Dobe

g e No.

Ch-02 L s MATTER AROUND US PURE

both mmass'
MATTER (Anything Nhich have
GAS] Volume OY
c stace)
L SoLIp h2QUID or

Puse Subetance Mixtoeg.

No x ed Composition)

Elements Conbounds

6 LEMENTS ig olefined as a basio om of Mattest hat

Cannbt be boKen_dDuon hto SlmbletSuhs-tanceS by

1ememts

Metals MetatTeid3 Non-Metqts

Coppes Cu) Tton (Fe) Ouqen (o), Mesicus

CH) etc

Metals
They have lus-tuec &hine)
They Conouct heat £leotoifcity
They aoe duetileLcan be dyauwninto laires)
Theyae_ Malleable can be hammezed Trto -thin sheets
They o9ie ono.si0us makea Rinqinq Sound Iahon h t .
eq T9on Gole Cobbe Slve etC
+ Mesiètou he ony Metal hat liu'cd ot Rocm
embe91 Ctuore)
. Sdiun & Pottassrum aethe Anu Metals h a can
be cutee Nib ¥ite , hesuise Metals aoie
eneotallyU, hel: )_
Sodiun& Pott-asas SHaoresKep in Kestose
because -hey 91e b1gbls 1eccliaie &VaNOLUS:
 Dobe:
P o e No.

|Non -Metals
Disblcuy a
aiets o colous
foos Conductoo1s l heat EleotIC-
Sono Mous d9 Malleabie
h e a1e nat Jugt 1 ous

Dyygen D), odine

I) C0ioON
Hydlxoqen_ (u)
c) ec
- Non-meal that Condur
naphite Allo-toope e Castoon7
El ectotcity
&if
amond(AN-t91obes Corbon7 Non -meto he

haodest Substance

mediqte popesHeg
Metallaids> SOm e elements have întesi

between -hase e Metals &Non-Meals hey 0 caled

metallefds
Bo1on Siljcon Getmani um.

COMPOUNDS A Combound iz asubstance Combosed

etuoD 091 ma91e elem ents Chemica|y Combined lth ene
anothe in a xed ba1opothion
Jalates (Had) Methone (CH4)
guga Saly etc

CaHae O117
The ptopesr-teg e Compounod l i te om hose 0 ts Constituets

Hxed Me Hin beint & Boiling_point

Homogenebug Substonce
chemica
Conatituent elementsCon begepasigtedby

Oce
 Dobe
ge No.

MIXTURE S Ei3 made ub 0t uwo 091 m c9te elemenls O9

Combbunds mixcd in any_Rahoborobogthon
ma be Hom0qe nepuS 0.91 Hete9109eneDUS_MIXkuoie
No NeLO Combound sfo9med
Con.sti-tuents a mixtusie can be 2cha1qte d by 8m ble-
bhysleal bMoeedz
doean have ed MeHhing Boiling peint
he bHope9Heg e Consituert 2ubstance a01e9etained
Exambles Seþaahon Methd
Two immipcible Aiau'els OAL+aate Busin sebatfi-
wnel
Dyes in BlacK ToK One Covent ditfenert ChDmatoqmapy4
Consti-tuents)

Tuoo Miscible liquds(Acetone Wates1) DEtillehion

Solid bashcleg insaluble om solvent) liagd Centifugahon.
CMK+ Carean)

Mixtuoe

HetesOgen eoug Mxtuste

neous Mixthee
The ConstHuents e h e mixtusie The constitueta Hhe
mixtuHe 91em an
aue Combletels mIxed toqethest
elpatgte.c m each
& con't_be dishnquished ronm
othe
each Ohe:
hag Unifo0im Combosihon
doegnot have unjfoum
Compasiton
No Vsible bDLLnd ases e 3houos S i be_boundqne
3epafion
Sepas1qtion
 Dote
Poye No.

Chang e

Physical Change Chemica Change

LniesconveSIon 0 taleg Duoinq s2910@0, One
No NeLo u bs+ance fsfo9n ed Lubsance 1eacts

opeotHee o Conshtuet elements A t anhee ad

ubstance 1S 9etuned a chemicalCornosinn
Nlo change fn Combosith'on & A Neu 2ubst ance g
No change frn chenic.al oned

Natuote -he 2ubstance The change 14 genenally

The ehcunqe is genenalu A e VeS1Si ble

9tevesible
ropeotieg Constihuent
Changes opeg not in/ol\/e_ Slements substance dhange
loss oA qain e hea chanees invove loss or
un e heat
Tce atates
eg Combuston
Busnn Canclle Boh Physial chemical
Change take_olace.

Hous hbuld you Coniomtnat q colouslea Ifqud given-b

you ia a puore latlate ?
no By nding he leoiling beint e a given _colousiless liqud.
he ligud beils qt L00 C Qt Qtmosbhestie reRRUSIe
hen i+'s_bu91e alales his 1s because oeLuhstancea
hae xed Methinq beint & oiling point
SoLUTLON _A_Soluthon iz a hum0ge.ne.ous mixtue Ho
MDaHe2ubstonee
Ihe MaTb_Combbn ent c Soluhon I2 calledhe So)vent,
Ond he Ming 2 colled Solute

Solte
Sn vert:
Combonent baregert in L'emponent_b91eg ent in
Srnalles oposhon. lasaeso1opo9etion.
Conbonent t a t s diEsolved 7. edissol{re -the dthen Conmb: in it7
hat
Agueous Solutbn A olution e Subatance în lates called
qquedus Soluhon. Ghe1oi2e, 1+ s known qs

Non- Agueous Solthon.

Sqlt- So luhion 9 Sol u-h'on).

Solute> Satt
SdlYent ANate91.
Solfd Sohiel Soluhn Alloys
gaseous 3olution Aist
A Souhon Iodine in Alchehol i Ehoon qs Tinetuse

e Loctine has Locline (solid) as h e Solute

Alchohol lfquu'd) qs h e Solvent

A estatee oinKs Ke Sodq nlates Gas fn hiud

Soluhon7 n which C02 1gas7 as Sol ue &

laute(ttaud) q s SoVent

As ig a mixune e 9 s in 9as (Hombqeneus

THs Conethtuents_aHe Oxugen 21) 2 Nifoqen )

he Qser a9ie boie et in vey gmall quantt

ToopestieS
Soluhon a hornoqeneousmixt1
Paothicle _ a Collrthion_a9e Smglles ro nm (o m) in
damele1 Cant beeen by mal'd eLA)
 parheles Cnnd- be
The| Solute Dote
e iratien P o a No.
miktoMe by theMbee?
2 eHHe down
Whe T
eleg dd mot
The So/ute pah Soltion z Stable
ndictuobedhat ig a heu
Scat
botthicleSze
Smell
leoLL $0utiOD-Sobe
thpugh -he
beam laht possing
not aible în Sp luh'on
h ght i

Solution
U n s g t w i a t c d S o l u h o n .

Sotuoiate.d Solution Solurhion b9s legz2than

hot Tfhs
A Satupmote.d Soluton e o+
ambut
he naximum
i n lalhich h e mQximun amount
dispved ne chlHh
can be
Solute has been dissobed at tesimed asan UnsatuoqBed
a pathiculay--embeortuote
Solution
unsq-twrqted on heahng
A Sa+waled Solmon becomes

T he Numbeo q1ams Aubstance

*Solubilty
cnlue)-hat Can be dhssolved in l00g elelaes.
make_a6hotgle.d
Sovent) a q gien tembetgtuete
Solutho
ConcentMgthon o Solurtion = Arnourt Solute
Amout Solvent
Theoe ane \lag11ous alas Oexpaeezinq-heConcen-tratme

a Solu-hon
Mass bs masspeecetage a Soluh'on
Mass e SoluteXt06
Mass df Soluhdon

Kiiz Mass bs Volume pecetage el a Soluthon

Mass e Solutex Jeo-
/blume e Solution

i blune encemta4e Volwme e Soluk

X lsd
yVslne Wolune e Soluthien
 Dote:
ge No.

Suspension Asusbenston 12 a heteo1oqeneous mixtue

in lalhich nesolute paorh clegdo not ol csple
but
91emauin 2usbended haoughouthe bulk othe
Medium
10pesrth'es
Sucpension1g a heles ogen eaus Mxtune S1ze7100 nrm
fasthcleg_ei q Suspensionaan be 3een byNaked Eue
h e bao1thicleg
ea2us bension SeqHo g beam liqht passnq
-hd ugh it _malKe ts
þath sible:
The Solule aochcles2eHe douon lhen qs
usbtnsion g let
wndishus-bed hat îa a suspensi'on ih unshaLle
lhey caan be sebaoaled omhe mixtuee byhe
peto ces a
rehon
When he baothèle geHHe downthe susbension bregKs &_H
d oesn Scate light Cnu4 mage

Colleida Soluhion The pastticleg 9 coliamo aHe unformls

r e.aD hnughoutthe Soluhon Duet Reloctivey
Smalle size Þahiclesas comba ed -tohat e a Lushens
-len he nixuoe apheasS to be_homnDqenenus But
Actualu Colleicla Soluhon t a h tmq eneaus mixto1e-
Mik

To1opesehies
Hs q heteL0qen eou miXtuMe.
The pa9t-hcter e Collereal Soluhon cànt be Been Alith
nakee eye
These asthcleg can easily Bcatte a beam elight,his
Scateung beam_eght ia calles h e n d a l
Eect
 Dote:
goge No.

Tyneall effcet Con q\sb be peen|6hsesved When a hine

beam e lighrt etois a i00mhouqh a small hole
Thi's haphens cdye to *he Scatesinq e Ught b h e

paothicle_ olust & SmoKe in -he a :

Sunliaht_a
molal EPfe.at Can also be Obseoived JAlhen
Tn he 91est
hugh-the Conaby o a densc MC
alaqHeo1 alhich gcls 0 a
mit Containsiny doblels
atacle ColLB-idnafsaia
d's scc
COMMDN ExAMPLES OP COLLOTDS

DIsPERSED PHASE DISPERSZNIG MEDZUM TyPE Example

Aesrosol Foq, clouls, Mist
Cas
SmoKe, Automebil
Solid Gas Aemoso ExhaUsE

Shaing Cream
G9S Foam
M i , i c e Cream
Emulsion
Aiauid Aiqud MilK O
Maanesjg u
Sotud Sol
Sold foam Foam RLbbe Sorqe
Gas
Solr Ghel Tely cheeRe, butHe
k1que
Solid Solid So) Cblbusyea mil
Solid qem3tdne qlass

Difeent Sebarahon Methods

EvgosGHon i used to sepa9te he Volqhle

Combonent (Solyent) om s
Non-Yolile Solute

Dye em TmK Sugas fstom ag StganSojhon

ete

Cetougahon used to Sebaiate Solid paothcleg

Ahich ae vey & paas h9ough
Smq|

He ppes. fo Such pasthè le he Hehon eehniue

cant be used 1 Sebaierhion Syy mixoeR cje
 Dote:
mge No.

Centoufugcethion
sepooiated by 12 at he denseo
Fanciple The boineiple
& h e l1ghte 49rhcles
pa9-hele a e o91ced-Jo the ootom

Sty a th e f _ alben
spu
dit
egdily

Applieqhon3 Lo'ne Tezts.

lood &
Dsed in Diagnoshe ab091q-to91i'es oo
buten faor Creom
Used in daisies home to SebanqHe
8queeze ou IalCH91 fon
Uscd fn Nas hing Machineg t o

alet clotheg.

Meure
Thus ig used to sebaHq-Je
a
Seha
aqhng Funnel&
o immizciblelauids fo1 eq Kes1osene + hlakeo

2 Pa-257
Applicahons
To se pasigte Mixte bil & alaleo
exkeqcHon THon do1om ts 09He. the hahe
he
Sla is sremoved s1om heob bu-th's method
leave tne Molten Toion gt he botom in -the unance

Sublimahon Thi mehoe used to sepa1ate Buch

mixtuoies-hat contain q Sublimable VblatiJe Componert
mon-Sublimable impusuty
Fos e Mixte e Sqt& Ammonium chlbside

Alba2utbtimabte ublimable CembonetA

Some £xamplesof s0]ics lhich &ublime a e

Volahle
A mmoni un chloHde Camphc9 Nepthalene,
Anth1acene
 P o g e No.

Compono
fost -he sepa9qh on o ents
Dishillathion use
huoo miseible lguues hct be
mikhuoie contau'ninq
u'ont Ceence
NI-Hh out olecombos ition & have su
inhei boiling boints

DiPtaon
Simple DiSHllahon rachone SH lGtn.
ip_ used to ehootae TbSebarqle a mixtuMe_O14us0
a luid 91om a Soluhon 091 mo94E mieci ble ialuds
Containing mon-Nola-hle alhich n oife1ence in
Col ute t 2epaae boilinq boinds fs less than 25k.
a mixt19te O oo Sepaxa-tion ol een Gze
miscible liauids hose romau
b1lingboids ditfe by () clif4esuen rachong ern
moe nan 25 K._ betadleun ro duets
91qehonq-ting Column Tp Ysed.

Fitqen I+ s a technique used

Bepc9te an
n soluble Solid THon q. ligud
by allduoing the mí*uore
_passherough_a utable te
i g em ployed IAlhen
matesia does not 3eHle he insoluble
doon 0nStan ding.