HISTORY 42 - LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

LIFE - FROM BIRTH TO DEATH

BIRTH - JUNE 19, 1861 (between 11 and 12 midnight)

DEATH - 7:03 AM,DECEMBER 30, 1896

WORKS – HIS WRITINGS AND WHAT HE DID WHILE ALIVE

HERO
1. A prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in any remarkable action or
event.
2. A person of distinguish valor (gallantry) or enterprise ( industrious) in danger, or fortitude
(strength of mind) in suffering.
3. A man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional service to mankind.

HONORED
1. His birth and day of execution commemorated by all
2. Name byword in every home
3. His picture adorns postage stamps and paper and coin money
4. Monuments erected in his honor
5. Towns and barangays named after him
6. Educational institutions, societies, and trade names bear his name
7. Persons are named Rizal or Rizalina
8. Laws, executive orders, bulletins, memoranda and circulars in private and public and private
schools bear his name
9. His teachings and noble thoughts have been frequently invoked and quoted by writers and
speakers on almost all occasions.

WHY?
According to Rafael Palma, a biographer, “The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epoch (era) but
for all epochs. They are as valid today as they were yesterday. It cannot be said that because of the
change in institutions, the wisdom of his counsels or the value of his doctrines have ceased to be
opportune (suitable). They have not.’’

WHY IS JOSE RIZAL OUR FOREMOST NATIONAL HERO?

Because as a towering figure in the Propaganda Movement, he took an ‘’admirable part’’ in that
movement which roughly covered the period from 1882 to 1896.

His Noli Me Tangere, more than any other writing, contributed tremendously to the formation
of the Filipino nationality.
FROM HIS ENEMIES:
1. His novel was attacked by a Faculty Committee of a Manila university which declared the
book as : HERETICAL (contrary to established belief) IMPIOUS TO THE RELIGIOUS ORDER
AND UNPATRIOTIC AND SUBVERSIVE TO PUBLIC ORDER, LIBELOUS TO THE GOVERNMENT
OF SPAIN AND TO ITS POLITICAL POLICIES IN THESE ISLANDS.
2. The Permanent Censorship Commission recommended that THE IMPORTATION,
REPRODUCTION, AND CIRCULATION CIRCULATION OF THIS PERNICIOUS (harmful) BOOK IN
THE ISLANDS BE ABSOLUTELY PROHIBITED.
3. In Spain the two chambers of the Spanish Cortes also lambasted Rizal and his Noli in 1888
and 1889.

IN THE US CONGRESS 13 YEARS LATER:

The Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed. This Bill give the Philippines the National Assembly for
self-governance.

The Bill was passed after Congressman Henry Allen Cooper of the US Congress delivered an
eulogy of Rizal in the US House of Representatives. He said in part: IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT IF
AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS HAD DONE NOTHING ELSE THAN FURNISHED TO THE WORLD THE CHARACTER
OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, THAT ALONE WOULD ENTITLE THEM TO THE RESPECT OF MANKIND. SO,
SIR, I SAY TO ALL THOSE WHO DENOUNCE THE FILIPINOS INDISCRIMINATELY AS BARBARIANS AND
SAVAGES, WITHOUT POSSIBILITY OF A CIVILIZED FUTURE, THAT THIS DESPISED RACE PROVED ITSELF
ENTITLED TO THEIR RESPECT AND TO THE RESPECT OF MANKIND WHEN IT FURNISHED TO THE WORLD
THE CHARACTER OF JOSE RIZAL.

AGAIN, WHY DID RIZAL BECOME THE GREATEST FILIPINO HERO?

Because according to ESTEBAN A. de OCAMPO, ‘’no Filipino has yet been born who could equal
or surpass Rizal as a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger or fortitude in suffering.’’

Because he is a ‘’man honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to
mankind.’’?

HIS LEADERSHIP WAS RECOGNIZED HERE AND ABROAD:

In early 1889 he was unanimously elected as honorary president of the

La Solidaridad by the Filipinos in Barcelona and Madrid.
1. Months later in Paris he organized and became the chief of the Indios Bravos.
2. January 1891 was again chosen unanimously as Responsible (Chief) of the Spanish-Filipino
association.
3. Was the founder of the Liga Filipina in Manila on July 3, 1892.
4. The KKK recognized his greatness by making him the honorary president and by using Rizal
as password for the third-degree member.
 5. A year after his execution, General Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary chiefs exiled to
Hongkong held a commemorative program on December 29, 1897 on the occasion of the
first anniversary of the heros execution.

WHY IS THIS COURSE REQUIRED:

Because a law RA No. 1425 known as the Rizal Law was passed by Congress on June 12, 1956
and provides that ‘’courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels, Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo shall be incuded in the curricula of schools , colleges and universities,
public and private.’’ (Nov. 6,2014)

WHY WAS HE CALLED A ‘’MANY SPLENDORED’’ GENIUS?

1. Endowed with superb INTELLECTUAL, MORAL and PHYSICAL QUALITIES.
2. Ranks with the worlds geniuses:
a) Anthropologist
b) Botanist – a biologist specializing in the study of plants
c) Businessman
d) Cartographer – makes maps
e) Dramatist – playwright
f) Economist – economic expert
g) Educator
h) Engineer
i) Essayist
j) Entomologist – a zoologist studying insects
k) Farmer
l) Folklorist – studies, collects folklore
m) Geographer – expert in geography (study of the earth’s surface)
n) Grammarian – linguist specializing in the study of grammar
o) Historian
p) Horticulturist – expert in the science of cultivating plants
q) Humorist – one who speaks and writes amusingly
r) Lexicographer – writer of a dictionary
s) Linguist – speaks more than one language
t) Musician
u) Novelist – writes novels
v) Painter
w) Physician
x) Poet
y) Philologist – a humanist (concerned with the interest and welfare of human beings)
z) Philosopher – a wise person who is calm and rational
aa) Polemist – a writer who argues in opposition to others
 bb) Psychologist – expert in the science of mental life
cc) Satirist – a humorist who uses ridicule, irony and sarcasm
dd) Sculptor
ee) Sportsman
ff) Sociologist – social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society
gg) Surveyor – an engineer who determines the boundaries and elevations of land or structures
hh) Traveler
ii) Zoologist – specialist in biology dealing with animals

THE WORLD WHEN RIZAL WAS BORN:

1. 1861, Philippines browsing (going through) redolently beneath the shadow of the cross. (a) PAX
HISPANICA reigned over the archipelago. (b) people despite their bondage enjoying serene,
simple and Christian way of life. (c) better off than subject peoples of English, Dutch and
Portuguese colonies.
2. Beyond the Philippines, the world was in the throes of POLITICAL STRIFES, SOCIAL UPHEAVALS,
and INTERNATIONAL INTRIGUES:
a) China was helpless against western powers taking away her riches and her futile
wars with England and France ended in China losing more territories. The same
western powers tried Japan but failed to subdue the Japanese
b) In Indo-China French troops of Emperor Napoleon III, aided by Filipino soldiers from
Manila, were smashing Annamese resistance. 1858 Saigon was captured and four
years later France acquired Cochin China.
c) In India, the British East India Company were establishing its rule and then to
Burma. Three Burmese wars, (1824-1826, 1862-1863, 1862-1863)were needed by
England to subdue Burma.
d) Mexico City. In January 1861, Benito Juarez with Indian and Mexican troops entered
and proclaimed restoration of Mexican independence. This resulted in the execution
of Archduke Maximilian of Austria.
e) Russia saw the emancipation of serfs by Czar Alexander II in 1861.
f) United States Civil War exploded over the slavery question and the issue of
secession.
g) In Europe, (1) German states were being forged into on nation by Bismarch against
Austrian opposition (2) Italians under Cavour and Garibaldi were rallying the Italians
against Austria for Italia Redenta (3) In France the Second Napoleonic Empire,
engulfed by domestic and foreign troubles and misgoverned by Napoleon III, was
crumbling to pieces.
h) Only England of all the great powers was experiencing relative peace and prosperity.
FACTORS THAT SHAPED THE CHARACTER OF RIZAL:
WHY RIZAL?
Originally “Mercado’’ adopted by the paternal Chinese ancestor Domingo Lamco.

In 1849, Gov. Claveria issued a decree directing all Filipinos to adopt surnames from a list of
Spanish family names to Hispanize Filipino surnames.

Francisco did not like any. So he chose ‘’Rizal’’ from the Spanish word ‘’ricial’’ meaning ‘’green
field’’ or ‘’new pasture’’.

RIZAL FAMILY
1) One of the richest families in Calamba prior to persecution by the friars.
2) First to build a large stone house in Calamba
3) First to own a carruaje
4) First to have a home library, about 1,000 volumes
5) First to educate their children in the colleges of Manila

Not only rich but a highly esteemed and respected family

Combing wealth, culture, hospitality and charm, it participated in all social, religious
activities of the community.

Beneath the Rizal roof, all guests, irrespective of color, social position, or economic
status were treated equally---with all courtesy and hospitality.

RIZAL HOME
It was a happy home where parental affection and children’s laughter reigned. By night, it
echoed with the dulcet (pleasing to hear) notes of family prayers. Both parents and children were
harmoniously united by strong ties of affection and understanding.

A wholesome home bred a wholesome family.

A wholesome family produced Rizal.

RIZAL ANCESTRY
Mixed ancestry: East and West - - Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish.

Paternal grandfather – Domingo Lamco (Chinese)

Maternal side ancestor – Lakan Dula, last Malayan king of Tondo.

Maternal grandfather - Eugenio Ursua (Japanese)

FATHER – Francisco Mercado Rizal
(a) an educated farmer having studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose,
Manila

(b) early manhood became a tenant farmer of the Dominican state

(c) quiet, serious, frugal (thrifty, avoid waste)

(d) taller than average Filipino, with wide shoulders, brown complexion, prominent

forehead, large dark eyes, large ears and firm jaws.

MOTHER – Teodora Alonzo Realonda

(a) Graduate of Santa Rosa College
(b) Talented woman with high culture, business ability and literary gift
(c) Mathematician
(d) Speaks Spanish

BROTHERS AND SISTERS

1. Saturnina (1850-1913) - 63
2. Paciano (1851-1930) - 79
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) - 87
4. Olympia (1855-1887) - 32
5. Lucia (1857-1919) - 62
6. Maria (1859-1945) - 86
7. JOSE (1861-1896) - 35
8. Concepcion (died at 3) (1862-1865)
9. Josefa (died an old maid) (1865-1945) - 80
10. Trinidad (died an old maid) (1868-1951) - 83
11. Soledad (1870-1929) – 59

INFLUENCES ON RIZAL’S BOYHOOD

Hereditary:

Malayan Ancestors – passionate love for freedom and serenity of life’s outlook.

Chinese Ancestors - serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children.

Spanish Ancestors – elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to

ladies.
 Father – profound sense of self-respect, love of work, and the habit of
Independent thinking.

Mother – religious nature, spirit of self-sacrifice, and passion for arts and
Literature

Environmental influence:
Inborn artistic and literary talents – the scenic beauties of Calamba and the

beautiful Rizal family garden.

Religious nature –was fortified by family religious atmosphere

Value of brotherly love – instilled in his mind by Paciano

Value of courtesy and kindness to women – from his sisters

Interest in folklore and legends – from his yaya

Love of books – from his uncle Gregorio

Development of artistic ability – from his uncle Jose

Importance of good health and sports – from his uncle Manuel

Value of intellectual honesty and love for scholarship – from father Leoncio

Lopez, parish priest of Calamba

Melancholy (uncheerful) temperament – death of sister Concha in 1865 and

Imprisonment of mother in 1872-1874.

Spirit of patriotism and inspiration to dedicate his life to the redemption of his

oppressed people – Spanish abuses and cruelties witnessed in his boyhood

such as brutal acts of the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and the alcalde;

the unjust tortures inflicted on innocent Filpinos and the execution of

fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.

Aid Of Divine Providence

God endowed him with the versatile talents of a rare

genius, the unsurpassed spirit of nationalism and the

 valiant heart to sacrifice himself for a noble cause. -

NEXT: CHAPTER 3 ( pages 21 – 26)

-

1. What important experiences did Rizal have while in Binan?

2. What tragic events affected Rizal in 1871 and 1872?

CHAPTER 4 (pages 27 – 44)

1. How did Rizal perform at the Ateneo?

2. What important scholastic experiences did he have?
3. How about his extra-curricular activities?
4. What two anecdotes revealed Rizal’s character?
5. What poems did he write?
6. Who was Segunda Katigbak?

CHAPTER 2 – CHILDHOOD DAYS IN CALAMBA

Earliest Childhood Memories

First – his happy days in the family garden when he was 3 years old. Frail, sickly and
undersized, was given the tenderest care by parents.

Second – daily angelus (prayer 3 x a day in memory of the anunciation)

Third – nocturnal walk in the town especially when there was a moon

First Sorrow – when Concha died in 1865 at 3.

THE STORY OF THE MOTH – The moth died a martyr to its illusions. To sacrifice ones life
for an ideal is worth while.
 HIS ARTISTIC TALENTS: Revealed God—given talents n early childhood.

1. Drew sketches on his sisters books

2. Carved figures of animals and persons out of wood
3. Before he could read, could sketch pictures of birds, flowers, fruits, rivers,
mountains, animals and persons

PROPHETIC WORDS: ‘’dont you know that people will erect monuments in my honor in
the future?”When he was teased by his sisters for keeping so many
statuettes he made out of clay and wax.

PRODIGY (unusually gifted) OF THE PEN:

1. Not only skilled in brush, chisel and pen-knife

2. He was a born poet. Sa Aking Mga Kababata---first known poem---an appeal
to people to love our national language.

FIRST MONEY EARNED IN HIS LIFE BY MEANS OF A PEN:

At 8 he wrote a tagalog drama that was staged at Calamba town fiesta. The
gubernadorcillo was impressed and bought the manuscript for 2 pesos.
This inspired him to develop his literary talent.

CHAPTER 3 – SCHOOL DAYS IN BINAN

FIRST DAY IN BINAN SHOOL: was laughed at for answering “a little sir’’ for each
question.

FIRST SCHOOL BRAWL:

While teacher was having a siesta, Jose met the bully, Pedro and challenged him
to a fight. They wrestled and Pedro was defeated.

Later in the afternoon, Andres Lakundanan, a classmate challenged Jose to an

arm-wrestling match. Jose was defeated, nearly cracked his head on the
sidewalk.

In succeeding days he had other fights. Some won, some lost. He was not
 quarrelsome by nature but never run away from a fight.

PAINTING LESSONS IN BINAN:

Lured by his love for painting, Jose spent many leisure hours at the house of an
old painter, Juancho who gave him free lessons in drawing and painting.

Jose and classmate, Jose Guevarra became apprentices of Juancho. They

improved their art and soon became the “favorite painters of the class”.

BEST STUDENT IN SCHOOL:

Jose bested all Binan boys in Spanish, Latin and other subjects.

INJUSTICE TO JOSES MOTHER:

From Binan schooling Jose returned to Calamba in 1871, happy to be with the
whole family.

After Christmas, father thought of sending him to school in Manila.

Before June, Dona Teodora was arrested on the charge that she aided her brother
Jose Alberto in trying to poison Albertos wife.

The lieutenant of the Guardia Civil brutally arrested her just because at one time
Jose’s father refused to give him fodder for his horse.

The judge had her confined in the Santa Cruz provincial jail instead of the
Calamba jail simply because he felt that he was not given greater respect
than the Filipino guests in the Rizal home.

THE LIEUTENANT FORCED DONA TEODORA TO WALK ON FOOT A

DISTANCE OF 5O KILOMETERS FROM CALAMBA TO SANTA CRUZ,
LAGUNA.

MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA:
On January 20, 1872, another calamity occurred.

The Cavity Mutiny flared up. Staged by workers in the Cavity arsenal who
resented the withdrawal of their old time privileges notably exemption
from tribute and forced labor.

The privileges were granted by Gov. Gen. de la Torre, but withdrawn by the new
 Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo. A reactionary, banned all talks of
reforms and stopped the Filipinization of the clergy. Arrogant and ruthless,
he boasted that he came WITH A CRUCIFIX IN ONE HAND AND WITH A
SWORD IN ANOTHER.

Spanish authorities magnified it into a revolt and implicated Filipino priest and
patriots. They were arrested and thrown into prison.

Fathers Mariano Gomez, (1792 – 1872 – 80), Jose Burgos, (1837 -1872 – 35),
Jacinto Zamora (1835 – 1872 – 37) were sentenced to die by garrote,
charged as the fomenters (agitators) of the revolt.

They were executed on February 17, 1872. THIS BECAME THE SEEDS OF
FILIPINO NATIONALISM.

EFFECT OF GOMBURZA ON RIZAL

He was only 11 years old when Paciano told him about the martyrdom.

He was deeply impressed and swore to carry on the unfinished task of the
Martyrs.

Years later, Dr. Rizal, remembering his childhood promise, dedicated his second
novel EL FILIBUSTERISMO to GOMBURZA.

THE CHURCH, BY REFUSING TO DEGRADE YOU, HAS PLACED IN DOUBT

THE CRIME THAT HAS BEEN IMPUTED TO YOU; THE GOVERNMENT BY SORROUNDING YOUR TRIALS
WITH MYSTERY AND SHADOWS, CAUSES THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS SOME ERROR, COMMITTED IN
FATAL MOMENTS; AND ALL THE PHILIPPINES, BY WORSHIPPING YOUR MEMORY AND CALLING YOU
MARTYRS, IN NO SENSE RECOGNIZES YOUR CULPABILITY. INSOFAR, THEREFORE AS YOUR COMPLEXITY
IN THE CAVITY MUTINY IS NOT CLEARLY PROVED, AS YOU MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE BEEN PATRIOTS, AND
AS YOU MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE CHERISHED SENTIMENTS FOR JUSTICE AND FOR LIBERTY, I HAVE THE
RIGHT TO DEDICATE MY WORK TO YOU AS VICTIMS OF THE EVIL WHICH I UNDERTAKE TO COMBAT. AND
WHILE WE AWAIT EXPECTANTLY UPON SPAIN SOMEDAY TO RESTORE YOUR GOOD NAME AND CEASE
TO BE ANSWERABLE FOUR YOUR DEATH, LET THESE PAGES SERVE AS A TARDY WREATH AND DRIED
LEAVES OVER YOUR UNKNOWN TOMBS, AND LET IT BE UNDERSTOOD THAT EVERYONE WHO WITHOUT
CLEAR PROOFS ATTACKS YOUR MEMORY, STAINS HIS HANDS IN YOUR BLOOD!
 Never in the annals of any country has a martyr offered such
magnificent tribute to his martyred predecessors and suffered martyrdom
too, at the same place and for the same cause---FREEDOM, JUSTICE AND
RACIAL EQUALITY.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

CHAPTER 4 – TRIUMPHS IN ATENEO, 1872-1877

RIZAL ENTERS THE ATENEO
1. JUNE 10, 1872 took entrance exam at College of San Jose de Letran.

After that, his father changed his mind and instead sent him to Ateneo.

2. Upon his return to Manila he matriculated at the Ateneo Municipal

At first Father Magin Fernando (registrar) refused 5o admit him for two
reasons: (a) he was late for registration (b) he was sickly and
undersized for his age.

He was the first of the family to use Rizal because Mercado was under
suspicion by the Spanish authorities due to Paciano’s being a
favorite student and helper of Father Burgos at the College of San
Jose.

JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

1. It was advanced from that of other colleges at that time
2. It trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious
instruction
3. It promoted physical culture, fine arts and scientific studies
4. Aside from academic courses leading to degree in A. B., vocational courses
in agriculture, commerce and mechanics were also offered.
5. Mass was heard very morning before classes.
6. Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
7. Students were divided into 2 groups:
a. ROMAN EMPIRE (internos-boarders)
b. CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE (externos-non-boarders)
 Emperor – best student

Tribune – second best

Decurion – third best

Centurion – fourth best

Standard-bearer – fifth best

c. BANNERS:

ROMANS – RED

CARTHAGINIANS – BLUE

RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN THE ATENEO

1. He was placed at the bottom of the class being a newcomer and knowing
little Spanish.

2 As an externo he was assigned to the CARTHAGINIANS, and occupying the

end of the line.

3. After the first week he progressed rapidly.

4. At the end of the month, he became the EMPEROR.
5. He was the brightest in the whole class and was awarded a religious picture
as a prize.

6. To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College

during his noon recesses.

7. During the second half of the year he did not try hard to retain his
scholarship supremacy because he resented remarks from his professor.
But his grades were still ‘’excellent’’.

SECOND YEAR AT THE ATENEO

1. Nothing unusual except he repented having neglected his

studies because of his professor’s remarks.
2. So he studied harder and once more became ‘’emperor’’.
3. At the end of the school year he got excellent grades and a
 gold medal.

TEENAGE INTEREST IN READING

1. IN Calamba during the summer break (1874) he began to

take interest in reading romantic novels, became interested
in love stories and romantic tales.
2. His first favorite novel , The Count of Monte Cristo made a
deep impression on him. (a 13 year old)
a. Sufferings of Edmond Dantes
b. Spectacular escape from the dungeon
c. Finding of a buried treasure on the rocky island of
Monte Cristo.
d. Dramatic revenge on his enemies who wronged him
3. He read both fiction and non-fiction such as the Universal
History of Cesar Cantu. This was valuable in his studies and
enabled him to win more prizes at the Ateneo.
4. He also read Travels in the Philippines by Feodor Jagor,
German scientist traveler who had visited the Philippines.
He was impressed:
a. By Jagor’s keen observations of the defects of
Spanish colonization.
b. His prophecy that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines and that America would succeed her as
colonizer.

THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-75)

1. Shortly after opening o classes his mother arrived and

joyously told him she was released from prison.
2. But in spite of the good news he did not make an excellent
showing in his studies like the previous year.
3. His grades remained excellent in all subjects but only won
one medal in Latin. Failed in Spanish because he was not
fluent. Defeated by a Spanish.
4. In March 1875, he returned to Calamba for summer break.
5. Was not impressed by his scholastic performance.
6. ‘’I returned dissatisfied to my hometown.’’
FOURTH YEAR AT THE ATENEO (1875-76)
1. After summer went back to Manila
2. June 14, 1875 became an internee at the Ateneo
3. Fr. Francisco Sanchez, one of his professors inspired Rizal to
study harder and write poetry. He admired Rizals God given
genius
4. Rizal had the highest affection and respect for Father
Sanchez and considered him his most beloved professor in
the Ateneo
5. Inspired, he topped all his classmates in all subjects and
won 5 medals at the end of school term
6. Returned to Calamba for summer and proudly offered his 5
medals and excellent ratings to his parents
7. Extremely happy to repay his father for his sacrifices

LAST YEAR AT THE ATENEO (1876-77)

1. After summer went back in June 1876 for his last year at the
Ateneo
2. He excelled in all subjects
3. The most brilliant Atenean of his time
4. Truly the pride of the Jesuits
5. Finished his last year in a blaze of glory
6. Obtained the highest grades in all subjects

GRADUATION WITH HIGHEST HONORS

1. Graduated at the head of his class
2. His scholastic records in all subjects were all excellent from
1872 to 1877
3. On commencement day, March 23, 1877, Rizal at 16
received the Bachelor of Arts degree with highest honors

EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AT ATENEO

1. Am emperor in the classroom
2. A campus leader outside
3. Was an active member of the Marian Congregation whose
membership was open to those who distinguish themselves
in class for their piety (righteousness) and good scholarship
4. Member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the
Academy of Natural Sciences whose membership is open
only to Ateneans who were gifted in literature and sciences
5. In his leisure hours, cultivated his literary talents under the
guidance of Father Sanchez
 6. Aside from poetry he devoted his spare time to fine arts,
painting under famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez and
sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, a noted Filipino
sculptor
7. To develop his weak body, he engaged in gymnastics and
fencing

ANECDOTES ON RIZAL THE ATENEAN

1. Hit by one of the books thrown by quarreling Ateneans at
the study hall (narrated by contemporary Felix M. Roxas)
revealed Rizals resignation to pain and forgiveness
2. Retrieving kite caught by vines at the belfry of the Manila
cathedral (narrated by Manuel Xeres Burgos, owner of a
boarding house were Rizal stayed. He helped Julio Melliza
(illustrates his predilection to help the helpless at the risk of
his life)

POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO

1. Mi Primera Inspiracion (1st)(about his beloved mother)
2. Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light (very
high regard for education)
3. The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education
(importance of religion in education) Education without God
is not true education

THE FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZAL

1. Segunda Katigbak, 14 year old Batanguena from Lipa, sister
of friend Mariano
2. He knew here while visiting maternal grandmother who was
a friend of the Katigbak family.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

CHAPTER 5: AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1877-82)

(the Bachelors Degree at that time was only equivalent to a high school diploma today)

MOTHER’S OBJECTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION:

 1. She had a premonition that too much knowledge would endanger her son’s life.
2. Fearful of the Spanish authorities who seemed to frown on those Filipinos who learned too
much, ‘’Do not send Jose again to Manila. If he gets to know too much, they will cut off his
head.’’
3. But Paciano and father overcame the mother.

RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY

1. At 16, he matriculated at Santo Tomas in April 1877.

2. Took up Philosophy and Letters for two reasons:
- His father like it
- He was not certain what course to take
3. After Philosophy and Letters he took up Medicine (1878-79) for two reasons:
- He wanted to cure his mother’s failing eyesight
- The Father rector of the Ateneo, whom he consulted, finally recommended
that he take the medical course.

SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO (1878)

1. During his first school term at Santo Tomas (1877-78) Rizal also studied in the Ateneo
2. Took up vocational course leading to the tile PERITO AGREMENSOR (expert surveyor)
3. He excelled in all subjects and got gold medals in agriculture and topography
4. At age 17 passed the final examination in the surveying course
5. His title was only issued to him n November 25, 1881 because he was underage when he
passed the exam

ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS:

1. Miss L from Calamba – stopped after several visits

2. (sophomore year)Leonor Valenzuela, daughter of neighbor of boarding house, love notes of
invisible ink, but stopped short of proposing marriage to Orang
3. (junior year)Leonor Rivera, his cousin, daughter of uncle Antonio Rivera, became a beautiful
romance. They became engaged. She signed as Taimis to hide the relationship.

VICTIM OF SPANISH BRUTALITY:

1. In 1880 (freshman medical student at Santo Tomas) while walking in a dark night at Calamba
he failed to recognize the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
2. He was slashed by a sword at the back. Not serious but painful.
3. Reported to the Governor Primo de Rivera but nothing came out
4. He was an indio and the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard.

‘’TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH’’

1. 1879 Liceo Artistico Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila held a literary contest and
 offered a prize for the best poem by native or mestizo
2. Rizal submitted and the Spanish judges were impressed and gave it the first prize
3. Classic in Phil literature for two reasons:
- The first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary authorities
- It gives for the first time a nationalistic concept that the Philippines is the
‘’fatherland of Filipinos’’
- Rizal beseeched (request) Filipino youth to RISE FROM LETHARGY, TO LET
HIS GENIUS FLY SWIFTER THAN THE WIND AND DESCEND WITH ART AND
SCIENCE TO BREAK THE CHAIN THAT HAS LONG BOUND THE POETIC GENIUS
OF THE COUNTRY.

ASSIGNMENT: (51 – 54)

What was ‘’The Counsel of the Gods’’?

1. Why did Rizal become the champion of the Filipino students?

2. Why was Rizal unhappy at the UST?
3. Why did Rizal decide to study in Spain after finishing the fourth year of his medical course?

THE COUNSEL OF THE GODS El Consejo de los Dioses (1880)

1. In 1880 the Artistic Literary Lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the
4th centennial of the death of Cervantes- Spain’s glorified man of letters and author of Don
Quixote
2. It was opened to Filipinos and Spaniards
3. Rizal submitted an allegory (short moral story) in prose (ordinary writing, not verse) entitled
El Consejo de los Dioses
4. Judges were all Spaniards
5. After a long and critical appraisal of the entries, they were forced to award the prize to Rizal
because of its literary superiority over the others
6. The Spanish community howled in great indignation because the winner was an Indio
7. Despite all objections, the gold ring with a bust of Cervantes awarded to Rizal
8. For the first time in history, an Indio and 19 year old medical student excelled in a national
literary contest

CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS

1. Rizal was champion of the Filipino students in their fights against arrogant Spanish students
who called them ‘’Indio, chongo’’. ‘’Kastila, bangus’’ was the reply.
2. Rizal was particularly conspicuous in street fights because of his skill in fencing, prowess in
 wrestling and his indomitablecourage
3. In one encounter, Rizal was wounded in the head and it was Leonor Rivera who washed and
dressed his wound in his boarding house

RIZAL’S UNHAPPY DAYS AT UST

1. He found UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit

2. He was unhappy for the following reasons:
a) Dominican professors were hostile to him
b) Filipino students were racially discriminated and
c) Method of instruction was obsolete and repressive
3. In El Filibusterismo Rizal describes:
a) How Filipinos were insulted and humiliated by Dominican professors
b) Backward method of instruction, especially in natural sciences
c) Science subject was taught without laboratory experiment because microscopes
and other laboratory equipment were in showcases for visitors to see while
students could not even touch them
4. Thirst for knowledge of Filipinos was not encouraged by the Dominican professors
5. Rizal failed to win high scholastic honors.
6. DOMINICAN ORDER – A Roman Catholic order of mendicant preachers founded in the 13 th
century
7. JESUIT – A Roman Catholic order founded by St. Ignatius Loyola in 1534 to defend
Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen.
Strongly committed to education and scholarship (SOCIETY OF JESUS)

DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD

1. Decided to study in Spain because he could no longer withstand the:

a) Rampant bigotry – intolerance and prejudice of a bigot (do not agree with opinions
of others)
b) Discrimination
c) Hostility at UST
2. Professors in Spain were more tolerant and understanding
3. Only Antonio Rivera, Paciano and Saturnina knew, not his parents
4. Not even Leonor Rivera (being a woman, young and romantic could not keep a secret)

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
x
NEXT: CHAPTER 6 (55-67)

IN SUNNY SPAIN, 1882-1885

REASONS FOR GOING TO SPAIN:

PURPOSE IN GOING TO SPAIN:

1. To complete his university studies.
2. To improve his knowledge of arts and language.
3. To further develop his God-given talents for greater service to the fatherland.

POLITICAL SITUATION IN SPAIN AT THAT TIME:

1. The government was a constitutional monarchy.
2. The Spanish people enjoyed individual liberties, including freedom of speech and freedom
of the press.

RIZAL DELIGHTED:
1. He saw Spanish politicians and writers openly criticizing the government policies without
fear of persecution.
2. He joined the Propaganda Movement and work with other Filipino patriots in seeking
reforms to remedy the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines.

SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN: REASON?

1. To avoid detection by the colonial officials and the friars. (He used a passport secured by a
cousin named ‘’Jose Mercado’’.)
2. To keep his trip secret from his mother and father. (Only some close friends, Paciano, uncle
Antonio Rivera and sisters knew of his trip.

HIS PROVISIONS:
1. Paciano gave him 700 pesos.
2. Saturnina later gave him a diamond ring which helped him in his days of poverty in Europe.
3. He needed 35 pesos a month for studies and stay in Europe, and Paciano promised to send
it regularly through his uncle Antonio.

HIS DEPARTURE: TRAVEL

1. Boarded Salvadora (a steamer)at Pasig on May 3, 1882.
2. After 5 days reached Singapore and stayed there for 2 days.
3. Boarded another steamer Djemnah at Singapore and after one week reached Point de Galle.
4. In the morning g of that same day May 18, voyage was resumed and in the afternoon the
steamer docked at Colombo, Ceylon.
5. From Colombo the steamer crossed the Indian Ocean to Café de Guardafui in Africa.
6. Trip was difficult and stormy. He was seasick. On May 28 he saw for the first time the coast
of Africa ‘’inhospitable but famous land’’.
 7. At Aden he suffered terrible heat.
8. On June 2 he arrived at the city of Suez, the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal.
9. Djemnah took five days to traverse the Suez Canal – (a historic waterway constructed by the
famous Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps and inaugurated on November 17, 1869.)
10. Upon reaching Port Said, the Mideterranean terminal of the canal he landed to see
interesting spots.
11. From Port Said, Djemnah proceeded to Europe.
12. June 11 Rizal reached Naples.
13. On the night of June 12, Djemnah docked at the French harbor of Merseilles.
14. From Marseilles, he took the train for Barcelona, Spain’s second largest city where he was
welcomed by Filipinos, some former classmates.

SAD NEWS:
1. While at Barcelona he received news:
a) That Calamba folks were suffering from cholera
b) That Leonor was getting thinner because of his absence

PACIANO’S ADVICE:
TO FINISH HIS MEDICAL COURSE IN MADRID.

LIFE IN MADRID:
1. November 3, 1882 he enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid in two courses—
Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
2. Aside from heavy load at the University:
a) Studied painting a d sculpture in the Academy of San Carlos
b) Took lessons in French, German, and English under a private instructor
c) Assiduously practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonnell
d) Attended operas and concerts to improve his knowledge of music
e) Visited art galleries and museums and read books on all subjects under the sun,
including military engineering, in order to broaden his cultural background

SPARTAN LIFE IN MADRID:

1. He strictly budgeted his money and time
2. Lived frugally like an Ilocano, spending his money on food, clothing and books
3. Never on women and wine
4. His only extravagance was the Spanish lottery – 3 pesetas (formerly basic unit of money in
Spain—equal to 100 centimos)
5. He never wasted time.

ROMANCE WITH CONSUELO ORTEGA Y REY:

1. Used to visit the home of Don Pablo Ortega Y Rey.
 2. He and classmates played parlor games with daughters Pilar and Consuelo.
3. Consuelo caught Rizal’s heart.
4. Both fell in love with each other.
5. Was engaged to Leonor but she was far away.
6. But with great will power did not allow romance to last for 2 reasons:
a) He was still engaged to Leonor and do not want to be unfaithful to her.
b) Eduardo de Leite, his friend, was also deeply in love with Consuelo and he
did not want their friendship to break because of a girl.

RIZAL BECOMES A MASON

MASON – A widespread secret fraternal order pledged to mutual assistance and brotherly love.

1. In Spain he came to contact with liberal and republican elements, who were mostly masons.
2. Was easily impressed by the way the prominent Spanish Masons loudly and freely attacked
the government and the Church. (in the Philippines, these masons would either be jailed or
executed if they would so openly assail government policies or criticize the friars.)
3. In 1883, after being persuaded by friends, he joined the Masonic Lodge Acasia with Masonic
name, DIMASALANG, in Madrid for two reasons:
a) The bad friars in the Philippines, by their abuses unworthy of their calling,
drove Rizal to desperation and to Masonry.
b) He needed the help of the Masons to fight the bad friars in the Philippines.
He believed Masonry was a shield to use in his fight against the evil forces of
tyranny.
c) Became a Master Mason in LODGE SOLIDARIDAD on November 15, 1890.
d) Became a Master Mason of LE GRAND ORIENT FRANCE on February
15,1892.
e) Naturally ceased going regularly to church and wandered from the faith of
his fathers.
f) But he continued to have faith in God.

FINANCIAL WORRIES.
1. In his absence, things in Calamba turned from bad to worse.
a) Rice and sugar cane harvests failed.
b) Price of sugar went down.
c) Rent on lands cultivated by the Rizal family was raised exorbitantly by the
manager of the Dominican Estate. THE MANAGER WAS SORE WHEN RIZAL’S
FATHER REFUSED TO GIVE HIM A FAT TURKEY. AT THAT TIME MANY
TURKEYS DIED DUE TO PEST AND WHAT REMAINED WAS USED FOR
BREEDING PURPOSES.
2. Due to bad times Rizal’s monthly allowance decreased and at times none.
3. Paciano had to sell his brother’s pony to send money to Madrid.
4. Paciano earned little money by working as private tutor to rich students.
TOUCHING INCIDENT:
1. June 25, 1884.
2. In the morning he won a prize in Greek on an empty stomach because he had not eaten
since the night before due to lack of funds.
3. In the evening of same date he delivered a splendid speech in honor of Luna and Hidalgo
who won first and second price for their art competition entries at the National Exposition
of Fine Arts in Madrid in 1884.

STUDIES COMPLETED IN SPAIN:

1. Completed his medical course:
a) Awarded degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de
Madrid on June 21, 1894.
b) Next Academic year studied and passed all subjects leading to degree of
Doctor of Medicine. (But he was not awarded his doctor’s diploma because
he did not submit his thesis and paid the corresponding fees.)
2. Finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters:

Awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on
June 19, 1885 (24th bday) with a rating of ‘’excellent’’.

HE WAS READY TO FACE THE WORLD AND LEAD THE FIGHT FOR HIS
COUNTRY’S REDEMPTION.

BEFORE RETURNING HOME DECIDED TO SEE MORE OF EUROPE TO ACQUIRE

MORE MEDICAL LORE.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

NEXT: CHAPTER 7 (pp. 68 -76)

PARIS TO BERLIN 1885-1887

1. What was his purpose in going to Paris and Berlin?
2. Whom did he meet for this purpose?
3. Why was Rizal enchanted by Berlin?
4. How is Rizal’s life in Berlin described?
5. What were his reasons for staying in Berlin?
6. What impressions did Rizal have of German women?
7. What German customs did Rizal admire?
 8. Why was Rizal’s winter in Berlin considered the darkest?

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

PARIS TO BERLIN
PURPOSE IN GOING TO PARIS AND BERLIN

1. To specialize in ophthalmology because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye.

2. To observe European life and custom in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin.

IN GAY PARIS:
Worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist.

IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG:
1. Worked in the clinic of Dr. Javier Galezowsky, a famous Polish ophthalmologist.
2. Studied under Dr. Otto Becker, great German authority on ophthalmology.

RIZAL GOES TO LEIPZIG:

1. Attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychology.

RIZAL WELCOMED IN BERLIN’S SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES:

1. He came in contact with great scientests.
2. Met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor – celebrated German scientist-traveler
3. Was introduced by Jagor to Dr. Rudolf Virchow – famous German anthropologist and son Dr.
Hans Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
4. Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society and the Geographical Society of
Berlin, where Rizal met Dr. Joest – noted German geographer.
5. Dr. Rudolf Virchow recognized Rizal’s genius and invited him to give a lecture on the
Tagalogs.
6. Rizal wrote a scholarly paper in German TAGALISCHE VERSKUNST (Tagalog Metrical Art) and
read it before the Society.
7. This was published by the society in the year 1887 and elicited favorable comments from all
scientific quarters.
8. Worked in the clinic of Dr. R. Schulzer, famous German ophthalmologist.
9. He became a member of the Anthropological Society and Geographical Society of Berlin.
This proves that his scientific knowledge was recognized by Europe’s scientests.

RIZAL’S LIFE IN BERLIN:

1. He was not just a mere student or a curious tourist.
2. He was there for five reasons:
a) To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology.
b) To further his knowledge of sciences and language.
 c) To observe the conditions of the German nation.
d) To associate with famous German scientists and scholars.
e) To finish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.

RIZAL ON GERMAN WOMEN:

1. Serious, diligent, educated and friendly.
2. Not gossipy, frivolous,(not serious) and quarrelsome like the Spanish woman.
3. Not particular about beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry, though she could dress nicely
like any other woman in the world.

He regretted that in the Philippines, the women are more interested in how
they dress than in how much they know.

GERMAN CUSTOMS:
1. Celebrating around a Christmas tree.
2. Self-introduction.

RIZAL’S DARKEST WINTER:

1. He lived in poverty:
a) No money arrived from Calamba and he was broke
b) The diamond ring was in the pawnshop
c) Many of his books had already been sold to second hand book stores
d) He could not pay his landlord
e) He had to scrimp, eating only one meal a day, consisting of bread and water or some
cheap vegetable soup
f) Clothes were old and threadbare
g) He laundered because he could not afford to pay for dry-cleaning.

(in calamba, Paciano tried desperately to raise money, but crops have failed due
to locusts, and the sugar market collapsed)

h) Rizal starved in Berlin and shivered with wintry cold

i) He began to cough and he feared that he would be sick of tuberculosis.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

NEXT: CHAPTER 8 (pp. 77 – 88)

NOLI ME TANGERE, 1887

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

1. What inspired Rizal to write the Novel?

2. On January 2, 1884, what decision was made by the Filipinos in Madrid?
3. What happened to that decision and why?
4. How did Rizal write the Novel and what happened in the process?
5. Why was the novel finally printed?
6. Read carefully the synopsis of the Noli Me Tangere.
7. Was the Noli based on real situations?
8. What is the epilogue of the novel?

INSPIRATION:
Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which portrays the brutalities of American slave
owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro.

DECISION OF FILIPINOS IN MADRID:

Rizal’s proposal to a group of Filipinos write a novel was UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED. (Pedro,
Maximino and Antonio Paterno, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente
and Valentin Ventura)

WHAT HAPPENED?
1. The project did not materialize because those compatriots who were expected to
collaborate on the novel ABOUT ALL PHASES OF Philippine life DID NOT WRITE ANYTHING.

WHY?
1. Almost everybody wanted to write on women.
2. They wasted their time gambling and flirting with Spanish girls.

RIZAL’S DECICION:
To write the novel ALONE.

HOW RIZAL WROTE THE NOLI:

1. Toward end of 1884, Rizal began writing in Madrid and finished about ONE HALF of it.
2. While in Paris in 1885, he finished ONsE HALF of the second half.
3. He wrote the LAST FOURTH while in Germany.

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

1. In December 1886, his spirits were at its LOWEST EBB.
2. He almost threw the manuscript of the novel which was almost finished already, to the fire.
a) Was despondent because he was penniless and had no hope of publishing the
novel.
WHO SAVED THE NOLI?
1. In mid December 1886, Dr. Maximo Viola wired Rizal from Barcelona that he was coming to
Berlin.
2. Viola was a son of a rich family from San Miguel, Bulacan.
3. He came to invite Rizal for a TOUR OF EUROPE.
4. Upon learning Rizal’s predicament, Viola decided to postpone the tour and KINDLY advanced
some money for printing of the Noli.

PRINTING OF THE NOLI:

1. First edition was printed in Berlin in 1887, at 300 pesos for 2,000 copies.

TOKEN OF APPRECIATION FOR VIOLA:

Rizal gave to Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully wrapped around the pen which he used to write
the novel.

1. The first copy that came off the press had a dedicatory authograph; ‘’To my dear Friend,
Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work ---Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887,
Berlin.’’

A SIGNIFICANT DATE:
1. March 29, 1887
a) The date when Noli came off the press
b) A new classic was born in Philippine literature
c) The book caused a great stir in its times.

THE TITLE OF THE NOVEL:

` 1. Latin ‘’Noli Me Tangere’’ means ‘’Touch Me Not’’.Rizal admitted taking it from the Bible,
John 20: 13 – 17.
EXCERPT QUESTIONS FROM THE NOLI:

1. How does the Noli as a novel start?

It begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) in honor of
Crisostomo Ibarra, a young and rich Filipino who just returned after seven years of study in
Europe. (other guests: Padre Damaso, Franciscan friar and parish priest of San Diego for 20
years, Padre Sibyla, a young Dominican priest of Binondo; Senor Guevarra an elderly and
kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil; Don Tiburcio de Espadana, a bugos Spanish physician,
lame and henpecked husband of Dona Victorina; several ladies)

2. How did Ibarra introduce himself to the ladies who were present during a dinner in his
honor?

He introduced himself to the ladies in accordance with the German custom of self-
 introduction.

3. Why was Padre Damaso in bad mood during the reception?

Because he got a bony neck and a hard wing of the chicken tinola.

4. Why was Ibarra’’s father Don Rafael thrown into prison?

He defended a helpless boy from the brutality of an illiterate Spanish tax collector, who was
accidentally killed when Don Rafael pushed him. He died in prison unhappily. (this was
related to Ibarra by Lt. Guevarra) Ibarra vowed to find the truth about his father’s death.

5. When Ibarra’s father died, he was buried in consecrated ground. But why was his body
removed from the cemetery?

Because his enemies accused him of being a heretic and therefore not worthy of being
buried in consecrated grounds.

6. What was the order of the parish priest to the grave digger regarding the body of Don
Rafael?

That the corpse of Don Rafael be removed and buried in the Chinese cemetery.

7. Why did the grave digger throw the body of Don Rafael to the river?

The corpse was heavy and it was dark and rainy so the grave digger threw the corpse into
the lake.

8. Why did Ibarra attack Padre Salvi, the Franciscan priest of San Diego?

Because he thought he was the parish priest who desecrated his father’s mortal remains.
Actually, it was Padre Damaso.

9. Why was the old man Tasio the Sage called ‘’Tasio the Lunatic’’?

Because his ideas were too advanced for the people of his time, one of several interesting
people Ibarra met. (others were: the spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the wishes
of the parish priest; Don Filipo Lino, the teniente mayor and leader of the town’s liberal
faction; Don Melchor captain of the cuadrillos (town police); and former gobernadorcillos,
who were prominent citizens—Don Basilio and Don Valentin

10. What is considered the most tragic story in the Noli?

 It was about Sisa, a rich girl who became poor after being married to a gambler and wastrel.
She became crazy when she lost her two boys Crispin and Basilio. Both were sacristans.
Crispin was accused by the sacristan mayor of stealing the priest’s money, was tortured in
the convent and died. Basilio escaped. When both of them did not return Sisa became
insane in her sorrow.

11. In the Noli, how did Ibarra save the life of Elias?

During a picnic given by Ibarra and his friends for Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara and Aunt Isabel,
one of the boatmen, Elias, was grappling with a crocodile caught in the fish corral. Seeing
that Elias could not subdue it, Ibarra jumped into the river and killed the crocodile, saving
Elias.

12. Why did Padre Salvi tear to pieces the fortune telling book used by Maria Clara and her
friends in playing ‘’Wheel of Chance’’?

According to him it is a sin to play such games. After this a sergeant and four soldiers of the
Guardia Civil suddenly arrived looking for Elias who was hunted for: a) assaulting Padre
Damaso and b) throwing the alferez (lieutenant of the Guardia Civil) in to a mudhole.

13. What was the sermon of Padre Damaso during high mass of the San Diego fiesta?

He expatiated (explain, elaborate)on the evils of the times that were caused by certain men
who, having tasted some education, spread pernicious ideas among the people.

14. What was the warning of Elias to Ibarra during that mass?

To be careful during the laying of he cornerstone of the schoolhouse because there is a plot
to kill him. (Elias suspected that the yellowish man who built the derrick was a paid stooge
of Ibarra’s enemies. Later, as Ibarra, in the presence of a big crowd, went down into the
trench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick collapsed. Quick as a flash, Elias pushed
Ibarra aside, saving him. The yellowish man was the one pinned to death by the derrick.)

15. Why did Ibarra attack Padre Damaso during dinner?

Padre Damaso insulted the memory of Ibarra’s father in front of many guests. He was
knocked down by Ibarra, who almost killed him with a knife.

16. What was the result of that incident?

a) His engagement to Maria Clara was broken

 b) He was excommunicated

17. How did the liberal-minded governor general help Ibarra?

a) He persuaded Capitan Tiago to accept Ibarra as son-in-law

b) Promised to see the archbishop of Manila to lift excommunication

18. What happened to the grandfather of Elias?

A young bookkeeper in a Spanish commercial firm in Manila was accused of burning the
firm’s warehouse. He was flogged in public and was left in the street crippled and almost
dead. His pregnant wife became a beggar and prostitute to support him and son. After the
second son and death of husband she fled to the mountains. The first son Balat became a
dreaded tulisan, was caught by authorities, beheaded and his head was hung in a tree
branch in the forest. Because of this, the poor mother (Elias’ grandmother died). The
younger brother became a trusted laborer in the house of a rich man in Tayabas, fell in love
with his daughter, irked her father who investigated and found out his past. He was sent to
jail. The girl give birth to twins, a boy and a girl. The rich grandfather took them and reared
them as rich children, keeping their scandalous origin.

19. How did Elias and his sister know their real father?

A distant relative, owing to a dispute over money matters, exposed their past. An old male
servant was forced to testify in court and the truth came out that he was their real father.
They left Tayabas to hide their shame. Then the sister disappeared. Elias roamed from place
to place looking for her until he heard that a girl to his description was found dead in a
beach in San Diego. From then on, Elias lived a vagabond life, wandering from province to
province until he met Ibarra.

20. What incident led to the arrest of Ibarra?

Ibarra’s enemies engineered an attack on the barracks of the Guardia Civil, at the same time
warning the alferez to alert his men that night. The attackers were deceived that the
mastermind was Ibarra. When the attack failed and survivors caught Ibarra was blamed for
the incident. He was imprisoned.

21. How did Elias save Ibarra?

When Elias learned of Ibarra’s arrest he burned all papers that would incriminate Ibarra and
set Ibarra’s house on fire. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape. He and Ibarra
jumped into a banca loaded with grass, stopped at the house of Capitan Tiago, bade Maria
Clara farewell. Ibarra forgave Maria Clara for giving up his letters to the Spanish authorities
utilized as evidence against him. Maria Clara revealed those letters were exchanged with a
 letter from her late mother, Pia Alba, given by Padre Salvi. From that letter, Maria Clara
learned that her real father was Padre Damaso.
After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra returned to the banca. They Paddled up the Pasig
River toward Laguna de Bay. They were pursued by a police boat with Guardia Civil on board
as they reached the lake. Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate (grass). As the police was
overtaking the banca, Elias jumped and swam swiftly toward the shore. This way he diverted
attention of the police and gave Ibarra a chance to escape.
The soldiers fired, hit him and he sank. The soldiers thought that Ibarra was killed.
The seriously wounded Elias reached the shore and went into the forest and there met
Basilio weeping over his mother’s body.

22. What was the instruction of the wounded Elias to Basilio?

Make a pyre on which his body and that of Basilio’s mother were to be burned to ashes.
As Elias was about to die: ‘’I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land. You
who have it to see, welcome it—and forget not those who have fallen during the night.’’

23. The Noli has an epilogue. What is narrated in the epilogue?

Maria Clara, out of her loyalty to Ibarra entered the Santa Clara nunnery.
Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province, but found dead in his bedroom the
next morning.
Capitan Tiago became an opium addict and a human wreck.
Dona Victorina, still henpecking Don Tiburcio, had taken to wearing eyeglasses because of
weakening eyesight.
Linares, who failed to win Maria Clara died of dysentery and was buried in Paco cemetery.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

CHAPTER 9 – ‘’ELIAS AND SALOME’’- MISSING CHAPTER OF THE NOLI

1. What did Rizal do to economize in the printing of his novel?
2. What is the synopsis of this chapter?

CHAPTER 11 – BACK TO CALAMBA, 1887-1888 (100-110)

(Publication of the Noli caused uproar among the anti-Filipino elements. Rizal was
warned by Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo, his brother-in-law and Chengoy, not to return home.)

1. After 5 years in Europe, why did Rizal decide to return to Calamba?

a) To operate on his mother’s eyes

 b) To serve his people who have long been oppressed by the Spaniards
c) To find out for himself how the Noli and his writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines
d) To find out why Leonor Rivera had remained silent

2. What accomplishments did he have when he returned?

a) Established a medical clinic

b) Successfully operated on his mother’s eyes by removing a double cataract
c) Catered to patients from Manila and provinces who came for the services of ‘’Dr
Uliman’’
d) Opened a gymnasium for young folks and introduced European sports

3. It is said that a few weeks after his return, a storm broke over his novel, the Noli. What was
this storm all about?

a) Rizal got a letter from Governor General Emilio Andrade to come to Malacanan because
somebody whispered to the governor that the Noli contained subversive ideas.
(Rizal went and explained that he was merely exposing the truth but did not advocate
subversive ideas. Terrero was pleased by the explanation but requested for a copy so
he could read it. When he finally got a copy and read it, he found nothing wrong with
it.)
(The Jesuit fathers, Francisco Sanchez, Jose Bech and Federico Faura had a spirited
discussion with Rizal on the Noli. Father Faura opined that everything in it was the truth
but added that ‘’you may lose your head for it.’’)

4. Who were those who attacked the Noli and who were those who defended it?

a) The committee of the faculty of Santo Tomas which was tasked to examine the Noli
reported that the Noli was ‘’heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order,
and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and
its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.’’ (Terrerro was dissatisfied
with the report of the Dominicans because he knew they were prejudiced against
Rizal.)

b) The Permanent Commission of Censorship composed of priests and laymen, when

given a copy for examination, made a repot through its head Fr. Salvador Font, found
the novel to contain subversive ideas against the church and Spain and recommended
‘’that the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the
Islands be absolutely prohibited.’’
c) Father Font printed and circulated copies of his report believing that his critique would
discredit the Noli.
 d) Fr. Jose Rodriguez, an Augustinian friar, published a pamphlet in 1888, Caiingat Cayo
(Beware) attacked and warned readers that if they read it ‘’they commit mortal sins
inasmuch as the said book is full of heresy.’’
e) Vicente Barrantes, a Spanish writer bitterly criticized the Noli in a Madrid newspaper.
f) Vida and Pando, two Spanish senators attacked the Noli in parliamentary debates and
General Salamanca of the lower house of the Spanish Cortes also came out against the
Noli.
g) The much maligned Noli found defenders in the Person of Marcelo H. del Pilar, who
published a pamphlet Caiigat Cayo (Be slippery as a an Eel)as an answer to the Caiingat
Cayo of Rodriguez.
h) Fr.Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s beloved Jesuit professor, defended the Noli in public.
i) Don Segismundo Moret, Spanish statesman and former president of the Council of
Ministers, read and liked the book very much.
j) A brilliant defense came from an unexpected source—Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino
Catholic priest scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral blasted the arguments of
Fr. Rodriguez:
1) Rizal cannot be an ‘’ignorant man’’, as Fr. Rodriguez alleged because he was a
graduate of Spanish universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors.
2) Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what
Rizal attacked in the Noli were the bad Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad
and corrupt friars and not the church.
3) Fr. Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he
(Rodriguez) had read the novel he also commits a mortal sin.

5. What kind of a person was Governor General Emilio Terrero?

a) He was a liberal-minded executive

b) Concerned with the security of Rizal in the face of the very powerful friars, he assigned a
young Spanish lieutenant, Lt Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard.
c) He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for persecutions against those
caught reading the Noli.
d) Because of Gov. Terrerro’s generosity in assigning Andrade as security guard, Rizal was
not molested in Calamba.

6. Why did Governor General Terrero order the investigation of the friar estates?

(a) Influenced by certain facts in the Noli, he wanted to remedy whatever iniquities in the
land taxes and with tenant relations.
(b) The Civil Governor of Laguna province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba to
investigate.
(c) Calamba folks solicited Rizal’s help in gathering facts and listing grievances.
(d) Findings signed by tenants and three officials of the hacienda for submission to
 government for action:
1. The hacienda of the Dominican order comprised not only the lands around Calamba,
but also the town of Calamba.
2. The profits of the Dominican order continually increased because of the arbitrary
increase of the rentals paid by tenants.
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the
town fiesta, for education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
4. The tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of
said lands for flimsy reasons.
5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payments of rentals,
and when the official rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management
confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.

7. With the help of Rizal, what findings were submitted by the Calamba folks to the
government? (see no. 6)

8. What was the result of the investigation?

No action was taken by the government.

9. How did the Dominican friars react?

The Dominican friars retaliated and persecuted the helpless tenants.

To seek government protection from the friars, the Calamba tenants, with Rizal’s help,
submitted petition to Malacanan Palace.
But the friars were too powerful so the government abandoned the Calamba tenants to
their fate.

10. What was the advice of Governor Terrero to Rizal?

Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions in Calamba infuriated his enemies. They
exerted pressure on Malacanan to eliminate him and asked Gov Terrero to deport him.
Terrero refused because there was no valid charge against Rizal in court.

Anonymous threats were received at his parent’s home in Calamba.

Parents, relatives and friends and Taviel de Andrade advised him to go away for his life is in
danger.

Gov. Terrero one day advised him to leave the Philippines for his own good.
 11. What compelled Rizal to leave Calamba once again?

a) His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
b) He could better fight his enemies and serve his country’s cause effectively by writing in
foreign countries.

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
x

CHAPTER 13 – RIZAL IN JAPAN

pp. 115 – 121

When in Japan Rizal Learned Japanese in only a FEW DAYS.

Studied the Japanese drama Kabuki, arts and music, and Judo.

His impressions of Japan:

a) The beauties of the country –flowers, mountains, streams and scenic panorama.
b) The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese people.
c) The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women.
d) There were a few thieves in Japan. Houses remained open day and night and in the hotel room
one can safely leave money on the table.
e) Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.
f) ONE THING he did not LIKE: RICKSHAWS – he felt disgusted at the way human beings were
employed like horses.

1. Who was O-Sei-San?

A lovely young woman who happens to be fluent in English, Japanese and French.
O-Sei-San was her pet name.
Her real name was Seiko Usui.
She had cameo-like beauty (like carving on stone), charming tenderness and high intelligence.
She was the daughter of the owner of that big store in Yokohama were Rizal bought something.
Later on, they became sweethearts.

2. What made Rizal almost decide to settle in Japan?

O-Sei-San’s beauty and affection and at the same time he was offered a good job.
But his heroic mould and will power prevailed over a very personal purpose.
 3. Who was Techero Suehiro and why did they become good friends?

A Japanese news paperman who had been jailed twice for writing articles against the
government.
He was travelling to London via America and Rizal was also going to America.
He did not know any foreign language and Rizal helped him.
They had several things in common:
a) They were both exiles
b) Both were advocates of freedom
c) Both were valiant patriots and implacable (unforgiving) enemies of injustice and tyranny

He also published a political novel Storm Over the Southern Sea with a plot similar to Noli.

Mourned deeply Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896.

He became prominent in Japan’s journalistic and political circles. Grew rich and became member
of the Japanese Parliament.

CHAPTER 14 – RIZAL IN AMERICA

pp. 122 – 126

1. What good impressions did Rizal have of the United States?

a) The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries and busy factories.
b) The drive and energy of the American people.
c) The natural beauties of the land.
d) The high standard of living.
e) The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.

2. What was the bad impression?

The lack of racial equality.

When asked by a friend about his impressions he answered: AMERICA IS THE LAND PAR
EXCELLENCE OF FREEDOM BUT ONLY FOR THE WHITES.

CHAPTER 15 – LIFE AND WORKS IN LONDON (1888-1889)

PP. 127 – 135

1. What were Rizal’s reasons for going to London?

 a) To improve his knowledge of the English language
b) To study and annotate (add notes or comments) Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare
copy of which was in London
c) London was safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny

2. Why did Dr. Reinhold Rost call Rizal ‘’a pearl of a man’’?

Dr. Rost was the librarian of the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
He called Rizal a ‘’pearl of a man’’ because he was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character

3. What bad and good news reached Rizal while he was in London?

The BAD NEWS:

a) Persecution of the Filipino patriots of Manila and sorrounding towns who signed the
‘’Petition of 1888’’, requesting the expulsion of the friars including the Dominican
Archbishop Pedro Payo of Manila.
b) The Calamba agrarian trouble of 1888 in which the tenants, including the Rizals, were being
persecuted by the hacienda management.
c) Manuel T. Hidalgo (brother-in-law) husband of Saturnina was exiled to Bohol.
d) Mariano Herbosa (brother-in-law) husband of Lucia, was denied Christian burial because of
a malicious rumor that he has not confessed since marriage.
e) Laureano Viado, a friend and medical student at UST was imprisoned because a copy of the
Noli was found in his possession.

The GOOD NEWS:

He was cheered by the good news that Rev. Vicente Garcia defended the Noli against the attack
of the friars.

4. Who was Gertrude Becket?

She was the oldest of three Beckett sisters, daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Beckett with whom Rizal
was boarding in London.
Gettie was a buxom (having a large bosom and pleasing curves)English girl with brown hair, blue
eyes and pink cheeks.
She was attracted to Rizal, was in love.
Rizal was almost but loyalty to Leonor was strong.

5. What was the Asociacion- Hispanico-Filipina and what was its purpose?

It was a society founded by Filipino patriots in Madrid.

 The purpose was to work for the needed reforms which were the aims of the Propaganda
Movement.

a) Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.

b) Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
c) Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
d) Filipinization of the Philippine parishes.
e) Individual liberties for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom
of meeting and freedom to petition for redress of grievances.

6. What was the La Solidaridad and who founded it?

The fortnightly periodical founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena that served as the organ of the
Propaganda Movement.
Rizal became an active contributor to La Solidaridad.

CHAPTER 15 – LONDON 1888-1889

CHAPTER 16 – PARIS (1889-1890)

CHAPTER 17 – BRUSSELS (1890)

CHAPTER 18 – MADRID (1890-1891

CHAPTER 20 – HONGKONG (1891-1892)

While in Hongkong, Rizal went to Borneo in April 1892 to negotiate with British
authorities for the establishment of a Filipino Colony.

Mission successful. Rizal was offered by the British authorities of North Borneo 100,000
acres of land, a beautiful harbor and a good government for 999 years.
June 21, 1892, decided to return.
June 26, 1892, arrived in Manila
July 17, 1892, deported to Dapitan until July 31, 1896.
June 21, 1896, his support was solicited for the armed revolution. Objected, because:
people not ready and arms and money must first be collected.
September 2, 1896, a week after Katipunan launched the revolution, Rizal left for Spain
on the way to Cuba to volunteer in controlling yellow fever.
Was arrested before reaching Spain, jailed in Barcelona, shipped back to Manila and
imprisoned at Fort Bonifacio.
Tried by court martial on December 26, 1896.
Executed by firing squad on December 30, 1896.