 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Gas mole fraction 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 Δ𝑦𝐴 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

7
Convection vs Molecular Diffusion

• Factors affecting convection are more than the factors affecting

molecular diffusion (primarily fluid dynamics and system geometry),
this gives us more control on mass transfer in case of convection.

• Convection mass transfer can take place between two phases (gas-
liquid, liquid-liquid) through a boundary. This leads to a very
important consequence.

8
Convective Heat Transfer Between Phases
In case of heat transfer between phases, liquid and gas as in this
case we can express the heat transfer flux as follows:
𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = ℎ𝑔 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

Interface temperature is hard to measure, so we can express the flux

in terms of bulk concentrations:
𝑞 = 𝑈 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
Where
1 1 1
= +
𝑈 ℎ𝐿 ℎ𝑔

Equilibrium is achieved when 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0

9
 Convective Mass Transfer Between Phases
Consider an absorption process where species A transfers by convection
from gas phase to liquid phase.
we can express the diffusion mass transfer as follows:
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑝 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐴𝑖 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴𝑖 − 𝑐𝐴
However, interfacial concentrations are not possible to measure in most
cases, so bulk concentrations must be used.
In this case it is not possible to repeat what we did in heat transfer since
the unit of concentration in gas phase is not the same unit in liquid phase.
We cannot express the driving force as 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑐𝐴
We CANNOT say that 𝑝𝐴𝑖 = 𝑐𝐴𝑖 although they are on opposite sides of the
same boundary
One more information is needed, it is called “Equilibrium Relation”
10
Equilibrium Relation
• It is a relation that represents the equilibrium Examples of equilibrium relations:
compositions of the same species in two • In distillation:
contacting phases 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑥𝐴
• This relation can be produced experimentally 𝑦𝐴 is mole fraction in gas phase, 𝑥𝐴 is mole fraction
or theoretically from thermodynamic in liquid phase, 𝑘𝐴 is the equilibrium constant.
equilibrium calculations. • In adsorption:
• This relation is extremely important in all 𝐾𝑞𝑚 𝑝𝐴
𝑞𝐴 =
mass transfer operations as it indicates the 1 + 𝐾𝑝𝐴
actual driving force and consequently the 𝑞𝐴 is the solute loading on the adsorbent, 𝑝𝐴 is the
partial pressure of adsorbent in gas phase, 𝑞𝑚 and
number of contacting stages needed.
𝐾 are constants.

11
Review on Relevant Parameters
Symbol Name Dimensions
𝐿 Characteristic length 𝐿
𝑣 Velocity 𝐿𝑡 −1
𝜌 Density 𝑀𝐿−3
𝜇 Viscosity 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1
𝐶𝑝 Heat capacity 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 𝑡 −2
𝑘 Thermal conductivity 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1 𝑡 −3
𝑘𝑐 Mass transfer coefficient 𝐿𝑡 −1
ℎ Heat transfer coefficient 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 Diffusion coefficient 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
12
Diffusivity in FM, HT and MT
Symbol and Formula Name Dimensions

𝜇
𝜈= Momentum diffusivity 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
𝜌

𝑘
𝛼= Thermal diffusivity 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
𝜌𝐶𝑃

𝐷𝐴𝐵 Mass diffusivity 𝐿2 𝑡 −1

13
Review on Dimensionless Groups
Dimensionless group Formula Physical meaning

𝜌𝑣𝐿 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑅𝑒
𝜇 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝑟
𝑘 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑡𝑦

ℎ𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇.
𝑁𝑢
𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇.

𝑘𝑐 𝐿 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐵𝑖
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
14
Evaluating Mass Transfer Coefficient

Dimensional analysis coupled with experiment

Exact laminar boundary-layer analysis

Approximate boundary-layer analysis

Analogy between momentum, energy, and mass transfer

15
Evaluating Mass Transfer Coefficient

Dimensional analysis coupled with experiment

Exact laminar boundary-layer analysis

Approximate boundary-layer analysis

Analogy between momentum, energy, and mass transfer

16
Studying Factors Affecting M.T. Coefficient
In case of forced convection
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑓 𝐿, 𝑣, 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝐷𝐴𝐵
To be able to experimentally study the effect of each parameter on 𝑘𝑐 , we have to
do the following:
1. All other parameters must be kept constant.
2. Vary the parameter (10 times for example)
3. Deduce the effect of the parameter on 𝑘𝑐
This procedure is to be repeated with all the parameters.

Sounds like a good approach, but …

17
Some Valid Questions (1)
• How can we decide the constant values of the rest of the parameters? Will the effect of the parameter
on 𝑘𝑐 change if we use other constant values for the other parameters?
This must be tested!
For example:
- Keep 𝑣, 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 constant, change 𝐿 10 times and measure 𝑘𝑐
- Use other values of 𝑣, 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 , change 𝐿 10 times and measure 𝑘𝑐
- Repeat the last step10 times. This is 100 experiments!
- Repeat the same procedure for the rest of the parameters. This is 500 experiments!

Imagine following the same procedure done for a system with 7 or 8 or more number of parameters, the
number of experiment needed will be even more.
Imagine doing more than 10 experiments for each parameter, for example 20 or 30.

18
Some Valid Questions (2)
• Can we change each parameter independently? For example, can I change the viscosity without
affecting the density and diffusivity?

• Let’s say we could do all the experiments and get the relation between 𝑘𝑐 and each of the parameters
independently. How can we get the combined effect of all of the parameters on 𝑘𝑐 to get a relation
that is valid of any similar system?

The answers to the questions show the drawbacks to this approach.

The idea of using “combined dimensionless parameters” like Re, Nu and Pr numbers solved these issues.

How can we set the dimensionless parameters?

19
Buckingham Pi Theorem
The theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number 𝑚 of
physical variables, then the original equation can be rewritten in terms of a set of 𝑝 = 𝑚 − 𝑛
dimensionless parameters 𝜋1 , 𝜋2 , ..., 𝜋𝑝 constructed from the original variables.

𝑛 is the number of physical dimensions involved (L, M, T, t)

The theorem provides a method for computing sets of dimensionless parameters from the given
variables even if the form of the equation is still unknown.

20
Buckingham 𝜋 Groups
To get the 𝜋 groups, follow the following steps:
1. Write down the dimensions for all variables.
2. Select n of the variables - say A, B, C. These are called the ”repeating variables”, and will appear in all the
𝜋 group. Note that there are certain restrictions on the choice of repeating variables:
• None of the repeating variables can be dimensionless
• No two repeating variables can have the same overall dimension. For instance, mass transfer coefficient
and velocity.
3. For each 𝜋 group, select one other variable. Some combination of A, B, C, D is dimensionless, and forms
the first 𝜋 or dimensionless group. We can find the combination by dimensional analysis, by writing the
group in the form
𝜋 = 𝐴𝑎 𝐵𝑏 𝐶 𝑐 𝐷
4. The powers can be obtained by combining the dimensions of all the groups and equating them to zero.

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 Buckingham 𝜋 Groups for 𝑘𝑐
Symbol Name Dimensions
• 𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 6
𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 3 𝐿 Characteristic length 𝐿
• So, number of dimensionless groups = 6 − 3 = 3 𝑣 Velocity 𝐿𝑡 −1
• For repeating variables, pick 𝐿, 𝜇 and 𝑣 𝜌 Density 𝑀𝐿−3
𝜋1 = 𝐿𝑎 𝜇𝑏 𝑣 𝑐 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜇 Viscosity 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1
𝑘𝑐 Mass transfer coefficient 𝐿𝑡 −1
𝜋2 = 𝐿𝑑 𝜇𝑒 𝑣 𝑓 𝜌
𝐷𝐴𝐵 Diffusion coefficient 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
𝜋3 = 𝐿𝑔 𝜇ℎ 𝑣 𝑖 𝑘𝑐
𝑏=0
For 𝜋1 → 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 = 𝐿 𝑎
𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 𝑏 𝐿𝑡 −1 𝑐 𝐿2 𝑡 −1 𝑐 = −1
𝑎 = −1
For M dimension: 𝑏 = 0
For L dimension: 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2 = 0 𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝝅𝟏 = 𝑳𝒂 𝝁𝒃 𝒗𝒄 𝑫𝑨𝑩 =
𝑳𝒗
For t dimension: −𝑏 − 𝑐 − 1 = 0
22
Buckingham 𝜋 Groups for 𝑘𝑐
𝜋3 = 𝐿𝑔 𝜇ℎ 𝑣 𝑖 𝑘𝑐
𝜋2 = 𝐿𝑑 𝜇𝑒 𝑣 𝑓 𝜌
0 0 0 𝑑 −1 −1 𝑒 −1 𝑓 −3 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 = 𝐿 𝑔
𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 ℎ
𝐿𝑡 −1 𝑖
𝐿𝑡 −1
𝑀 𝐿 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑀𝐿 𝑡 𝐿𝑡 𝑀𝐿
For M dimension: ℎ = 0
For M dimension: 𝑒 = −1
For L dimension: 𝑔 − ℎ + 𝑖 + 1 = 0
For L dimension: 𝑑 − 𝑒 + 𝑓 − 3 = 0
For t dimension: −ℎ − 𝑖 − 1 = 0
For t dimension: −𝑒 − 𝑓 = 0
𝑔=0 ℎ=0 𝑖 = −1
𝑒 = −1 𝑓=1 𝑑=1

𝒌𝒄
𝝆𝒗𝑳 𝝅𝟑 = 𝑳𝒈 𝝁𝒉 𝒗𝒊 𝒌𝒄 =
𝝅𝟐 = 𝑳𝒅 𝝁𝒆 𝒗𝒇 𝝆 = = 𝑹𝒆 𝒗
𝝁

23
 Dimensionless Groups
The dimensionless groups must have a physical meaning, so we can combine two
𝝅 Groups
groups to produce a dimensionless group with a physical meaning.
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜋3 𝑘𝑐 Τ𝑣 𝒌𝒄 𝑳
𝜋1 = = = = 𝑺𝒉
𝐿𝑣 𝜋1 𝐷𝐴𝐵 Τ𝐿𝑣 𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝜌𝑣𝐿 𝑆ℎ is Sherwood number, it represents the ratio of convection mass transfer to
𝜋2 = = 𝑅𝑒
𝜇 molecular diffusion.
𝑘𝑐 1 1 𝝁Τ𝝆 𝝂
𝜋3 = = = = = 𝑺𝒄
𝑣 𝜋1 𝜋2 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝑣𝐿 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑫𝑨𝑩
×
𝐿𝑣 𝜇
𝑺𝒄 is Schmidt number, it represents the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass
diffusivity. Used for fluid flows where momentum and mass convection take place
simultaneously.
24
Dimensionless Groups in H.T. and M.T.
Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
Dimensionless Physical Dimensionless Physical
Group Meaning Group Meaning

𝜌𝑣𝐿 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜌𝑣𝐿 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜇 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝜇 Τ𝜌 𝜈 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜇 Τ𝜌 𝜈 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑃𝑟 = = = 𝑆𝑐 = =
𝑘 𝑘 Τ𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝛼 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

ℎ𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝑘𝑐 𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑀. 𝑇.

𝑁𝑢 = 𝑆ℎ =
𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑵𝒖 = 𝒇 𝑹𝒆, 𝑷𝒓 𝑺𝒉 = 𝒇 𝑹𝒆, 𝑺𝒄

25
Dimensional Analysis for Natural Convection
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑓 𝐿, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 , Δ𝜌𝑔, 𝜇, 𝜌 Symbol Name Dimensions
• 𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 6 𝐿 Characteristic length 𝐿
𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 3
• So, number of dimensionless groups = 6 − 3 = 3
Δ𝜌𝑔 Buoyant force 𝑀𝐿−2 𝑡 −2
• For repeating variables, pick 𝐿, 𝜇 and 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌 Density 𝑀𝐿−3
𝑐
𝜋1 = 𝐿𝑎 𝜇𝑏 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌 𝜇 Viscosity 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑘𝑐 Mass transfer coefficient 𝐿𝑡 −1
𝜋2 = 𝐿 𝜇 𝐷𝐴𝐵 Δ𝜌𝑔
𝐷𝐴𝐵 Diffusion coefficient 𝐿2 𝑡 −1
𝑖
𝜋3 = 𝐿𝑔 𝜇ℎ 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝑐

For 𝜋1 → 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 = 𝐿 𝑎
𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 𝑏
𝐿2 𝑡 −1 𝑐
𝑀𝐿−3 𝑏 = −1
For M dimension: 𝑏 + 1 = 0 𝑐=1
For L dimension: 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2𝑐 − 3 = 0
𝑎=0
𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟏
𝝅𝟏 = 𝑳𝒂 𝝁𝒃 𝑫𝒄𝑨𝑩 𝝆 = =
For t dimension: −𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0 𝝁 𝑺𝒄

26
Buckingham 𝜋 Groups for 𝑘𝑐
𝑖
𝑓
𝜋2 = 𝐿𝑑 𝜇𝑒 𝐷𝐴𝐵 Δ𝜌𝑔 𝜋3 = 𝐿𝑔 𝜇ℎ 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝑐

𝑀 0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 = 𝐿 𝑑
𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 𝑒
𝐿2 𝑡 −1 𝑓
𝑀𝐿−2 𝑡 −2 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑡 0 = 𝐿 𝑔 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 ℎ 𝐿2 𝑡 −1 𝑖 𝐿𝑡 −1

For M dimension: 𝑒 + 1 = 0 For M dimension: ℎ = 0

For L dimension: 𝑑 − 𝑒 + 2𝑓 − 2 = 0 For L dimension: 𝑔 − ℎ + 2𝑖 + 1 = 0

For t dimension: −𝑒 − 𝑓 − 2 = 0 For t dimension: −ℎ − 𝑖 − 1 = 0

𝑒 = −1 𝑓 = −1 𝑑=2 𝑔=1 ℎ=0 𝑖 = −1

𝑳𝟑 𝚫𝝆𝒈 𝒌𝒄 𝑳
𝝅𝟐 =
𝒇
𝑳𝒅 𝝁𝒆 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝚫𝝆𝒈 = 𝝅𝟑 = 𝑳𝒈 𝝁𝒉 𝑫𝒊𝑨𝑩 𝒌𝒄 = = 𝑺𝒉
𝝁𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑫𝑨𝑩

27
 Dimensionless Groups
The dimensionless groups must have a physical meaning, so we can combine two
𝝅 Groups groups to produce a dimensionless group with a physical meaning.
𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 1 𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐿3 Δ𝜌𝑔 𝑳𝟑 𝝆𝜟𝝆𝒈
𝜋1 = = 𝜋1 𝜋2 = = = 𝑮𝒓
𝜇 𝑆𝑐 𝜇 𝜇𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝝁𝟐

𝐿3 Δ𝜌𝑔 𝐺𝑟 is Grashof number, it represents the ratio of the buoyancy forces to viscous
𝜋2 = forces acting on the fluid. It is analogous to Reynolds number in forced convection.
𝜇𝐷𝐴𝐵
1 𝝁
𝑘𝑐 𝐿 = = 𝑺𝒄
𝜋3 = = 𝑆ℎ 𝜋1 𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝐷𝐴𝐵
In summary
𝑺𝒉 = 𝒇 𝑮𝒓, 𝑺𝒄
This is similar to natural convection heat transfer where 𝑵𝒖 = 𝒇 𝑮𝒓, 𝑷𝒓

28
Relation Between Dimensionless Numbers
Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
• The relation between Nu, Re and Pr always • The relation between Sh, Re and Sc always
takes the form: takes the form:
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑏 𝑃𝑟 𝑐 𝑆ℎ = 𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑏 𝑆𝑐 𝑐

The values of a, b and c in both cases mainly depend on

- System geometry (flat plate, flow around cylinder, inside tube, … etc.)
- Degree of turbulence (value of Re number)

29
Evaluating Mass Transfer Coefficient

Dimensional analysis coupled with experiment

Exact laminar boundary-layer analysis

Approximate boundary-layer analysis

Analogy between momentum, energy, and mass transfer

30
From Minimum to Maximum

31
Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Theory
• Mass transfer between two phases means that an
interface (or a boundary) is present between the two
phases.
𝒗 = 𝒗∞
• Velocity at the surface of the boundary is always zero,
this is called “no slip boundary condition”
• Velocity at the bulk of the fluid is 𝑣∞ 𝒗=𝟎
• Velocity transition between zero at the surface and 𝑣∞
at the bulk of the fluid is gradual, creating a velocity
profile.
• As the turbulence in the fluid flow increases, the
transition takes place in shorter distance.
• The distance from the boundary at which
𝑣 = 99% × 𝑣∞ is achieved is called “Hydrodynamic
Boundary Layer”
32
Developing Boundary Layer
the thickness of the boundary layer increases with distance x
from the leading edge. 𝒗∞

At relatively small values of x, flow within the boundary layer

is laminar, and this is designated as the laminar boundary-
layer region.
Therefore, the boundary conditions of a boundary layer are:

At 𝑥 = 0 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0

At 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣∞

33
Thermal & Concentration Boundary Layer
Same boundary layer concept applies to concentration and temperature.
A transition from the surface concentration/temperature to bulk concentration/temperature is
gradual.
The thickness of the fluid layer where 𝑇 𝑦 = 99% × 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 is called the “Thermal boundary
layer”
The thickness of the fluid layer where 𝑐 𝑦 = 99% × 𝑐∞ − 𝑐𝑠 is called the “Concentration
boundary layer”
The thicknesses of the three layers are not necessarily equal.

34
Boundary Layer Equation
The boundary-layer equations considered in the steady-state momentum transfer included the two-
dimensional, incompressible continuity equation for flow over a flat plate is given by
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
The equation of motion in the x direction for constant 𝜈 and pressure is given by
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 =𝜈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
For the thermal boundary layer, the equation describing the energy transfer in a steady,
incompressible, two-dimensional, isobaric flow with constant thermal diffusivity is
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 =𝛼 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

37
Concentration Boundary Layer Equation
Concentration boundary layer if no production of the
diffusing component occurs equation, written for steady, 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴
−𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝑦 =0
incompressible two-dimensional flow with constant 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
mass diffusivity, is:
𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴 𝜕2 𝑐𝐴
𝜕𝑁𝐴,𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝐴,𝑦 Usually 𝜕𝑥 2
is much smaller than 𝜕𝑦 2
, therefore:
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴
𝑁𝐴,𝑥 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝑐𝐴 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑁𝐴,𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑣𝑥
= −𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑐𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁𝐴,𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑣𝑦
= −𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑐𝐴
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Recalling that at steady state

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑦 and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
38
 Boundary Layer Equation in FM, HT and MT
Fluid Mechanics Heat Transfer Mass Transfer

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕 2 𝑐𝐴

𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 =𝜈 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 =𝛼 2 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

Boundary Conditions: Boundary Conditions: Boundary Conditions:

At 𝑦 = 0 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0 At 𝑦 = 0 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 At 𝑦 = 0 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴𝑠

At 𝑦 = ∞ 𝑇 = 𝑇∞ At 𝑦 = ∞ 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴∞
At 𝑦 = ∞ 𝑣𝑋 = 𝑣∞

39
 Blasius Solution
• Blasius solution is an analytical solution to the boundary layer equation with its boundary conditions.
• This solution can be applied to hydrodynamic, temperature, and concentration boundary layers.
• The solution of the concentration boundary layer equation is:
0.332 𝑅𝑒 1Τ2
𝑁𝐴,𝑦 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴,∞ = 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴,∞
𝑥
𝐷𝐴𝐵 Τ
𝑘𝑐,𝑥 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥1 2
𝑥
𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 Τ
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥1 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑘𝑐,𝑥 is the local mass transfer coefficient (function of position 𝑥).
• Blasius solution is valid for temperature boundary layer for 𝑃𝑟 = 1 and for concentration boundary layer for 𝑆𝑐 = 1
𝜈
𝑆𝑐 = = 1 → 𝜈 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 → 𝛿 = 𝛿𝑐
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝛿 is the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer, 𝛿𝑐 is the thickness of the concentration boundary layer
40
Modification to Blasius Solution
When 𝑆𝑐 ≠ 1, the concentration and hydrodynamic boundary layers are related by:
1Τ3
𝛿 𝜈
= 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 =
𝛿𝑐 𝐷𝐴𝐵
From the hydrodynamic boundary layer solution, we know that:
5𝑥
𝛿=
𝑅𝑒𝑥
So,
𝛿 5𝑥
𝛿𝑐 = =
𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑅𝑒𝑥

Considering this relation in the Blasius solution, the result is:

𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 1Τ2
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3
𝐷𝐴𝐵
This is a good result, however we prefer to use the average mass transfer coefficient
rather than the local mass transfer coefficient.

41
Average Mass Transfer Coefficient
Average mass transfer coefficient can be calculated as follows:
𝐿 𝐿 𝐷𝐴𝐵 1Τ2
‫׬‬0 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬0 × 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑐 = = 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣 𝑥 1Τ2
‫׬‬0 × 0.332 ∞ 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑑𝑥 𝑣∞ 1Τ2
𝐿
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−1Τ2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝜈 1Τ3 0
𝑘𝑐 = 𝐿 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 × 0.332 𝑆𝑐 𝐿
‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 𝜈 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝑣∞ 1Τ2 2𝑥 1Τ2 0 𝑣∞ 1Τ2 2𝐿1Τ2
1Τ3 1Τ3
𝑘𝑐 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 × 0.332 𝑆𝑐 𝐿 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 × 0.332 𝑆𝑐
𝜈 𝑥 0 𝜈 𝐿
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣∞ 𝐿 1Τ2 1Τ3
𝑘𝑐,𝑎𝑣 = × 0.664 𝑆𝑐
𝐿 𝜈
𝒌𝒄 𝑳 𝟏Τ𝟐
𝑺𝒉𝑳 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝑹𝒆𝑳 𝑺𝒄𝟏Τ𝟑
𝑫𝑨𝑩
This dimensionless mass-transfer relationship for the average Sherwood number 𝑆ℎ𝐿 for a flat plate of length L is valid for
𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 2 × 105
42
 Example
A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is used to deposit pure silicon thin films on wafers for electronic device applications.

One way to deposit pure silicon onto a surface is by the heterogeneous surface reaction:
𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 𝑔 + 𝐻2 𝑔 → 𝑆𝑖 𝑠 + 3 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑔

In the present process, 1.0 mole% trichlorosilane (𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 ) vapor (species A) diluted in H2 gas
(species B) is fed to the CVD reactor shown in figure to establish a bulk velocity of 200 cm/s.
The trichlorosilane is reduced by the H2 gas to elemental silicon solid (Si), which is deposited
as a thin film on a 15-cm by 15-cm wafer. Although the reaction produces HCl gas, it is
significantly diluted by the H2 gas, and so the H2 gas can also be considered as the carrier
gas. The flow over the silicon wafer is approximated as flow over a flat plate. The reaction
process is maintained at 1.0 atm and 1200K.

At such conditions, the diffusivity of 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 in 𝐻2 is 4.2 cm2/sec. Molecular weight of Si is

28 and the density of solid Si is 2.33 gm/cm3.

At 1200K, the surface reaction constant for the first-order decomposition reaction with respect to 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 vapor concentration is 𝑘𝑠 = 0.83 𝑐𝑚
0
/𝑠, with the surface reaction rate law defined as 𝑅𝐴,𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠 .

Based on the above information, determine the average rate of solid silicon deposition onto the wafer surface and the rate of Si thickness
increase.
43
 Solution Plan
Givens
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇 = 1200 𝐾
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑣∞ = 200 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
0
𝑅𝐴,𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠 × 𝑆
𝑘𝑠 = 0.83 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑦𝐴,∞ = 0.01
𝐿 = 15 𝑐𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑁𝐴 × 𝑆 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴∞ − 𝑐𝐴𝑠 × 𝑆
𝑆 = 15 × 15 = 225 𝑐𝑚2
1 Τ2 1 Τ3
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4.2 𝑐𝑚2 Τ𝑠 𝑣∞ 𝐿 𝜈
𝑆ℎ = 0.664 × 𝑅𝑒 1Τ2 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 = 0.664 ×
𝑀𝑆𝑖 = 28 𝜈 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝜌𝑆𝑖 = 2.33 𝑔𝑚Τ𝑐𝑚3

Let 𝐴: 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 , 𝐵: 𝐻2

Rate of solid Si deposition=?

44
Physical Properties of Gas Phase
Physical properties of hydrogen gas under atmospheric pressure (Appendix I)

45
 Example
𝜈 = 1109.8 × 10−6 𝑚2 Τ𝑠 = 1109.8 × 10−2 𝑐𝑚2 Τ𝑠 = 11.098 𝑐𝑚2 Τ𝑠
Givens
1Τ2 1Τ3
𝑇 = 1200 𝐾 1Τ2 1Τ3
200 × 15 11.098
𝑆ℎ = 0.664 × 𝑅𝑒 𝑆𝑐 = 0.664 × = 15.09
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 11.098 4.2

𝑣∞ = 200 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝑘𝑐 𝐿 𝑘𝑐 × 15
𝑆ℎ = = = 15.9
0
𝑅𝐴,𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠 𝐷𝐴𝐵 4.2

𝑘𝑠 = 0.83 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗 × 𝟒. 𝟐

𝒌𝒄 = = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝟏𝟓
𝑦𝐴,∞ = 0.01
𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴∞ − 𝑐𝐴𝑠 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠
𝐿 = 15 𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝑐
𝑆 = 15 × 15 = 225 𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝐴𝑠 = 𝑐
𝑘𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐 𝐴∞
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4.2 𝑐𝑚2 Τ𝑠
𝑝𝐴∞ 𝑦𝐴∞ 𝑃 0.01 × 1
𝑀𝑆𝑖 = 28 𝑐𝐴∞ = = = = 1.016 × 10−7 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑐𝑚3
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇 82 × 1200
𝜌𝑆𝑖 = 2.33 𝑔𝑚Τ𝑐𝑚3 4.23
𝑐𝐴𝑠 = × 1.016 × 10−7 = 8.5 × 10−8 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑐𝑚3
0.83 + 4.23
Let 𝐴: 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 , 𝐵: 𝐻2
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴∞ − 𝑐𝐴𝑠 = 4.23 × 1.016 × 10−7 − 8.5 × 10−8 = 7.05 × 10−8 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙Τ𝑐𝑚2 . 𝑠

Rate of solid Si deposition=? 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀. 𝑇. = 𝑁𝐴 × 𝑆 = 7.05 × 10−8 × 225 = 1.59 × 10−5 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙Τ𝑠

46
 Example
Givens
𝑁𝐴 = 1.59 × 10−5 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙Τ𝑠 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇 = 1200 𝐾
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑀. 𝑊𝑡.𝑆𝑖 ×
𝑣∞ = 200 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝑠 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝜌𝑆𝑖 𝑔𝑚
0
𝑅𝐴,𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝐴𝑠
𝑐𝑚 −8
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑘𝑠 = 0.83 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 7.05 × 10 × 28 ×
𝑠 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 2.33 𝑔𝑚
𝑦𝐴,∞ = 0.01
𝒄𝒎 𝒔 𝝁 𝝁
𝐿 = 15 𝑐𝑚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓
𝒔 𝒉𝒓 𝒄𝒎 𝒉𝒓
𝑆 = 15 × 15 = 225 𝑐𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4.2 𝑐𝑚2 Τ𝑠
𝑀𝑆𝑖 = 28
𝜌𝑆𝑖 = 2.33 𝑔𝑚Τ𝑐𝑚3

Let 𝐴: 𝑆𝑖𝐻𝐶𝑙3 , 𝐵: 𝐻2

Rate of solid Si deposition=?

47
Calculations Based on Local M.T. Coefficient
The rate of mass transfer varies from a point to another
since the value of 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 changes along the length of the plate.
𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 1Τ2
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3
𝐷𝐴𝐵
1Τ2 1Τ3
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣∞ 𝑥 𝜈
𝑘𝑐,𝑥 = × 0.332
𝑥 𝜈 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝛿 5𝑥
𝛿𝑐 = =
𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑅𝑒𝑥

5𝑥
𝛿=
𝑅𝑒𝑥

48
Evaluating Mass Transfer Coefficient

Dimensional analysis coupled with experiment

Exact laminar boundary-layer analysis

Approximate boundary-layer analysis

Analogy between momentum, energy, and mass transfer

49
Approximate boundary-layer analysis
An alternative to the previous analysis when the flow is not laminar, or the
configuration is not a flat plate
Approximate analysis of the concentration boundary layer is an alternative
approach for developing a fundamental basis for convective mass transport.
The approximate method developed by von Kármán is based on mass
balance on a differential volume of the boundary layer.
The results of the analysis are:

Degree of turbulence Local M.T. Coefficient equation Average M.T. Coefficient equation

𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 1/2 1/2

= 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 0.323 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1/3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐 1/3
𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 2.0 × 105 𝐷𝐴𝐵

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 Τ2

𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝑡1 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 + 0.0365 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑅𝑒𝐿 4Τ5
− 𝑅𝑒𝑡 4Τ5
2.0 × 105 < 𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 3.0 × 106

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 4/5 Τ5

𝑅𝑒𝑥 > 3.0 × 106
= 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 0.0289 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1/3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.0365 𝑅𝑒𝐿4 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3
𝐷𝐴𝐵
50
Sherwood Number vs Re

51
Summary of the Chapter
• Convective M.T. equation • Prediction of M.T. coefficient
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴,∞ • Dimensional Analysis (forced convection)
• Dimensionless parameters 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑏 𝑆𝑐 𝑐
𝑘𝑐 𝐿 𝜌𝑣∞ 𝐿 𝑣∞ 𝐿 • Dimensional Analysis (Natural convection)
𝑁𝑢 = , 𝑅𝑒 = =
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜇 𝜈 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎 𝐺𝑟 𝑏 𝑆𝑐 𝑐
𝜈 𝐿3 𝜌𝛥𝜌𝑔
𝑆𝑐 = , 𝐺𝑟 =
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜇2

Method Flow Regime Local M.T. coefficient equation Average M.T. coefficient equation

Exact laminar boundary 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 1Τ2 𝑘𝑐 𝐿 1Τ2

Laminar 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐 1Τ3
layer analysis 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐴𝐵
Laminar 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 1/2 1/2
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.323 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐1/3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐1/3
Approximate boundary 𝑅𝑒 < 2 × 105 𝐷𝐴𝐵
layer Analysis Turbulent 𝑘𝑐,𝑥 𝑥 4/5 4/5
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 0.0289 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐1/3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.0365 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐1/3
𝑅𝑒 > 3 × 106 𝐷𝐴𝐵
52
End of Chapter 26

53