Fluids Mechanics 02

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO.

SPECIALIZATION Mechanical Engineering COURSE TITLE Course Audit 2 – Review of
Fundamentals Mechanical Engineering
Subjects
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME 3 WK NO. 3 IM NO. 3
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Fluid Mechanics
II. LESSON OVERVIEW: Summarizes Fluid Mechanics concepts and formulas.
III. LESSON CONTENT:
FLUIDS MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is a branch of physical sciences which deals with the mechanics of liquids and
gases and is based on the same fundamental principles that are employed in the mechanics of
solids.
Branches of fluid mechanics:
1. Fluid statics – is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest.

2. Fluid kinematics – deals with the velocities and streamlines without considering the
forces or energy.
3. Hydrodynamics - is concerned with the relations between velocities and accelerations
and the forces exerted upon fluid in motion.
Fluids – are substances capable of flowing. They possess particles which easily move and
change their relative position without separation of mass, and they offer particularly no
resistance to change in form.
- Ideal or perfect fluid is one in which there is no friction nor viscosity.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUIDS:
1. GASES – are fluids which have little resistance to change either in form or volume and
occupies all the space in which it is contained.
2. LIQUIDS – are fluids which offer great resistance to change in volume and occupies a
definite portion in which it is contained.
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
1. Specific weight – is the weight per unit volume of a substance.

W
γ=
V
Where: γ=specific weight ;W =weight ;V =Volume
2. Mass – is the quantitative measure of the amount of matter in given body.
W
m=
g
Where: m = mass; W = weight; g = acceleration die to gravity, 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2
ft/s2
3. Density – is the mass per unit volume of a substance.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 1 of 17

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair use of copyrighted work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
m
ρ=
V
Where: ρ=density ;m=mass ;V =Volume
4. Specific gravity (Relative Density) - Specific Gravity is also known as relative density. It
is the ratio of the density of a certain gas to the density air at the same temperature.
ρ gas γ gas M W gas Rair
S .G .= = = =
ρ air γ air M W air Rgas
Where: ρ air = 1.2 kg/m3 = 0.075 lb/ft3
Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg-K = 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R
5. Bulk modulus of elasticity – it expresses the compressibility of fluid. It is the ratio of the
change in unit pressure to corresponding volume change per unit of volume.
∆P
E=
−∆ V
V
Note: the modulus of elasticity or compressibility is temperature dependent.
Where: ∆ P=change∈ pressure ,V =original volume
6. Viscosity (dynamic viscosity) is the property of fluid which determines the amount of its
σs
μd =
resistance to shear force. A perfect fluid has no viscosity and incompressible. dV
dy
dV
Where:σ s=shearing stress ; =velocity gradient ; y−distance between plates
dy
7. Kinematic viscosity – is the ratio of dynamic viscosity with density.
μd
μk =
ρ
For dynamic viscosity:
1 Poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2 = 0.10 Pa-s
For Kinematic viscosity:
1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s
8. Surface tension – is the property which exists due to the cohesion between the
molecules at the surface of the liquid.
Capillary action is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin bore tube. It is the rise
and fall of liquid in a capillary tube. Capillarity is caused by surface tension between liquid and a
vertical solid.
PR PR
σ= → SOAP BUBBLE ; σ = → LIQUID BUBBLE
4 2
Where: σ = surface tension
F = force ; L = Length
R = radius of the bubblr or drop
P = Pressure gage inside the bubble.
Note: surface tension of water @ 0℃ = 0.076 N/m
@ 100℃ = 0.059 N/m
In water adhesive forces between liquid molecules and surface are greater than the cohesive
forces between molecules themselves. That is the reason why the water will attach itself to
climb a solid vertical surface.
Adhesion is the attractive force between molecules of different substances.

Cohesion is the attractive force between molecules of the same substance.
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
Meniscus is the curve surface of liquid in a capillary tube.
4 σcosθ
h=
γd
where: h = capillary rise or depression
Note: Capillary is important when using tubes smaller than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in diameter.
FLUID STATICS
 Fluid Pressure (P) – the average pressure intensity is defined as the force exerted on a
unit area.
F
P=
A
 Pascal’s Law – at any point in a fluid at rest the pressure is the same in all directions.
Px = Py = Pz
 Variation in Pressure – the pressure at any point below the free surface of a liquid is
equal to the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the depth of the point in question.
dP = γ dh
where: dP = differential pressure
γ = specific weight
dh = differential elevation
 Basic equation of fluid statics applied to liquids.
P2 = P1 + γ h
 Atmospheric or Barometric pressure

The atmospheric or Barometric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on
every surface with which it comes in contact and is measured by a barometer.
Patm = 101.325 kPa
= 14.7 Psi
= 1.032 kg/cm2
= 1.0 atm
= 1.013 bar
= 760 mmhg

IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
= 1.032 kg/cm 2
 Absolute pressure – is the pressure measured above absolute zero.

 Gage pressure – pressure measured by means of gages above or below the
atmospheric level.
Note: P gage at sea level is zero
 Pressure in Manometer
A. Simple U-Tube Manometer
Using the principle of the pressure at the horizontal level
in continuous fluid is the same (Pascal’s Law), the
pressure at left and at the right limbs of the manometer
at the datum level X-Y can be calculated as follows:
P❑ A + γ 1 h1=Patm +γ 2 h 2
Or: It can also be calculated using summation of
pressures.
∑ P1 =0
P❑ A + γ 1 h1−Patm−γ 2 h2=0
Note: In the summation of pressure in fluids inside
manometer; pressure decreases (negative) in going upwards and increases positive
when going downwards.
B. Differential Manometer
 Buoyancy (Archimedes Principle)

A body submerged in a fluid is subjected by an unbalanced force called buoyant force
equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
Where: Fb = buoyant Force

IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
W = weight of the body = Wd = weight of the displaced fluid
Vd = Volume displaced of the fluid, or the volume of the body submerged.
 HOMOGENOUOS SOLID BODIES FLOATING IN HOMOGENOUOS FLUID AT REST:
Where: Vs = submerged volume

As = submerged area
Hs = submerged height
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACE
Ig 2 Io h
F=γ h A e= I O=I g + A ( y ) Y p= y=
Ay Ay sinθ
 FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

A. CONTINUITY EQUATION
For incompressible fluids, the volume flow rate at steady state is constant in any
section of the pipe, while for compressible fluids the mass flow rate is constant.
Q1 A 1=Q 2 A 2 → For incompressible fluid

' '
m =m2 ; ρ1 A1 V 1=ρ 2 A 2 V 2 → for compressible fluid
1
Where: Q = Volume flow rate
A = cross sectional area
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
V = mean velocity
B. ENERGY EQUATION (Bernoulli’s Equation)

The energy of flowing fluid per unit time passing any upstream section is the same
as the energy per unit time passing any downstream section plus the loss of the
head between two sections.
Bernoulli’s Equation
2 2
V 1 P1 V 2 P2
+ +Z 1= + + Z 2+ H L( 1→ 2)
2g γ 2g γ
2
V1
Where: = velocity (dynamic) head
2g
P1
= pressure (static) head
γ
Z1 = elevation head
H L(1 →2 )= head loss
C. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

1. Laminar Flow (Re ≤ 2000)
2. Turbulent Flow (Re ¿ 4000)
Note: Above 2000 and below or equal to 4000 Is the transition zone where the flow is neither
laminar nor turbulent flow.
D. REYNOLD’S NUMBER
Reynold’s number is a dimension less parameter equal to the ratio of the inertial
forces to the friction forces.
VD μD
Re = where : μK =
μK ρ
E. MAJOR HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
1. Laminar flow (hagen – Poiseuille equation)

32 μ D LV
hf = 2
γD
2. Turbulent flow (Darcy-Weisbach equation)
( fL V 2 ) 0.083 fL Q2
hf = ∨hf =
2 gD D5
3. Turbulent flow (Many-Chezy Equation)
2 2 2 2
6.35 n LV 10.3 n LQ
hf= 4
∨h f = 16
3 3
D D
4. Turbulent flow (Hazen-William’s Formula)
10.67 LQ 1.85
hf=
C 1.85 D4.87

IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
 ORIFICE AND WEIRS
- Orifice is a small opening from which the liquid flows.
ORIFICE (Steady Flow)

The Actual Velocity (V): V =CV √ 2 gh
The actual discharge (Q): Q=C d A o √ 2 gh
Note: For theoretical velocity Cv = 1.0

For theoretical discharge Cd = 1.0
Where: A0 =area of the discharge
h = total head loss
Coordinates of fluid stream from an orifice:

2
x
x=2 C v √ hy y= 2
4 h (CV )
HYDRODYNAMICS
A. Force on fixed objects
1. Horizontal Component of Force:

γQ
F x=
g
( V 2 cosθ−V 1 )
2. Vertical component of force
γQ
F y=
g
( V 2 sinθ )
3. Resultant (F)
F=√ F x + F y
2 2
B. Forces on moving Objects.

IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
1. Horizontal component of Force

F x =me ( V −V d ) (Cosθ−1 )
2. Vertical Component of Force
F v =me ( V −V d ) ( sinθ )
3. Resultant (F)
F=√ F2x + F 2y
C. Lift and Drag Force

Lift is a n upward force that is exerted on an object (i.e. flat plate, airfoil rotating cylinder)
as the object passes through the fluid. Lift actually combines with the drag to form the
resultant force on the object.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The mean velocity of 40°C water in a 44.7 mm (inside diameter) tube is 1.5 m/s. The
kinematic viscosity is 6.58 x 10-2 m2/s. What is the Reynolds number?
A. 8.13 x 103
B. 8.54 x 103
C. 9.06 x 104
D. 1.02 x 105
vD
ℜ= =
( 1.5 )(
s 1000 )
m 44.7
m
=1.02 x 10 → turbulent flow
5
μK m
2
6.58 x 10−7
s
2. A fluid with a kinematic viscosity of 2.5 x 10 -5 ft2/sec is flowing at 0.1 ft/sec from the orifice 3"
in diameter. How can the fluid be described?
A. The fluid is completely turbulent.
B. The fluid is in the transition zone.
C. The fluid is laminar.
D. The fluid's is turbulence cannot be calculated from the information given.
Solution: ℜ=
vD
=
( 0.1 )( ft )
ft 3
s 12
=1000<2000 →laminar flow
μK ft 2
2.5 x 10−5
s
3. Oil has a specific gravity of 0.80 flows in a 200 mm diameter pipe. Find the critical velocity is
μ= 8.14 x 10-2 Pa.s.
A. 1.0175 m/s
B. 1.0542 m/s
C. 1.056 m/s
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
D. 3.208 m/s
Solution:
vD vDρ
ℜ= = ; V c −critical velocity
μd μd
ρ
4. An Engineer needs to deliver 150 ft3/min of water in a round pipe is such a way that the flow
in the pipe remains laminar. If the critical Reynolds number is 2000, what is diameter of pipe is
necessary to ensure laminar flow? (note kinematic viscosity of water is 4.75 x 10-5 ft2/s). Assume
that the flow in the pipe will be uniform.
A. 33.506 ft
B. 34.452 ft
C. 35.504 ft
D. 21.454 ft
VD 4Q
Solution: Re = ;V =
μK πD
2
2000=
[ ]
(4 )
πD
( 150
60 )
4.75 x 10−5
2
D
; D=33.506 ft
5. Consider the water flowing through converging channel as shown and discharging freely to
the
atmosphere at the exit. What is the gage pressure the inlet? Assume the flow to be
incompressible and neglect any frictional effects.
A. 10.2 kPa
B. 10.8 kPa
C. 11.3 kPa
D. 12.7 kPa
V 21 P 1 V 22 P2
Solution: + = +
2g γ 2g γ
2 2
D❑1 V 1 =D 2 V 2
( 150 )2 (1.2 )=( 75 )2 ( V 2 )
2
V 2=4.8 m/s
2
( 1.2 ) P1 ( 4.8 )2
+ = +0
(
2 9.81 2
s)
m 9.81
2 9.81 2
m
(
s )
P1 = 10.8 kPa
7. A 90° reducing elbows is in the vertical plane and water flow through it. What is the horizontal
force required to hold the reducer elbow in a stationary position?
A. 24.2 kN to the right

B. 57.4 kN to the left
C. 64.4 kN to the right
D. 71.2 kN to the left
2
Solution: F=ρ A 2 V 2+ PA
2 2
D1 V 1=D2 V 2
( 40 )2 ( 15 )= ( 30 )2 ( V 2 )

IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
2 2
V =26.67 m/ s
( π4 )( ) ( )( )
2
30 ( ) 2
( ) π 30 2
F X =1000 26.67 + 200 ; F x =64.4 kN ¿ the ¿
100 4 100
8. The potential flow velocity distribution of atmospheric air around a cylinder is V = 2 V ∞ sinθ .
The free stream velocity is 30 m/s. The air density approximately 1.202 kg/m 3. What is the most
near the pressure at point A?
A. 64 kN/m2
B. 76 kN/m2
C. 80 kN/ m2
D 99 kN/m2
V 21 P 1 V 22 P2
Solution: + = + ; V2 = 2(30)sin(90) = 60 m/s
2g γ 2g γ
( )
2
m m
30 60
s (101.325) s P2
+ = +
2 ( 9.81 ) ( 1.202 ) ( 9.81 ) 2(9.81) ( 1.202 )( 9.81 )
1000 1000
P2 = 99 kN/m2
9. Given the following venture meter and the two pressure shown, calculate the mass flow rate
of water in the circular pipe.
A. 52 kg/s
B. 61 kg/s
C. 65 kg's
D. 79 kg/s
Solution: m=ρAv=Q ρw
V 21 P 1 V 22 P2 π 2 4Q
+ = + ; Q= AV = D →V =
2g γ 2g γ 4 π D2
( )( )
2 2
V a−V b P −P b
+ a =0
2g γw
( ) ( )
2
4Q 4Q
[ 2 ¿
¿2− 2
]/ 2(9.81)¿
π ( 0.3 ) π ( 0.1 )
10. If the velocity of flow is a 75-mm diameter fire hose is 0.50 m/s. What is the velocity in a 25
mm diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached at the end of the pipe. Compute also the power
available in the jet.
A. 4.5 m/s and 22.36 W

B. 3.5 mis and 24.5W
C. 5.4 and 34.5 W
D. 3.7 m/s and 21.45 W
m 1
2 2 2 2
Solution: D 1 V 1=D 2 V 2 ; ( 75 ) (1050 )=( 25 ) ( V 2 ) ; V 2=4.5
'
; P jet= ( ρ A 2 V 22 )
s 2
11. Water flowing in the velocity of V 1 in a pipe is turned to flow in the x direction, as shown.
What is the relation between the y component of the force of the water jet acting on the inclined
plate and the inclination angle?
2
A. F y =ρ A 1 v 1 cos θ
B. F y =ρ A 1 v 1 cos θ
C. F y =ρ A 1 v 1 sin θ
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 10 of
17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
2
D. F y =ρ A 1 v sin θ
1
Solution: F y =Fsinθ ; F=ρAv (V 1−V 2 ) = F=ρ A 1 V 21 ; F y =ρ A 1 V 21 sinθ
12. The vane shown deflects a jet velocity v jets, density ρ , and cross sectional area Ajet through
an angle 40°, Calculate the FH, the horizontal force on the vane.
2
A. ρ A jet V jet
2
B. ρ A jet V jet (1−cos 40 ° )
2
C. ρ A jet V jet cos 40°
2
D. ρ A jet V jet (1−sin 40 °)
2
Solution: F=ρAv ( V 1 −V 2 ) ; F x =ρ A jet V jet ( V jet −V jet cosθ ) ; F x =ρ A jet V jet (1−cos 40° )
13. A uniform area jet travels to 600 ft/sec and a 100 ft 3/sec. What are the horizontal force acts
on the water jet if it undergoes a 180° turn?
A. 2.32 x 105 lbf
B. 1.35 x 105 lbf
C. 5.32 x 105 lbf
D. 3.45 x 105 lbf
lb
62.4
Solution: F=ρAV =
f t3
ft
32.2 2
100
f t3
s ( )
( 600−(−600 ) )=2.32 x 10 5 l bf
s
14. Water flows at 50 m/s through a 15 cm diameter pipe. The pipe makes a 90-degree turn.
What is the reaction on the water in the z-direction at the bend?
A. -44 kN
B. -33 kN
C. 14 kN
D. 44 kN
2
Solution: F=ρ A j V j ( 1−cos 90 ° ) ; F=( 1000 ) ( )( )
π
4
15 2 ( )2 (
100
50 1−cos 90 )=44,178 N =44 kN
15. What is the actual volumetric flow rate for the discharge of the tank? The coefficient of
contraction for the orifice is 0.61, and the coefficient of velocity is 0.98.
A. 6.92 ft3/s
B. 6.78 ft3/s
C. 11.34 ft3/s
D. 9.79 ft3/s
Solution: Q=C v CC A o √ 2 gh ; Q=(0.98)(0.61)(0.5)¿
16. Air flow past a 2" diameter sphere at 100 ft/sec. What is the drag force experience by the
sphere given that it has a coefficient if drag of 0.5 and that the density of the air is 0.00234
slug/ft3?
A. 0.041 lbf
B. 0.064 lbf
C. 0.128 lbf
D. 0.244 lbf
Solution:
17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
1 2
F= C d ρ A p V
2
1
F= ( 0.5 ) ( 0.00234 )
2 ( ( ))
π 2 2
4 12
2
(100 ) =0.1276 lb F
17. A circular cylinder 4 m long and 3 m in diameter is in an air stream. The flow velocity is 5
m/s perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. Given that the coefficient to drag, Co. on the
cylinder is 1.3, and the density of air is 1.225 kg/rn3' what is the force on the cylinder?
A. 0.090 kN
B. 0.11 kN
C. 0.24 kN
D. 0.91 kN
1 2 1 2
Solution: F= C d ρ A p V ; F= (1.3 )( 1.225 ) ( 4 x 3 ) (5 ) =239 N
2 2
18. A jet aircraft is flying at a speed of 1700 km/hr. The air temperature is 20°C. The molecular
weight of air is 29 gm/mol. What is the Mach number of the aircraft?
A. 0.979
B. 1.38
C. 1.92
D. 5.28
V
Solution: M = ; V = √kRT
Vs S
m
V s =√ ( 1.4 ) ( 0.287 x 1000 ) ( 20+273 ) ; V s=343.11
s
M=
( 3.6 )
1700
=1.38
343.11
19. A 10.0 L of an incompressible liquid exerts a force of 20 N on the earth’s surface. What
would 2.3 L of this liquid exert on the surface of the moon? The gravitational acceleration on the
surface of the moon is 1.67 m/s2?
A. 0.39 N b. 0.78 N c. 3.4 N d. 4.6 N
Solution:
F 2.04 kg
m= = =2.04 kg
a m
9.81 2
s
m 2.04 kg kg
The density is, ρ= = =0.204
V 10 L L
The force of 2.3 L of this liquid on the moon is,
F=ma=ρVa= 0.204 ( kg
L ) ( m
)
( 2.3 L ) 1.67 2 =0.784 N
s
IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
1. A cylindrical tank 1 ft diameter, 4 ft high contains 3 ft of water. What rotational speed is

required to spin the water out of the top?
a. 22.7 rad/s
b. 14.5 rad/s
c. 20.5 rad/s
d. 43.4 rad/s

17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
2. Water having kinematic viscosity μk =1.3 X 10 m/s flows in a 100 mm diameter pipe at
-6
a velocity 4.5 m/s. Compute the Reynolds number.

A. 346,153.85
B. 324,435.14
C. c. 432,453.54
D. 434,324.85
3. Calculate the Reynolds number, Re, for water 20°C. flowing in an open channel. The
water
flowing at a volumetric rate of 200 gal/sec. The channel has a height of 4 feet and a
width of 8 feet. At this temperature, water has a kinematic viscosity of 1.104 x 10 5
ft2/sec.
A. 600,000
B. 800,000
C. 1.0x105
D. 1.2 x 106
4. The Reynolds number of a sphere falling in air is 1 x10 6. If the sphere's radius is 1 ft,
what is its velocity. ( ρ air — 0.00234 slug/ft2; μ= 3.8 x 10 -7 lbf-sec/ft2)
A. 2.5 ft/sec
B. 5.1 ft/sec
C. 40.6 ft/sec
D. 81.2 ft/sec
5. The flow rate of water through a cast iron pipe 5000 gallons per minute. The diameter of
the pipe 1 foot, and the coefficient of friction is f = 0.0173. What does the pressure drop
over a 100 foot length of pipe?
A. 21.078 lbf/ft2
B. 23.78 lbf/ft2
C. 337.26 lbf/ft2
D. 337.26 lbf/ft2
6. A cast iron pipe of equilateral triangular cross section with side length of 20.75" has
water flowing through it. The flow rate is 6000 gallons per minute, and the friction factor
for the pipe is f = 0.017. What is the pressure drop in a 100 foot section?
A. 24.3 lbf/ft2
B. 48.7 lbf/ft2
C. 178.5 lbf/ft2
D. 536.4 lbf/ft2
7. A cylinder 10 feet long and 2 feet in diameter is suspended in air flowing at 8 ft/sec. The
density of air is 0.00234 slug/ft3, and the coefficient of drug of the sphere is 1.3. What is
the drag the cylinder?
A. 0.311 lbf
B. 0.39 lbf
C. 1.95 lbf
D. 3.89 lbf
8. What is the friction factor for fully developed flow in a circular pipe where Reynolds
number is 1000?
A. 0.008
B. 0.064
C. 0.08
D. 0.10
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IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
9. The velocity of water in the stream is 1.2 m/s. What is the height of the water the pitot
tube?
A. 3.7 cm
B. 4.6cm
C. 7.3 cm
D. 9.2 cm
10. Water (p = 62.4 lbm/ft 3) is flowing through a pipe. A pitot-static gage registers 3.0 inches
3
of mercury. What is the velocity of the water in the pipe? Note: ρ HG=848.6 lbm / f t
A. 14.24 ft/s
B. 11.24 ft/s
C. 8.24 ft/s
D. 7.45 ft/s
11. What is the equivalent head of a fluid that has a velocity of 18 m/s?
A. 16.51 m
B. 18.34 cm
C. 13.56 m
D. 11.41 cm
12. The length of pipe is 168 meters. If the pressure drop is 50 kPa for every 30 m, what is
the total pressure drop?
A. 240 kPa
B. 280 kPa
C. 260 kPa
D. 220 kPa
13. A circular bucket is 2 deep and 2 ft in diameter and open at the top. When not rotating.
The bucket is 1/3 full of water. The bucket is rotated about an axis through the center of
the bucket. What is the minimum rotational speed at which the bucket can be rotated
without spilling any water out of bucket?
A. 9.26 rad/s
B. 2.27 rad/s
C. 1.45 rad/s
D. 10.4 rad/s
14. A circular bucket is 2 ft deep and 2 ft in diameter and open at the top. When not rotating.
The bucket is 1/3 full of water. The bucket is rotated about an axis through the center of
the bucket. What is the equivalent specific weight at a point 0.5ft from the center of the
bucket?
A. 103.89 lbf/ft3
B. 103.45 lbf/ft3
C. 107.45 lbf/ft3
D. 125.45 lbf/ft3
15. Which of the following statements is correct for oils of high viscosity index?
A. Oil will immediately react in small temperature change.
B. It continuously increases its viscosity even if there is no change in temperature.
C. It has fixed viscosity.
D. slight change in its viscosity with extreme temperature change

17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
16. One could expect the possibility of Reynolds number similarity in all the following cases
except:
A. Pumps
B. Turbines
C. fans
D. weirs
17. The surface tension of water is 0.07 N/m. Find the weight of water supported by surface
tension in a capillary tube with radius of 0.10 mm.
A. 44 μN
B. 54 μN
C. 35 μN
D. 57 μN
18. water at 20°C is flowing in a pie of radius 1.0 cm. The viscosity of water at 20°C is 1.005
centipoise. If the flow speed at the center is 0.200 m/s and the flow is laminar, find the
pressure drop due to viscosity along a 5 m section pipe.
A. 40.2 Pa
B. 12.5 Pa
C. 13.45 Pa
D. 45.77 Pa
19. How far below the water surface should a vertical square 1 m on a side with two sides
horizontal to be immersed so that the center of pressure will be 70 mm below the center
of gravity?
A. 0.69m
B. 0.72m
C. 0.57m
D. 0.78m
20. The density of ice is 917 kg/m3, and the approximate density of sea water in which an
iceberg float is 1025 kg/m3. What fraction of iceberg is beneath the water surface?
A. 0.89
B. 0.71
C. 0.45
D. 0.29
21. A mercury barometer stands 762 mm. A gas bubble, whose volume is 33 cm 3 when it is
at the bottom of the lake 45.7 m deep rises to the surface. Compute the Volume at the
surface of the lake.
A. 178 cm3
B. 258 cm3
C. 520 cm3
D. 20 cm3
22. The pressure drop across a turbine is 30 psi. The now rate is 60 gallons per minute.
Calculate the power output of the turbine.
A. 0.41 hp
B. 1.05 hp
C. 2.54 hp
D. 6.30 hp
23. What is the terminal velocity of a 50 mm diameter solid aluminum sphere falling in air?
Assume that the sphere has a coefficient of drag of 0.5, the density of aluminum is 2650
kg/m3, and the density of air is 1.225 kg/m3.

17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
A. 25 m/sec
B. 53 m/sec
C. 88 m/sec
D. 130 m/sec
24. A cylinder 10 m long and 2 m in diameter is suspended in air flowing at 8 m/sec. The air
flow is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. The density of air is 1.225
kg/m3, and the coefficient of drag of the cylinder is 1.3. What is the drag on the cylinder?
A. 0.31 kN
B. 0.85 kN
C. 1.0 kN
D. 2.3 kN
25. In the real flow of air ( ρ = 1.225 kg/m3) around a cylinder, the circulation is calculated to
be 3.97 m2/s. If the free stream velocity is 30 m/s, what is the lift generated per meter
length of the cylinder?
A. 150N/m
B. 160 N/m
C. 170 N/m
D. 200 N/m
V. REFERENCES:
A. Cengel, Y., & Cimbala, J. (2008). Essentials of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications.
Concepts, B. (2006). Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics : Fundamentals and
Applications by Çengel & Cimbala INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS.
Cengel Yunus A.; Cimbala John M. (2013). Fluid Mechanics : Fundamentals and
Applications INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS. Fluid Mechanics, 659.
B. e-Resources
https//: www. EngineeringToolbox.com
https://bookboon.com/

17
IM No.: CA 2-2S-2022-2023
Prepared by:
ENGR. SHANE KYLE A. MAGTALAS

Instructor I
Recommending Approval:
ENGR. LARRY P. REMOLAZO

Program Chair, BSME
Approved by:
ENGR. MARY B. PASION, D.Eng

Dean, College of Engineering

17

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Fluid Mechanics

II. LESSON OVERVIEW: Summarizes Fluid Mechanics concepts and formulas.

III. LESSON CONTENT:

Branches of fluid mechanics:

1. Fluid statics – is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest.

1. Specific weight – is the weight per unit volume of a substance.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 1 of 17

For dynamic viscosity:

1 Poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2 = 0.10 Pa-s

For Kinematic viscosity:

1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s

Adhesion is the attractive force between molecules of different substances.

 Atmospheric or Barometric pressure

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 3 of 17

 Absolute pressure – is the pressure measured above absolute zero.

 Buoyancy (Archimedes Principle)

Where: Fb = buoyant Force

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 4 of 17

 HOMOGENOUOS SOLID BODIES FLOATING IN HOMOGENOUOS FLUID AT REST:

Where: Vs = submerged volume

 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACE

 FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

Q1 A 1=Q 2 A 2 → For incompressible fluid

B. ENERGY EQUATION (Bernoulli’s Equation)

C. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

E. MAJOR HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES

1. Laminar flow (hagen – Poiseuille equation)

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 6 of 17

- Orifice is a small opening from which the liquid flows.

ORIFICE (Steady Flow)

Note: For theoretical velocity Cv = 1.0

Coordinates of fluid stream from an orifice:

1. Horizontal Component of Force:

B. Forces on moving Objects.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 7 of 17

1. Horizontal component of Force

C. Lift and Drag Force

A. 24.2 kN to the right

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 9 of 17

A. 4.5 m/s and 22.36 W

Solution: F y =Fsinθ ; F=ρAv (V 1−V 2 ) = F=ρ A 1 V 21 ; F y =ρ A 1 V 21 sinθ

IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

1. A cylindrical tank 1 ft diameter, 4 ft high contains 3 ft of water. What rotational speed is

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 12 of

a velocity 4.5 m/s. Compute the Reynolds number.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 14 of

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 15 of

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 16 of

ENGR. SHANE KYLE A. MAGTALAS

ENGR. LARRY P. REMOLAZO

ENGR. MARY B. PASION, D.Eng

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 17 of

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