Project Based Learning Report

B. Tech Sem – II

Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

Academic Year: 2021-22

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 Project Based Learning Report
on

Electronic Communication

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the Project based learning Electronic Communication
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering

By

Ali Shan Ahmad

PRN - 2114110429
Nur Mohammed Ali
PRN – 2114110430
Shikhar Chaturvedi
PRN - 2114110439

Under the guidance of Course In-charge

Prof -H. Mhetre

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 4110043

Academic Year: 2021-22

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 Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Based Learning report entitled on –
Regulated Power Supply
is work done by
Ali Shan Ahmad
PRN - 2114110429
Nur Mohammed Ali
PRN – 2114110430
Shikhar Chaturvedi
PRN - 2114110439
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of credits for Project Based Learning
(PBL) in Electronic Communication of Bachelor of Technology Semester II, in Electronics
and Communication.

Date: 6/07/22

Prof – H.Mhetre Dr. Tanuja S. Dhope

Course In-charge PBL Co-ordinator

Dr. Arundhati A.Shinde

Professor & Head

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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 INDEX

Sr No. Contents Page Number

1 Abstract 5

1 Introduction 5

2 Theory &Working 6

3 Circuit Diagram 9

4 Output 10

5 Conclusion 11

6 Bibliography 11

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ABSTRACT:

The aim of this lab assignment is to design a DC power supply. For this purpose we have to
assemble a rectifier circuit on the output of a transformer. It also involve the calculation of
different components used so the DC supple contains lesser ripples.
The DC power supply has wide applications in the modern world. Every day we use Mobile
charger , Laptop Charger , Ring bell, TV etc. All these equipments require DC power supply
to operate

INTRODUCTION:

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes
referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces
of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the
latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the
load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power
conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load,
power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event
of a temporary interruption in the source power (uninterruptible power supply).

All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of
electric current from a source, and one or more power output or rail connections that deliver
current to the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an
electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or
alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually
hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer
to power their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of
inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control

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THEORY AND WORKING:

Transformer

A Transformer is an equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an

ac supply with a corresponding decrease and increase in current. It essentially
consist of two windings primary and secondary
N1: no. of turns in primary coil
N2: no. of turns in secondary coil
N1< N2 :- Step-up transformer
N1> N2 :- Step-down transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is
AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage (230v) to safer low voltage.
Transformers and their symbol
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle
of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in.
Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary
(input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of
turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Rectifier

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The
bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a
rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave
varying DC.

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Bridge Rectifier

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier
because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections).
Turns ratio =
Vp
=
Np
and
power out = power in
Vs
Ns
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Is = secondary (output) current

Output of Transformer

Working of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:-

The Positive Half-cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the
current flows through the load as shown below.
The Negative Half-cycle During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and
D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse
biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier give the pulsating DC voltage which
are not suitable for electronics circuit.
Smoothing (Filter): -
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges,
giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply
voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing
capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled
when smoothing half-wave DC
So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the smoothing

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capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsations in the rectifier DC output
voltage.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronics circuits.

Voltage Regulation (using IC LM317)

Output from the full wave bridge rectifier is fed to a LM317 regulator IC LM317
provides varied voltage from 1.2V to 35V. Reference voltage of 1.25 V is maintained at
220 ohm Resistor.
The LM317 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal adjustable voltage regulator which can
supply an output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to 35V. It can supply more than 1.5A of
load current to a load.
LM317 Pinout
The LM317 Voltage Regulator has 3 pins. Below is the pinout:
Looking from the front of the voltage regulator, the first pin (on the left) is the Adjustable
Pin, the middle is Vout, and the last pin(on the right) is VIN.
VIN - VIN is the pin which receives the incoming voltage which is to be regulated down to a
specified voltage. For example, the input voltage pin can be fed 12V, which the
regulator will regulate down to 10V. The input pin receives the incoming, unregulated
voltage.
Adjustable - The Adjustable pin (Adj) is the pin which allows for adjustable voltage
output. To adjust output, we swap out resistor R2 value for a different resistance. This
creates adjustable voltages.
VOUT - VOUT is the pin which outputs the regulated voltage. For example, the LM317 may
receive 12V as the input and output a constant 10V as output.

LM317 Schematic Diagram

Now that the pins, how do we modify the voltage to that which we want output?
We do this by changing the value of the resistor connected to the Adj pin of the voltage
regulator.
Let's see the schematic is set up:
Here we connect two resistors to the voltage regulator. These resistors determine the
voltage that the voltage regulator adjusts.
Variable resistor ( 10 k Ω) resistor 220 Ω
The voltage that the adjustable regulator outputs is determined by the equation below:
Vout = Vref x {1+ (R/R4)}
• Vref = 1.25V
• R4 is 220Ω
• RV = 10KΩ (variable resistor)
• R = RV x R2 / (RV + R2)
Therefore, you can see based on this formula, that the more the value of resistor R
increases, the greater the voltage output.
This is the advantage of adjustable voltage regulators. You can adjust it to any voltage
within the range that the voltage regulator supports.
CAPACITORS C2 & C3 :-
The capacitors C2 (0.1 uF) and C3(10 uF) are used to clean up the power line. C2 is
optional and it's used to clean up transient response. C3 is needed if the device is far from
any filter capacitors. This capacitors helps smooth out the power supply line in case of

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abrupt current spikes.
• C2-0.1uF (Ceramic Capacitor or Mylar Capacitor) reduces noise
Capacitor 10uF
The C4 - 470uF 25V (electrolytic capacitors) acts like a miniature battery that
supplies power during the spike.
Capacitor 470uF
DIODE D6 :-
Diode D6 is used to prevent the 10uF capacitor from discharging into the regulated IC.
The diode D5 and D6 ( both is 1N4007) is the protector from external voltage to reverse
to makes the damage to the IC.
If you put the D6 polarity incorrect, The VR10K will burn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

Hence a 9V DC output is obtained.

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CONCLUSION
We have successfully designed a circuit of a DC regulated Power Supply which outputs 9V
DC current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The contents of this report have been referred from –

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
[2]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
[4] http://www.electronics-hub.com
[5] http://electronics.stackexchange.com
[6] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
[7] https://www.eleccircuit.com/lm317-power-supply/
[8] http://www.scribd.com

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