CHAPTER 3 FLUID DYNAMICS 1, Fluid is a substance that offers no permanent resistance to deforming forces 2, The study of fluids has two parts, statics and dynamics. 3, Fluid statics concentrates on fluids at rest, while fluid dynamics concerns with the fluid in motion. 4, Fluid statics includes atmospheric pressure, liquid pressure, Archimedes” principle and Pascal’s law. &, Motion of fluids is an important application in our daily life; such as river flow, water distribution systems, gas pipelines, aviation (travels in ait) and motion undemeath the surface of water. & The study of the flow of liquid is called hydrodynamics, whereas hydrostatic is the study of liquid at rest Z, This chapter mainly concerns with hydrodynamics, however a section on surface tension and capillarity, which are important concepts of hydrostatic, is included at the end of the chapter 3.1 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW. & Fluid is either liquid or gas. 2% The volume of a gas depends on pressure and temperature obeying Boyle’s law and ‘Charles’ Lav. 10. The volume of a liquid does not depend on pressure if the temperature is constant. ‘11, The liquid is incompressible (ic, density of liquid is constant for vided that the temperature is kept constant). 12. Inthe flow of fuids, the path or the flow of the fluid particles is called streamline, [Fig 3.1 (a).] 13, Motion of fluids can be classified by two types, Jaminar flow and turbulent flow. sssUre: Laminar Flow If fluid particles are moving steady in smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with no mixing; such a flow is called laminar flow. In this steady laminar flow, strearilines do not cross each Fig 3.1b Laminar flow) other and every fluid particle arriving at a given point has the same velocity. [Figure 310). Turbulent Flow If the flow or path of the fluid particles are irregular, their direction is always changing or whirling; this fluid movement is called turbulent | fig 3.te Turbulent flow flow. In turbulent flow, the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction. (Fig3.1 (c)] 44, Ideal laminar fluid flow considers the following facts. > The fluid is incompressible > The flow has no friction, or friction may by neglected. (Internal fiiction in fluids is called viscosity, and hence, zero viscosity.) > The fluid flow is laminar (steady), and turbulent flow is not taken into account. (For example, sea breeze is a laminar flow and storm is a turbulent flow.)Chapter 3: Exercise 3.1, ROL: Is motor car brake oil compressible or non-compressible? Ans: non-compressible ‘RO2: Are gases compressible or non-compressible? As: compressible ‘R03: What is the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow? Ans: Ros laminar flow turbulent flow [fluid particles are moving steady in| |smooth paths in layers Jpath of the fluid particles are irregular leach layer moving smoothly past the| ladjacent layers with no mixing their direction is always changing or] hirling [streamlines do not cross each other streamlines cross each other levery fluid particle amiving at a given| Jpoint has the same velocity ihe speed of the uid at a point is |continuously undergoing changes in both] Imagnitude and direction Ata river junc n, water streams are whi Ans; turbulent laminar or turbulent?: 3.2 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR FLUIDS 4, Consider an ideal fluid having laminar flow and no viscosity. 2. The density of the fluid is constant. section 2 section 1 ers Ax, Figure 3.2 Illustrating constant volume flow rate ina pipe 3, In Figure 3.2, all the liquid that flow through section 1 (larger cross sectional area A) flow through section 2 (smaller cross sectional area 42) 4, The mass flowing in seetion 1 must equal the mass flowing in section 2, &, Hence, the volume flow rate “is the same throughout the pipe mi = me Vi = pvr Co m= pv) i = ple ( the density is the same, = p= p) N=" (+ dividing both sides by 2) a - = (: dividing both sides by #) A = (se Fi = Ai Ani, V2=A2 do) Am=Awn (y=, n=“2 where and vzare speed of liquid at section 1 and section 2 respectively.& The liquid entering one end of the pipe leaves from the other end with a constant volume flow rate, Z. The equation, Ai v1 =42 v3, is known as equation of continuity for fluid flow. & The larger the area of the pipe, the slower is the speed of the fluid. 9, The smaller the area of the pipe, the faster is the speed of the fluid. 10. The speed of water spraying from a hose increases by making the hose area smaller. ter cercise 3.2 ROL: Why does the river flow faster in passing the defile (narrow river passage)? Ams: By equation of continuity, Ay vi = Aa v2. ‘The smaller the area, the faster is the speed of water flow. ‘ROR:A shower head has 20 circular openings, each with radius I mm, The shower head is connected to a pipe with radius 0.8 em. If the speed of water in the pipe is 3 ms", what is its speed as it exits the shower-head openings? Ans: 1 area of 20 openings of shower head, Az Aa = 20 (wr2*) = 20 x 3.142 x (10°) = 6.284 x 10° m* 8em=8 x 10° m 142 x (8 x 10° = 2.01 x 104 m? speed of water in the pipe, vi = 3 ms" ius of one opening of shower head, r2 = L mm = 1x 10° m radius of the pipe, n area of the pipe, Ai = rn speed of water exits from the shower-head, vz = ? Using equation of continuity for fluid flow, Aim = Arve Ay _ 2.0110 x3 We =9.6ms" A, 6.284x10EOLA gardener uses a water pipe of 2.5 em diameter. It takes I min to fill 30 litre bucket. What is the initial speed of water coming out of the hose? Then, nozzle with an opening 0.5 em? is attached to the hose. Find the water speed coming out from the nozzle aad ANS: Initial pipe area, Apipe = 2 --(22) 491 em? ‘Volume of water flow in 1 min (60 s), = 30 litre = 30 « 1000 cm* V3 Volume tow rate, X= S021000- 509 en? Volume flow rate is constant at any point for the system. Since volume flow rate = “=A v, ‘ K The initial speed of water coming out of the hose, = ae 2 = 101.83 ems When nozzle is attached, nozzle area, Ansste = 0.5 em? ‘Using continuity equation, Agige Vi = Atoete Voose vive hips 4:91 x 101.83 Arete 05 E02; What area must a heating duet have, if air moving 3 m s" along it can replenish the = 1000 em s* Vnoesle = air every 15 min in a room of volume 300 m*? Assume the density of air remains constant. Asi The velocity of air at duct, y= 3 ms"; time, #= 15 min = 15 x 60 s = 900s The volume of air coming in the room = volume of the room, J’= 300 m*‘E03; Water runs into a fountain, filling all the pipes, at a steady rate of 0,75 m* fast will it shoot out ofa hole 4.5 em in diameter? (ii) At what speed will it shoot out i) How if the diameter of the hole is three times as large? 2.25 em = 0.0225 m Volume flow rate, —= 0.75 m’ s"; radius of the hole, r= O Lig yenry 0.75x ——+___ =? velocity of water at the le end, »;=1 ms"; velocity of water at the right end, vo = 2; Using continuity equation, Aim= deve mri =r ve ne n (2) (2es}-s ms! i) hoo Using Bemoulli’s theorem, tug bh prt sey +p ghimprt op vy tpgh pitte x nee ve (5 n= he) Pr=pi- elu v') = 200 10°- Jet000%(9?-P) = 160 x 10? Pa = 160 kPa: ‘E06: Calculate the pressure and speed of water at points B and C shown below. (density of water is 1000 kg mr) 4,=3 0" y,=10ms" p, = 300 kPa Ans: area of point A,.4i = 3 m”, area of point B, 42 =3 m’, area of point C, 43 = 6 mr, velocity of water at point A, v1 = 10 ms”; velocity of water at point B,v2 =? velocity of water at point C, vs =? pressure at point A, pi = 300 kPa; pressure at point B, p=? pressure at point C, ps =? height of point A, /n = 20 m; height of point B, fn = 0; height of point C, fs = 0; Using continuity equation for point A and point B, Cs A= Aa) Using continuity equation for point B and point C, Am=Ain Ay yy 3x10 ‘ S24." =sms Be As 6 Using Bemoulli’s theorem for point A and point B, pit +e itp ghi=porkp vi + p gho wit pelierstegle (ney) pam pit pghi- pgh2 =300 000 + 1000 x 9.8(20-0) = 496 000 Pa= 496 kPaUsing Bemoulli’s theorem for point B and point C, pt te Wtpgh=ptte witpghs 1 praSoeny «llorall pet spy pice y (: hom hy) pas pit 3 v= +e vt = 496 000 + 0.5 x 1000 x (10? ~ $2) = $33 500 Pa = 533.5 kPa ENZ: A sealed tank containing seawater to a height of 11 m also contains air above the Water at a pressure of 4 atm. Water flows out from the bottom through a small hole. How fast is this water moving? Ans: At point A (top water surface) pi=4atm =4 * 1,01 « 10° Pa = 4,04 « 105 Pa mre m= 11m Since the cross-sectional area of water tank is much greater than area of small hole, water level in the = tank drops very slowly, we take i= 0. B At point B (small hole at the bottom) p2= Latm = 1.01 » 10° Pa, ha =Om For points A and B, using Bemoulli’s theorem, 1 1 pit sPNtpgh-pzpy tpgh it pah=pitpy! 4.04 «10° + 1000 «9.8 x 11 = 1.01 10° + $1005 vy? 4.11 «10° = 500 v2? v2 = 28.66 ms!‘E08; Air streams horizontally past a small airplane's wings such that the speed is 70 ms over and 60 m s! past the bottom surface. Ifthe plane has a wing area of 16.2 m? on the top and on the bottom, what is the net vertical force that the air exerts on the airplane? The density of the air is 1.2 kg m°, Ans; Let 1 = over the wing, = bottom of the wing, v1 =70ms4,v2 = 60ms!,A=16.2 m?, p= 1.2 kgm, hr vs he For the top and the bottom surfaces of the wing, using Bernoulli's theorem, 1 1 pit pe teahi=pt rps tpahs pit few =ptie we hese bs) dot det bi-pi= FP WTP = $12 [0709 -(607] = 780 Pa F= pA=780 x 16.2 =12 636 N