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ALGEBRA 02 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 20

1. The middle term in the expansion of is: 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 17
(𝑥 2 − 3)8
3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 14
A. −70𝑥 8 C. 70𝑥 8
8
B. −560𝑥 D. 5670𝑥 8 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 11

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 8
Solution:
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 5
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛(𝑟−1) 𝑦 𝑟−1
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 10𝐶5 (𝑥 2 )10−5 (3𝑥 −1 )5

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 8𝐶5−1 (𝑥 2 )8(5−1) (−3)5−1 6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 252𝑥 10 (243𝑥 −5 )

6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚: 61236𝑥 5

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 70(𝑥 8 )(81) 4. What is the constant term in the
15
1
expansion(𝑥 + 3 )
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 5670𝑥 8 𝑥2
A. 5005 C. 7920
Answer is D. B. 6030 D. 8540
2. What is the coefficient of (𝑥 + Solution:
𝑦)10 containing the term 𝑥 7 𝑦 3 . 𝑟−1
3
A. 120 C. 80 𝑥 0 = 15𝐶𝑟−1 (𝑥)15−(𝑟−1) (𝑥 −2 )
B. 140 D. 240
3
[0 = (15 − 𝑟 + 1) − ( ) (𝑟 − 1)]2
2
Solution:
0 = 2(16 − 𝑟) − 3(𝑟 − 1)
4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 10𝐶4−1
0 = 32 − 2𝑟 − 3𝑟 + 3
10𝐶3 = 120
35 = 5𝑟
3. What is the coefficient of the term
involving 𝑥 5 in the expansion of 𝑟=7
1 10
(𝑥 2 + ) 3 6
𝑥
15𝐶6 (𝑥)15−6 (𝑥 −2 )
A. 61236 C. 21765
B. 76346 D. 13467
5005𝑥 9 𝑥 −9
Solution:
5005
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑:
5. What is the sum of the coefficients of
*(𝑥 2 )10 (3𝑥 −1 )0 + (𝑥 2 )9 (3𝑥 −10 )1 + the expansion of (2𝑥 − 1)20 ?
(𝑥 2 )8 (3𝑥 −1 )2 +⋯ A. 0 C. 1
B. 4 D. 20
∗ (𝑥 20 ) + 3𝑥 17 + 9𝑥 14 + ⋯
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 Solution:
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𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Where x = 38

= 20𝐶1−1 + 20𝐶2−1
38 − 𝑦 = 𝑦
+ 20𝐶3−1 + ⋯
+ 20𝐶20−1 38 = 2𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 19
𝑆 = (2 − 1)20 − (−1)20 Since it’s asking the age of the son 2 years ago.
Subtract 2 from the y value.
𝑆=0
𝑦 = 19 − 2
AGE PROBLEMS
𝑦 = 17
6. The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is
18. In 3 years, Kim will be twice as old 8. At present, the sum of the parents
as Kevin. How old is Kevin now? ages is twice the sum of the children
A. 13 C. 9 ages. Five years ago, the sum of the
B. 5 D. 10
parent’s ages was 4 times the sum of
Solution: the children’s ages. Fifteen years
hence, the sum of the parent’s ages
Name Present Future
will be equal to the sum of the
Kim X X+3
Kevin Y Y+3 children’s ages. How many children
as there?
A. 3 C. 5
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 18 → 𝐸𝑞. 1 B. 4 D. 6
𝑥 + 3 = 2(𝑦 + 3) → 𝐸𝑞. 2
Solution:
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 2
Past Present Future
(18 − 𝑦) + 3 = 2(𝑦 + 3) Parent’s x-10 x x + 30
Children y – 3n y y + 15n
𝑦=5
x = 2
7. A Father tells his son, “I was your age
now when you were born”. If the father 𝑥 − 10 = 8(𝑦 − 5𝑛) → 𝑒𝑞. 1
is now 38 years old. How old was his 𝑥 + 30 = 𝑦 + 15𝑛 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
son 2 years ago?
A. 19 C. 15 n=5
B. 17 D. 12
9. Mary is 24 years old. Mary was
Solution: twice as old as Ann was when Mary
Past Present
was old as Ann is now. How old is
Father x-y X Ann?
Son 0 Y A. 16 C. 20
The present age of the father is 38. B. 18 D. 12
The equation formed in the table is Solution:

𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑦 Past Present

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Mary 24-x 24 2000kg= steel containing 8% nickel

Ann y-x y
Let x be the years to go back Derive equation

24 − 𝑥 = 2(𝑦 − 𝑥) → 𝑒𝑞. 1 14%𝑚1 + 6%𝑚2 = 8%(2000𝑘𝑔)

24 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑒𝑞. 2 . 14𝑚1 + 0.06𝑚2 = 0.08(2000𝑘𝑔)

Substitute eq. 2 in eq. 1 . 14𝑚1 + 0.06𝑚2 = 160𝑘𝑔 1

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 2000 𝑘𝑔  2
24 − (24 − 𝑦) = 2(𝑦 − (24 − 𝑦))
Two equation, two unknowns
𝑦 = 16
Mode 5 then 1
10. The age of Diophantus, a Greek
mathematician may be calculated Therefore, 𝑚1 = 500
from the epitaph which reads as 12. How much water must be evaporated 10
follows: “Diophantus passed 1/6 of kg solution which has 4% salt to make a
his life in childhood, 1/12 in youth, solution of 10% salt?
1/7 as a bachelor. Five years after his A. 4 kg C. 5 kg
marriage was born a son who died 4 B. 6 kg D. 7 kg
years before his father at half his
Solution:
father’s final age.” How was
Diophantus when he died? Solution:
A. 80 C. 76 Let
B. 84 D. 90
𝑚𝑠 = mass of salt
Solution:
x = be the unknown
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥= + + +5+4+
6 12 7 2
𝑥 = 84
MIXTURE PROBLEMS
10 kg 10% Na
11. Two thousand kg of steel containing 8%
4% Na Na
nickel is to be made by mixing steel
containing 14% nickel with another 𝑚𝑠 =10 kg (0.04)
containing 6% nickel. How much of the
𝑚𝑠 = 0.04 kg
14% nickel is needed?
A. 1500 C. 500 𝑚𝑠 = 10%(10-x)
B. 1305 D. 1200
0.04 kg= 0.10(10-x)
Solution:
Shift Solve
Let:
Therefore, x= 6 kg
𝑚1 = steel containing 14% nickel
13. The gasoline tank of a car contains 50
𝑚2 = steel containing 6% nickel liters of gasoline and alcohol, the
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alcohol comprising 25%. How much of 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑉𝑤 +𝑉𝑠 +𝑉𝑔 +𝑉𝑐

the mixture must be drawn off and
1 𝑓𝑡 3
replaced by alcohol so that the tank 𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5 gal. ×
7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙
contains a mixture of which 50%
alcohol. 𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =0.6684 𝑓𝑡 3
A. 16.67 C. 15.67
1 𝑓𝑡 3 1
B. 33.33 D. 18.54 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =(200 lb × )( )
62.4 𝑔𝑎𝑙 2.65

Solution: 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.2095 𝑓𝑡 3

Solution: 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1
𝑉𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 =(350 lb × )( )
62.4 𝑔𝑎𝑙 2.65
Let : x = 50% alcohol
𝑉𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 2.1166 𝑓𝑡 3
y = 25% alcohol
1 𝑓𝑡 3 1
V = drawn off volume of gasoline 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (94 lb × )( )
62.4 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.10
replaced by alcohol
𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.4859 𝑓𝑡 3
Derive equation:
𝑉𝑡−𝑚 = 0.6684 +1.2095 +2.1166 +0.4859
𝑥 = 𝑦 − .25%𝑉 + 100% 𝑉
𝑉𝑡−𝑚 = 4.4804 𝑓𝑡 3
50%( 50𝐿) = 25%( 50𝐿) − .25𝑉 + 𝑉
685.75 lb
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑒 =
. 50(50) = .25(50) − .25𝑉 + 𝑉 4.4804 𝑓𝑡 3

Shift solve lb
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑒 = 153.06
𝑓𝑡 3
Therefore, V= 16.67 L
WORK PROBLEMS
14. A batch of concrete consisted 200 lbs
15. A painting job can be done by 72 men in
fine aggregates, 350 lbs gravel; 94 lbs
100 days. There were 80 men at the start
cement, and 5 gallons of water. The
of the project but after 40 days, 30 of
specific gravity of the sand and gravel
them had to be transferred to another
must be taken as 6.25 and that cement as
project. If the contract time is only for
3.10. What is the weight of concrete in
80 days, how many men should be hired
pound per 𝑓𝑡 3 ?
20 days after the 30 men had to be
A. 150 C. 140
transferred to complete the job on time?
B. 250 D. 153
A. 150 men C. 50 men
Solution: B. 100 men D. 120 men

Solve for the weight of cement Solution:

5 gal. ×
8.35 𝑙𝑏𝑠
= 41.75 lb. In this problem case 1 is applied where total
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑛 − ℎ𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 =
𝑊𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 41.75 lb+200 lb+350 lb+94 lb 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑛 − ℎ𝑟.

𝑊𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 685.75 lb Let:

Solve for the volume of the total mixture x = men should be hired
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72(100) = 80(40) + 50(20) + (50 + 𝑥)(20)

𝑥 = 100 𝑚𝑒𝑛
16. Eight men can excavate 15 m3 of
drainage open canal in 7 hours. Three
men can backfill 10 m3 in 4 hours. How
long will it take 10 men to excavate and
backfill 20 m3 in same project?
A. 5.67 hrs. C. 9.86 hrs.
B. 3.45 hrs. D. 10.544 hrs.
Solution:
Assume this Problem as Case 4.
Case 4 is the combination of all cases in the
work problem.
𝑚𝑎𝑛(ℎ𝑟)
+⋯
𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑛(ℎ𝑟)
=
𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
8(7) 3(4) 10(𝑥)
1 1 1 1
( + = ) + − =
15 10 20 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠. 4 ℎ𝑟𝑠. 20 ℎ𝑟𝑠. 𝑇
𝑥 = 9.87 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑇 = 2.5 ℎ𝑟𝑠.

17. A 400mm diameter pipe can fill the tank 18. Pedro can paint a fence 50% faster than
alone in 5 hours and another 600mm Juan and 20% faster than Pilar, and
diameter pipe can fill the tank alone in 4 together they can paint a given fence in
hours. A drain pipe 30mm diameter can hours. How long will it take Pedro to
empty it in 20 hours. How many hours paint the same fence if he had to work
will the three pipes open to fill the alone?
empty tank? A. 10 C. 7
A. 5 hrs. C. 3 hrs. B. 12 D. 9
B. 2.5 hrs. D. 4 hrs.
Solution:
Solution:
In this problem, use case 2
In this problem, use case 2
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1 1 1
+ +⋯=
1 1 1 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑇
+ +⋯=
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑇
Assume: x = Pedro; y = Juan and z = Pilar
1 1 1 1
+ + =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 4
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Since: Pedro is 50% faster than Juan and 20% 20. How many minutes after 5 o’clock will
faster than Pilar. the hands of the clock be perpendicular
for the first time?
Then:
A. 10.91 min C. 60 min
𝑥 = 1.5𝑦 B. 43.63 min D. 27.27 min

𝑥 = 1.2𝑧 Solution:

1 1 1 1
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 =
𝑥 ( ) ( ) 4
1.5 1.2
𝑥 = 14.8 ℎ𝑟𝑠.
Answer is not in the choices.
19. Father and Son working together can
finish a piece of work in 20 days. After
working for 4 days, the son quits and the
father finishes the work in 24 days more.
Find the number of days that the father
works alone.
A. 40 C. 37
B. 35 D. 30
Solution:
In this problem, use case 3
𝑥
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑥 + 15 = 25 +
( + + ) 𝑡𝐴 + ( + + ) 𝑡𝐵 = 1 12
𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵 𝑡𝐶 𝑡𝑋 𝑡𝑌 𝑡𝑍
𝑥 = 10.91 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Assume: F=Father and S=Son
Or
*when father and son work together
For perpendicular hand of clock, use the
1 1 1 formula;
( + )=
𝐹 𝑆 20 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 60
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠)
Then: 11
1 1 1 The number perpendicular to 5 is 2.
( + ) 4 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 + (24 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) = 1
𝐹 𝑠 𝐹 60
𝑥= (2)
1 24 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 11
( ) (4 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) + =1
20 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐹 𝑥 = 10.91 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝐹 = 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 21. What time between 2 and 3 o’clock will
CLOCK PROBLEMS the angle between the hands of the clock
be bisected by the line connecting the
center of the clock and the 3 o’clock
mark?
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6 6
A. 2: 19 C. 2: 18
13 13
6 6
B. 2: 17 D. 2: 22
13 13

Solution:

𝑆
𝜋𝐷 = 𝑆𝐴 + 𝑆𝐵 ; 𝑉 =
𝑡
𝜋(0.8𝑘𝑚) = 3𝑡 + 4𝑡
𝑡 = 0.35904 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 = 21.54 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑥 23. A boat takes 2/3 as much to travel
20 = 𝑥 + downstream as to return. If the river’s
12
current is 8 kph, what is the speed of the
𝑥 = 18.46
boat in still water?
6 A. 38 C. 40
𝑡 = 2: 18 B. 39 D. 41
13
MOTION PROBLEMS Solution:

22. Jogger A and B, starting from the same

point, Jogging in opposite directions in a
circular track field. Their circular path
has a diameter of 800m. If the average
speed of jogger A is 3kph and that of
jogger B is to 4kph, Compute the time
they will met.
A. 6.85 min. C. 14.54 min.
B. 21.54 min. D. 43.23 min.
Solution: 2
Let: 𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑡𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑝 = 𝑆𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
3

(𝑉𝑏 − 8)𝑡𝑢𝑝 = (𝑉𝑏 + 8)𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛

2
(𝑉𝑏 − 8) = (𝑉𝑏 + 8) ( )
3
𝑉𝑏 = 40𝑘𝑝ℎ
24. It takes an airplane one hour and forty-
five minutes to travel 500 miles against
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the wind and covers the same distance in From choice A=36
one hour and fifteen minutes with the
wind. What is the speed of the airplane? *32 − 62 = −27 𝑛𝑜!
A. 345.85 mph C. 375.50 mph From choice B=57
B. 450.50 mph D. 285.75 mph
*52 − 72 = −24 𝑛𝑜!
Solution:
From choice C=63
Let:𝑆𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
*62 − 32 = 27 𝑜𝑘!
∗ 500 = (𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑎 )(1.75)
*63 − 36 = 27 𝑜𝑘!
1.75𝑉𝑝 − 1.75𝑉𝑎 = 500 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
Since choice C satisfies all the condition in the
∗ 500 = (𝑉𝑝 + 𝑉𝑎 )(1.25) problem the answer is C.

1.25𝑉𝑝 + 1.25𝑉𝑎 = 500 → 𝑒𝑞. 2

26. Six times the middle digit of a three-
Two equation and 2 unknowns
digit number is the sum of the other two.
Equate the two equation by using calculator If the number is divided by the sum of
technique. its digits, the answer is 51 and the
remainder is 11. If the digits are
MODE 5→ 1 reversed, the number becomes smaller
Insert: by 198. Find the number.
A. 412 C. 725
1.75𝑉𝑝 − 1.75𝑉𝑎 = 500 B. 939 D. 511
1.25𝑉𝑝 + 1.25𝑉𝑎 = 500 Solution:
Then press equal. By using the trial and error method:

Answers are: 𝑉𝑝 = 342.86 𝑚𝑝ℎ From choice A. 412

𝑉𝑎 = 57.14 𝑚𝑝ℎ *6(1) = 6; where 4 + 2 = 6 Ok!

412
DIGIT AND MISCELLANEOUS * = 58.8571 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!
4+1+2
PROBLEMS
From choice B. 939
25. The difference of the sum of squares of
the digits of a two-digit numbers is 27. *6(3) = 18; where 9 + 9 = 18 Ok!
If the number are reversed in order and 939
the resulting number is subtracted from * = 44.7142 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!
9+3+9
the original number, the difference is
From choice C. 725
also 27. What is the original number?
A. 36 C. 63 *6(2) = 12; where 7 + 5 = 12 ok!
B. 57 D. 72
725
* = 51.7857 𝑜𝑘!
Solution: 7+2+5

Using the trial and error method *725 − 527 = 198 𝑜𝑘!
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Since choice C. satisfies all the conditions in the Then, we have:

problem. The answer is C.
𝑥 − 1 = 𝑦 → 𝐸𝑞. 1
27. The number 142 is divided into two
parts such that when the greater part is 3(𝑦 − 1) = 𝑥 → 𝐸𝑞. 2
divided by the smaller, the quotient is 3 *substitute the eq. 2 in eq. 1
and the remainder is 14. Find the bigger
number. 3(𝑦 − 1) − 1 = 𝑦
A. 32 C. 34
𝑦 = 2 (𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑠)
B. 110 D. 45
*Substitute the value of y in eq. 1
Solution:
𝑥−1=2
Let x and y be the greater and smaller numbers
respectively. 𝑥 = 3 (𝑑𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 142 → 𝐸𝑞. 1 29. A man sold half an egg more than half
his eggs. He then sold half an egg more
For the 2nd equation let y and x be the divisor
than his remaining eggs. He did the
and dividend respectively.
same for the third time. If he had 7 eggs
𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 left, how many eggs does he originally
have?
3𝑦 + 14 = 𝑥 → 𝐸𝑞. 2 A. 63 C. 72
*Substitute the value of x in eq. 2 to eq. 1 B. 45 D. 54

(3𝑦 + 14) + 𝑦 = 142 Solution:

In this problem, use the trial and error method
𝑦 = 32 (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
and reversed engineering method.
*Substitute value of y in eq. 1
From choice A. 63
𝑥 + 32 = 142
63
𝑥 = 110 (𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
31 32
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
16 15
28. In a family each daughter has a many
7 8
brother as sisters and each son has three
times as many sisters as brothers. How Since A satisfies the condition in the problem.
many sons and daughters are there in the The answer is A.
family?
A. 2 sons and 3 daughters 30. A Chinese writer Sun Tsu Pao put these
B. 3 sons and 4 daughters words into the mouth of a woman
C. 2 sons and 4 daughters washing dishes I the river. “I don’t know
D. 4 sons and 3 daughters how many guests there were but every
two used a dish for rise between them,
Solution: every three a dish for broth and every
four a dish for meat and there were 65
Let x and y represent the number of daughters
and sons respectively.
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dishes in all”. How many guests were

there?
A. 54 C. 25
B. 60 D. 30
Solution:
𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡
+ + = 65
2 3 4
𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 60