INVESTIGATION OF VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN A

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION; A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL

POLYTECHNIC ADO EKITI

BY

OGUNDOYIN OLAWALE CHRISTOPHER

FPA/EE/21/3-0005

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ADO-EKITI,

EKITI STATE, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THR AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MARCH, 2023
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The voltage characteristics of a distribution substation refer to the behavior and

performance of the electrical system in terms of voltage regulation, stability, and
reliability. These characteristics are crucial for ensuring the efficient and safe
distribution of electricity to customers.

The primary function of a distribution substation is to receive high-voltage power

from transmission lines and transform it into lower voltages suitable for
distribution to homes, businesses, and other end-users. Voltage regulation is a
critical aspect of this process, as it ensures that the voltage delivered to
customers remains within acceptable limits even when there are fluctuations in
demand or supply.

Stability is another essential aspect of voltage characteristics, as it refers to the

ability of the electrical system to maintain a steady voltage level under varying
conditions. This is achieved through the use of voltage regulators, capacitors, and
other devices that help stabilize the electrical system.

Reliability is also a critical factor in voltage characteristics, as it relates to the

ability of the electrical system to operate consistently and without interruptions
or failures. This is achieved through appropriate maintenance practices, backup
systems, and fault detection and isolation mechanisms.
Overall, the voltage characteristics of a distribution substation are complex and
multifaceted, requiring careful design, planning, and operation to ensure optimal
performance and reliability. Proper understanding and management of these
characteristics are essential for ensuring the safe and efficient delivery of
electricity to customers.

The voltage characteristics in a substation include:

1. Documented voltage interruption also known as power interruption

refers to a situation where the voltage of power supply to an electrical device or a
system is suddenly cut off or interrupted
2. Voltage fluctuations: Voltage fluctuations refer to rapid changes in
voltage levels that can be caused by sudden changes in load conditions or faults in
the power system. Voltage fluctuations can cause damage to electrical equipment
and disrupt the operation of sensitive electronic devices.

1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The goal of the project is to explore the voltage properties of a distribution sub-station; a
review of Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The importance of studying the electrical voltage characteristics of a distribution
substation cannot be overstated. It is essential for the proper functioning of this important
infrastructure and can help in understanding how to promote the efficient distribution of
energy.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Distribution substation are generally used to distribute electric energy to administration
and industrial blocks, students residence and other facilities. They operate at 11kV/415V
voltage level, and deliver electric energy directly to administrative blocks, industrial and
student residence.

LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

safety is an inherent limitation of voltage investigations. Substations are high-voltage
environments, and any mistakes or errors made during the investigation can result in
serious injuries or sound damage to property