DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER &

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF E&ME, NUST,
RAWALPINDI

EC-431 Digital Communication

Lab Number 08

Submitted By:
Affra Nazir
CE 41 A
325292
LAB TASKS:

Task 1:
Generate random (uniform distributed) binary numbers with length 100000. Do the pulse
modulation by representing each bit (pulse) by 10 numerical values using the following line
codes:
1. NRZ-L
2. RZ-L (Bipolar-RZ)
3. Bi-Phase-L
4. RZ-AMI
The maximum magnitude of the pulse should be 1 and minimum should be -1.
Plot the waveform time[sec] vs amplitude[volts] to show the set pattern of respective pulses of
above-mentioned encoding schemes.

NRZ-L:
% Generate random binary numbers
binary_numbers = [1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1]

% Define pulse modulation parameters

bit_duration = 1; % duration of each bit in seconds
pulse_duration = 0.1; % duration of each pulse in seconds
num_samples_per_bit = round(bit_duration / pulse_duration); % number of samples per
bit
num_samples = length(binary_numbers) * num_samples_per_bit; % total number of
samples

% Generate pulse modulation waveform

pulse_waveform = zeros(1, num_samples);
for i = 1:length(binary_numbers)
if binary_numbers(i) == 0
pulse_waveform((i-1)*num_samples_per_bit + 1:i*num_samples_per_bit) = -1;
else
pulse_waveform((i-1)*num_samples_per_bit + 1:i*num_samples_per_bit) = 1;
end
end

% Generate time vector

time = linspace(0, num_samples*pulse_duration, num_samples);

% Plot the waveform

stairs(pulse_waveform);
xlabel('Time [sec]');
ylabel('Amplitude [volts]');
title('NRZ-L Pulse Modulation');
grid off;
OUTPUT:

RZ-L (Bipolar-RZ)
CODE;
% Generate a random binary sequence of length 100000
binary_seq = [1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0];

% Define the pulse amplitude and width

pulse_amp = 1;
pulse_width = 10;
% Initialize the pulse train
pulse_train = zeros(1,length(binary_seq)*pulse_width);

% Perform pulse modulation using RZ-L (Bipolar-RZ) line coding scheme

for i = 1:length(binary_seq)
if binary_seq(i) == 0
pulse_train((i-1)*pulse_width+1:i*pulse_width) = 0;
else
pulse_train((i-1)*pulse_width+1:i*pulse_width/2) = pulse_amp;
pulse_train(i*pulse_width/2+1:i*pulse_width) = -pulse_amp;
end
end

% Plot the waveform

t = linspace(0,length(binary_seq)*pulse_width,length(pulse_train));
plot(t,pulse_train);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (V)');
title('RZ-L (Bipolar-RZ) line coding scheme');

output:
Bi-Phase-L
Code:
% Generate random binary numbers with length 10
bits = randi([0 1], 1, 10);

% Pulse modulation using BI-PHASE L encoding

pulses = [];
for i = 1:length(bits)
if bits(i) == 0
pulse = [-1*ones(1, 5) ones(1, 5)];
else
pulse = [ones(1, 5) -1*ones(1, 5)];
end
pulses = [pulses pulse];
end

% Plot the waveform

t = 0:0.01:length(pulses)/100-0.01;
plot(t, pulses);
xlabel('Time (sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude (volts)');
output:

RZ-AMI:
Code:
% Generate random binary numbers
binaryData = [1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0]

% Perform RZ-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) pulse modulation

T = 10; % Number of samples per bit
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (samples per second)
t = (0:length(binaryData)*T-1) / Fs; % Time vector

% Initialize the pulse modulation waveform

rzAmiWaveform = zeros(1, length(binaryData)*T);
previousLevel = 1; % Initialize the previous level to positive

% Perform pulse modulation

for i = 1:length(binaryData)
if binaryData(i) == 0
rzAmiWaveform((i-1)*T+1:i*T/2) = 0;
rzAmiWaveform(i*T/2+1:i*T) = 0;
else
if previousLevel == 1
rzAmiWaveform((i-1)*T+1:i*T/2) = 1;
rzAmiWaveform(i*T/2+1:i*T) = -1;
previousLevel = -1;
else
rzAmiWaveform((i-1)*T+1:i*T/2) = -1;
rzAmiWaveform(i*T/2+1:i*T) = 1;
previousLevel = 1;
end
end
end

% Plot the waveform

stairs(t, rzAmiWaveform);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (V)');
title('RZ-AMI Pulse Modulation');
ylim([-2, 2]);
grid on;